Date: February 27, 2024

Basic Concepts of Mathematics

Sets
● A collection of well-defined objects that contains no duplicates.
● The objects in the set are called elements.
● To describe a set, we use braces {}, and capital letters to represent it.
FInite Set Infinite Set
- Contains elements that can be counted - Contains elements that can not be
and terminates at certain natural counted.
number. Empt or Null Set
Singleton Set - {}
- A set with only one member. - Set with no members at all.

Specification of Sets
List Notation Universal Set
● Listing all members. ● Contains all elements considered in a
● List names of elements of a set, separate particular situation and donated by U.
them by commas and enclose in braces. Subset
Predicate Notation ● Set A is called a subset of set B if every
● Also known as Rule Method/Set-Builder element of A is also an element of B.
Notation. ● Written as 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵
● Stating a property of its elements. ● 𝐴 = {7, 9}; 𝐵 = {6, 7, 9}
● It has a property that the members of ● 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 = {7, 9}
the set share. ● 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 = {7, 9}
● E.g . { x I x is a natural number and < 8} Proper Subset
- The set of all x such that is a ● A subset that is not equal to the original
natural number and is less than set.
8. ● Set A is considered to be a proper subset
Recursive of Sets of Set B is B contains at least one
● Recursive Rules defining a set of rules elements not present in A.
which generates its members. ● Represented as ⊂.
● E.g. The set E of even numbers greater Improper Subset
than 3. ● Subset which contains all the elements
Equivalent Sets of the original set.
● Two sets that contain the same number ● Denoted by ⊆.
of elements.
 Power Set Cardinality of the Set
● A family of all subsets of A denoted by ● The number of distinct elements
Power (A). belonging to a finite set.

Operations on Sets
Intersection Complementation Union
● Contains all elements ● Or complement, is an ● Consist of all elements
common to both sets. operation on a set that included in the given
● Denoted by ∩. must be presented in sets.
reference to a universal ● Denoted by the symbol
set, denoted by A’. ∪.
Relation
● Rule that pairs each element in one set, called the domain with one or more elements of a
second set called range.
● Creates a set of ordered pairs.
● Shares the same domain.
Function
● A rule that pairs each element in one set, as it is in the relation.
● For each coordinate, there is exactly one second coordinate.
● Shares the same range.
Binary Operation
● A set is a calculation involving two elements of the set to produce another element of the set.

Propositions and Connectives

Proposition Logical Connectives
- Sentence that is either true or false (w/o - Defined by truth tables (but have
additional information). english language counterparts).

Logic Math English

Conjunction ∧ and

Disjunction ∨ or (inclusive)

Negation ∼ not

Conditional 𝑝→𝑞 if….then

Biconditional 𝑝↔𝑞 If and only if

Tautology Contrapositive
- Statement that is always true.
Contradiction Predicate
- Statement that is always false. - Consist of one or more variable and upon
Denial replacing the variable, it becomes a
- Equivalent to the negation of a proposition.
statement. Universal Quantifier
Predicate Quantifier