PRESSURE VESSELS,

BRAKES, CLUTCHES
MACHINE DESIGN & SHOP PRACTICE

“Satisfaction lies in the effort, not the attainment.

Full effort is full victory.”
- Mahatma Gandhi
 PRESSURE VESSELS

• Classification of Pressure Vessels

A. According to the Dimensions
1. Thin Shell or Thin-wall Pressure Vessel
o If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is less
than 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 of the diameter of the shell (d).
o Also, if the internal fluid pressure (P) is less
than 𝟏 𝟔 of the allowable stress.

2. Thick Shell or Thick-wall Pressure Vessel

o If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is greater
than 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 of the diameter of the shell (d).
o Also, if the internal fluid pressure (P) is
greater than 𝟏 𝟔 of the allowable stress.
 STRESSES ON THIN-WALL PRESSURE VESSEL

Spherical
Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
Pressure Vessel
𝟏 𝟏
𝐭≤ 𝐃𝐢 𝒐𝒓 𝐏𝐢 ≤ 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐱
𝟏𝟎 𝟔
Tangential/
Longitudinal
Circumferential/ Tangential Stress
Stress
Hoop Stress
𝐏𝐢 𝐃𝐢 𝐏𝐢 𝐃𝐢 𝐏𝐢 𝐃𝐢
𝐒𝐭 = 𝐒𝐥 = 𝐒𝐭 =
𝟐 𝐭 𝐞𝐰 𝟒 𝐭 𝐞𝐰 𝟒 𝐭 𝐞𝐰
Where:
Note: for Cylindrical 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐷𝑖 − 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙
𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑺𝒕 𝑡 − 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙
𝑒 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑖𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
 THICK CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

LAME’S EQUATION
Brittle Materials Ductile Materials
Ex: Cast Iron Ex: Carbon Steel, Nickel Alloys

𝑫𝒊 𝑺𝒕 + 𝑷𝒊 𝑫𝒊 𝑺𝒕
𝒕= −𝟏 𝒕= −𝟏
𝟐 𝑺𝒕 − 𝑷𝒊 𝟐 𝑺𝒕 − 𝟐𝑷𝒊
 CYLINDERS SUBJECTED TO INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL PRESSURE

• Maximum tangential stress at the inside

𝑷𝒊 𝒓𝟐𝒐 + 𝒓𝟐𝒊 − 𝟐𝑷𝒐 𝒓𝟐𝒐
𝑺𝒕𝒊 =
𝒓𝟐𝒐 − 𝒓𝟐𝒊

• Maximum tangential stress at the outside

𝟐𝑷𝒊 𝒓𝟐𝒊 − 𝑷𝒐 𝒓𝟐𝒐 + 𝒓𝟐𝒊
𝑺𝒕𝒐 =
𝒓𝟐𝒐 − 𝒓𝟐𝒊
 SIMPLE BAND BRAKE ANALYSIS
𝑷

𝑭𝟐 𝑭𝟏
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
𝑵

𝜽
 SIMPLE BAND BRAKE ANALYSIS
Braking Power Required

𝐏𝐛 = 𝟐𝛑𝐓𝐛 𝐍
Braking Torque Required

𝐃𝐝𝐫𝐮𝐦
𝐓𝐛 = 𝐅𝐛 𝐫 = 𝐅𝟏 − 𝐅𝟐
𝟐
Limiting Ratio of the Tensions on band Stress in the band

𝐅𝟏 𝐅𝟏
= 𝐞𝐟𝛉 𝐒𝐛 =
𝐅𝟐 𝐰𝐭

Maximum Unit Pressure between band and drum

𝐅𝟏
𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝐰𝐫𝐝𝐫𝐮𝐦
 BRAKES Problem 9

N = 250 rpm
Θ=1.5
D = 900mm
P=?

150 mm

1000 mm

Ans: 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐍
BRAKES Problem 10

Θ=245°
D = 76 cm
P

12 cm

1.5 m
820 kgf

Ans: 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝐦
 CLUTCH

• A clutch is a machine member used to connect

a driving shaft to a driven shaft so that the
driven shaft may be started or stopped at will,
without stopping the driving shaft.
 FRICTION CLUTCH

• Disc Clutch or Plate Clutch

 FRICTION CLUTCH

• Disc Clutch or Plate Clutch

 DISC CLUTCH ANALYSIS
Frictional Power Transmitted Frictional Torque

𝐏𝐟 = 𝟐𝛑𝐓𝐟 𝐍 𝐓𝐟 = 𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐅𝐚 𝐫𝐟

𝐧𝐭 = 𝐧𝟏 + 𝐧𝟐 − 𝟏

Frictional Radius

For uniform pressure For uniform wear

(new clutch linings) (old/worn clutch)
𝟐 𝐫𝐨𝟑 − 𝐫𝐢𝟑 𝟏 𝐃𝟑𝐨 − 𝐃𝟑𝐢 𝐫𝐨 + 𝐫𝐢 𝐃𝐨 + 𝐃𝐢
𝐫𝐟 = 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐫𝐟 = =
𝟑 𝐫𝐨 − 𝐫𝐢 𝟑 𝐃𝟐𝐨 − 𝐃𝟐𝐢 𝟐 𝟒
𝛑 𝟐 𝐃𝐨 − 𝐃𝐢
𝐅𝐚 = 𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐃𝐨 − 𝐃𝟐𝐢 𝐅𝐚 = 𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝛑𝐃𝐢
𝟒 𝟐
CONE CLUTCH
CONE CLUTCH
 CONE CLUTCH ANALYSIS
Frictional Power Transmitted
𝐏𝐟 = 𝟐𝛑𝐓𝐟 𝐍

Frictional Torque
𝐟𝐅𝐚 𝐫𝐟
𝐓𝐟 = 𝐟𝐅𝐧 𝐫𝐟 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂
“The more I PRACTICE,
the Luckier I get.”
-Gary Player