Equations:

T02 Fluid statics

−γ ( z2 − z1 )
Hydrostatic equation: p2 − p1 =
− I xx sin θ
Hydrostatic forces on plane surface: F = γ hc A ; center of pressure: ycp =
hc ⋅ A
Hydrostatic forces on curved surface: FH = γ hc A ; FV = γ V
Buoyancy force: FB = γ f V

T03 Integral relations

 dB  d
General form of RTT:  =
 ∫ ρbdV + CS∫ ρbv ⋅ nˆ dA
 dt  sys dt CV
d
Continuity: ∫ ρ dV + CS∫ ρ vn dA =
dt CV
0

   
For steady and incompressible flow: 

∑ v A 
i
i i =  ∑ vi Ai 
 i out
in

d
Linear momentum: ∑ =
F ∫ ρ vdV + CS∫ ρ v ( v ⋅ nˆ ) dA
dt CV
For steady flow: ∑F =
−∑ ( m v ) + ∑ ( m v )
in out
2
p v
Bernoulli: + const.
+ gz =
ρ 2

T04 Differential relations

dv ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
a
Acceleration field: = =
dt ∂t
+u +v + w =
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
+ v ⋅∇ v ( )
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
Acceleration component: ax = + u + v + w ; ay = + u + v + w ;
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = + u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂
Continuity (general form in Cartesian): + ( ρu ) + ( ρ v ) + ( ρ w) = 0
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ρ 1 ∂ ( r ρ vr ) 1 ∂ ( ρ vθ ) ∂ ( ρ vz )
Continuity (general form in Cylindrical): + + + = 0
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w
Continuity for steady and incompressible flow (Cartesian): + + = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 ∂ ( rvr ) 1 ∂ ( vθ ) ∂ ( vz )
Continuity for steady and incompressible flow (Cylindrical): + + 0
=
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
v
Mach number: M a =
c
∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u   ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 
Navier stokes x-comp: ρ g x − + µ  2 + 2 + 2=  ρ +u +v +w 
∂x  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂p  ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v   ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v 
Navier stokes y-comp: ρ g y − +µ 2 + 2 + 2=  ρ +u +v + w 
∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂p  ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w   ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w 
Navier stokes z-comp: ρ g z − + µ  2 + 2 + 2=  ρ +u +v +w 
∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 ∂ ∂ψ ∂  ∂ψ  ∂ψ ∂ψ
Stream function: + − =0; u = v= −
∂x ∂y ∂y  ∂x  ∂y ∂x
 ∂w ∂v   ∂u ∂w   ∂v ∂u 
Vorticity: ∇ × v =  − i +  − j+ − k
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 

T05 Dimensional analysis

Buckingham pi theorem: Π1 = f (Π 2 , Π 3 ,....Π k )

T06: Internal flow

p1 v12  p2 v22 
+ + z1 =  + + z2  + h f + ∑ hm − hp
ρ g 2g  ρ g 2g 
2
ρVD L vavg
2
 vavg 
Re = ; hf = f ; ∑ hm = ∑  K
µ D 2g  2 g 
 
64
fully-developed laminar flow: f =
Re
1   ε / D 1,11 6,9 
fully-developed turbulent flow: =−1,8log10   + 
f   3, 7  Re 

water power: Pw = ρ gQhp ; shaft power: Ps = ωT

T07 External flow

5x ρµ 3/ 2 1.328
Laminar boundary layer: δ = ; τ w = 0.332 U ∞ ; CD =
Re x Re
1/ 7
0.16 x  µρ 6U 13  0.031
Turbulent boundary layer: δ = ; τ = 0 . 0135  ∞
 ; CD = 1/7
Re 1/7 w
  Re
 x 
D L
CD = ; CL =
1 1
ρV 2 A ρV 2 A
2 2
Geometric properties
Roughness values for commercial duct Entrance and exit loss coefficients

*Exit losses are K=1 for all shapes

Resistance coefficient K

Resistance coefficients for smooth walled bends

Average loss coefficients for partially open valves