1-Electric Field

Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Storyline
Tenth Edition
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 22
Electric Fields
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Properties of Electric Charges (1 of 2)
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Properties of Electric Charges (2 of 2)
Conservation of Charge
Charge is Quantized
q   Ne
Robert A. Millikan
Quick Quiz 22.1 (1 of 2)
Three objects are brought close to each other, two at a time. When objects A
and B are brought together, they repel. When objects B and C are brought
together, they also repel. Which of the following are true?
(a) Objects A and C possess charges of the same sign.
(b) Objects A and C possess charges of opposite sign.
(c) All three objects possess charges of the same sign.
(d) One object is neutral.
(e) Additional experiments must be performed to determine the signs of the
charges.
Three objects are brought close to each other, two at a time. When objects A
and B are brought together, they repel. When objects B and C are brought
together, they also repel. Which of the following are true?
(e) Additional experiments must be performed to determine the signs of
the charges.
Insulators and Conductors
Electrical conductors are materials in which some of the electrons are free
electrons that are not bound to atoms and can move relatively freely through
the material; electrical insulators are materials in which all electrons are bound
to atoms and cannot move freely through the material.
Semiconductors
silicon polycrystalline germanium

Charging Objects by Induction (1 of 2)
Charging Objects by Induction (2 of 2)
Three objects are brought close to one another, two at a time. When objects A
and B are brought together, they attract. When objects B and C are brought
together, they repel. Which of the following are necessarily true?
(e) Additional experiments must be performed to determine information about
the charges on the objects.
Three objects are brought close to one another, two at a time. When objects A
and B are brought together, they attract. When objects B and C are brought
together, they repel. Which of the following are necessarily true?
(e) Additional experiments must be performed to determine information
about the charges on the objects.
Electric Forces between Charged Objects
Coulomb’s Law
q1 q2
Fe  ke
r2
ke  8.987 6  109 N  m 2 /C2
1
ke 
4 0
 0  8.854 2  1012 C2  N 1  m 2
e  1.60218  1019 C Charles Coulomb

Coulomb of Charge
Charges and Masses of Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
Table 22.1 Charge and Mass of the Electron, Proton, and Neutron
Particle Charge (C) Mass (kg)
Electron (e) −1.602 176 6 × 10−19 9.109 4 × 10−31
Proton (p) +1.602 176 6 × 10−19 1.672 62 × 10−27
Neutron (n) 0 1.674 93 × 10−27
Example 22.1: The Hydrogen Atom (1 of 2)
The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated (on the average)
by a distance of approximately 5.3  1011 m. Find the magnitudes of the
electric force and the gravitational force between the two particles.
Example 22.1: The Hydrogen Atom (2 of 2)
1.60 1019 C 
2
e e   8.988  109 N  m 2 /C2 

Fe  ke  5.3 10 m
11 2
2
r
 8.2  108 N
me m p
Fg  G
r2
  6.674  10
 9.1110 kg 1.67  10
31 27
kg 
11
N  m /kg
2 2

 5.3 10 m  11 2
 3.6  1047 N
Fe 8.2  108 N
  2  10 39
Fg 3.6  1047 N
Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form
 q1q2
F12  ke 2 rˆ12
r
   
 F1  F21  F31  F41
Object A has a charge of +2 C, and object B has a charge of +6  C. Which

statement is true about the electric forces on the objects?
 
(a) FAB  3FBA
(b) FAB  FBA 
(c) 3FAB   FBA
(d) F AB  3FBA
(e) FAB  FBA
 
(f) 3FAB  FBA
Object A has a charge of +2 C, and object B has a charge of +6  C. Which

statement is true about the electric forces on the objects?
 
(a) FAB  3FBA
 
(b) FAB  FBA
 
(c) 3FAB   FBA
(d) F AB  3FBA
(e) FAB  FBA
 
(f) 3FAB  FBA
Example 22.2: Find the Resultant Force (1 of 3)
Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right triangle as

shown in the figure, where q1 = q3 = 5.00 C, q2 = 2.00 C, and a = 0.100 m.
Find the resultant force exerted on q3.
F23  ke
q2 q3
  8.988  109 N  m 2 /C 2 
 2.00 10 6
C  5.00  106 C 
 8.99 N
 0.100 m 
2 2
a
F13  ke
q1 q3
  8.988  109 N  m 2 /C 2 
 5.00 10 6
C  5.00  106 C 
 11.2 N
  2  0.100 m 
2 2
2a
F13 x  11.2 N  cos 45.0  7.94 N

F13 y  11.2 N  sin 45.0  7.94 N
F3 x  F13 x  F23 x  7.94 N   8.99 N   1.04 N

F3 y  F13 y  F23 y  7.94 N  0  7.94 N


F3  1.04î  7.94ˆj N 
What if the signs of all three charges were changed
to the opposite
 signs? How would that affect the
result for F3?
Example 22.3: Where Is the Net Force Zero? (1 of 3)
Three point charges lie along the x axis as shown in the figure. The positive
charge q1 = 15.0 C is at x = 2.00 m, the positive charge q2 = 6.00 C is at the
origin, and the net force acting on q3 is zero. What is the x coordinate of q3?
   q2 q3 ˆ q1 q3 ˆ
 F3  F23  F13  ke x 2 i  ke 2.00  x 2 i  0
 
q2 q3 q1 q3
ke  ke
 2.00  x 
2 2
x
 2.00  x 
2
q2  x 2 q1
 2.00  x  q2   x q1
2.00 q2 2.00 6.00  106

x x
q2  q1 6.00  106  15.0  106
 0.775 m
Suppose q3 is constrained to move only along the x axis. From its initial
position at x = 0.775 m, it is pulled a small distance along the x axis. When
released, does it return to equilibrium, or is it pulled farther from equilibrium?
That is, is the equilibrium stable or unstable?
Example 22.4: Find the Charge on the Spheres (1 of 3)
Two identical small charged spheres, each having a mass of 3.00  102 kg,
hang in equilibrium as shown in the figure. The length L of each string is 0.150
m, and the angle  is 5.00. Find the magnitude of the charge on each sphere.
F x  T sin   Fe  0  T sin   Fe
F y  T cos   mg  0  T cos   mg
Fe
tan    Fe  mg tan 
mg
a
sin    a  L sin 
L
Fe  2a  mg tan   2 L sin  
2 2
Fe r 2
q   
ke ke ke
 3.00 102 kg 9.80 m/s2  tan  5.00 2  0.150 m  sin  5.00 
2
q   4.42 108 C
8.988  109 N  m 2 /C2
Suppose your roommate proposes solving this problem without the

assumption that the charges are of equal magnitude. She claims the symmetry
of the problem is destroyed if the charges are not equal, so the strings would
make two different angles with the vertical and the problem would be much
more complicated. How would you respond?
Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric) (1 of 4)

 Fg
g
m0
 
Fg  mg

 Fe
E
q0
 
Fe  q0 E
 qq0    q
Fe  ke 2 rˆ E  Fe /q0 E  ke 2 rˆ
r r
 
 Fg GM E  
g  2 r Fg  mg
m0 r
 q
E  ke 2 rˆ
r
 
Fe  q0 E
 qq0
Fe  ke 2 rˆ
r
 qi
E  ke  2 rî
i ri
Electric Force
A test charge of +3 C is at a point P where an external electric field is

directed to the right and has a magnitude of 4  106 N/C. If the test charge is
replaced with another test charge of 3 C, what happens to the external
electric field at P?
(a) It is unaffected.
(b) It reverses direction.
(c) It changes in a way that cannot be determined.
A test charge of +3 C is at a point P where an external electric field is

directed to the right and has a magnitude of 4  106 N/C. If the test charge is
replaced with another test charge of 3 C, what happens to the external
electric field at P?
(a) It is unaffected.
(b) It reverses direction.
(c) It changes in a way that cannot be determined.
Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)
Example 22.5: A Suspended Water Droplet
A water droplet of mass 3.00  1012 kg is located in the air near the ground
during a stormy day. An atmospheric electric field of magnitude 6.00  103 N/C
points vertically downward in the vicinity of the water droplet. The droplet
remains suspended at rest in the air. What is the electric charge on the
droplet?
F y  0  Fe  Fg  0  q   E   mg  0
q  mg /E
q
 3.00  10 12
kg  9.80 m/s 2 
 4.90  1015 C
6.00  103 N/C
Example 22.6: Electric Field Due to Two Charges (1 of 4)
Charges q1 and q2 are located on the x axis, at distances a

and b, respectively, from the origin as shown in the figure.
(A) Find the components of the net electric field at the
point P, which is at position (0, y).
q1 q1 q2 q2
E1  ke  ke E2  k e  ke
r
1
2
a y
2 2
r2 2
b2  y 2
 q1 q1
E1  ke cos  î  ke sin  ˆj
a y
2 2
a y2 2
 q2 q2
E 2  ke cos  î  ke sin  ˆj
b y
2 2
b y2 2
q1 q2
E x  ke cos   ke cos 
a y
2 2
b y
2 2
q1 q2
E y  ke sin   ke sin 
a y
2 2
b y
2 2
(B) Evaluate the electric field at point P in the special case that |q1| = |q2| and
a = b.
q q q
E x  ke cos   k e cos   2 k e cos 
a y
2 2
a y
2 2
a y
2 2
q q
E y  ke 2 sin   k e sin   0
a y 2
a y
2 2
a a
cos   
r  a 2  y 2 1/2
 
q  a  k 2aq
E x  2 ke 2
a  y 2   a 2  y 2 1/2   
e
2 3/2
  a 2
 y
(C) Find the electric field due to the electric dipole when point P is a distance
y >> a from the origin.
2aq 2aq
E x  ke  E  ke 3
a 2
y 
2 3/2 y
Electric Field Lines (1 of 5)
 q
E  ke  2 rˆ
i r
N 2 Q2

N1 Q1
Rank the magnitudes of the electric field at points A, B, and C shown in the
figure (greatest magnitude first).
Rank the magnitudes of the electric field at points A, B, and C shown in the
figure (greatest magnitude first).
A, B, C
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field
  
 F  qE  ma

 qE
a
m
Example 22.7: An Accelerating Positive Charge: Two Models (1 of 3)
A uniform electric field is directed along the x axis between

parallel plates of charge separated by a distance d as
shown in the figure. A positive point charge q of mass m is
released from rest at a point A next to the positive plate and
accelerates to a point B next to the negative plate.
(A) Find the speed of the particle at B by modeling it as a
particle under constant acceleration.
v f 2  vi 2  2a  x f  xi   0  2a  d  0   2ad
 qE  2qEd
v f  2ad  2  d 
 m  m
(B) Find the speed of the particle at B by modeling it as a nonisolated system

in terms of energy.
W  K
1
Fe x  K B  K A  mv f 2  0
2
2 Fe x
 vf 
m
2  qE  d  2qEd
vf  
m m
Example 22.8: An Accelerated Electron (1 of 4)
An electron enters the region of a uniform electric field as shown in the figure,
with vi = 3.00  106 m/s and E = 200 N/C. The horizontal length of the plates is
 = 0.100 m.
(A) Find the acceleration of the electron while it is in the electric field.
eE
ay  
me
ay 
1.60  10 19
C   200 N/C 
9.11 1031 kg
 3.51 1013 m/s 2
(B) Assuming the electron enters the field at time t = 0, find the time at which it
leaves the field.
x f  xi
x f  xi  vx t  t 
vx
0 0.100 m
t 
vx 3.00  106 m/s
 3.33  108 s
(C) Assuming the vertical position of the

electron as it enters the field is yi = 0, what is
its vertical position when it leaves the field?
1 2
y f  yi  v yi t  a y t
2
1
y f  0  0   3.51 10 m/s  3.33  10 s 
13 2 8 2
2
 0.0195 m  1.95 cm
Assessing to Learn (1 of 3)
The diagrams below show two uniformly charged spheres. The charge on the
right sphere is 3 times as large as the charge on the left sphere. Which force
diagram best represents the magnitudes and directions of the electric forces
on the two spheres?
The diagrams below show two uniformly charged spheres. The charge on the
right sphere is 3 times as large as the charge on the left sphere. Each arrow
represents the electric field at the center of one sphere created by the other.
Which choice best represents the magnitudes and directions of the electric
field vectors created by one sphere at the location of the other sphere?
Where, other than at infinity, is the electric field 0 in the vicinity of the dipole
shown?
1. Along the y-axis.

2. At the origin.
3. At two points, one to the right of (a, 0), the
other to the left of (−a, 0).
4. At two points on the y-axis, one below the
origin, one above the origin.
5. None of the above.

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Physics for Scientists and Engineers

silicon polycrystalline germanium

e  1.60218  1019 C Charles Coulomb

e e   8.988  109 N  m 2 /C2 

Object A has a charge of +2 C, and object B has a charge of +6  C. Which

Object A has a charge of +2 C, and object B has a charge of +6  C. Which

Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right triangle as

F13 x  11.2 N  cos 45.0  7.94 N

F3 x  F13 x  F23 x  7.94 N   8.99 N   1.04 N

2.00 q2 2.00 6.00  106

Suppose your roommate proposes solving this problem without the

A test charge of +3 C is at a point P where an external electric field is

A test charge of +3 C is at a point P where an external electric field is

Charges q1 and q2 are located on the x axis, at distances a

A uniform electric field is directed along the x axis between

(B) Find the speed of the particle at B by modeling it as a nonisolated system

(C) Assuming the vertical position of the

1. Along the y-axis.

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