General Anatomy 2+3

Basic Structures
DR. Mostafa Nakhala
GENERAL SURGEON
-11 .
 Bone
❖ Bone is a living tissue which consists
8 -

of cells, fibers, and matrix. &G

&
❖ It is hard because of the calcification
=>
12) I -S

F
of its extracellular matrix & possesses
-3/1/
a degree of elasticity because of the
-

presence of organic fibers.

N, .

I
155
-
bone &ass &
·S
&
.

/ 1)
& !
calcification
I
-

2
g
➢ Bone exists in two forms (types):
& i1y1

❑Compact bone appears as a solid mass.

❑Cancellous bone (spongy) consists of a branching
network of trabeculae.
·
>
- :
12 +

#
& S50 -

Done marrowdi
·
zis
I

bone marrow Gl

O &
58
- y
gis

Hinsig
 :
-
I Protective GA

-
i -
Skull G I
/ ,91 (
Sidgest
·

-is S-(11) 513

-

-151 Pelvis (1 (4
❖Functions of bones: &I Nyss1
&

✓Protective function.
s
·

✓It serves as a lever, as seen in the long bones

. .

Gin -

of the limbs. & gla y

53j0
>
- glys
,S
✓Locomotor system. ↑121y
·

5
✓Storage area for calcium salts. 05
T
&
↑

· S &1

✓It houses and protects within its cavities the

- .

bone marrow.
Jed
gi calcium /1- s
yog
·
· di
• At birth, all bone marrow is red.
&
&I & -
G
• With age, more and more of it is converted to
-

the yellow type.

-

- - >
-
 singl
• At 7 years of age, yellow marrow begins to
&&I isin
&

appear in the distal bones of the limbs. -

& S I

• In adult, red
&
-S.
marrow
&
is restricted to the bones
81s ⑮
of the skull, the vertebral column, the thoracic
&1 i ⑪ plglyli ⑤
cage, ⑤
the girdle bones, and the head of the -
head
↓
J
humerus and femur.
·

josling is dis Proximal

Proximal B
-

proximal =? or distal

distal head
618154 bone marrow(1 ,&
.

X * s
& &
&
&
&
&
 *
"go" Leukemia si g.

ji d! Leukemia di

·
s I function (19

W red marrow
m jjxi-
X
yellow marrow
brain CI &gl vycig skull N
pins. (2
-----
(3

Bone marrow
needles ? 2 "WSI" pelvis -
& .

Cl
Microscope 5 & y sample &Jus
 ·
yea
-

➢Classification of Bones &

Bones may be classified according to:
-

81
&it
--

[44 ❑Regional classification.

❑General shape classification.
--

6-wI
s

-/

↳ 1)Long Bones. 2) Short Bones.

- ·

3)Flat Bones. 4) Irregular Bones.

&
↓
I

5)Sesamoid Bones. -
52iszil's
-
& -

-15 %
red

&
Regional classification
Igyl
>
-

E30

&S1ylys)

- &I g /

·
89
-

↓
&
/

yellow
 & 51 long-f *
is o short--6 *
Long Bones
↑

-
j J5 .

201 mig
·

07
➢ Found in the limbs (e.g., the humerus,
jis - & Iglis

femur, tibia, fibula , metacarpals, =

/ ,
-
metatarsals and phalanges ). -16 long &I .

cartilages]
..

is 1

6 &>
-

➢ Their length is greater than their Jj

&
)
M

is -

-
breadth.
➢ They have a tubular shaft (diaphysis)
and usually an epiphysis at each end.
➢ The part of the diaphysis that lies
adjacent to the epiphyseal cartilage is
called the metaphysis.
➢ During the growing phase, the diaphysis
-

is separated from the epiphysis by an

- - -

epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal plate). 13

 D
& 89& ~
-

:%098S
.

Cigsoni
929yi .

G
Epiphysis

&-
↑ 9

-ga &
-
I
Iss ig
/

> -
-

OB
& is
 / priapagis

& Metaphysi
a-
· joint
 is
·
9
.

2 Bigg
& >
- x

-
epiphyseal cartilagey
e
,

2, j55
Wig
...

&
 -Ss jj &gi
-

➢ The shaft has a central marrow

155
cavity containing bone marrow. &
-

is
-

connective tissue ·

>
- periosteumo
➢ The outer part of the shaft is
=
&
-

composed of compact bone

- -

that is covered by a65connective

-
-
* &

tissue sheath, the periosteum.

-
=

➢ The articular surfaces of the

ends of the bones are covered
by hyaline cartilage.
hyaline cartage :
Siggi &

Sij G,is
Long Bones

>
-
carpasses

&
longbones shorte bones
 bonea

long
longbone

& shorts,
I
&
shortbones
 Short Bones
carpal bones Co Go

➢ Short bones are found in the hand

-
-

-69 and foot (e.g., the scaphoid, lunate,

dlg -
tarsal
bones
talus and calcaneum).
&

➢ They are roughly cuboidal in shape

and are composed of cancellous
-

bone surrounded by a thin layer of

-
compact bone.
➢ Short bones are covered with
-

periosteum, and the articular

!
-
-

surfaces are covered by hyaline

-

articular cartilage
cartilage. 29jjj ;&lo /

s
-

hyaline cartilage :
&
22
&; jeggi
 Sesamoid Bones
❖Sesamoid bones are small nodules
of bone that are found in certain
-

tendons where they rub over bony

surfaces.
❖The largest sesamoid bone is the
---
-
-
&

&s

=
patella, which is located in the
&it I

tendon of the quadriceps femoris.

&S
-

❖The function of a sesamoid bone

is:
--
&

➢ Reduce friction on the tendon.

--
Of
# &

➢ Alter the direction of pull of a

tendon. 1s 201 23
 I

!
·55/

-9/ -

me
·S
/
-
si -

:Dg
SSiN
-

19
-
· S )

-
( ) gasy
"patella" ist D
5. is glj &
-

&I Quadriceps Muscle s yet

& is
 &I
-

Flat Bones stone

&
-
➢ Flat bones are found in the vault
·S1,
of the skull (e.g., the frontal and
's gi I

parietal bones).
➢ They are composed of thin
&Is -j - a
innerbi
and outer layers of
compact bone, the tables,
I &.

separated by a layer of
1
5 cancellous bone, the diplo.
X

-&1

➢ The scapulae included in this

group. =>
27
 Irregular Bones
➢ Irregular bones include those
not assigned to the previous
D
groups (e.g.,Mis
the bones of the
-

skull, the vertebrae, and the

- -

pelvic bones).

➢ They are composed of a thin

-
shell of compact bone with an
·sy

interior made up of cancellous

bone.
 1.
↑

&
dis
-

· &
-
S

Cartilage
8--
&
9
..
·
articular cartilage
55 e
Thyaline cartage

↑
Cartilage is a form of connective tissue in which the cells
·13 and fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix. &g y ;Xl y

➢ Elastic cartilage it is flexible and is found in the auricle of

- j g
Oit -
s
the ear, the external auditory meatus, the auditory gx)
&
- -
↑

jis13 join
tube, and the epiglottis. >
-

➢ Hyaline cartilage hasIzmia great resistance to wear and

·

covers the articular surfaces of nearly all synovial joints,

& - -

ventral ends of ribs, in the larynx, trachea, bronchi

- CXHyalines 53:1.
and the nose. epiglottis · elastic
is n

➢ Fibrocartilage is found in the intervertebral disc and

- 7
· 15
pubic symphisis .
8WIjyI
-

&
-
fibr D & -
-

Fibrous tissue %
-

- 9& 29
i
 Cartilage
Elastic cartilage (flexible)
I
↓ & ↓
V 2561 de - %jj6) Giul
externat auditory
-- -
, I .
2 51 - 1

aurice of the ear

-

meatres auditory tube ep1glotfis

Hyalinecartilage
&

- 30 + 5 - -1
&
j
end of the ribs Clarynx trachea bronchi nose) articular surface
-

>
-
, , ,

fibrocartilage
I
F 151
-

S1
↓ -01 -

-
intervertebral disc public symphisis .
 :

·
-
Bronchus

&
 &

Joints
➢ Joint is: A site where two or more bones come together,
whether or not movement occurs between them.

➢ Joints are classified according to the tissues that lie between

the bones:
➢ Fibrous joints. I
➢ Cartilaginous joints. W S
s
➢ Synovial joints. #S1&I &05 Joints = a
· I!
&
I
O
E
#

Posse : KisumC
T
-

fibrous tissue
fibrous joints=Joints /1 17
&

cartilaginousjoints (,i i
Iron joints lis 31
- &
-

#
j,4 + /

4
-
P S

-
&

f +C
 · %

Fibrous Joints - &S 1Xjja

[
.

❖The articulating surfaces of

the bones are joined by
fibrous tissue
&
➢ The sutures of the vault of
the skull.
➢ The inferior tibiofibular
joints.
S
❖Very little movement is
possible. ↓
gXg1 S -
I
& .

·. skull didi tibrousjoint11

, * x%
 Sys is
·

&
>
-

②
joints
fibrous
f.
&
E
 Cartilaginous Joints
❖ Cartilaginous joints can be divided into two types: primary
and secondary.
I
⑪ #
-
❑ A primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis):the bones ↑&Gel

are united by a e
plate of hyaline cartilage.
re
seem
m s
mme ·
➢ The union between first rib and the manubrium sterni. Hyaline cartilage
(Joint)
"S.%;
"

➢ No movement is possible.

·
zi3 Cartilage &29
Primary Joint s 517 Elastic Cartilage )
-
Joint 11. % < yaline cartilage (2
[
-

1%g- 1 fibrocartilage (3
&

Joint 11: &5 2-

&

Cartilaginous Joints ↳ Secondary

36
 i steruum

↓
primaryog 9
.

yaline glsb
S

Joint&.
 &

& & Isi -

-
-

❑A secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis): the

bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage and the
articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin
layer of hyaline cartilage.
➢ Joints between the vertebral bodies and the
rese
versi

symphysis pubis.
mean
~ &

➢ A small amount of movement is possible.

C. sigi *
cartilaginous Joints
& fibrocartilage d S
-
-

+ -

&&
-

vertebral bodies S1(1

symphysis IXI(2
public
 &
i & s.5 I
So iS
Synovial Joints
-

/
>
- Jointsal
w
-

·
S1] &
N

➢ The articular surfaces of the bones are Eg6 S

covered by a thin layer of hyaline
cartilage separated by a joint cavity.
-

➢ This arrangement permits a great degree &I %35

of freedom of movement. 98S--
ESIN

➢ The cavity of the joint is lined by synovial ·

-
logi
membrane. [ -
&

➢ The synovial membrane is protected on

the outside by a tough fibrous membrane
“the capsule of the joint”.
Joint(IsBl
➢ The articular surfaces are lubricated by a S Hyaline
viscous fluid called synovial fluid, Jg My
Coint 11 B signs
synovial fluid&
produced by the synovial membrane..
&
e
re
.
"
SNSIGod "

39
Synovial Joints

40
 &

&

&
· scanty
fluid I
J synovial
&

&
42
& 15.
-

A king - ·
-B551
.

Ball and socket joint Dirt of shoulder

>
-

-
J
jointship

⑪
Queen
condyloid joint -
> 391st
CGg
Joint (Ellipsoid joint) SgglB
1

synovial
>
-
&
15)
&

&
2
g. <; Unique
& 1 ,B
6 "Esicarpal (198
Saddle joint "thumb" y
-
- s "" metacarpal

·. 129 firsthing er
Cepthumb

&
3
g29
&
 &
· %>D
&j
Plane joint
(gliding joint)
Pivot joint &
1165
% 8; Hinge joint
 Synovial Joints
➢ Plane joints: The apposed
articular surfaces are flat or
almost flat, and this permits the
bones to slide on one another.
✓ Sternoclavicular joint
➢ Hinge joints: Resemble the
hinge on a door, so that flexion
and extension movements are
possible.
✓ Elbow, and ankle joints

55
 Synovial Joints
➢ Pivot joints: a central bony
pivot is surrounded by a
bony“ligamentous ring” and
rotation is the only movement
possible.
✓ The atlantoaxial joint.
➢ Condyloid joints: have two
distinct convex surfaces that
articulate with two concave
-G
surfaces. -
=
50

✓ Metacarpophalangeal joints.
56
 Synovial Joints
➢ Ellipsoid joints: elliptical convex articular
surface fits into an elliptical concave
- -

articular surface (rotation is impossible).

✓ The wrist joint.
➢ Saddle joints: The articular surfaces are
reciprocally concavoconvex and resemble a
saddle on a horse's back. flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, and rotation.
✓ Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
➢ Ball-and-socket joints: A ball-shaped head
of one bone fits into a socketlike concavity
-
of another.
✓ The shoulder and hip joints. 57
 Stability of Joints
The stability of a joint
depends on three main
factors:
➢ The shape, size,and
arrangement of the

g
articular surfaces. ·
- -
Bbo
-

lig
&

➢ The ligaments.
XI
stability· /g
Joint I

&
➢ The tone of the muscles
around the joint. h
Joints?jjxgixe8

A *
&& g55
58
·
20
Joints :5) 6,5835x
 , x)
I
-

Ligaments -
>

❖A ligament is a cord or band

of connective tissue uniting
two structures.
-

❖ligaments are of two types.

1. Fibrous ligaments prevent
excessive movement in a
joint.
2. Elastic ligaments, conversely,
↓ return to their original length
Gig after stretching.
:

- i ligamentsI
j) g) GJX
59
. ) 85'9
 & S Sij &

Bursae and Synovial Sheath

❑ Bursa is a lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous
sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane.
➢ Bursae are found wherever tendons rub against bones,
ligaments, or other tendons (cushion).
-

❑ Synovial Sheath is a tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon.

• The tendon invaginates the bursa from one side. Their
function is to reduce friction.

60
DENI
&
↑
>
-
Tendon jg

:
e
j)? y
E,
 - /

The Fasciae
➢ The fasciae of the body
can be divided into:
”superficial and deep”

➢ It lies between the skin

and the underlying
muscles and bones.

63
 [ of
· derminals epiderminglygo A
epidermice-[
-
I
superficial facia c
deep fascialS dermis

super--
deep -
 The Superficial Fascia
➢ The superficial fascia, or subcutaneous tissue, unites
the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia.
➢ In the scalp, the back of the neck, the palms of the
hands, and the soles of the feet, it contains numerous
bundles of collagen fibers that hold the skin firmly to
the deeper structures.

64
 ⑪

&
D
&
 The Deep Fascia
➢ The deep fascia is a membranous
layer of connective tissue that invests
the muscles & other deep structures.
➢ In the neck, it forms well-defined
layers that may play an important
role in determining the path taken by
organisms during spread of infection.
➢ In the thorax and abdomen, it is a
thin film of areolar tissue covering
the muscles and aponeuroses.
➢ In the limbs, it forms a definite
sheath around the muscles and other
structures, holding them in place. 67
 compartments -NISA
=+

a
&
&
&

· 55 g
i
· j +. !
 Muscle
• The three types of muscle are:
SI

&I ➢Skeletal. > J

- X
·
-

jits
le
-

si ➢Smooth.

]
&I

muscles
=>
involuntary
F➢Cardiac.

73
 ·i i oilw

Skeletal Muscle
• They produce the movements of the
&I I

skeleton;(called voluntary muscles)

- 11

• Made up of striped muscle fibers.

&
.
-
-
- 9

• Has two or more attachments:-

&Ki

✓ The origin is the attachment that moves &

the least.

↑
✓ The insertion is the attachment that
moves the most. &
S .

➢ The belly is the fleshy part of the muscle.

D
insertion
original&

➢ Tendons is a cords of fibrous tissue that

attache the end of muscles to bones,
cartilage, or ligaments. &
&I
&1021

➢ Aponeurosis is a strong sheet of fibrous &

insertion61 A
tissue that attached flattened muscles to &
origin (15)
there origin or insertion.
74
-5564-t
·

tendonsig, ind

p, x08y
5) I ↑

- i -

tendonflda aponeurosis) 25. I

1)i(j) 31jx

-p
aponeurosis tendon
tendons tendonis
&ya tendyjos
500
aponeurosisJe N
 Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Individual muscles are named according to their: O
➢ Shape
As &I
➢ Number of heads or bellies
A
✓ Deltoid :Triangular ✓ Biceps: Two heads
Se
S's

✓ Teres: Round ✓ Quadriceps: Four heads

· 2 d

✓ Rectus :Straight ✓ Digastric: Two bellies

Y

➢ Size ➢ Position
Es & 1

✓ Major :Large ess ✓ Pectoralis: Of the chest ;

Sos i

✓ Latissimus :Broadest ✓ Supraspinatus: above spine

iy G

✓ Longissimus :Longest of scapula

sid

✓ Brachii: Of the arm

pectoralis majors & ↑
g Biceps A

&
rectoralis &11 Biceps Brachii ~ -E
-
:

o temisi
-

Pectoralis minor Biceps

list;
 Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Individual muscles are named according to their:
➢ Depth ➢ Actions
✓ Profundus: Deep ✓ Extensor: Extend
✓ Superficialis: Superficial ✓ Flexor: Flex
✓ Externus: External ✓ Constrictor: Constrict
↑
➢ Attachments · openb =
-

& -.
> si- Biceps 56
& in
,
I ? i

✓T -5 From
Sternocleidomastoid: extensor n
↑ flexor gl

S superficial Deep
↓ 1 ? g) gl
sternum and clavicle to 5 y
.

mastoid process. sternocleidomastoid o

1
Jess
⑤ 8:59
Sl
✓ Coracobrachialis: From # 3
15 S
y
I
a s Ti
-

S · &
&
-

· coracoid process to arm

-

↑
-

5
&
/

8)
-

elemen
-

These names are commonly used in combination, for

example, flexor pollicis longus (long flexor of the thumb).
>
-
umb
Skeletal Muscle Internal
Structure
• Individual muscle fibers are
bound together with
continuous, delicate sheaths
of areolar tissue to form a
fibrous envelope, the
epimysium (investing deep
-

-
fascia).
• The individual fibers of a
muscle are arranged either
parallel or oblique to the long
axis of the muscle
 * To 3 I mys
# 1
↑ ↑
( Fibers ( )
&
led silg d oblique
-exed
-

(A) -(
191
(wit t
- -
 • Muscles whose fibers run
parallel to the line of pull will
act over a longer distance and
bring about a greater degree
of movement compared with
those whose fibers run
obliquely. That is, parallel-
fibered muscles have a greater
range of motion.
-I %
- (e.g.,sternocleidmastoid,
69 St & &1.85
09

rectus abdominis, and

.

- i 6H

-i

sartorius muscles ).
L
Obsti

#
I
sternoclidmastoid

·
>
-To
·

51

2 55 -

of
• Muscles whose fibers run obliquely to the line of pull
are referred to as pennate muscles (resemble a
feather). less degree of movement more but more
-

powerfull
-

• ln a unipennate muscle, the tendon lies along one

side of the muscle, and the muscle fibers pass
&
obliquely to it (e.g., extensor digitorum longus),
unipennate

↳
1 s
unipennate
& 5
tendon/l
rectus :y ?
8's Erectus A
rectus abdominis·
I

↑
• In a bipennate muscle, the tendon lies in the center
of the muscle, and the muscle fibers pass to it from
two sides (e.g., rectus femoris &). Dipennatey fr
&

• A multipennate muscle may be arranged as a series

of bipennate muscles lying alongside one another
(e.g., acromial fibers of the deltoid)
S
&J
 Skeletal muscle action * D
... di flexion

• A skeletal muscle may

work in the following
four ways :
& &B
• 1- Agonist (Prime mover) : S Es
when it is the chief muscle
& &
-
or member of chief group of
muscles responsible for
producing a particular
movement .
 Cll
:
jjgd A

• 2 – Antagonist : Any
muscle that opposes
the action of the & &↓
agonist muscle is ↓
⑯B
BO I
antagonist. -
I
Es ! F
& contraction

&% -15. morment J 3 *

• 3- Fixator : A fixator
muscle contracts
isometrically to
stabilize the origine of

-ad
the prime mover so
that it can act
efficiently E
-

& 35
-

yes
.

·---
don
for
fixa
&
deltoid& fixation &s I
• 4- Synergist : the agonist
muscle may crosses multiple
joints before it reaches the
joint at which its main action
takes place . To prevent
unwanted movements in an
intermediate joint, muscles
called-synergists muscle
contracts and stabilize the
intermediate joint .
 &
%
-1099
3954
·.
↓
/-D
&--
&% 118
Deep
↓
s! 19 Dis
&
89/ Dis (5) - .
5
8.
/ -I >
 &
=

involuntary
f
Cit Smooth Muscle
↑
• Smooth muscle consists of long,
spindle-shaped cells closely
-

arranged in bundles or sheets.

• In the tubes of the body it provides
the motive power for propelling the
contents through the lumen.
• In the digestive system it causes
➢ The ingested food to be thoroughly
mixed with the digestive juices.
➢ Milking the contents onward.
• This method of propulsion is
referred to as peristalsis.
94
85 g

a
&
 Y
#

Eidsid
 Smooth Muscle
➢ In storage organs such as the urinary
bladder and the uterus, their-
contraction is slow and sustained and
-
-

brings about expulsion of the contents

of the organs.
➢ In the walls of the blood vessels the
smooth muscle fibers are arranged
circularly and serve to modify the
caliber of the lumen.
• Depending on the organ, smooth
muscle fibers may contract by:

↳[
✓ local stretching of the fibers.
✓ nerve impulses from autonomic -i
11-55
nerves. .
*

supply
nerve

✓ hormonal stimulation. -I ↑
I !
T s" I
97
# oljjo Cardiac Muscle
&• Cardiac muscle consists of

I
striated muscle fibers that
-

branch and unite with each

other.
=
my
• It forms the myocardium of
-

the heart.
&
• Its fibers-
&

I
have the property
-

&
of
& spontaneous and rhythmic
M
&
S

- - -

contraction.
• Cardiac muscle is supplied by ↑
#18
SB
.

Su Y

autonomic nerve fibers. -35 =98 %x1)s&

.

Ey WY & /199
· 5)s.
si is
spontaneous [J 110 7) 98
-
· 544
.
 ·
Mucous Membranes
• Mucous membrane is the name
given to the lining of organs or
passages that communicate with the
surface of the body.
• A mucous membrane consists of:
✓ A layer of epithelium.
✓ The lamina propria which is a layer
of connective tissue that supports
the epithelium.
✓ The muscularis mucosa consists of
smooth muscle fibers.
• A mucous membrane may or may
not secrete mucus on its surface.
 15159 -

Serous Membranes ↑ I
· -

Pleural carity
• It lines the cavities of the trunk and
reflected onto the viscera & consist of:
✓ A smooth layer of mesothelium.
✓ A thin layer of connective tissue.
• The serous membranes divided into:
✓ Parietal layer lining the wall of a cavity
✓ Visceral layer covering the viscera.
• The cavity is the narrow slitlike that
separates these layers and contains a
▪Pleural cavity
small amount of serous liquid, the -

▪Pericardial cavity
serous exudate that lubricates the
surfaces of the membranes and allows ▪peritoneal cavity
the two layers to slide on each other.
 Serous Membranes

is
g
ja
S
&
.
51
&
I x

serous fluid11 %. Serous Membrane CIA

;

·
·lo GN,
lubrication
-

- -
/91s -- -
· g g
- -

] ↓
.
&
% 5
5/
691, j&s Deep111 ,B
-No
-

internaldisI
② viscera
= - I
 -

,
-

serosud
lubrication 5
· ↑
j2j
$41s
goySo

Serous Membranes
&
- SiX
· I somatic GI
&
 The parietal layer of a serous
-

membrane is developed from the

5
somatopleure (inner cell layer of
mesoderm) and is richly supplied by
mini

spinal nerves.
• It is sensitive to all common sensations
Ssgls
such as touch and pain.
- i S
& &

---
&
dy]
 The visceral layer is developed from
I

-is
stretch
the splanchnopleure (inner cell layer of
dl
/ >
mesoderm) and is supplied by
5

autonomic nerves.
• It is insensitive to touch & temperature
but very sensitive to stretch.
 EggN
Blood Vessels
• Blood vessels are of
three types:

oArteries.
oVeins.
oCapillaries.
104
 "
target 21 a is
S

↑
Arteries
• Transport blood from the heart
and distribute it to the various
tissues of the body by means of
their branches.
• Arterioles are the smallest
-

arteries, <0.1 mm in diameter.

• An anastomosis is the joining of
branches of arteries.
• Arteries do not have valves.

105
 Arteries
• Anatomic end arteries are vessels whose terminal
branches do not anastomose with branches of arteries
-
supplying adjacent areas. Therefore, these provide the sole
source of blood to a specific target area. Occlusion of an
anatomic end artery will result in death of the target
tissues.
• Functional end arteries are vessels whose terminal
branches do anastomose with those of adjacent arteries;
-

however, the caliber of the anastomosis is insufficient to

-

keep the target tissue alive if one of the arteries becomes

blocked.
 Sig is -

wys5
-
/

j·
= &9
artegCiga &/ ⑨

anastoms
-
Y
a
J -I

· ·
T

- IS
91

↑
Eas #
1
.
85S
Anastomosis it &4)

&
# /Y5
/

&:
T &Y I

&
Ejjg

end
Wi

anastomosis artere
&

& ↳
&I

</

G
- SligJ

s slou
-

I
-

& I

. & ju
5
-W sigsA
& (X99
&s.
I
Anastomosis os*
M

? -
g

- 2, 0j4)
 ·
gl
s
Veins
• Veins are vessels that transport
blood back to the heart;
-omg
• Many of them possess valves.
-

• The smallest veins are called

-
19
nee

-
venules .
• The smaller veins, or tributaries,
unite to form larger veins, which
·
commonly join with one another
to form venous plexuses.
• Medium-size deep arteries are
often accompanied by two veins,
one on each side, called venae
comitantes.
108
 -W
y

L
-
D
Artery Dagartery venae cometen
& Sgadx

Artery
cit
I

vein 61
g. y
gagiyal
·

veinsI
S
Es I

-
 C1
-I

I
n
- d

↑
↑
&
0
-8
zeg5s
O
wed
&
? 94.24 D
 S
-
&

&JuB gSusi.

Mits, & josss

↑
Eop veins GI d
 Capillaries
 Capillaries are microscopic vessels in the form of a
network connecting the arterioles to the venules.
 Sinusoids resemble capillaries in that they are thin
walled blood vessels, but they have an irregular
cross diameter and are wider than capillaries.
 They are found in the bone marrow, the spleen,
the liver, and some endocrine glands. Emp
 In some areas of the body, principally the tips of
&Elg / -S
the fingers and toes, direct connections occur
-

between the arteries and veins without the

- --

intervention of capillaries (arteriovenous

man

anastomoses).
&
St S M
 Casly

a·
-
Bl
19 8941 D
.

capillariesj1J & s

sinusoid (1

&Sl... capillaries fla

5 liver dig fast
-
 -N

Capillaries
Js- 8% 03
.

As Tj's

114