Lecture 3 Biofabrication Methods Part I

Biofabrication and 3D-Bioprinting
Lecture 3
Biofabrication Methods Part I
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser

Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology
IDD
https://phys.org/news/2017-02-bio-bot.html
Schematic of a bio-bot:
Engineered skeletal muscle tissue is coupled to a 3-D printed
flexible skeleton. Optical stimulation of the muscle tissue, which is
genetically engineered to contract in response to blue light, makes
IDD the bio-bot walk across a surface in the direction of the light.
Credit: Janet Sinn-Hanlon, University of Illinois
Terminology
Regenerative Tissue
Medicine Engineering
Biofabrication
Bioprinting
IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 3

From regenerative medicine to 3D-bioprinting
A short overview on the emerging field of biofabrication
Molding
100000 Regenerative medicine
Tissue engineering
Number of publications
Cell seeding
10000
Tissue Biofabrication
Engineering Bioprinting
… 1000
1896
100 „The regeneration of the blood“
Bioprinting
Regenerative
Medicine 10
Stem cell
Cell therapy
injection
1
1870 1920 1970 2020
Gene
Gene editing Year
therapy

Molding
Tissue engineering
Cell seeding
10000
… 1000
1986 Weinberg and Bell
100 „A blood vessel model
Bioprinting constructed from collagen and
Regenerative
Medicine cultured vascular cells“
10
Stem cell
Cell therapy
injection
1
1870 1920 1970 2020
Gene
Gene editing Year
therapy

Molding
Tissue engineering
Cell seeding
10000
Engineering 1993 Langer and Vacanti
Bioprinting
… 1000 „Tissue Engineering“
100
Bioprinting
Regenerative
Medicine 10
Stem cell
Cell therapy
injection
1
1870 1920 1970 2020
Gene
Gene editing Year
therapy

Molding
Tissue engineering
Cell seeding
10000
… 1000
2000
100 „Tissue restoration, tissue
Regenerative
Bioprinting engineering and
Medicine 10
regenerative medicine“
Stem cell
Cell therapy
injection
1
1870 1920 1970 2020
Gene
Gene editing Year
therapy

Molding
100000
Regenerative medicine
Cell seeding Tissue engineering
10000
Tissue Bioprinting
Engineering
… 1000
2006
100 „Bioprinting: A Beginning“
Bioprinting
Regenerative
Medicine 10
Stem cell
Cell therapy
injection
1
1870 1920 1970 2020
Gene
Gene editing Year
therapy

Biofabrication?
Molding
Tissue engineering
Cell seeding
10000
… 1000
1985
100 „Collagen Gel for Ocular
Bioprinting
Regenerative Surface“
Medicine 10
Stem cell
Cell therapy
injection
1
1870 1920 1970 2020
Gene
Gene editing Year
therapy

Biofabrication?
Molding
Tissue engineering
Cell seeding
10000
… 1000
2009
100 „Biofabrication: a 21st
Bioprinting
Regenerative century manufacturing
Medicine 10 paradigm“
Stem cell
Cell therapy
injection
1
1870 1920 1970 2020
Gene
Gene editing Year
therapy

Application  Technology Technology  Application
Biofabrication? Regenerative
Molding medicine
Drug testing
Bio-
Cell seeding fabrication Tissue models Toxicity testing
fabrication
Tissue
Engineering
… Disease
Automation & modelling
digitalization
Bioprinting Food
Regenerative
Medicine production
Non-medical
Stem cell applications
Cell therapy Cell-grown
injection technical
products
Gene
Gene editing “The automated generation of biologically functional products with structural
therapy
organization from living cells, bioactive molecules, biomaterials, cell
aggregates such as micro-tissues, or hybrid cell-material constructs, through
bioprinting or bioassembly and subsequent tissue maturation processes.”

Biofabrication: terminology and definitions
Term Definition
Biological constructs engineered by using in a pre-defined manner cells, biomaterials, and/or
Bio-engineered structures
biological factors alone or in combination with each other.
Formulation of material(s) and biological molecules / cells processed using bioprinting
Bioink
technologies.
A material that is used as (part of) a medical device or an advanced therapy medicinal product
Biomaterials
to replace, restore, or regenerate a tissue or organ and its function.
A cluster of cells, with a spherical shape, typically formed by allowing cell suspension to settle
Cell spheroid
into droplet of media. Electrospinning:
Minimum feature width Smallest detail that can be fabricated using a biofabrication technology.
A biofabrication approach where a biomaterial is used to create a cell-laden scaffold or an
Scaffold-based strategy acellular scaffold with hierarchical ad/or smart surface properties able to steer cell activity and
regenerate a targeted tissue.
A biofabrication approach where a biomaterial is eventually only used as a sacrificial template or
support for cells to be deposited and let organize themselves onto it for the regeneration of a
Scaffold-free strategy
targeted tissue. This approach comprises also the deposition of cells and/or biomolecules only
with no biomaterial support.
The notion, introduced by Malcolm Steinberg, that tissues or multicellular aggregates composed
of motile and adhesive cells have properties analogous to liquids, evidenced by the fact that
Tissue liquidity irregular tissue fragments spontaneously round up into spheroids and two fragments composed of
different cell types mutually envelope each other. Such tissues can be quantified in terms of
apparent tissue surface tension.
Moroni et al., 2018

Biofabrication and 3D-Bioprinting
From technologies to applications
Te c h n o lo gies A p p lic a tio n s
Lecture 2 Lecture 10
Lecture 3-4 Lecture 11
Cell culture Regenerative
Cell seeding Drug testing
essentials medicine
Tissue Toxicity
Molding Traditional TE models testing
methods
Cell sheet Disease
technol.
Biofabrication modelling
Food
In-situ TE Bioassembly
Non-medical production
applications
Cell-grown
Bioprinting
products
Lectures 5-9 Lecture 12

Today‘s topic
Te c h n o lo gies A p p lic a tio n s
Cell culture Regenerative

Cell seeding Drug testing
essentials medicine
Tissue Toxicity
Molding Traditional TE models testing
methods
Cell sheet Disease
technol.
Biofabrication modelling
Food
In-situ TE Bioassembly
Non-medical production
applications
Cell-grown
Bioprinting
products

Traditional tissue engineering process
(in regenerative medicine)
Tissue implantation
3D-Design
• Visual examination
• Medical imaging
• Tool fabrication
(e.g. mold)
Maturation
Biofabrication / -Bioreactor
tissue engineering -Dynamic
Preparation -Individualized tools cultivation
- 3D-design (e.g. molds)
- Biol. building -Manual process
blocks
Biological building blocks
• Living cells
• Growth factors
IDD
• Matrix materials 15
Cell seeding
Cell seeding
Molding Traditional TE
methods
Cell sheet In-vitro
technol. cultivation
Scaffold Cell
IDD
fabrication seeding 16
Molding / casting
Cell seeding
methods
Cell sheet In-vitro
Mold Cell-matrix
IDD
fabrication casting 15.05.2024 17
Cell sheet technology
Cell seeding
methods
Cell sheet In-vitro
Cell sheet Cell sheet

IDD
cultivation winding 15.05.2024 18
Cell seeding
Cell seeding
methods
Cell sheet In-vitro
Scaffold Cell
IDD
What is a scaffold?
“The Air Force Academy's dramatic new
Center for Character and Leadership
Development in Colorado Springs
presented unique challenges.”
Courtesy BrandSafway.
https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/scaffold-design/
IDD Thema des Vortrags | Name des/der Referierenden 15.05.2024 20

Tissue Engineering scaffolds
Scaffold criteria in TE
- Mechanical properties
- Surface chemistry
- Porosity
- Surface area
Porosity influences:
- Permeability
- Vascularization
- Mechanical properties
- Surface area
- Degradation time
Loh et al., 2013

Scaffold fabrication methods
Lyophilization
Textile Salt leaching /

technology solvent casting
Sponge- / foam-
replication
3D-printing Decellularization
FR/SR: Montazeri et al., 2015 TT: Johnstone et al., 2013

3DP: Huang et al., 2018 LP: Lin et al., 2004
SL/SC: Yu et al., 2016 DC: Baiocchini et al., 2016

https://ethz.ch/de/news-und-veranstaltungen/eth-
IDD
news/news/2017/12/3d-gedruckte-minifabriken.html Thema des Vortrags | Name des/der Referierenden 15.05.2024 23
3D-printed scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Additive Manufacturing (AM)
3D-CAD File
3D-printing
for scaffold fabrication
≠
Data transfer
STL-File
Layer-by-layer 3D-object: cleaning, 3D-bioprinting
fabricationof3D- finishing, sterilization
object
Slicing
http://medfab.de/wp-
#1 Data generation #2 Printingprocess #3 Post processing
content/uploads/2015/08/Prozesskette-
Additive-Manufacturing-3D_Druck-.png

Additive Manufacturing (AM)
3D-CAD File
3D-printing
≠
Data transfer
STL-File
Layer-by-layer 3D-object: cleaning, 3D-bioprinting
fabricationof3D- finishing, sterilization
object
Slicing
http://medfab.de/wp-
#1 Data generation #2 Printingprocess #3 Post processing
content/uploads/2015/08/Prozesskette-
Additive-Manufacturing-3D_Druck-.png

3D-printing
≠
3D-bioprinting
Yang et al., 2018

3D-printed Tissue Engineering scaffolds
 Material classes
• Metals, ceramics
• Polymers, hydrogels
• Native ECM
 Advantages
• High precision
• High reproducibility
 Disadvantages
• Process has to be adapted for each material individually
• Time-consuming process development and optimization
 Applicable tissue types
• Adipose tissue, bone, cartilage, dental pulp, heart valve, liver, muscle,
myocardium, nerve, skin, trachea

Primary porosity
(porosity by design)
Abbasi et al., 2019

Zhakeyev et al., 2017

Primary porosity Secondary porosity

(porosity by design) (porosity by process)
Surface
Alginate
500 µm
Internal
2 mm
Egorov et al., 2016


Microextrusion Fused filament fabrication
Direct drop-on-demand printing


Powder bed / Binder jetting Photopolymer

3D-printing inkjet 3D-printing

Selective laser sintering Stereolithography Digital light processing

(SLS) (SLA) (DLP)

SLA DLP
Precision ▲ Precision ▼
www.formlabs.com Speed ▼ Speed ▲
Selective laser sintering Stereolithography Digital light processing
(SLS) (SLA) (DLP)

Example: 3D-printed scaffold for trachea repair
https://anjungsainssmkss.wordpress.com/2011/05/01/11/

Step #1: 3D-data generation
Tissue implantation
3D-Design
• Visual examination
• Medical imaging
• Tool fabrication
(e.g. mold)
Maturation
Biofabrication / -Bioreactor
tissue engineering -Dynamic
Preparation -Individualized tools cultivation
- 3D-design (e.g. molds)
- Biol. building -Manual process
blocks
Biological building blocks
• Living cells
• Growth factors
IDD
• Matrix materials 35
Gao et al., 2017 https://pethelpful.com/rabbits/Bunny-Breed-Guide-New-Zealand-White-Rabbit

Step #2: Scaffold fabrication
Cell seeding (in blood vessel TE)
Cell seeding
methods
Cell sheet In-vitro
Scaffold Cell
IDD
Gao et al., 2017

Step #3 and #4: Cell seeding and cultivation (2-4 weeks)
Cell seeding
methods
Cell sheet In-vitro
Scaffold Cell
IDD
Group I
2 weeks
pre-cultivation
Group II
4 weeks
pre-cultivation
Figure 4. Representative photomacrographs and histological stainings of tissue-engineered

tracheas after reconstruction in vitro. (A–D) Group I, TET in vitro cultured with chondrocytes for
2 weeks. (E–H) Group II, TET in vitro cultured with chondrocytes for 4 weeks. (A,E) Gross view
of TET. (B,F) Histology staining with H&E. (C,G) Histology staining with Safranin O. (D,H)
Histology staining with Toluidine blue. Scale bars: 100μm. (P: PCL scaffold bars).
Gao et al., 2017

#5 Implantation
Cell seeding Implantation
methods
Cell sheet In-vitro
Scaffold Cell
IDD
Gao et al., 2017

Gao et al., 2017

Gao et al., 2017

Future optimization
Most frequent reason for death of the animals:

Formation of granulation tissue.
Granulation formation
(67-88 % cause of death)
Gao et al., 2017

Future optimization
Bacterial infection
Secretion

Infection and pneumonia Inflammation
Invading
connective tissue
Gao et al., 2017

Future optimization

Bacterial infection
Secretion


Invading
connective tissue
Epithelialization
Respiratory
epithelium
Gao et al., 2017 Thiebes et al., 2016

Future optimization

Bacterial infection
Secretion


Invading

connective tissue
Epithelialization
Vascularization
Respiratory
epithelium
Supports
epithelial ingrowth
Gao et al., 2017 Thiebes et al., 2016

Example of our own work in this field
3D-printed bone TE scaffold
Microporous
Infill-spinning
Mesoporous
main body
„Lego“-approach
stackable scaffold
modules
Söhling et al., 2020

3D-printed bone TE scaffold
Microporous
Infill-spinning
Mesoporous
main body
„Lego“-approach
stackable scaffold
modules
Söhling et al., 2020

Lyophilization

Sponge- / foam-
replication


Textile engineering
and medicine?
IDD Karl Meyer Textilmaschinenfabrik GmbH | Product catalog: RDJ 5/1: We 210/1/09/04/5/11/19 | www.karlmayer.com
https://www.oz-verlag.de/trend-weben-tolle-strukturen-aus-garn-und-wolle/
IDD
Textile engineering technologies
 Highly industrialzed processes
 High scale production
 Versatile production modalities

• Electrospinning
• Weaving
• Knitting
• Warp-knitting
• Braiding
Karl Meyer Textilmaschinenfabrik GmbH | Product catalog: RDJ 5/1: We 210/1/09/04/5/11/19 | www.karlmayer.com

• Polymers
• (and metals, ceramics, hydrogels)
 Advantages
• Controllable porosity &
mechanical properties
• Drapable
• Broad polymer spectrum
 Disadvantages
• Mainly planar or cylindrical tissues
• Adipose tissue, blood vessels, bladder, bone, cartilage, cornea, dental pulp,
gingiva, heart valve, heart, kidney, liver, muscle, myocardium, nerve, pancreas,
pelvic floor, skin, tendon, trachea

Polymer
properties Yarn type
Adjustable
Fiber
properties porosity &
mechanics
Production Production
Yarn
properties settings technology
Fiber Textile Scaffold

Source: Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen
Various
geometries Hollow
Monofilament Electrospinning Warp-knitting
Segmented
Side-by-side pie
Multifilament Multi-layer Core-shell Texturized yarn Weaving Braiding

2mm
Textile elasticity = Structure elasticity + Fiber elasticity

1mm
1mm

0 % TPU Doppel Jersey

Charmeuse 2mm
50 % TPU
Force (N)
100 % TPU
Textile elasticity = Structure elasticity + Fiber elasticity

1mm
Strain (%)
1mm

Electrospinning
https://bioinicia.com/electrospinning-machine-specifications/

Electrospinning
Chen et al., 2019

Electrospinning
Hardick et al., 2014

Electrospinning
Wang et al., 2016

Example: Electron spun sheets in nerve tissue repair
Ortho Cell: CelGro™ Nerve Repair:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFa95baSH84

Example: Electron spun sheets in nerve tissue repair
Peripheral nerve damage
Conventional therapy
• Removal of damaged
section
• Suture of nerve ends
• Risk of
1) Scar formation
2) Wrongly connected
nerve ends
Textile sheet
• Electrospun textile
• Wrapped around nerve
ends
• Benefits
1) Keeping growths factors
inside wound
2) Promote nerve repair
3) Prevent ingrowth of
Ortho Cell: CelGro™ Nerve Repair: neighboring tissue

Textile scaffolds for (heart) muscle TE
Extruder
Molten
geschmolzene
polymer
Spinnmasse
Spinnpumpe
Spinning pump
Fiber Fiber (TPU, PE, PCL, or PVDF)
Spinndüse
Spinneret
Spinning
Warp-knitting
Kaltluft
Cooling air Aufwickel-
Winding
vorrichtung
machine
Verstrecken
Drawing
Textile
scaffold
Karl Meyer Textilmaschinenfabrik GmbH | Product catalog: RDJ

5/1: We 210/1/09/04/5/11/19 | www.karlmayer.com

Elastic TPU-mesh

Contractile cardiomyocyte-laden PVDF scaffold
Cardiomyocytes on PVDF scaffold

following 20 days in-vitro cultivation

Lyophilization

Sponge- / foam-
replication


http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQZjFb7c7kEcbj2N-
emn_UfkCHoqNcuIEW7xPb0RhYcdBujtNuo4Tg4sQVF1DoFwh000S1ApKDWXMdT0cE6W7E
IDD
Sponge- /
foam-replication
Thema des Vortrags | Name des/der Referierenden

15.05.2024
70
Sponge- / foam-replication
Sergeeva et al., 2019
https://www.britannica.com/science/periosteum

Kränzlin and Niederberger, 2015

 Porosity
• Depends on sponge
properties
 Advantages
• Simple & inexpensive
• High porosity
 Disadvantages
• Reproducibility
• Limited to certain materials
• Mainly bone
Kränzlin and Niederberger, 2015

 Porosity
• Depends on sponge
properties
 Advantages
• High porosity
 Disadvantages
• Reproducibility
• Limited to certain materials
 Applicable tissue types Ceramic scaffold with Gervaso et al., 2012
• Mainly bone • > 500 µm mean pore size

• > 90 % mean porosity

Lyophilization

Sponge- / foam-
replication


https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/different-types-of-salt
Salt leaching /
solvent casting

Salt leaching / solvent casting
Worthington et al., 2016

• Polymers, hydrogels
 Porosity
• Depends on salt particle dimensions
 Advantages
• Adjustable porosity
 Disadvantages
Worthington et al., 2016
• Reproducibility
• Uncontrolled pore interconnectivity
• Limited material selection
• Blood vessels, bladder, bone, cartilage, cornea, heart valve, muscle, nerve, skin

Particle size Porosity (%) Mean pore size

(µm) (µm)
< 50 83.13 36.47
50-100 80.85 82.73
100-200 79.50 123.00
> 200 77.13 243.47
Yu et al., 2016

Lyophilization

Sponge- / foam-
replication


Collapse of the
Historical Archive of Cologne
March 3rd, 2009
IDD
https://www.ksta.de/koeln/der-tag--der-koeln-veraenderte-das-minutenprotokoll-der-stadtarchiv-katastrophe-32126188
Thema des Vortrags | Name des/der Referierenden 15.05.2024 81
Collapse of the Historical Archive of Cologne
The Historical Archive of the City of

Cologne was considered one of the
largest city archives in Germany. It
contained documents from more than
a thousand years of Cologne and
Rhineland history, including 65,000
documents, 104,000 maps and half
a million photos.
https://www.ksta.de/koeln/--5866856

https://www.stadt-koeln.de/politik-und-
verwaltung/presse/mitteilungen/13024/index.html
IDD
Lyophilization?
Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser

15.05.2024
83
Lyphilization / freeze-drying process
Abbasi et al., 2019

Lyphiization
The process of lyophilization,
involving three stages that
remove water from a sample
by freezing it and placing it
under specific vacuum
pressures and temperatures
https://www.gelifesciences.com/en/us/solutions/genomics/products-and-
technologies/custom-genomic-services/lyo-stable/advantages-of-lyophilization

• Hydrogels
• (and autogenic, allogenic, or xenogenic
acellular matrix)
 Advantages Abbasi et al., 2019
• Applicable for hydrogels
 Disadvantages
• Reproducibility
• Limited materials
• Blood vessels, bladder, bone, cartilage,
cornea, heart valve, liver, muscle, nerve,
skin, tendon https://www.gelifesciences.com/en/us/solutions/genomics/products-and-
technologies/custom-genomic-services/lyo-stable/advantages-of-lyophilization

Lyophilization of hydrogels
Lu et al., 2017

Lyophilization of hydrogels
Tunable mechanical properties

and porosity
Poro size: 52.3-426.5 µm
E-Modulus: 18.6-58.8 kPa
Lu et al., 2017

Lyphilization with spatially controlled porosity
https://www.cryolifesciences.de/en/biomaterial-development/3d-structure-on-demand/

Example: Lyophilized collagen sponges with
directed pore geometry for nerve tissue repair

Conventional therapy
• Removal of damaged
section
• Suture of nerve ends
• Risk of
1) Scar formation
2) Wrongly connected
nerve ends
Textile sheet
• Electrospun textile
• Wrapped around nerve
ends
• Benefits
1) Keeping growths factors
inside wound
2) Promote nerve repair
3) Prevent ingrowth of
Ortho Cell: CelGro™ Nerve Repair: neighboring tissue

Pore orientation
Lyophilized collagen
sponge with directed
pore geometry as nerve
guidance
Critical size damages > 2-3 cm


Lyophilized collagen
sponge with directed
pore geometry as nerve
guidance
Matricel GmbH, Aachen und RWTH Aachen:

http://www.matricel.net/
http://www.matricel.net/de/forschung/neuromaix.html

Conventional therapy Risk of

• Removal of damaged section 1) Scar formation
• Suture of nerve ends 2) Wrongly connected nerve ends
Textile sheet Benefits

• Electrospun textile 1) Keeping growths factors inside wound
• Wrapped around nerve ends 2) Promote nerve repair
3) Prevent ingrowth of neighboring tissue
Lyophilized hydrogels Benefits

• Direct pore orientation 1) Same as textile sheet (see above)
• Can be sutured or applied 2) Direct pore orientation further
improves correct nerve cell ingrowths
with cell sheet
3) Nerve cell guidance enables bridging
critical size defects > 2-3 cm

Cell seeding TE
Overview of scaffold fabrication methods
Fabrication Material Advantages (+) / Applications
method classes disadvantages (-)
3D-printing Metals, ceramics, + High precision Adipose tissue, bone, cartilage, dental
polymers, hydrogels, + High reproducibility pulp, heart valve, liver, muscle,
native ECM - Time-consuming process myocardium, nerve, skin, trachea
development
Sponge- / foam- Metals, ceramics + Simple & inexpensive Mainly bone
replication + High porosity
- Reproducibility
- Limited material selection
Salt leaching / Polymers, hydrogels + Simple & inexpensive Blood vessels, bladder, bone, cartilage,
solvent casting + Adjustable porosity cornea, heart valve, muscle, nerve, skin
- Reproducibility
- Uncontrolled pore interconnectivity
- Limited materials
Lyophilization Hydrogels + Simple & inexpensive Blood vessels, bladder, bone, cartilage,
(and autogenic, + Applicable for hydrogels cornea, heart valve, liver, muscle, nerve,
allogenic, or xenogenic - Reproducibility skin, tendon
acellular matrix) - Limited materials
Textile technology Polymers + Controllable porosity & tensile Adipose tissue, blood vessels, bladder,
(and metals, ceramics, strength bone, cartilage, cornea, dental pulp,
hydrogels) + Drapable gingiva, heart valve, heart, kidney, liver,
+ Broad polymer spectrum muscle, myocardium, nerve, pancreas,
- Mainly planar or cylindrical tissues pelvic floor, skin, tendon, trachea
Decellularization

Thank you for your attention
Technical University of Darmstadt

Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser
Magdalenenstr. 2
64289 Darmstadt
Germany
https://www.idd.tu-darmstadt.de
IDD

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Biofabrication and 3D-Bioprinting

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 3

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 4

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 5

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 6

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 7

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 8

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 9

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 10

Application  Technology Technology  Application

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 11

Moroni et al., 2018

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 12

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 13

Te c h n o lo gies A p p lic a tio n s

Cell culture Regenerative

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 14

Cell sheet technology

Cell sheet Cell sheet

IDD Thema des Vortrags | Name des/der Referierenden 15.05.2024 20

Loh et al., 2013

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 21

Textile Salt leaching /

FR/SR: Montazeri et al., 2015 TT: Johnstone et al., 2013

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 22

Additive Manufacturing (AM)

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 24

Additive Manufacturing (AM)

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 25

Yang et al., 2018

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 26

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 27

Abbasi et al., 2019

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 28

Primary porosity Secondary porosity

Egorov et al., 2016

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 29

Microextrusion Fused filament fabrication

Direct drop-on-demand printing

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 30

Powder bed / Binder jetting Photopolymer

IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 31

Selective laser sintering Stereolithography Digital light processing

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IDD Biofabrication Part I | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Blaeser 15.05.2024 34

Gao et al., 2017 https://pethelpful.com/rabbits/Bunny-Breed-Guide-New-Zealand-White-Rabbit

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Cell seeding (in blood vessel TE)

Gao et al., 2017

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Cell seeding (in blood vessel TE)

Figure 4. Representative photomacrographs and histological stainings of tissue-engineered

Gao et al., 2017

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Cell seeding (in blood vessel TE)

Cell seeding Implantation

Gao et al., 2017

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Gao et al., 2017

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Gao et al., 2017