Pacwon 3

PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department

8th GHQ Brgy. Katuparan Taguig City
PACWon: Packaging Alternative from Crust of
WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)
A Quantitative Research presented to the Faculty of President
Diosadado Macapagal High School – Senior High School Department
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
of the Subject Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
for the School Year 2022 - 2023
Submitted by:
Justine Ryan D. Deciembre
Wenston E. Deocadez
Paul Benidict L. Reduta
Normie Naboya
Zyra Joy O. Niones
Annie Rose S. Raquem
JUNE 2023
Copyright © 2023
All rights reserved
No particular page of this book
can be produce without permission
or proper citations of the authors
ii
CERTIFICATION
This research entitled “PACWon: Packaging Alternative from Crust
of WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)” prepared and submitted by (Justine
Ryan D. Deciembre, Wenston E. Deocadez, Paul Benidict L. Reduta, Normie
Naboya, Zyra Joy O. Niones, and Annie Rose S. Raquem), for partial fulfillment
of the requirements in “Inquiries Investigation and Immersion,” has been
examined and recommended for oral examination.
COMMITTEE
MR.JOHN KEENETH M. FERRERA

Research Adviser
APPROVAL
Approved by the Panel of Examinees on Oral Defense on 1 st of June
2023 with the grade of ______
MR.ALDRINE E. REGALA
Chairman
MS.LORY MAE C. ALCOSABA MS.ABEGAIL B. SARIO

Member Member
MS.JESSIE GRACE C. DE LUNA MR.JOHN RAY E. MENDOZA

Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the course Inquiries Investigation and Immersion.
SIR NOLITO R. ESTILLES

School Principal
iii
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the research work presented in this research “PACWon:
Packaging Alternative from Crust of WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)”
From the President Diosdado Macapagal High School embodies the result of original
and scholarly work carried out by the undersigned. This research paper does not
contain words or ideas taken from published sources or written works by other persons
who have been accepted as the basis for the award of any degree from other higher
education institutions, except where proper referencing and acknowledgment were
made.
JUSTINE RYAN D. DECEIMBRE

WENSTON E. DEOCADEZ
PAUL BENIDICT L. REDUTA
NORMIE NABOYA
ZYRA JOY O. NIONES
ANNIE ROSE S. RAQUEM
Student Researchers
June 2023
Noted by:
MR. JOHN KEENETH M. FERRERA
Research Adviser
iv
CERTIFICATE OF EDITING
This is to certify that this research study entitled “PACWon: Packaging
Alternative from Crust of WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)” prepared and
submitted by (Justine Ryan D. Deciembre, Wenston E. Deocadez, Paul
Benidict L. Reduta, Normie Naboya, Zyra Joy O. Niones, and Annie Rose S.
Raquem), for partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries Investigation
and Immersion has been statistically reviewed by the undersigned.
JOHN KEENETH M. FERRERA

Research Consultant
June 2023
v
STATISTICIAN’S CERTIFICATION
Raquem), for partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries Investigation and
Immersion has been statistically reviewed by the undersigned.
LORY MAE C. ALCOSABA

Statistician
June 2023
vi
GRAMMARIAN’S CERTIFICATION
Raquem), for partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries Investigation and
Immersion has been grammatically or linguistically reviewed by the
undersigned.
ALDRIN E. REGALA
Grammarian
June 2023
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Examining the potential of watermelon rinds is both a challenge and a
pleasure for the researchers to discover and establish facts with regard to the
implications of this neglected but useful organic waste material. Hence,
researchers hereby extend their full gratitude and wholehearted appreciation
for the following:
Research adviser, a research adviser who guides his students from the
beginning and who entrusts and continuously motivates students to improve
their skills and knowledge further, with his advice and motivation, researchers
were able to build perseverance to overcome challenges and obstacles
encountered during the research.
Methodology research consultant, a researcher and class adviser
who is heedful, helps his students with adequate needs, and supports his
students in any circumstances, is grateful for his cheerfulness and for letting
them borrow material in the science laboratory that is essential for the sample
testing.
English language research consultant, and a research teacher who
played an instrumental role in proofreading our research paper. Their
meticulous attention to detail and expertise in the subject matter greatly
enhanced the quality and clarity of our work.
The practice house custodian, the subject teacher, who supported and
offered spaces and allowed researchers to use tools and equipment to conduct
experimentation, was able to proceed with the trial and testing.
viii
Statistical Treatment research consultant, an approachable and
positive statistics adviser who helped the researcher identify and analyze the
appropriate data treatment based on the data result.
Bureau of Plants and Industry (BPI), for being approachable and
entertaining researchers wholeheartedly to authenticate watermelon rinds
(Citrullus lunatus L.).
Principal, for granting us permission to conduct our research within the
school premises. His consistent support and belief in our capabilities have been
crucial to our academic achievements. We are thankful for the opportunity.
Classmates, with their support, encouraged and determined the
researchers to finish the study.
Family, keep cheering up and providing support to researchers.
Above all, with God Almighty’s love and glorious wisdom, as well as
with his everlasting guidance, everything is possible with Him. Due to him, this
research is fulfilled.
J. R. D.
W. D.
P. B. R.
N. N
Z. J. N.
A. R. R.
ix
DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to our parent, who supports and gave us
researchers a time and place to guide within our experimentation. They provide
us with spiritual, moral, emotional, and financial support.
We also give our gratitude to our friends, who become one of our
supporters and help us to overcome the challenges we encountered. They gave
us moral support to complete our study at a designed time.
To our teachers, who sacrifices their time and have faith in their students
to complete the research study as the fruit of their hard work as validators,
consultant, and advisers. They have assisted us to complete the study and their
recommendations for better and clearer terms for our research.
J. R. D.
W. D.
P. B. R.
N. N
Z. J. N.
A. R. R.
x
ABSTRACT
This quantitative research uses an experimental design that study
focuses on the potential use of watermelon rinds, an underutilized part of the
fruit. This study aims to investigate watermelon's effectiveness of watermelon
(Citrullus lunatus L.) as an alternative eco-friendly packaging by the use of
observational tool. Glycerol is added as a plasticizer to improve the material's
tensile strength and affect its decomposition rate.
The research involved testing three samples with different ratios of
watermelon and binders. Sample 1 had a ratio of 90% watermelon and 10%
binders, sample 2 had a ratio of 75% watermelon and 25% binders, and sample
3 had a ratio of 50% watermelon and 50% binders. The binders included
glycerol, lemon extract, honey, and potato starch.
The results showed that sample 1 was the most eco-friendly, while
sample 2 was considered the most sustainable. Sample 3 ranked second in
terms of sustainability but was third in terms of eco-friendliness. This difference
can be attributed to the use of glycerol, which is known to enhance material
longevity and versatility. Sample 1, with a higher percentage of watermelon
rinds, demonstrated faster decomposition, indicating its eco-friendliness.
Overall, sample 2 emerged as the most suitable choice in terms of both eco-
friendliness and sustainability based on these findings.
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page……………………………………………………………………i
Certification…..……………………………………………………………..iii
Certificate of Originality……………………………………………………iv
Statistician’s Certification………………………………………………….v
Grammarian’s Certification………………………………………………..vi
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………......viii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………..x
Abstract……………………………………………………………………..xi
Table of Contents………………………………………………………….xii
List of Tables……………………………………………………………….xiiii
List of Figures………………………………………………………………xiv
List of Appendices…………………………………………………………xiv
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction…………………………………………………………….......1
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………...3
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………...4
Scope and Delimitations………………………………………………….4
Significance of the Study………………………………………………....5
Definition of Terms………………………………………………………...6
CHAPTER II: RRLS
Review of Related Literature and Studies………………………..……..8
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
Methods of Research…………………………………………………….20
xii
Research Instruments……………………………………………………20
Materials and Methods……………………………………………….....21
Data Gathering Procedures…………………………………………….21
CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
Testing Table Description……………………………………………....25
Decomposition Rate……………………………………………………..26
Tensile Strength………………………………………………………….28
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of the Findings………………………………………………..30
Conclusion………………………………………………………………...30
Recommendations…………………………………………………….….31
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….32
APPENDICES………………….………………………………………………….43
CURRICULUM VITAE……………………………………………………………56
LIST OF TABLES
NUMBER TITLE PAGE
1 Ratio of the Ingredients…………………………………... 22
2 Testing Table Descriptions………………………………. 25
3 Tensile Strength…………………………………………... 28
4 Decomposition Rare: Sample Areas……………………. 45
5 Tensile Strength: Newton (N)……………………………. 46
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
NUMBER TITLE PAGE
1 The Conceptual Framework of the Study………………. 3
2 Decomposition Rate……………………………………… 26
3 Trials Results of Tensile Strength……………………….. 28
4 Decomposition Rate: Documentation…………………... 45
LIST OF APPENDICES
LETTERS TITLE PAGE
A Observational Sheet……………………………………… 44
B Letter Requests…………………………………………… 47
C Certification………………………………………………… 50
D Documentation…………………………………………….. 52
xiv
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
One of the biggest problems facing the Earth today is environmental
degradation brought about by the unregulated discharge of several pollutants
and contaminants into the environment. These unwanted extraneous materials
put the interdependent ecosystem at risk. Plastic waste is the leading pollutant
in the world. In recent reports, global primary plastic production reached 270
million tons per year compared to the global plastic waste accumulation of 275
million tons annually. Statistics and trends show a rapid increase of more than
5 million tons of plastic waste generated yearly (Ritchie, 2018) which can be
attributed to the high consumption of plastics for packaging use.
The continuous consumption of plastics can lead to global pollution that
directly and indirectly influences the carbon cycle (Macleod, 2021). A small
fraction of yearly plastic waste can directly affect the carbon cycle due to
degradation and industrial conversion, producing carbon, methane, and other
greenhouse gases. In connection with the exponential plastic generation,
wildlife encounters with microplastic debris have been on the rise, causing
serious threats, especially to marine life. A recent National Union for
Conservation of Nature analysis shows that 914 megafaunal species are
affected through entanglement and ingestion of microplastic debris.
Moreover, agricultural waste is the second-largest contributor to global
waste. One of the common agricultural wastes is discarded fruit rinds that are
directly disposed of in the environment, posing a severe threat to the ecological
balance and the health of biotic organisms. Reportedly, watermelon shared
1
global production of about 103 million tonnes in 2018. Millions of tons of
watermelon are produced in tropical regions like the Philippines. Along with the
high consumption of watermelon pulp, watermelon rinds have been produced
and account for 30 percent of the fruit (Mendez et al., 2021) with the popularity
of the watermelon not just in tropical countries, the consumption increase
annually along with the organic waste produce by the fruit.
The problem of solid wastes such as plastics and agricultural waste has
caught the global community's attention. According to the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals, there is an urgent need to achieve the
environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout
the lifecycle through agreed international frameworks. The shared effort to take
action significantly reduces the release of these pollutants into the air, water,
and soil to minimize the adverse impacts on human health and the environment.
In response to the call for a global effort to address the pollution problem,
the Philippine government implemented Republic Act 9003 to reduce twenty-
five percent of waste in the country through proper waste management and
recycling. Policymakers and environmental advocates continue to seek
potential innovations and create policies to reduce the Earth's pollutants. In
2021, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) implemented single-
use plastic regulations. The national government created numerous policies
under Ecological Waste Management that support research and development
initiatives for better methods of managing solid waste and resource
sustainability.
2
Thus, as a social responsibility, the researchers will take the initiative to
develop eco-friendly packaging from watermelon rinds. This is a response to
the call to reduce waste through sustainable innovations to meet the objectives
of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12, which aims to
substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling,
and reuse.
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study
The IV-DV model provides a broad framework and direction for research.
90% Watermelon
Rinds, 10%
Binders (Starch,
Honey, Glycerol,
and Lime juice.)
Decomposition
Rate
Watermelon 75% watermelon
rinds 25% Eco-friendly
Binders (Starch,
Rinds Honey, Glycerol, Packaging
and Lime Juice.)
Tensile
Strength
50% watermelon
rinds 50% Binders
(Starch, Honey,
Glycerol, and Lime
Juice.)
Note. This figure shows the flow of the experimental study.
Figure 1. Present the conceptual framework of the study. This illustrates
the watermelon as an independent variable that aims to identify the possible
ratio affecting the packaging as the dependent variable in terms of
decomposition rate and tensile strength.
In ratio, the quality of the eco-friendly packaging is based on the result
of the physical properties test. Three ratios will be developed; 90% Watermelon
3
Rinds, 10% Binders (Starch, Honey, Glycerol, and Lime Juice), 75%
Watermelon Rinds, 25% Binders (Starch, Honey, Glycerol, and Lime Juice),
and 50% Watermelon Rinds, 50% Binders (Starch, Honey, Glycerol and Lime
Juice.).
Furthermore, three trials will subject these eco-friendly packaging
samples to physical properties test which is the decomposition rate and tensile
strength
The output box serves to determine the result of the experiment that
aims to produce eco-friendly packaging with the three different ratios.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to investigate watermelon's effectiveness of watermelon
(Citrullus lunatus L.) as an alternative eco-friendly packaging.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions.
1. What are the physical properties of watermelon eco-friendly
packaging in three different ratios in terms of:
1.1 Decomposition Rate
1.2 Tensile Strength
2. What ratio demonstrates the highest effectiveness in watermelon
eco-friendly packaging in terms of decomposition rate and tensile
strength?
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This experimental study focused on watermelon (Citrullus lunatus L.) as
an alternative eco-friendly packaging material. The formulation of the eco-
friendly packaging was conducted in the science laboratory of President
4
Diosdado Macapagal High School during the second semester of the academic
year 2022-2023.
Furthermore, the study aimed to determine the most effective
watermelon ratio in producing eco-friendly packaging. It specifically examined
the physical properties of the watermelon-based eco-friendly packaging,
focusing on the decomposition rate and tensile strength.
Significance of the Study
The study is determined to yield empirical data that will serve as a tool for the
evaluation of the following:
Community. This study can raise public awareness about using
watermelon rinds as eco-friendly packaging. It promotes the adoption of
sustainable practices in packaging and encourages the community to make
environmentally conscious choices.
Department of Agriculture. The research findings benefit the agency
as they can focus on agricultural development and serve as a reference for
future researchers exploring the use of agricultural by-products. It contributes
to understanding how agricultural waste can be effectively utilized and adds to
the body of knowledge in this field.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The study's
findings can be used as a reference to develop innovative solutions for
environmental challenges using natural materials and techniques. It
encourages the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives to reduce waste and
promote sustainable practices.
5
Department of Science and Technology. The results of this study can
contribute to the agency's Harmonized Research and Development Agenda
goals by offering insights on waste reduction through recycling and innovation.
Additionally, the study can help refine the product through accurate testing
methods, ensuring its quality and effectiveness.
Entrepreneurs. This research benefits entrepreneurs by enabling them
to produce more cost-effective and efficient products than plastic bags. It also
allows them to reduce the carbon footprint of their businesses and promote a
more sustainable environment through innovations.
Farmers. The study benefits farmers by providing an opportunity to
convert agricultural waste into innovative products such as eco-plastic
packaging. This helps achieve environmental sustainability by finding value in
what was previously considered waste.
Future Researchers. The study can serve as a basis for further
research by focusing on other physical properties or conducting tests on
chemical properties. It opens avenues for exploration and expands the scope
of knowledge in this field.
Definition of Terms
To enhance clarity in understanding the problem and its analysis and to provide
a deeper comprehension of the study's content, the following terms were
operationally defined:
Binders. These are ingredients used in the study to chemically harden
and bond the substances together, contributing to the structural integrity of the
eco-friendly packaging.
6
Decomposition Rate. This term refers to the speed at which the eco-
friendly packaging breaks down and returns to the environment as natural
components. It measures how quickly the bag decomposes over time.
Eco-friendly packaging. This term pertains to the product created from
different ratios of watermelon rinds, which undergoes tests to assess its
physical properties, such as decomposition rate and tensile strength. The eco-
friendly packaging serves as a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic bags.
Tensile Strength. This term refers to the maximum stress or force that
eco-friendly packaging can withstand before breaking or experiencing structural
failure when subjected to stretching or pulling forces. It measures the bag's
resistance to external pressure.
Watermelon rinds. This term specifically refers to the outer skin or peel
of the watermelon fruit. In the context of this study, watermelon rinds serve as
the primary component in the production of the eco-friendly packaging,
providing the necessary material for its creation.
7
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents relevant studies and literature concerning the topic of the
study.
Ecological Problems
The majority of the world's plastic bag waste originates in Asia, with
China being the single largest producer of plastic bag waste. The United States
of America generates the most plastic packaging waste per capita, followed by
Japan and the European Union. There is abundant evidence that the
abundance of plastic in our ecosystem has a hugely negative impact on the
environment, including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Adeyanju, 2021).
Plastic bags emerged from the post-World War II explosion of everyday
plastic items and gained popularity in the 1970s. By the late 1980s, stores in
the United States had transitioned from paper to plastic, and many plastic bags
followed suit (Parker, 2021). According to the United Nations, bags have been
banned or taxed in 127 countries. Bag regulations have proliferated rapidly,
especially at the local level, that even an Al Qaeda-backed terrorist group joined
last summer, banning plastic shopping bags as "a serious threat to the well-
being of humans and animals alike" (Parker, 2021).
Additionally, customers believed that the law was a good idea, and they were
satisfied with the government's justifications. Respondents thought the
prohibition was in place for their benefit, and thus they felt it was their duty to
work with the government to reduce the usage of plastic bags (Zaheer et al.,
2021). Likewise, when enough reuse is considered, reusable plastic bags have
8
a lesser environmental impact than other options. Reusable bag usage has an
average climate change index of 27% of the value of the alternative, with the
highest impact (Gomez, Escobar, 2022).
According to Borunda (2021), sea turtles, dolphins, and whales consume
the bags whole; a young whale died with 88 pounds of plastic in its stomach.
Plastic bags are one of the top five items discovered during shoreline and river
cleanups, and the harm they cause to wildlife has been well-documented
(Parker, 2021). Plastic pollution is a serious threat to ocean life that becomes
trapped or poisoned by sea litter and humans who consume seafood polluted
with plastic micro-particles. Reducing the flow of lightweight plastics into the
ocean, which includes plastic carrier bags, is thus an urgent policy priority
(Action & Network, 2019).
Consequently, the data suggests that charging for plastic bags through
a tax or a fee is most effective at reducing usage, whereas "ban-only" legislation
has less impact. Plastic bag regulation is often ineffective when stores offer an
alternative type of bag that is not explicitly prohibited by the regulation, such as
paper bags or thick plastic bags that evade the regulation. This occurs most
often with "ban-only" type legislation. Consumers will switch to this alternative
bag, failing to reduce overall single-use bag consumption (Action & Network,
2019).
In the Philippines, single-use plastics have been in the spotlight for the
past few years because of their environmental impact. They pollute the
environment throughout their lifecycle, beginning with extraction and refining
and concluding with disposal in oceans and waterways, soil, and the air we
9
breathe through burning or incineration. Plastics have wide-ranging impacts on
the ecosystem, reflecting how people use and manage them. Plastics do not
degrade; instead, they gradually break down into smaller pieces, known as
microplastics (Alegado, 2020).
Recycling efforts have been unsatisfactory. Companies must phase out
problematic products and reduce plastic use while providing customers with
alternative packaging and distribution systems. Plastic demand is driven by
companies that refuse to accept responsibility for pollution and instead blame
consumers. On the other hand, organics can be composted in our homes,
schools, and offices through proper segregation. Organics should not be
wasted but turned into a resource through a linear waste management
approach. Moreover, recyclables should be reused and recycled as part of a
Zero Waste approach, providing a source of income for waste workers
(Alegado, 2020).
Recycling is considered the most effective way to ensure the
environmental safety of our planet. We can reduce waste and conserve future
natural resources by reusing materials instead of discarding them.
Consequently, landfill waste will be diminished, saving water and air from
environmental damage. In addition to generating economic benefits, solid
waste recycling has significant environmental and health advantages (Lamma,
2021).
Similarly, Gano-an (2017) argues that green marketing activities,
particularly eco-friendly bags, must continue to progress towards reducing
pollution, even though they are still relatively new in the Philippine commercial
10
and economic scene. Furthermore, Tudu and Yadav (2019) quoted Sivan
(2011) and Thompson et al. (2009), stating that plastic, no doubt, is a versatile
material—it is inexpensive, strong, durable, requires little energy to produce,
lightweight, and biocompatible, corrosion-resistant, and has high thermal and
electrical insulation properties.
However, the over-consumption of plastics, discarding, and littering have
become lethal to the environment. Due to their widespread use and poor
recycling potential, single-use bags pose an expensive problem for local
governments, with costs associated with cleaning up plastic bag litter,
protecting and maintaining stormwater catchment basins, potential economic
impacts of decreased tourism due to unsightly litter, and costs associated with
damaged sorting equipment at materials recovery facilities. Plastic bags also
contribute to marine debris and pose an environmental issue (Wagner, 2017).
With this in mind, Nugroho (2018) argues that in every nation, including
Indonesia, using eco-friendly reusable bags instead of plastic bags is a highly
appropriate way to reduce the amount of plastic waste we currently produce
and mitigate environmental and health issues caused by discarded plastic
bags. Therefore, raising awareness about the impact of plastic bags is crucial.
Moreover, non-biodegradable plastic bags obstruct water flow and render
agricultural soil infertile by hindering the movement of soil nutrients. The
environment's composition and plastic additives significantly affect pollutant
emissions (Allam et al., 2018).
11
Watermelon (Citrullus lunatus L.)
Watermelon, a fruit commonly consumed, generates a significant
amount of waste after consumption, particularly its rinds. Watermelon is a
delicious fruit and one of the most economically essential fruits, ranking high on
the list of vegetable crops. This fruit holds both nutritional and medicinal value,
underscoring the importance of fresh fruits and vegetables in our daily lives
(Sultana; Zamuz et al.; Olayinka study, as cited in Mamman et al., 2022).
Furthermore, according to Jahanbakshi and Salehi (2019), watermelon
waste contains a high concentration of transformable sugars, including
fructose, glucose, and sucrose. This waste can serve as a primary source for
bioethanol production. Additionally, in line with the study conducted by Zia et
al. (2021), watermelon harbors functional compounds that have the potential to
replace and create value-added food products. The fruit's chemical composition
demonstrates that watermelon is rich in essential nutrients that can enhance
health and well-being, making it a valuable dietary supplement in today's food
applications. Moreover, utilizing watermelon rinds can contribute to sustainable
production across various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and
cosmetics, while simultaneously addressing the issue of food waste and its
environmental impact.
Consequently, watermelon waste is considered a resource that can be
used in various industrial productions and as a natural source for
pharmaceutical preparations. Doing this will help save the environment and
positively affect the economy. Additionally, using this specific bioactive product
as a natural source for disease prevention and treatment can provide a better
12
outcome compared to synthesized drugs due to the enormous amount of
watermelon waste, lower cost, and the possibility of fewer or no side effects
than synthetic drugs (Elsayed et al., 2022). In addition, according to Evanuarini
et al., 2020, watermelon rind flour is an excellent stabilizer for making
mayonnaise, providing a highly stabilizing emulsion. Adding watermelon rind
flour also makes the mayonnaise less moist. It also gives mayonnaise a great
texture and a pleasant smell. More importantly, watermelon rind flour is the best
quality stabilizer that reduces the fat in mayonnaise.
In addition, in the Philippines, specifically in the provinces of Nueva Ecija
and Quezon, several factors need to be accomplished by the farmers for the
production of watermelon, such as cultivating the land farms 2-3 times before
planting, applying 10-15 tons of fertilizer bags per hectare; using herbicides to
prevent the growth of weeds; and using fungicides to reduce the probability of
watermelon having the disease.
Furthermore, parallel to the study of Manuel et al. (2020), three factors
affect the yield production of crops like watermelon: soil type, climate, and
equipment. Soil type affects the quality and quantity of a product. The climate
directly affects crops because they are exposed to natural disasters like
typhoons, floods, and droughts, and defective equipment affects production.
Consequently, food production industries produce massive food waste (fruit
waste), with a low rate of reusing recycled waste products. Dried watermelon
rinds are implemented for the production of flour to produce a cake, to improve
functional and nutritional components through supplementation, as well as to
provide a cheap alternative to corn flour (Campod et al., 2020).
13
Moreover, watermelon is used as a biofertilizer for eggplant production.
Eggplants treated with watermelon rinds showed a significant effect in terms of
length of growth and quantity of leaves compared to those untreated.
Interestingly, it has great potential, as the treated eggplant shows more leaves
after ten weeks of treatment than the other. Falsario et al., 2022. Also,
watermelon rind is one of the primary sources of solid waste in the Philippines
because of the high consumption of watermelon pulp. It was shown that
watermelon contains pectin when it is ripe, regardless of whether it is fresh
(.17% of pectin) or dried (2.6% of pectin). Therefore, watermelon's pectin can
be used for food applications and can help the environment due to food waste.
However, the yield of pectin is low; it is not substantial. Samson et al., 2019.
Furthermore, watermelon (Citrullus lunatus L.) is a significant horticultural crop
that is part of the Cucurbitaceae family and is widely cultivated for its delectable
fruits. Approximately 81.1% of total worldwide watermelon production is
imported from Asian countries, making the continent the largest watermelon
producer. Interestingly, a total area of 3.2 million hectares was utilized for 103
million tons of watermelon worldwide in 2018, according to an Assefa et al.
article (as cited in Manivannan et al., 2020).
According to Masika et al., 2022, significant constraints affect farmland
watermelon production, including pests, diseases, droughts, floods, high
transport costs, and labor costs. Melon flies, rats, and cutworms are commonly
the pests that affect watermelon. While farmers cannot distinguish most
diseases, what are the associated symptoms? Additionally, constraints like
droughts and floods are already predetermined since they happen naturally.
14
Moreover, when not adequately segregated, the vegetable and fruit industries
produce millions of tons yearly, contributing to environmental issues like
watermelon peels. This by-product is a magnificent source of bioactive
compounds and contains carbohydrates, lignin, protein, fat, and phenolics.
Direct utilization of these compounds and their transformation into high-value
products will alleviate the solid waste in the environment and improve
sustainability and competition in the food industries. Rico et al., 2020. In parallel
with the Dhaka and Pradhananga studies, 2017. Watermelon rinds can be
converted into delicacies by candying, the oldest method of preserving foods
through refined sugar. The best measurement that the product could be
preserved at room temperature was at a ratio of 25% honey to 75% sucrose
and 1000 grams of watermelon. Therefore, watermelon rinds can be used to
make candy and generate a profit.
On the other hand, antioxidant and symbiotic properties are significantly
present in watermelon peel which can be an alternative natural source of
antioxidants and other bioactive compounds. This solid waste has natural
bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants and prebiotics,that significantly
affect a person's health by improving their intestinal environment and metabolic
process. Thus, watermelon peels can be a source of less valued but effective
therapeutic applications (Akter and Rabeta, 2021). In addition, there was a
volume production of 147,319 metric tons of watermelon in 2017, while there
was an area of 7,309 hectares harvested for watermelon in 2017 (Crops
Statistics of the Philippines).
15
Moreover, Piano et al. (2019) state that fresh-cut watermelon in wet
markets is of poorer quality than in supermarkets. When fruits are processed
into fresh cuts, their nutritional value, particularly vitamin C, is reduced.
However, the microbial quality and safety of the two tested areas do not differ;
both have the same microbial and pathogen level. Subsequently, fresh-cut
fruits, like watermelon, from the wet market and supermarket do not differ from
each other that much. Furthermore, watermelon rind is notable as a rich source
of citrulline, which is a potent antioxidant. This unrecognized agricultural waste
can potentially be a source of radioprotective agents. In addition, watermelon
rind extract can reduce induced injury, and its capabilities are comparable to
those of Vitamin E, Fabrigar, and Porquis (2019).
Moreover, watermelon is a red fruit containing lycopene, a non-
provitamin, and a carotenoid. Watermelon contains lycopene, which has
antioxidant properties and could be used to prevent and manage chronic
diseases and cancer. Interestingly, lycopene intake significantly decreases the
risk of prostate cancer. However, the effect of lycopene is mostly on prevention
rather than as a cure. Tupas, 2021. Commonly, watermelon rinds are known
for their bioactive components that have therapeutic benefits. Watermelon rinds
are also mixed with Ponkan marmalade, a fruit-based drink. Combining
watermelon rinds with ponkan marmalade does not affect the product's taste,
aroma, texture, spreadability, or general acceptability. Goles and Zabala, 2019.
In addition, Citrullus lunatus L. oil is a fruit species that grows in the
tropics. In limited countries, many water seeds obtained from Citrullus Lunatus
L. are used at the basic level to produce oil on a small scale (Sangram S. P.,
16
Hara J., et al., 2021). Furthermore, more than 90% of watermelon rind is
discarded into the environment, eventually creating an environmental problem.
Therefore, different industries studied and incorporated technologies into
cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical products to reduce the production waste
of watermelon rinds. Moreover, a recent study about the watermelon rind says
it can be substituted as an active thermoplastic starch film for future
biodegradable packaging.
Particularly, according to a recent study by Mohamed S. H. and Amr H.
H., 2020, watermelon is waste that can produce microbial growth mediums due
to the high amount of nutrients. This study used watermelon waste to develop
an effective fungus growth medium with a vast nutritional profile. Also, another
recent study shows that these variables have nutritional health benefits, such
as citrus (Citrus sinensis), papaya (Carica papaya), pineapple (Ananas
comosus), watermelon (Citrullus lunatus L.), and banana (Musa sapientum).
Though these peels are considered waste, they can still be converted into
nutrient-rich goods needed in the culinary and medicinal industries. Lastly, the
variables employed in the biopolymer synthesis are the banana,
pomegranate,pumpkin, tapioca, and watermelon peels.
The main objective is understanding the synthesis of the biopolymers
derived from fruit peel waste and their basic properties, such as maximum load,
tensile strength, and maximum strain. An attempt to integrate these
biopolymers was made using the standard low-density polyethylene method.
Polyethene (LDPE) is used to create a composite material. As a result,
17
decreasing the plastic content of LDPE-based materials is a step toward long-
term sustainability.
Physical Properties
Plastics, being ubiquitous in our modern society, have raised significant
concerns due to their extended periods of degradation and the resulting
ecological problems. According to Asiandu et al. (2020), the natural degradation
of plastics can take anywhere from 50 to 100 years, with some types of plastics
persisting for 500 years or even longer. This prolonged degradation poses a
major threat to the environment and raises significant ecological concerns.
To address the challenges posed by the slow degradation of plastics,
researchers have explored the use of plasticizers, such as glycerol, to enhance
the shelf-life and versatility of plastic items. Kowser et al. (2023) have
investigated the role of glycerol as a plasticizer, highlighting its ability to
increase the lifespan and flexibility of plastic products. By incorporating glycerol
into plastics, the researchers found that the resulting materials exhibited
improved shelf-life and enhanced adaptability, potentially reducing the
environmental burden associated with frequent plastic disposal.
However, it is important to note that the inclusion of glycerol as a
plasticizer can have an impact on the intermolecular strength of the bioplastics.
Lestari et al. (2020) have specifically studied the effects of glycerol as a
plasticizer and found that it reduces the intermolecular strength of the bioplastic
materials. This decrease in intermolecular strength can influence the overall
mechanical properties of the bioplastics, potentially affecting their durability and
performance in various applications.
18
Furthermore, Dianursanti et al. (2018) have examined the relationship
between the amount of glycerol used as a plasticizer and the resulting tensile
strength of bioplastics. Their study revealed that an increase in the amount of
glycerol leads to a decrease in the tensile strength of the bioplastic materials.
This finding suggests that while glycerol enhances the flexibility and shelf-life
of plastics, there is a trade-off with reduced mechanical strength.
To summarize, plastic bags have a significant impact not only on the
environment but also on animals and human health. The sea animals are the
ones who suffer the most as a result of waste; once in the sea, plastic can be
eaten by sea creatures and cause them to die. Because of the adverse effects
of plastic bags, the government has declared a policy prohibiting their use. As
a result, alternatives such as eco-plastic bags are being developed. Those eco-
friendly bags can also promote environmental conservation by converting waste
into a usable and beneficial product.
Watermelon (Citrullus lunatus L.) is a widespread fruit, especially in
tropical countries such as the Philippines. With its popularity comes its
drawbacks; the consumption of this fruit generates a lot of waste, but even this
waste has some advantages. Watermelon rinds contain biopolymers that can
conjure many things, especially biodegradable plastics.
The ecological concerns posed by the slow degradation of plastics and
explores the use of glycerol as a plasticizer to improve shelf-life and versatility.
However, the inclusion of glycerol as a plasticizer can decrease the
intermolecular strength and tensile strength of bioplastics, which may impact
their overall performance.
19
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research method, instrument, materials and
methods, data gathering procedures, and statistical data treatment.
Methods of Research
This study was quantitative since it focused on quantifying the collection
and analysis of data. Specifically, the study employed a true experimental
design in which a specific variable was included that was maintained constant,
and the other was measured as the experiment's subject. It sought to construct
a cause-and-effect relationship stating that the impact of the measured issue
was the outcome of the manipulated variable.
Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and
procedures created to conduct experimental research using two sets of
variables with a scientific approach (Sirisilla, 2022).
Research Instrument
This study used observation as the research instrument. Krishna Swami
defined the observation method as a systematic viewing of a specific
phenomenon in its proper setting for collecting data for a study. It allowed the
description of behavior in a naturalistic or laboratory setting. Structured
observation was used as the data in this method were collected with
predetermined specific variables and schedules. The observational sheets
consisted of columns and rows that assisted the researchers in organizing
observable scenarios in the experimentation.
20
In addition, the researchers used measuring devices to quantify the needed
materials accurately. The materials and techniques used in this study were
further described in the next section.
Materials and Methods
Watermelon was the primary material that was used in this study. The
researcher prepared the following in developing an eco-friendly plastic bag: 600
grams of watermelon rinds, 50 grams of potato starch, 50 grams of honey, and
50 millimeters of lime juice with varying ratios in three samples.
The researchers used two types of tests for the physical properties of
the developed plastic bag. First, the researcher measured the developed
packaging decomposition rate in the plastic degradation test. This was done by
putting the three plastic samples in a pit covered with soil, and the changes in
the plastic material were observed and recorded over a number of weeks or
months. Second, regarding the tensile strength of the plastic, a simple tensile
test was used where a sample was typically pulled to its breaking point to
determine the material's ultimate tensile strength.
Data Gathering Procedures
In this study, the researchers separate the methodology into two parts;
(A) The Forming of the Watermelon Rinds (Citrullus lunatus L.) as an
Alternative Eco-Friendly Packaging; (B) Testing of the Alternative Eco-friendly
Packaging.
A. The Forming of the Watermelon Rinds (Citrullus lunatus L.) as an
Alternative Eco-friendly Packaging.
21
The following are the materials for Watermelon (Citrullus lunatus L.) as an
Alternative Packaging:
a. Watermelon Rinds (Citrullus lunatus L.), with ratio levels of 90%, 75%,
& 50%
b. Binders (Starch, Honey, Glycerol, and Lime Juice.), with a level ratio of
10%, 25%, & 50%
1. Ingredients
The researchers got 600 g of watermelon rinds, 50 g of potato
starch, 50 g of honey, 50 g of glycerol, and 50 ml of lime juice in each
trial product of the eco-plastic bag. The following were the different
masses of ingredients in each trial for making eco-plastic bags:
Table 1: Ratio of Ingredients
The proportional quantities of different components used in study.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Watermelon 540 g 450 g 300 g

Rinds
Potato Starch 5g 12.5 g 25 g
Honey 5g 12.5 g 25 g
Glycerol 5 ml 12.5 ml 25 ml
Lime Juice 5 ml 12.5 ml 25 ml
Note. The table shows the different ratios of ingredients in making alternative
eco-friendly packaging.
2. Collection and Preparation of Materials
The watermelon rinds were obtained from the street vendors on
8th St. of Brgy. Katuparan, Taguig City. Honey, Potato Starch, and Lime
22
were bought at Puregold and SM Hypermarket in FTI Taguig City. Other
equipments such as a blender, sieve, sponge, pan, parchment paper,
spatula, rolling pin, and oven were used from the researcher's house at
Blk 18 lot two 11th Ave, Brgy. North Signal, Taguig City.
3. Preparation for Watermelon Rinds Pulp
The researchers carefully washed the obtained watermelon rinds
from the street vendors using tap water. After that, the watermelon rinds
were cut into small pieces. Next, the researchers put them in a blender
with water and blended them until they became pulp.
4. Removing excess water
The pulp made from watermelon rinds was poured into the sieve.
Using the sponge, the researchers pressed the pulps in a sieve to dry
the water. Then, the mixture was transferred to the kitchen towel to let
the excess water dry out.
5. Combining the binders
The researchers turned on the stove and dropped the dried-out
watermelon rind pulps into the pan. Then, the researchers added lime
juice, potato starch, glycerol, and honey. The mixture was stirred
continuously until it thoroughly combined all of the binders.
6. Dehydrating the Product
After combining all the binders, the researchers put the mixture
onto parchment paper (A piece of nonstick paper used to help
dehydrate). Using the rolling pin, the researcher kneaded the mixture
until it flattened.
23
6.1 Dryness
To dehydrate the mixture more, the researchers place the
product in the oven at 100°C for 2 hours.
7. Solidification & Finishing
The researchers let the product rest for 2 hours to become a solid
piece.
8. Testing the three products with different ratios
The three trials or products the researcher made with different
ratios will test the physical properties of watermelon eco-friendly
packaging in terms of decomposition rate and tensile strength.
B. Testing of the Alternative Eco-friendly Packaging.
The following are the instruments for testing the Watermelon (Citrullus lunatus
L.) as an Alternative Eco-friendly Packaging:
1. Decomposition Rate Instrument
Composter. The use of loam soil decomposing the samples. The
researchers obtain the area of each sample using a ruler by measuring
the length and width of the rectangle.
2. Tensile Strength Instrument
These are Tensile Testers, or gradually pulling plastic with
constant weight. The researchers utilizes a spring balance apparatus to
ascertain the tensile strength of the samples by employing a method
involving the application of weights.
24
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
The researcher's study findings are summarized in this chapter, which
details the data results of testing three samples containing varying proportions
of watermelon and binders (Starch + Honey + Glycerol + Lime Juice) to
evaluate the tensile strength and decomposition rate.
Table 2. Testing Table Description
The table serves as a basis to determine what each name refers to in
relation to the samples indicated in the study.
Samples Decomposition Rate Tensile Strength
90% Watermelon A1 B1
Rinds,
10% Binders
Rinds,
25% Binders
Rinds,
50% Binders
Note. The table shows the name description of each sample in different ratios
in terms of decomposition rate and tensile strength of watermelon-based
packaging.
The samples indicate the ratios of each sample. A1, A2, and A3
represent the decomposition rate testing in the study, while B1, B2, and B3
represent the tensile strength.
25
The study considered three samples in terms of decomposition rate and
tensile strength. A1 and B1 consisted of 90% watermelon rinds and 10%
binders. A2 and B2 had a ratio of 75% watermelon rinds and 25% binders.
Lastly, A3 and B3 had a 50% watermelon rinds ratio and 50% binders,
respectively.
Figure 2. Decomposition Rate
The physical property of watermelon eco-friendly packaging in terms of
decomposition rate.
Note. This figure illustrates the visual evaluation sizes of the decomposition rate
of three watermelon-based packaging samples over 2-day intervals.
Based on the length of time for decomposition, it can be inferred that
different ratios have varying decomposition periods under normal loam soil
conditions. All samples have a 12 inch² as an initial length, A1 with an area of
1.20 inch² decomposes the fastest as it shrinks within a few days, which is much
26
faster compared to samples A2, with an area of 3.51 inch² and A3, with an area
of 7.82 inch², which decompose over a longer period.
The use of watermelon-based packaging samples offers a potential
solution to the problem of plastic waste. Typically, plastics degrade naturally
over 50-100 years, with some taking 500 or more years. Such extended periods
of degradation pose major ecological problems and concerns (Asiandu et al.,
2020). In contrast, the biodegradability of watermelon-based packaging
samples allows for their easy disposal and potential use in various applications.
Plasticizers, such as glycerol, have increased items' shelf-life and
versatility (Kowser et al., 2023). Since A3 has the highest amount of glycerol
among the three ratios, its long biodegradability can be attributed to the high
glycerol content in the mixture. Moreover, watermelon-based packaging A1
decomposes the fastest, as it experiences the greatest shrinkage within 14
days. This is due to its higher proportion of watermelon rinds, considered
organic substances. Conversely, A3 decomposes the slowest, as it contains a
higher binder ratio than watermelon rinds. Therefore, using watermelon-based
packaging A1 can help mitigate the ecological problems caused by plastic
waste as it decomposes the fastest in a short time.
27
Table 3. Tensile Strength
The physical property of watermelon eco-friendly packaging in terms of
tensile strength.
Samples Average
B1 19.61 N
B2 27.79 N
B3 21.57 N
Note. The data shows the results of the samples in terms of tensile strength.
Figure 3. Trials Results of Tensile Strength
Tensile Strength Graph: Trials Results
Note: Figure 3 shows the force each sample can withstand in 3 trials.
Based on the tensile strength testing administered in different ratios, the
data drawn from the results vary. Among the three samples, B1 is identified as
28
the weakest, able to withstand a force of 19.61 N. On the other hand, B2 is
considered the strongest, as it could resist a force of 27.79 N. B3, which falls in
between the two different samples, and withstand a force of 21.67 N.
Consequently, a sample that can withstand higher forces is more
effective as eco-friendly packaging in terms of tensile strength than a sample
that easily tears with only a small amount of force. This indicates that the
packaging can hold weight without rapid destruction. Tensile strength of bio-
plastic made from organic materials, such as rice exhibits a low tensile strength
due to a high amount of glycerol added on the product. As glycerol serve as
plasticizer that reduces intermolecular strength (Lestari et al., 2020).
Similarly, according to Dianursanti et al. 2018. Increase in the amount of
plasticizer specifically glycerol decreases the tensile strength of the bioplastic.
Making the amount of glycerol and the tensile strength of the sample inversely
proportional to one another.
Thus, B1 is the easiest to tear apart as it contains a high amount of
binders consisting of glycerol. B3 is the second weakest due to its ratios, which
include 50% watermelon rinds and 50% binders. Lastly, B2 is the strongest
among the three options, containing 75% watermelon rinds and 25% binders,
creating the strongest combination.
29
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings
This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusion drawn
from the findings, and the corresponding recommendations based on the
statement of the problem section of the research.
Findings
Certain ratios of Watermelon Rinds and Binders have shown excellent
properties in different fields in terms of tensile strength and decomposition rate.
Sample 1, with a ratio of 90% Watermelon Rinds and 10% Binders, is a
good eco-friendly packaging as it is the fastest decomposition rate and the
weakest in terms of tensile strength.
Sample 3, with a ratio of 50% Watermelon Rinds and 50% Binders, has
shown great properties in tensile strength. It is the best in terms of sustainability
but is also eco-friendly due to its long decomposition rate.
Sample 2, with a 75% Watermelon Rinds ratio and 25% Binders, has
greater tensile strength than sample 1 and a faster decomposition rate than
sample 3.
CONCLUSIONS
In reference to the findings of the study, the following can be concluded:
1. Regarding the Decomposition Rate, Sample 1 is the most eco-friendly
but not sustainable. On the other hand, Sample 3 is the second most
sustainable, second only to Sample 2 in tensile strength and the least
eco-friendly, being the slowest to decompose.
30
2. The Watermelon-based packaging sample that demonstrates the
highest effectiveness in terms of sustainability and eco-friendliness is
Sample 2.
RECOMMENDATIONS
As the results of findings and data analysis are interpreted after the
experimentation along with the conclusions given, the following are
recommended:
1. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This sector may
consider studying the effects of decomposing PACWon on the soil as a
potential soil fertilizer for agrarian purposes.
2. The Department of Science and Technology may consider this research
to test the malleability of the physical property of an alternative eco-
friendly packaging.
3. Entrepreneurs may consider other products using the watermelon rinds,
such as paper, egg trays, etc.
4. Future Researchers may consider changing the ratio of watermelon
rinds and the binders opposite to the study for better results of knowing
the most effective properties in making alternative eco-friendly
packaging.
31
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42
APPENDICES
43
APPENDIX A: OBSERVATIONAL SHEET
Table 2. Testing Table Descriptions
The table serves as a basis to determine what each name refers to in
relation to the samples indicated in the study.
Samples Decomposition Rate Tensile Strength
Rinds,
10% Binders
Rinds,
25% Binders
Rinds,
50% Binders
Note. The table shows the name description of each sample in different ratios
in terms of decomposition rate and tensile strength of watermelon-based
packaging.
44
Table 4. Decomposition Rate: Sample Areas
Physical property of watermelon eco-friendly packaging in terms of
decomposition rate.
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
A1 12 8.66 7.90 6.94 5.67 3.82 1.26 1.20

inch² inch² inch² inch² inch² inch² inch² inch²
A2 12 9.49 8.93 8.32 7.25 3.74 3.51

inch² inch² inch² inch² inch² 5.80 inch² inch²
inch²
A3 12 11.63 11.26 10.68 10.40 9.85 8.32 7.82

inch² inch² inch² inch² inch² inch² inch² inch²
Note.. This table shows the areas of the three different ratios in 14 days.
Figure 4. Decomposition Rate: Documentation
Picture of Visual Biodegradable Packaging Decomposition.

Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
A1
A2
A3
Note. This figure illustrates the visual evaluation sizes of the decomposition rate
of three watermelon-based packaging samples over 2-day intervals.
45
Table 5: Tensile Strength: Newton (N)
Physical property of watermelon eco-friendly packaging in terms of
tensile strength.
Sample Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
B1 14.71 24.52 19.61 19.61 N
B2 19.61 29.42 34.32 27.79 N
B3 24.52 25.50 14.71 21.57 N
Note. The data shows the results of the samples in terms of tensile strength.
46
APPENDIX B: LETTER REQUESTS
47
48
49
APPENDIX C: CERTIFICATION
50
51
APPENDIX D: DOCUMENTATION
Plant Identification and Certification
Collection and Preparation of Materials
52
Preparation for Watermelon Rinds Pulp
Removing excess water
53
Combining the binders
Dehydrating the Product
Solidification & Finishing
54
Testing of the Alternative Eco-friendly Packaging.
PACWon: Product
55
CURRICULUM
VITAE
56
Justine Ryan D. Deciembre

235B 8th Street, GHQ Village, Brgy. Katuparan,
Taguig City
Contact no.09319426927
Email address: deciembrejustine@gmail.com
Personal Background:
Date of Birth : December 16, 2004

Place of Birth : Taguig
Age : 18 years old
Height : 5’9”
Weight : 102 kgs.

Gender : Male
Religion : Roman Catholic
Marital Status : Single
Father’s : Jose Renante O. Occupation : Construction
Name Deciembre Jr. worker
Mother’s : Myrna D. Dela Vega Occupation : Housewife
Name
Educational Attainment:
Secondary : President Diosdado Macapagal High School

S.Y. (2017 - 2023)
Primary : Kapitan Eddie T. Reyes Integrated School
S.Y. (2009 - 2016)
57
Wenston E. Deocadez
Blk 18 Lot 77 11th Ave., Brgy. North Signal, Taguig City
Email address: chok87566@gmail.com
Date of Birth : May 30, 2004

Place of Birth : Fabella
Age : 19 years old
Height : 5’4”
Weight : 91 kgs.
Gender : Male
Father’s Name : Alex A. Deocadez Occupation Company Driver
Mother’s Name : Melinde E. Deocadez Occupation : Housewife

S.Y. (2017 - 2023)
S.Y. (2009 - 2016)
58
Normie Naboya
6th Street, Brgy. Katuparan Taguig City
Email address: normienaboya4@gmail.com
Date of Birth : October 15, 2003

Place of Birth : Garchitorena,
Camarines Sur
Age : 19 years old
Height : 5’4”
Weight : 85 kgs.
Gender : Female
Father’s : Alberto A. Naboya Occupation Carpentry
Name
Mother’s : Marisa O. Naboya Occupation : House keeping
Name

S.Y. (2017 - 2023)
S.Y. (2012 - 2016)
59
Zyra Joy O. Niones
Blk 17 7th Street, GHQ Village Brgy. Katuparan,

Taguig City
Email address: nioneszyrajoy@gmail.com
Date of Birth : December 7, 2004

Place of Birth : Taguig City
Age : 18 years old
Height : 4’8”
Weight : 45 kgs.
Gender : Female
Father’s : Felipe C. Niones Occupation: Assistant Bank
Name Manager
Mother’s : Fatima R. Omaña Occupation : House keeping
Name

S.Y. (2017 - 2023)
S.Y. (2012 - 2016)
60
Annie Rose S. Raquem
Blk 18 Lot 2 11th Ave., Brgy. North Signal, Taguig City
Email address: raquemannierose36@gmail.com
Date of Birth : June 3, 2005

Place of Birth : Pasig CIty
Age : 18 years old
Height : 5’3”
Weight : 65 kgs.
Gender : Female
Father’s : Antonio B. Raquem Occupation: Retired Soldier
Name
Mother’s : Vida V. Sison Occupation : Housewife
Name

S.Y. (2017 - 2023)
S.Y. (2012 - 2016)
61
Paul Benidict L. Reduta
395 3rd Street, GHQ Village Brgy. Katupran,

Taguig City
Email address: paulbenidictr@gmail.com
Date of Birth :August 8, 2005

Place of Birth : Taguig City
Age : 18 years old
Height : 5’3”
Weight : 49 kgs.
Gender : Male
Father’s : Joel R. Reduta Occupation: N/A
Name
Mother’s : Rowena C. Lindain Occupation : Office Clerk
Name

S.Y. (2017 - 2023)

S.Y. (2012 - 2016)
62

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PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School Department

PACWon: Packaging Alternative from Crust of

WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)

A Quantitative Research presented to the Faculty of President

Diosadado Macapagal High School – Senior High School Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

of the Subject Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

for the School Year 2022 - 2023

Justine Ryan D. Deciembre

Paul Benidict L. Reduta

Zyra Joy O. Niones

Annie Rose S. Raquem

All rights reserved

No particular page of this book

can be produce without permission

or proper citations of the authors

This research entitled “PACWon: Packaging Alternative from Crust

of WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)” prepared and submitted by (Justine

Ryan D. Deciembre, Wenston E. Deocadez, Paul Benidict L. Reduta, Normie

of the requirements in “Inquiries Investigation and Immersion,” has been

examined and recommended for oral examination.

MR.JOHN KEENETH M. FERRERA

2023 with the grade of ______

MS.LORY MAE C. ALCOSABA MS.ABEGAIL B. SARIO

MS.JESSIE GRACE C. DE LUNA MR.JOHN RAY E. MENDOZA

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the course Inquiries Investigation and Immersion.

SIR NOLITO R. ESTILLES

Packaging Alternative from Crust of WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)”

education institutions, except where proper referencing and acknowledgment were

JUSTINE RYAN D. DECEIMBRE

This is to certify that this research study entitled “PACWon: Packaging

Alternative from Crust of WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)” prepared and

submitted by (Justine Ryan D. Deciembre, Wenston E. Deocadez, Paul

Raquem), for partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries Investigation

and Immersion has been statistically reviewed by the undersigned.

JOHN KEENETH M. FERRERA

This is to certify that this research study entitled “PACWon: Packaging

Alternative from Crust of WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)” prepared and

submitted by (Justine Ryan D. Deciembre, Wenston E. Deocadez, Paul

Raquem), for partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries Investigation and

Immersion has been statistically reviewed by the undersigned.

LORY MAE C. ALCOSABA

This is to certify that this research study entitled “PACWon: Packaging

Alternative from Crust of WatermelON (Citrullus lunatus L.)” prepared and

submitted by (Justine Ryan D. Deciembre, Wenston E. Deocadez, Paul

Raquem), for partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries Investigation and

Immersion has been grammatically or linguistically reviewed by the

Examining the potential of watermelon rinds is both a challenge and a

implications of this neglected but useful organic waste material. Hence,

researchers hereby extend their full gratitude and wholehearted appreciation

for the following:

beginning and who entrusts and continuously motivates students to improve

were able to build perseverance to overcome challenges and obstacles

encountered during the research.

Methodology research consultant, a researcher and class adviser

English language research consultant, and a research teacher who