Q:1

Loyal Squire:
 serves as Don Quixote's faithful companion
 go with him to revive chivalry, even though question over their hardworking.
 Despites doubts, he remains loyal with Don Quixote on his journey.

Comic Relief:
 Provide much comic relief.
 His nature contrasts with Don Quixote's idealism and delusions of grandeur.
 His humorous actions, and in absurd situation, hey encounter add levity to the story.

Voice of Reason:
 He becomes a reality by serving as a voice of reason in his master’s unconsciousness in fantasy
world.
 He always convinced Don Quixto from his impractical quests.
 Despite his struggle to bring his master back, he respects his wishes.
Symbol of Common Sense:
 Sancho Panza represents the common man or the ordinary person in contrast to the lofty ideals of
Don Quixote. His practicality and focus on material concerns reflect the everyday struggles of the
lower classes in Spanish society.

Character Development:
 Through out the events of the novel, Sancho Panza undergoes in a significant character
development.
 Initially motived by the promise of wealth and status, he also adopts some of the Don
Quixote’s ideals.
 Sanch’ journey alongside Don Quixote changes his worldview and values.

Overall, Sancho’s role in “Don Quixote” is multifaced.

Q:2
Don Quixote, written by Miguel de Cervantes in the early 17th century, is a rich exploration of
the themes of reality versus imagination and their commentary on the human condition. Here's
how these themes are developed and what they reveal about human nature:

1. **Escapism vs. Reality**: Don Quixote, the protagonist, retreats into his imagination to
escape the mundane reality of his life as Alonso Quixano. His obsession with chivalric romances
leads him to believe he is a knight-errant, challenging windmills and rescuing damsels in
distress. This stark contrast between his imagined heroic adventures and the harsh realities of the
world around him highlights the human tendency to seek refuge in fantasies when faced with
dissatisfaction or disillusionment with reality.

2. **Idealism vs. Pragmatism**: Don Quixote's idealistic pursuit of honor, justice, and love
clashes with the pragmatic concerns of those around him, including his squire Sancho Panza.
Through their interactions, Cervantes explores the tension between lofty ideals and practical
realities, suggesting that while idealism may inspire noble aspirations, it often leads to
impractical and even absurd consequences.

3. **Perception vs. Reality**: The novel constantly blurs the line between perception and reality.
Don Quixote's delusions and mistaken identities, such as mistaking an inn for a castle or a
peasant girl for a noble lady, illustrate how subjective interpretation shapes one's understanding
of the world. This commentary on the subjective nature of reality underscores the idea that truth
is often elusive and dependent on individual perspectives.

In essence, Don Quixote serves as a profound exploration of the interplay between reality and
imagination, offering insights into the human condition by challenging our perceptions of truth,
meaning, and the pursuit of noble ideals.

Q:2
Don Quixote is a fiction that was written by Miguel de Cervantes in the early 17th century. It is a rich
exploration of themes reality vs imagination and their commentary on the human condition. A few
essential of them have been discussed belove and what they reveal.
Reality Vs Imagination
Don Quixote, the protagonist of the novel, escapes from his real life into the imagination. He claims
himself a knight from the old stories, and considers windmills as giant threating monsters who are going
to attack the land, so he moves towards them aggressively with his lance.

Idealism vs. Pragmatism

Don Quixote’s dreams of being the brave knight who fight for love, justice and honor, clash with practical
concerns around him. However, his friend Sancho Panzo tries to keep him in reality. For example, When
Don Quixote sees a group of harmless merchants, he believes they are evil. He charges at them, but Sanch
tries to explain that they are just merchants. It shows that sometimes what we believe is not the only truth
due to our own complexity.

Perception vs. Reality

Don Quixote always sees things differently from how they truly are. For example, When he mistakes an
ordinary inn as a grand castle where he wants to rescue the princess, but his friend convinces him that it
just an inn nothing else. This show us that sometimes we also mistakenly imagine something or someone
wrong by ignoring reality, and it may cause a trouble for us.

Question 3:
Things
Can you hear? Things speak.
This is the tanboora on which Bhittai played,
From its strings bloomed flowers, Showering their fragrance on all.
This is the spindle-wheel which Kabir spun And the entire land was woven into its texture.
This is the rope with which Nana Sahib was hung and which still swings Waiting for goodness knows
who else’s head. You are trying to make sense of my poetry, Listen, In history’s museum Things speak.

In this poem by Shaikh Ayaz, imagery and metaphor play crucial roles in conveying the deeper meaning:

 "From its strings bloomed flowers, Showering their fragrance on all" employs vivid imagery to
depict the transformative power of art and creativity. The metaphorical "flowers" symbolize the
beauty and influence of Bhittai's poetry.

 "This is the rope with which Nana Sahib was hung" metaphorically refers to the historical rope
associated with the execution of Nana Sahib, a figure from Indian history. The rope symbolizes
the weight of history, the legacy of past events, and the potential for historical injustices to repeat
themselves.
(Translation by Asif Farrukhi) www.blindstobounds.com

Q:4

In "The God of Small Things," Arundhati Roy talks about three big ideas: casteism, colonialism, and
Love Laws, in the setting of 1960s Kerala, India:
1. **Casteism**:
- Roy looks at how the caste system in Kerala controls everything in people's lives. The characters in
the story have to follow strict rules based on their caste, leading to unfair treatment and violence.
- One character, Velutha, who is from the lower caste, faces a lot of discrimination and mistreatment
from the higher castes. His love for Ammu, who is from a higher caste, challenges these unfair rules and
shows how cruel the caste system can be.

2. **Colonialism**:
- Even though India is free from British rule, the effects of colonialism are still felt in Kerala. The story
talks about how British rule led to economic exploitation and cultural changes that still affect people's
lives.
- Characters like Chacko, who studied in England, represent the struggle of trying to mix Indian culture
with Western ideas.

3. **Love Laws**:
- Roy talks about Love Laws, which are unspoken rules about who can love whom based on caste,
class, and society's expectations. These rules are strict and punish those who break them.
- The love story between Ammu and Velutha breaks these Love Laws because they come from different
castes. Their love shows how unfair and hurtful society's rules can be, and it leads to a tragic ending.

Through these stories about casteism, colonialism, and Love Laws, Roy criticizes the unfair systems that
control Indian society. She shows how these systems still affect people's lives and relationships, but she
also celebrates the bravery of those who fight against them. The novel reminds us that the struggle for
equality and freedom is ongoing, even after colonialism has ended.

Sure, let's break down these themes and give examples from "The God of Small Things" in simple
language:

1. **Casteism**:
- In Kerala, where the story takes place, there's a strict system called casteism. It means people are put
into different groups based on their family background, and they can't easily move between these groups.
This leads to discrimination and unfair treatment.
 - For example, Velutha, who works for Ammu's family, is from a lower caste. Even though he's a good
person, he's treated badly because of his caste. When he falls in love with Ammu, who is from a higher
caste, it causes big problems because people think they shouldn't be together.

2. **Colonialism**:
- Colonialism is when one country takes over another and controls it. Even though India got its freedom
from British rule, the effects of colonialism are still there. Kerala was also affected by this, with the
British bringing changes to the way people lived and thought.
- Chacko, one of the characters, went to England to study. He comes back with new ideas and ways of
doing things, which don't always fit well with Kerala's traditions. This shows how colonialism changed
people's lives and beliefs.

3. **Love Laws**:
- Love Laws are like unwritten rules that say who can love whom. They're based on things like caste,
class, and what society thinks is acceptable. Breaking these rules can lead to punishment or rejection from
the community.
- When Ammu falls in love with Velutha, it's against the Love Laws because he's from a lower caste.
Their love is seen as wrong by society, and it causes a lot of trouble for them and their families.

In "The God of Small Things," these themes show us how society can control people's lives and
relationships, even when they just want to love and be happy. They also highlight the struggles of
individuals who try to break free from these oppressive systems.

Q:5
Mephistopheles, the devil himself, plays a complex and multifaceted role in Goethe's
Faust. Here's a breakdown of his key functions in the drama:
Temptation and Wager:
 Mephistopheles acts as the tempter, appearing to Faust when he's disillusioned
with life and knowledge. He offers Faust sensual pleasures, worldly power, and
unlimited knowledge in exchange for his soul.
  This sets the central conflict of the play in motion - Faust's insatiable thirst for
experience versus the consequences of eternal damnation.
Catalyst and Guide:
 Mephistopheles acts as a catalyst, pushing Faust out of his stagnant scholarly
life and into the world of experience. He grants Faust's wishes and facilitates his
journeys, introducing him to various aspects of life.
Cynical Jester and Antagonist:
 Mephistopheles embodies cynicism and skepticism. He mocks human endeavors
and finds amusement in Faust's struggles.
 He acts as an antagonist, constantly reminding Faust of the price he has to pay
for his desires.
Limited Power and Duplicity:
 It's important to note that Mephistopheles isn't omnipotent. He can't directly
control Faust's will or force him to do evil. He relies on manipulation and
temptation.
 The play also suggests Mephistopheles might be working within a larger
framework set by God.
Example from the Novel:
In Part 1 of Faust, when Faust is initially hesitant about the pact, Mephistopheles uses a
clever metaphor to downplay the seriousness of the deal:
"Sign here upon this scrap of paper with a drop of blood. It's a mere formality, a
customary procedure—friends don't need legal sanctions." (Faust, Part 1, Goethe)

Here, Mephistopheles compares the soul-binding pact to a simple formality between

friends, underplaying the gravity of the situation and tempting Faust with the idea of a
casual agreement.
Mephistopheles' role is crucial in driving the plot and exploring Faust's internal
struggles. He represents the allure of worldly desires and the potential dangers of
surrendering to them.