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𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛)
𝑅𝑛.
𝑅𝑛.
𝑉𝑘(𝐶𝑛)
of orthonormal k-frames in
𝐶𝑛
𝑉𝑘(𝐻𝑛)
of orthonormal k-frames in
𝐻𝑛
𝑅𝑛,𝐶𝑛,
or
𝐻𝑛;
Topology[edit]
Let
stand for
𝑅,𝐶,
or
𝐻.
𝐹𝑛.
𝐼𝑘
𝐼𝑘
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)={𝐴∈𝐹𝑛×𝑘:𝐴∗𝐴=𝐼𝑘}.
The topology on
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝐹𝑛×𝑘.
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
dim𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛)=𝑛𝑘−12𝑘(𝑘+1)dim𝑉𝑘(𝐶𝑛)=2𝑛𝑘−𝑘2dim𝑉𝑘(𝐻𝑛)=4𝑛𝑘−𝑘(2𝑘−1)
As a homogeneous space[edit]
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝑅𝑛
results in another k-frame, and any two k-frames are related by some
orthogonal transformation. In other words, the orthogonal group O(n) acts
transitively on
𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛).
𝑉𝑘(𝐶𝑛)
with stabilizer subgroup U(n−k) and the symplectic group Sp(n) acts
transitively on
𝑉𝑘(𝐻𝑛)
with stabilizer subgroup Sp(n−k).
In each case
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛)≅O(𝑛)/O(𝑛−𝑘)𝑉𝑘(𝐶𝑛)≅U(𝑛)/U(𝑛−𝑘)𝑉𝑘(𝐻𝑛)≅Sp(𝑛)/Sp(𝑛−𝑘)
𝑉𝑛(𝐹𝑛)
When k is strictly less than n then the special orthogonal group SO(n) also acts
transitively on
𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛)
𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛)≅SO(𝑛)/SO(𝑛−𝑘)for 𝑘<𝑛.
The same holds for the action of the special unitary group on
𝑉𝑘(𝐶𝑛)
𝑉𝑘(𝐶𝑛)≅SU(𝑛)/SU(𝑛−𝑘)for 𝑘<𝑛.
Thus for k = n − 1, the Stiefel manifold is a principal homogeneous space for the
corresponding special classical group.
Uniform measure[edit]
The Stiefel manifold can be equipped with a uniform measure, i.e. a Borel
measure that is invariant under the action of the groups noted above. For
example,
𝑉1(𝑅2)
which is isomorphic to the unit circle in the Euclidean plane, has as its
uniform measure the obvious uniform measure (arc length) on the circle. It is
straightforward to sample this measure on
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝐴∈𝐹𝑛×𝑘
𝑄∈𝐹𝑛×𝑘,𝑅∈𝐹𝑘×𝑘
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛).
This result is a consequence of the Bartlett decomposition theorem.[1]
Special cases[edit]
A 1-frame in
𝐹𝑛
𝑉1(𝐹𝑛)
𝐹𝑛.
Therefore:
𝑉1(𝑅𝑛)=𝑆𝑛−1𝑉1(𝐶𝑛)=𝑆2𝑛−1𝑉1(𝐻𝑛)=𝑆4𝑛−1
Given a 2-frame in
𝑅𝑛,
let the first vector define a point in Sn−1 and the second a unit tangent vector
to the sphere at that point. In this way, the Stiefel manifold
𝑉2(𝑅𝑛)
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝑉𝑛−1(𝑅𝑛)≅SO(𝑛)𝑉𝑛−1(𝐶𝑛)≅SU(𝑛)
𝑉𝑛(𝑅𝑛)≅O(𝑛)𝑉𝑛(𝐶𝑛)≅U(𝑛)𝑉𝑛(𝐻𝑛)≅Sp(𝑛)
Functoriality[edit]
𝑋↪𝑌,
𝑉𝑘(𝑋)↪𝑉𝑘(𝑌),
𝑋∗,
As a principal bundle[edit]
𝑝:𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)→𝐺𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝐹𝑛
which sends a k-frame to the subspace spanned by that frame. The fiber over
a given point P in
𝐺𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛)
which rotates a k-frame in the space it spans. This action is free but not
transitive. The orbits of this action are precisely the orthonormal k-frames
spanning a given k-dimensional subspace; that is, they are the fibers of the map
p. Similar arguments hold in the complex and quaternionic cases.
We then have a sequence of principal bundles:
O(𝑘)→𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛)→𝐺𝑘(𝑅𝑛)U(𝑘)→𝑉𝑘(𝐶𝑛)→𝐺𝑘(𝐶𝑛)Sp(𝑘)→𝑉𝑘(𝐻𝑛)→𝐺𝑘(𝐻𝑛)
The vector bundles associated to these principal bundles via the natural action of
G on
𝐹𝑘
are just the tautological bundles over the Grassmannians. In other words, the
Stiefel manifold
𝑉𝑘(𝐹𝑛)
𝑛→∞
limit, these bundles become the universal bundles for the classical
groups.
Homotopy[edit]
𝑉𝑘−1(𝑅𝑛−1)→𝑉𝑘(𝑅𝑛)→𝑆𝑛−1,
is in dimension n − k. Moreover,
See also[edit]
● Flag manifold
● Matrix Langevin distribution[2][3]
References[edit]
● ^ Muirhead, Robb J. (1982). Aspects of Multivariate Statistical Theory. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York. pp. xix+673. ISBN 0-471-09442-0.
● ^ Chikuse, Yasuko (1 May 2003). "Concentrated matrix Langevin distributions". Journal
of Multivariate Analysis. 85 (2): 375–394. doi:10.1016/S0047-259X(02)00065-9. ISSN 0047-
259X.
● ^ Pal, Subhadip; Sengupta, Subhajit; Mitra, Riten; Banerjee, Arunava (September 2020).
"Conjugate Priors and Posterior Inference for the Matrix Langevin Distribution on the
Stiefel Manifold". Bayesian Analysis. 15 (3): 871–908. doi:10.1214/19-BA1176. ISSN 1936-
0975.
● Hatcher, Allen (2002). Algebraic Topology. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0-521-79540-0.
● Husemoller, Dale (1994). Fibre Bundles ((3rd ed.) ed.). New York:
Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94087-1.
● James, Ioan Mackenzie (1976). The topology of Stiefel manifolds. CUP
Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-21334-9.
● "Stiefel manifold", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001
[1994]
Categories:
Differential geometry
Homogeneous spaces
Fiber bundles
Manifolds
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Grassmannian
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𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
𝑉
over a field
𝐺𝑟1(𝑉)
𝑃(𝑉)
.[1][2] When
𝑘(𝑛−𝑘)
𝐺𝑟2(𝑅4)
, parameterizing them by what are now called Plücker coordinates. (See
§ Plücker coordinates and Plücker relations below.) Hermann Grassmann later
introduced the concept in general.
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑛)
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑛)
-dimensional subspaces of an
Motivation[edit]
By giving a collection of subspaces of a vector space a topological structure, it is
possible to talk about a continuous choice of subspaces or open and closed
collections of subspaces. Giving them the further structure of a differential
manifold, one can talk about smooth choices of subspace.
of dimension
embedded in
𝑅𝑛
. At each point
𝑥∈𝑀
𝑅𝑛
𝑅𝑛
𝑥∈𝑀
-dimensional vector subspace. This idea is very similar to the Gauss map for
surfaces in a 3-dimensional space.)
This can with some effort be extended to all vector bundles over a manifold
Low dimensions[edit]
For k = 1, the Grassmannian Gr(1, n) is the space of lines through the origin in n-
space, so it is the same as the projective space
𝑃𝑛−1
of n − 1 dimensions.
To endow
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
with
𝐾𝑛
(𝑒1,…,𝑒𝑛)
𝑘
-dimensional subspace
𝑤⊂𝑉
, viewed as an element of
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
(𝑊1,…,𝑊𝑘)
𝑤∈𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
𝑛×𝑘
whose
𝑊𝑖
,
𝑖=1,…,𝑘
and
𝑊~
𝑤∈𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
if and only if
𝑊~=𝑊𝑔
𝑔∈𝐺𝐿(𝑘,𝐾)
𝑘×𝑘
𝑛×𝑘
matrices
𝑊
of rank
[𝑊]
𝑛×𝑘
by a sequence of elements
𝑔∈𝐺𝐿(𝑘,𝐾)
rows of
and the
(𝑛−𝑘)×𝑘
with entries
(𝑎𝑖𝑗)
determines
1≤𝑖1<⋯<𝑖𝑘≤𝑛
𝑘×𝑘
submatrix
𝑊𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
(𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘)
-th rows of
1≤𝑖1<⋯<𝑖𝑘≤𝑛
, let
𝑈𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
, the
𝑘×𝑘
submatrix
𝑊𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
whose
𝑖𝑗
-th row of
𝑈𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
(𝑛−𝑘)×𝑘
matrix
𝐴𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
whose rows are those of the matrix
𝑊𝑊𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘−1
complementary to
(𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘)
𝑛×𝑘
coordinate matrix
in
[𝑊]
𝑤∈𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
𝐴𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
𝑈𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
𝐴𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
may take arbitrary values, and they define a diffeomorphism from
𝑈𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
to the space of
-valued
(𝑛−𝑘)×𝑘
matrices. Denote by
𝐴^𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘:=𝑊(𝑊𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘)−1
𝑘×𝑘
(𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘)
𝐴𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
𝑈𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘∩𝑈𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘
and
𝐴𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘
𝐴^𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘𝑊𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘=𝐴^𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘𝑊𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘,
where both
𝑊𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
and
𝑊𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘
𝐴^𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘=𝐴^𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘(𝐴^𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘)−1,
where
𝐴^𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
is the invertible
𝑘×𝑘
matrix whose
𝑙
th row is the
𝑗𝑙
th row of
𝐴^𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
𝐴𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
, and
{𝑈𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘,𝐴𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘}
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
⟨⋅,⋅⟩
on
𝑉
, depending on whether
is real or complex. A
-dimensional subspace
𝑃𝑤:𝑉→𝑉
whose image is
𝑤⊂𝑉
by splitting
𝑉=𝑤⊕𝑤⊥
of
𝑤⊥
and defining
of rank
defines a subspace
𝑤𝑃:=Im(𝑃)
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)∼{𝑃∈End(𝑉)∣𝑃=𝑃2=𝑃†,tr(𝑃)=𝑘}.
In particular, taking
𝑉=𝑅𝑛
or
𝑉=𝐶𝑛
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑅𝑁)
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐶𝑁)
𝑛×𝑛
matrices
𝑅𝑛×𝑛
𝐶𝑛×𝑛
, respectively.
{𝑋∈End(𝑉)∣tr(𝑋𝑋†)=𝑘}
𝑑(𝑤,𝑤′):=‖𝑃𝑤−𝑃𝑤′‖,
𝑤,𝑤′⊂𝑉
of
-dimensional subspaces, where ‖⋅‖ denotes the operator norm. The exact inner
product used does not matter, because a different inner product will give an
equivalent norm on
Grassmannians
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑅𝑛)
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐶𝑛)
as affine algebraic varieties[edit]
Let
𝑀(𝑛,𝑅)
𝑛×𝑛
𝑃(𝑘,𝑛,𝑅)⊂𝑀(𝑛,𝑅)
of matrices
𝑃∈𝑀(𝑛,𝑅)
● 𝑃
● is a projection operator:
● 𝑃2=𝑃
● .
● 𝑃
● is symmetric:
● 𝑃𝑇=𝑃
● .
● 𝑃
● has trace
● tr(𝑃)=𝑘
● .
𝑃(𝑘,𝑛,𝑅)
and the Grassmannian
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑅𝑛)
of
-dimensional subspaces of
𝑅𝑛
given by sending
𝑃∈𝑃(𝑘,𝑛,𝑅)
to the
-dimensional subspace of
𝑅𝑛
𝑤∈𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑅𝑛)
𝑃𝑤:=∑𝑖=1𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑤𝑖𝑇,
where
(𝑤1,⋯,𝑤𝑘)
𝑤⊂𝑅𝑛
, viewed as real
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐶𝑛)
𝑃(𝑘,𝑛,𝐶)⊂𝑀(𝑛,𝐶)
of complex
𝑛×𝑛
matrices
𝑃∈𝑀(𝑛,𝐶)
satisfying
● 𝑃
● is a projection operator:
● 𝑃2=𝑃
● .
● 𝑃
● is self-adjoint (Hermitian):
● 𝑃†=𝑃
● .
● 𝑃
● has trace
● tr(P)=k
● ,
⟨⋅,⋅⟩
(𝑒1,⋯,𝑒𝑛)
𝑃𝑤
-dimensional subspace
𝑤⊂𝐶𝑛
(𝑤1,⋯,𝑤𝑘)
is
𝑃𝑤:=∑𝑖=1𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑤𝑖†.
GL(𝑉)
-dimensional subspaces of
𝑤0⊂𝑉
of dimension
, any element
𝑤∈𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)
can be expressed as
𝑤=𝑔(𝑤0)
𝑔∈GL(𝑉)
, where
𝑔
is determined only up to right multiplication by elements
{ℎ∈𝐻}
of the stabilizer of
𝑤0
𝐻:=stab(𝑤0):={ℎ∈GL(𝑉)|ℎ(𝑤0)=𝑤0}⊂GL(𝑉)
under the
GL(𝑉)
-action.
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)=GL(𝑉)/𝐻
of left cosets of
or
and
GL(𝑉)
, the group
GL(𝑉)
is a parabolic subgroup of
GL(𝑉)
Over
or
𝐶
on
𝑂(𝑉,𝑞)
-dimensional subspaces
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)
-space
𝑤0⊂𝑉
is
𝑂(𝑤0,𝑞|𝑤0)×𝑂(𝑤0⊥,𝑞|𝑤0⊥)
,
where
𝑤0⊥
𝑤0
in
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)=𝑂(𝑉,𝑞)/(𝑂(𝑤,𝑞|𝑤)×𝑂(𝑤⊥,𝑞|𝑤⊥))
If we take
𝑉=𝑅𝑛
and
𝑤0=𝑅𝑘⊂𝑅𝑛
(the first
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑅𝑛)=𝑂(𝑛)/(𝑂(𝑘)×𝑂(𝑛−𝑘)).
Over C, if we choose an Hermitian inner product
𝑈(𝑉,ℎ)
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)=𝑈(𝑉,ℎ)/(𝑈(𝑤0,ℎ|𝑤0)×𝑈(𝑤0⊥|,ℎ𝑤0⊥)),
or, for
𝑉=𝐶𝑛
and
𝑤0=𝐶𝑘⊂𝐶𝑛
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐶𝑛)=𝑈(𝑛)/(𝑈(𝑘)×𝑈(𝑛−𝑘)).
Let
. Then to each
-scheme
𝐸𝑇:=𝐸⊗𝑂𝑆𝑂𝑇
on
-scheme
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)
, namely:
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)
-scheme
𝑆′
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)×𝑆𝑆′≃𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸𝑆′)
of
{𝑠}=Spec𝐾(𝑠)→𝑆
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)𝑠
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸⊗𝑂𝑆𝐾(𝑠))
over the residue field
𝐾(𝑠)
Universal family[edit]
, which is an object of
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)),
of
𝐸𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)
over
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)
𝑃(𝐺)→𝑃(𝐸𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸))=𝑃(𝐸)×𝑆𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸).
For any morphism of S-schemes:
𝑇→𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸),
𝑃(𝐺𝑇)→𝑃(𝐸)×𝑆𝑇.
𝑂𝑇
-modules from
𝐸𝑇
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)(𝑇)
in
𝑃(𝐸)×𝑆𝑇.
Under this identification, when
𝑇=𝑆
and
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)(𝐾)
𝑘−1
in
𝑃(𝑉)
𝑃(𝐺)(𝐾)
in
𝑃(𝑉)×𝐾𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)
is the set
{(𝑥,𝑣)∈𝑃(𝑉)(𝐾)×𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝐸)(𝐾)∣𝑥∈𝑣}.
𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)
th Exterior power
Λ𝑘𝑉
of
𝜄:𝐺𝑟(𝑘,𝑉)→𝑃(Λ𝑘𝑉).
Suppose that
𝑤⊂𝑉
is a
. To define
𝜄(𝑤)
, choose a basis
(𝑤1,⋯,𝑤𝑘)
for
, and let
𝜄(𝑤)
𝜄(𝑤)=[𝑤1∧⋯∧𝑤𝑘],
where
[⋅]
denotes the projective equivalence class.
will give a different wedge product, but the two will differ only by a non-zero
scalar multiple (the determinant of the change of basis matrix). Since the right-
hand side takes values in the projectivized space,
from
𝜄(𝑤)
𝑣∈𝑉
such that
𝑣∧𝜄(𝑤)=0
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
embeds as a nonsingular projective algebraic subvariety of the
projectivization
𝑃(Λ𝑘𝑉)
of the
th exterior power of
and give another method for constructing the Grassmannian. To state the
Plücker relations, fix a basis
(𝑒1,⋯,𝑒𝑛)
for
, and let
𝑤⊂𝑉
be a
-dimensional subspace of
with basis
(𝑤1,⋯,𝑤𝑘)
. Let
(𝑤𝑖1,⋯,𝑤𝑖𝑛)
be the components of
𝑤𝑖
, and
(𝑊1,…,𝑊𝑛)
the
𝑊𝑇=[𝑊1⋯𝑊𝑛]=[𝑤11⋯𝑤1𝑛⋮⋱⋮𝑤𝑘1⋯𝑤𝑘𝑛],
1≤𝑖1<⋯<𝑖𝑘≤𝑛
of
𝑘
positive integers, let
𝑤𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘
𝑘×𝑘
[𝑊𝑖1,…,𝑊𝑖𝑘]
. The elements
{𝑤𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘|1≤𝑖1<⋯<𝑖𝑘≤𝑛}
𝑤∈𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
(𝑒1,⋯,𝑒𝑛)
of
𝜄(𝑤)
of
𝑤
under the Plücker map, relative to the basis of the exterior power
Λ𝑘𝑉
(𝑒1,⋯,𝑒𝑛)
of
𝑃(Λ𝑘𝑉)
1≤𝑖1<𝑖2⋯<𝑖𝑘−1≤𝑛
and
1≤𝑗1<𝑗2⋯<𝑗𝑘+1≤𝑛
of
𝑘−1
and
𝑘+1
𝜄(𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉))
of
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
∑𝑙=1𝑘+1(−1)ℓ𝑤𝑖1,…,𝑖𝑘−1,𝑗𝑙𝑤𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑙^,…𝑗𝑘+1=0,
where
𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑙^,…𝑗𝑘+1
𝑗1,…,𝑗𝑘+1
𝑗𝑙
𝜄(𝑤)
is the projectivization of a completely decomposable element of
Λ𝑘𝑉
When
dim(𝑉)=4
, and
𝑘=2
𝜄(𝐺𝑟2(𝑉)⊂𝑃(Λ2𝑉)
(𝑤12,𝑤13,𝑤14,𝑤23,𝑤24,𝑤34)
𝑤12𝑤34−𝑤13𝑤24+𝑤14𝑤23=0.
𝜄(𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉))
of the Grassmannian in
𝑃(Λ𝑘𝑉)
under the Plücker embedding.
Duality[edit]
Every
-dimensional subspace
𝑊⊂𝑉
determines an
(𝑛−𝑘)
𝑉/𝑊
of
0→𝑊→𝑉→𝑉/𝑊→0.
Taking the dual to each of these three spaces and the dual linear transformations
yields an inclusion of
(𝑉/𝑊)∗
in
𝑉∗
with quotient
𝑊∗
0→(𝑉/𝑊)∗→𝑉∗→𝑊∗→0.
-dimensional subspaces of
and
(𝑛−𝑘)
-dimensional subspaces of
𝑉∗
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)↔𝐺𝑟(𝑛−𝑘,𝑉∗)
its annihilator
𝑊0⊂𝑉∗
. Choosing an isomorphism of
with
𝑉∗
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
and
𝐺𝑟𝑛−𝑘(𝑉)
. An isomorphism of
with
𝑉∗
(𝑛−𝑘)
}-dimensional orthogonal complement.
Schubert cells[edit]
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
𝑉1⊂𝑉2⊂⋯⊂𝑉𝑛=𝑉
of dimension
dim(𝑉𝑖)=𝑖
𝜆=(𝜆1,⋯,𝜆𝑘)
of weight
|𝜆|=∑𝑖=1𝑘𝜆𝑖
𝜆1≥⋯≥𝜆𝑘≥0,
whose Young diagram fits within the rectangular one
(𝑛−𝑘)𝑘
𝑋𝜆(𝑘,𝑛)⊂𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
𝑊∈𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
{𝑉𝑖}
𝑋𝜆(𝑘,𝑛)={𝑊∈𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)|dim(𝑊∩𝑉𝑛−𝑘+𝑗−𝜆𝑗)=𝑗}.
These are affine spaces, and their closures (within the Zariski topology) are
known as Schubert varieties.
𝜒𝑘,𝑛
of the Grassmannian
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑅𝑛)
n
of k-dimensional subspaces of R . Fix a
1
-dimensional subspace
𝑅⊂𝑅𝑛
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑅𝑛)
n
into those k-dimensional subspaces of R that contain R and those that
do not. The former is
𝐺𝑟𝑘−1(𝑅𝑛−1)
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑅𝑛−1)
𝜒𝑘,𝑛=𝜒𝑘−1,𝑛−1+(−1)𝑘𝜒𝑘,𝑛−1,𝜒0,𝑛=𝜒𝑛,𝑛=1.
𝜒𝑘,𝑛=0
if
is even and
𝑘
is odd and
𝜒𝑘,𝑛=(⌊𝑛2⌋⌊𝑘2⌋)
otherwise.
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝐶𝑛)
defines a
-plane in
-space. Fibering these planes over the Grassmannian one arrives at the vector
bundle
(𝑛−𝑘)
These generators are subject to a set of relations, which defines the ring. The
defining relations are easy to express for a larger set of generators, which
consists of the Chern classes of
and
. Then the relations merely state that the direct sum of the bundles
and
is trivial. Functoriality of the total Chern classes allows one to write this
relation as
𝑐(𝐸)𝑐(𝐹)=1.
𝑐𝑘(𝐸)𝑐𝑛−𝑘(𝐹)=(−1)𝑛−𝑘
reflecting the existence in the corresponding quantum field theory of an instanton
with
2𝑛
2𝑛
units.
Associated measure[edit]
When
is an
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
𝜃𝑛
𝑂(𝑛)
and fix
𝑤∈𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
𝐴⊂𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
, define
𝛾𝑘,𝑛(𝐴)=𝜃𝑛{𝑔∈O(𝑛):𝑔𝑤∈𝐴}.
𝑂(𝑛)
; that is,
𝛾𝑘,𝑛(𝑔𝐴)=𝛾𝑘,𝑛(𝐴)
for all
𝑔∈𝑂(𝑛)
. Since
𝜃𝑛(𝑂(𝑛))=1
, we have
𝛾𝑘,𝑛(𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉))=1
. Moreover,
𝛾𝑘,𝑛
is a Radon measure with respect to the metric space topology and is uniform
in the sense that every ball of the same radius (with respect to this metric) is of
the same measure.
Oriented Grassmannian[edit]
-dimensional subspaces of
𝑅𝑛
. It is a double cover of
𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑅𝑛)
and is denoted by
𝐺𝑟~𝑘(𝑅𝑛)
𝐺𝑟~𝑘(𝑅𝑛)=SO(𝑛)/(SO(𝑘)×SO(𝑛−𝑘)).
on the
-dimensional space
𝐺𝑟𝑘0(𝑉,𝑄)
𝐺𝑟𝑘0(𝑉,𝑄)⊂𝐺𝑟𝑘(𝑉)
consisting of all
-dimensional subspaces
𝑤⊂𝑉
for which
𝑄(𝑢,𝑣)=0,∀𝑢,𝑣∈𝑤.
Applications[edit]
● Schubert calculus
● For an example of the use of Grassmannians in differential geometry,
see Gauss map
● In projective geometry, see Plücker embedding and Plücker co-
ordinates.
● Flag manifolds are generalizations of Grassmannians whose elements,
viewed geometrically, are nested sequences of subspaces of specified
dimensions.
● Stiefel manifolds are bundles of orthonormal frames over
Grassmanians.
● Given a distinguished class of subspaces, one can define
Grassmannians of these subspaces, such as Isotropic Grassmanians or
Lagrangian Grassmannians .
● Isotropic Grassmanian
● Lagrangian Grassmannian
● Grassmannians provide classifying spaces in K-theory, notably the
classifying space for U(n). In the homotopy theory of schemes, the
Grassmannian plays a similar role for algebraic K-theory.[25]
● Affine Grassmannian
● Grassmann bundle
● Grassmann graph
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Categories:
Differential geometry
Projective geometry
Algebraic homogeneous spaces
Algebraic geometry
This page was last edited on 24 April 2024, at 04:21 (UTC).
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