RER - Module 1.2

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in - Vtu Notes, question Paper, books, Internship, Final Year Projects and many exciting offers for students
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES
Vtusolution.in - Vtu Notes, question Paper, books, Internship, Final Year Projects and many exciting offers for students
Earth Angles
Vtusolution.in - Vtu Notes, question Paper, books ,Internship, F
inalYearProjects and many exciting offers for students
32
1.Hour Angle
 Hour angle is the angular distance between the meridian of
the observer and the meridian whose plane contains sun
 Hour angle is zero at solar noon
 Increases by 15 degrees every hour
33
 ω = 15 (tc − 12)
 t c = solar time
 ω = (1/4) t n
 t n = time in minutes
before or after solar noon
34
2.Declination angle 35
 Angle between the rays of the sun and the plane of earth’s
equator
36
37
3.Latitude Angle
 Angle between line drawn on a point from earth’s surface to
the center of earth and the earth’s equitorial plane
 Intersection of earth’s equitorial plane with the surface of
earth forms the equator and it is at 0 degree latitude
 +90 degree– North Pole
 -90 degree –South Pole
 +23.45 degree-Tropic of Cancer
 -23.45 degree –Tropic of Capricorn
 66.55 degree- Artic Circle
 -66.55 degree -Antarctic Circle
38
Sun Angle
39
1. Solar Altitude Angle (α)

2. Zenith Angle (θz)
3. Solar Azimuth Angle (γs)
40
Solar Altitude Angle(α)

 Angle between the central ray of the sun
and a horizontal
plane containing the observer
Zenith Angle(θz)
 Complement of solar altitude angle
 θz = 90 − a
Solar Azimuth
Angle(çc)
 Angle between the horizontal projection
of suns ray on the
horizontal surface and the south
coordinate
Surface Angles
41
1.Surface Azimuth Angle (γ)

2.Tilt Angle or Slope (β)
3. Angle of Incidence (θ)
42
Slope angle(β)
 Angle between tilted (collector)and horizontal
surfaces
Surface Azimuth Angle(ç)
 Angle between the line towards South and the
projection of normal to the horizontal surface
Angle of Incidence(θ)
 Angle between sun’s ray and the normal to the
tilted surface(collector)
43
Sun Earth Angle Relationships

cos ∅�osþ + s�n∅s�nþ�osy cosð�os� + cos ðs�nω s�n∅s�nþs�ny
�os� =
+s�nð s�n∅�osþ − �os∅s�nþ�osy
Special cases:
1. For a surface facing south, ç=0
�os� = cos( ∅ − þ) cosð�os� + s�nð sin(∅ − þ
2. For a horizontal surface, þ=0, � =�z
�os�z = cos∅cosð�os� + sin ð s�n∅
3. For a vertical surface facing due south, ç=0, þ=900
�os� = −sinð�osϕ + cos ð�osω s�n∅
44
Solar Radiations
 Sun’s energy reaches earth in the form of electromagnetic
radiations
 Sun converts its mass into light particles called photons
 When a photon is absorbed ,it gets converted to electrical or
heat energy
 When solar energy travels from outer space to earth energy is
lost due to
 Scattering
 Absorption
 Cloud cover
 Reflection
 Climate
45
46
Problems with harnessing solar

energy
 Only a small fraction of the energy leaving an area of the sun
reaches an equal area on earth
 Energy is available for only about half a day
 Atmospheric conditions are unpredictable
47
Solar Constant(Isc)
 It is the measure of energy density
 Amount of solar electromagnetic radiation that would be
incident on a unit area in a plane perpendicular to the rays of
sun at a distance of one AU
 Include all types of solar radiation ,not only visible light
 World radiation Center (WRC) has adopted this as 1367
W/m2
48
Spectral energy distribution of

solar radiation
 Solar radiation has
 5% UV
 43% visible
 52% infrared
49
Radiation Wavelength(վm)
• Ultraviolet A • 0.1-0.28
• Ultraviolet B • 0.28-0.315
• Ultraviolet C • 0.315-0.4
• Visible • 0.4-0.78
• IR A • 0.7-1.4
• IR B • 1.4-3
• IR C • 3-100
50
Extra terrestrial radiation

 Intensity of solar radiation attenuates as it propagates
from the surface of the sun but wavelength remains
unchanged
 Extra- terrestrial radiation
 Is the solar radiation incident on the outer
atmosphere of the earth
Deviation in extra terrestrial 51
radiations
1. Variation in the radiation emitted by the sun
- It is less than ±1.5%
2. Variation of the earth sun distance arising from the earths
slightly elliptical path
- It is approximately ±3%
- Is specified as follows
n
� est = �cc 1.0 + 0.033cos(360 ) �/n 2
365
3. This being outside the atmosphere is unaffected by
changes in atmospheric conditions
52
Terrestrial radiations
 Is the solar radiations that reach the earth surface
after absorption and scattering in the atmosphere
 Solar insolation
 Is defined as the solar radiation per unit area
received on a flat horizontal surface on the earth
53
Solar Radiation
 Received on the earth surface
 Direct or beam radiation (unchanged in direction)
 Diffuse radiation (direction changed after scattering and
reflection)
 Global radiation: Sum of direct and diffuse radiation
54
Global radiation
 Is the total radiation at any location on the surface of the earth which is
the sum of beam radiation and diffused radiation
 Beam radiation is the solar radiation propagating in a straight line
and received at the earth surface without change of direction i.e in
line with the sun
 Diffused radiation is the solar radiation scattered by aerosols, dust
and molecules. Has no unique direction (anisotropic in nature)
55
56
Depletion of solar radiation

1. Absorption
a. N2, O2 and other atmospheric gases absorb X rays and extreme ultraviolet
radiations
b. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiations (λ <0.38µm)
c. Water vapor and CO2 absorbs infrared radiations (λ > 2.3µm)
d. Dust and air molecules absorb parts of solar radiant energy irrespective of
wavelength
2. Scattering
 Under normal atmospheric conditions
 by dust particles and air molecules involves redistribution of incident energy
- part of it is lost and the remaining reaches the earth as diffuse radiation
 In cloudy atmosphere
 A major part of the incoming radiation is reflected back by the clouds
 Part of it is absorbed by the clouds
 Part of it is transmitted downwards to the earth surface as diffused radiations
57
Air mass, m
 Defined as the ratio of the path length the solar beam traversed through the
atmosphere to ground to the vertical path length (min) through the
atmosphere
patℎ Sengtℎ tra�ersed by b e a m rad�at�on

 m=
�ert�caS patℎ Sengtℎ o f a t m o s p ℎ e re
58
 Air mass, m
 AM0 => m=0,Zero atmosphere i.e. radiation in outer space
 AM1 => m=1 i.e sun is overhead (�z=0)
 AM2=> m=2 (�z=600)
BÆ
n = CÆ = sec�z= cosec α
Where α= inclination angle
�z= zenith angle
Sun at zenith => sun is directly overhead
59
Irradiance on a tilted surface

 �oℎ = � o s�na
 �TS = �0sin(a + þ)
 α= 90-#+9
 �TS = �0ℎsin(a + þ)/(s�na)
 �TS = Solar radiation on tilted surf ace
�0=solar radiation measured
Perpendicular to sun
 �0ℎ= solar radiation measured
on a horizontal surface
Solar Thermal Energy -
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Applications
60
 Technologies for conversion of solar energy into usable form

includes
 Passive system
-- collects energy through the orientation, materials and construction of
collector
--suited for
--- design of buildings
--- thermo siphoning solar hot water systems(refers to a method of
passive heat exchange based on natural convection, which circulates
a fluid without the necessity of a mechanical pump)
 Active System
-- Use pumps to circulate water or any other absorbing fluid through
solar collectors
--can be open loop(water is directly heated by collector) or closed
loop(antifreeze or glycol mixture is heated before transferring it to
water via heat exchanger)
61
Thermosiphon system
62
Multipurpose utilization of solar energy
63
Direct Thermal Applications

 Solar energy can be collected to create high temperature steam
as well as low temperature heat
 Low ,Medium, and high temperature collectors
 Low and medium temperature collectors are flat plates
 Low temperature collectors are used to heat swimming pools
whereas Medium temperature collectors are used to heat water
or air for domestic and commercial purposes
 High temperature systems use mirrors or reflective surfaces to
concentrate sunlight and are used for electric power generation
64
Low Temperature Solar Thermal

Systems
 Space Heating for Homes ,offices and green houses
 Domestic and Industrial hot water
 Pool heating
 Desalination
 Solar Cooking
 Crop Drying

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Vtusolution.

1. Solar Altitude Angle (α)

Solar Altitude Angle(α)

1.Surface Azimuth Angle (γ)

Sun Earth Angle Relationships

�os� = −sinð�osϕ + cos ð�osω s�n∅

Problems with harnessing solar

Spectral energy distribution of

Extra terrestrial radiation

from the surface of the sun but wavelength remains

 Extra- terrestrial radiation

 Is the solar radiation incident on the outer

atmosphere of the earth

Deviation in extra terrestrial 51

after absorption and scattering in the atmosphere

 Is defined as the solar radiation per unit area

received on a flat horizontal surface on the earth

 Direct or beam radiation (unchanged in direction)

 Diffuse radiation (direction changed after scattering and

 Global radiation: Sum of direct and diffuse radiation

the sum of beam radiation and diffused radiation

 Beam radiation is the solar radiation propagating in a straight line

and received at the earth surface without change of direction i.e in

line with the sun

 Diffused radiation is the solar radiation scattered by aerosols, dust

and molecules. Has no unique direction (anisotropic in nature)

Depletion of solar radiation

atmosphere to ground to the vertical path length (min) through the

patℎ Sengtℎ tra�ersed by b e a m rad�at�on

 AM0 => m=0,Zero atmosphere i.e. radiation in outer space

 AM1 => m=1 i.e sun is overhead (�z=0)

 AM2=> m=2 (�z=600)

Where α= inclination angle

�z= zenith angle

Sun at zenith => sun is directly overhead

Irradiance on a tilted surface

 Technologies for conversion of solar energy into usable form

Multipurpose utilization of solar energy

Direct Thermal Applications

Low Temperature Solar Thermal

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