University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

CEE 421 – Construction Planning

4th Credit Paper – Spring 2024

OPTIMIZING THE PLANNING OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS BY USING

OPTIMIZATION MODEL

Ranginwala, Zeeshan1,2,
1
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
2
zr14@illinois.edu

Abstract: Millions of dollars are being unnecessarily spent due to ineffective planning. By minimizing
project cost results in incresease in project duration and uncertain quality. This research paper

explores strategies and introduces the new model for optimizing the planning phase to achieve these

objectives and also identifies the effective schedule for the planning, it will solve the problems of the

Project managers in the intial phase and helps them to select effective planning for their project. The

introductory section will discuss the issues that the construction sector is going through, in the process

of achieving the ideal balance between works' price, duration and quality for the project success. The

core difficulty highlighted by the proposition is that the use of methodologies will ensure the efficiency

of the planning processes and utlization of resources. The Literary review covers diverse of practices,

case studies,and best practices. On the practical side, the CA will be a helpful component for

construction manager to choose an effective planning method to conclude project on budget and time

scheduled. Conclusion urges for knowledge-based decisions that ensure return on investment in time

and budget spendings. The paper pursues the objective of developing effective and environmentally

friendly construction methods and giving relevant information to the practitioners and researchers who

are intent on enhancing the construction planning that aims at enabling the completion of projects in

time and saving on costs.The future expansion of the research paper will focus on studying Building

Information Modeling (BIM) and its role in generating automated-plans. Introduction

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1.1 Background

The effectiveness of the planning party is the principal villain standing behind many deep-seated issues

faced in many construction jobs. The planning is a lack right at the start that results in the inappropriate

planning. If traffic sear is worsened by unforeseen challenges (ex. bad weather, shortage of material)

there is no a fallback option in the budget. When becomes a vicious circle, as exemplified in the research

done by Sambasivan and Soon (2007) documenting poor details of planning as a large cause for project

delays that result in financial difficulties. A wrong plan usually does not have the strategy to manage the

chaotic situations.

Also, Almeri, et al. (2020) specify that some problems faced by project managers include the unforeseen

risks that prevent being on schedule in case there is no adequate planning procedure. At that point, the

delays spin out of control, soon affecting rods and bolts which further threaten other stages of the whole

construction project and hence, deadlines are missed. Meeting the challenged deadlines to avoid the

quality failure is threaten to become a result of compromising standards in QA. Funds will have to be set

aside but some expenses like monitoring, accountability and inspections could be skipped and errors

might arise. Consequently, occupational hazards or the final product which does not have the specified

requirements may arise as was found by Sweis et al. (2008) who were noting the connection between

poor planning and management and problems of constructions quality.

Ineffective planning can overlook potential safety hazards on the job site. Rushing to meet deadlines or a

lack of clear communication about safety protocols can significantly increase the risk of accidents and

injuries. When projects fall behind schedule or go over budget, clients are bound to be unhappy.

Ineffective communication often goes hand-in-hand with poor planning, leaving clients feeling uninformed

and frustrated. So to solve the problem many researchers had made the model which can easily solve all

the ineffective planning.

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The main aim of the paper is to analyze work that is being done in the optimization of planning and also

give a comparative analysis of traditional and optimization methods for the specific Construction projects.

1.2 Introducing the optimization model for effective planning

1.2.1 Need of Optimization model

There is a need of this optimization model for the person who is not experienced or in the initial stage of

the career. The optimization model used the integration between simulation and optimization as a key

solution for planning and scheduling the RB-projects in terms of time, cost, and the optimum number

of resources (Abukmail, 2014). Construction projects have become increasingly intricate, involving a

multitude of factors like resource allocation, material procurement, scheduling, and interdependent tasks.

Traditional methods, often relying on spreadsheets and heuristics, struggle to handle this complexity

effectively. For person who is not from the civil or construction field, it takes time to learn or need

resources to learn the traditional method.

Moreover, traditional method uses softwares like primavera P6 gives the complex schedule which is hard

to understand for the skilled person also. Ahn et al. (2015) highlight this issue, stating that "traditional

scheduling methods... may not be well-suited for complex projects with a large number of activities and

scarce resources". So the use of optimization model gives the person a particular value or decision to

follow and also gives the future consequences to follow this decision so that a person can try to overcome

the future challenges or make some plan to overcome that challenges.

Construction faces unforeseen disruptions like weather delays, material shortages, or subcontractor

issues. Traditional methods often lack the ability to dynamically adapt plans to account for such

uncertainties. This is supported by Warszawski et al. (2013) who note that "traditional planning

methods...often fail to consider the stochastic nature of construction projects". They can represent the

intricate relationships between project elements like resource availability, task durations, and

dependencies. This allows for a more comprehensive view of the entire project, as evidenced in Liu et al.

(2017) who found that using an optimization model for construction scheduling "can effectively consider

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the complex relationships among various construction activities". Optimization models can integrate risk

factors and their probabilities into the planning process. This allows for the creation of robust plans that

can adapt to changing situations.

Moreover, Wang et al. (2014) discuss the benefits of incorporating uncertainty into construction

scheduling models, noting that it "helps to develop more realistic and robust project schedules". By

defining a specific objective (e.g., minimizing cost), optimization models can evaluate various scenarios

and identify the plan that best achieves that goal. This focus on finding the optimal solution is a key

strength, as highlighted by Li et al. (2015) who state that "optimization models can be used to find a

schedule that satisfies all project constraints and optimizes a specific objective function". In essence,

optimization models provide a more sophisticated and data-driven approach to planning. They address

the limitations of traditional methods by considering project complexities, uncertainties, and finding the

optimal solution based on defined objectives. This allows construction companies to make informed

decisions that enhance project efficiency and success.

1.3 Application of Optimization model

1.3.1 Maintenance actvities in Educational Buildings

The traditional practices does not follows the priority ranking technique for the workers that leads to

ineffective planning of the construction projects. (Mishal Alashari., 2023) presents the optimization output

data, including the identified optimal scheduling solution, maintenance ranking, overtime use, and crew

size, complying with various constraints- The optimization model aims to minimize total maintenance

costs, including crew and material costs, and maintenance delay-related disruption costs. The model

optimizes complex maintenance activity planning problems for various sectors, such as manufacturing

plants, wind turbines, and water supply networks. It identifies optimal solutions while ensuring

computational time remains within reasonable limits.

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 Figure 1(Mishal Alashari, 2023)

For each maintenace activity (a), three decision variables are identified: ranking (Ra), overtime use(oTa)

and crew size (Csa) (Mishal Alashari., 2023). These input datas are require for construction manager or

supervisor to input in the optimization model which is mentioned in Fig.1.

1.3.2 For Highway Construction

The optimization model in (Khaled El-Rayes, 2005) research paper a detailed analysis of resource

utilization options for construction activities. It visualizes feasible resource utilization scenarios for

activities like concrete paving in highway projects, considering factors like material strength, crew

formations, and overtime policies. The model integrates decision variables like construction method, crew

formation, and crew overtime policy into a single variable called resource utilization, enhancing the

complexity control of the optimization process.( Khaled El-Rayes, 2005). Figure-2 shows the cost($),

duration (days) and also Quality (%) simulataneously to project manager and supervisor at the site for

them to understand and take decision in more quiker way. For effective planning the optimization model

to generate 3d analysis from the input value is very much essential.

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2 Comparative analysis of use of traditional method vs optimization method

2.1 Strengths and weaknesses

2.1.1 Traditional method

While traditional planning method are easy to understand like Critical path method (CPM) and Gantt

charts are well established and user friendly, requiring minimal training to implement and these methods

have been widely used for decades but it has some disadvantages also. Firstly, some of the weaknesses

are limited complexity handling where traditional methods struggle to handle the intricate relationships

between numerous variables in complex projects (Ahn et al., 2015). Secondly there is a difficulty in

incorporating uncertainty in which they often lack the ability to dynamically adapt plans to account for

unforeseen disruptions like weather delays (Warszawski et al., 2013). At last, identifying optimal solutions

where they might struggle to identify the plan that optimizes a specific goal (e.g., minimizing cost) (Li et

al., 2015).

2.1.2 Optimization model method

Optimization model can represent the complex relationships between various project elements, like

resource availability, task durations, and dependencies (Liu et al., 2017). This allows for a more holistic

view of the project. Optimization models can integrate risk factors and their probabilities into the planning

process, leading to more robust plans that can adapt to changing situations (Wang et al., 2014). By

defining a specific objective (e.g., minimizing cost), optimization models can identify the plan that best

achieves that goal (Li et al., 2015). Optimization models can be complex to set up and require a

significant amount of accurate data to function effectively. Once the model is defined, there might be less

flexibility for user intervention compared to traditional methods. Running complex optimization models can

be computationally expensive, requiring specialized software and potentially high-powered computing

resources.

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2.2 Case Study

2.2.1 Case study on Maintenance activites in educational Buildings

In this case study, (Mishal Alashari, 2023) maintenance activities in three education buildings are taken

through to a closest micrometer. This infrastructure included classrooms, laboratories, mechanic room,

offices, washrooms and services. The infrastructure had 97 tasks in total, divided into plumbing, HVAC,

and electric areas. The research employed priority scores produced after combining the various criteria,

i.e., operational effect and alignment with the campus plans, of which detailed data consisted of expenses

of crowd, production materials and disruption, crew details, and the likes.

Therefore, the model was developed and utilized to make sure that all plumbing, HVAC, and electrical

maintenance planning activities are optimized and fully accommodated. On the basis of input data, the

model developed the most cost-effective maintenance schedule by using a GA, which was then facilitated

by the employment of the Evolver software. Parameters were fine-tuned in this way to enable an efficient

computation, requiring this to take 45 minutes on a standard view homepage PC setup.

The optimization function component has a combination of modules in order. The module that produces

optimization came up with solutions for listing, burning time, and number of people for the every activity.

Afterwards, the process of scheduling was conducted in the modules that provided details for each

solution and estimated the cost of maintenance for each schedule. This is where these probable costs

come in as they are fundamental for setting the right overhaul policy that will be minimizing total cost.

The results were promising. A maintenance staffing scheme that matched the best time, average use,

and team size for each activity to achieve the optimum level was implemented. Similarly, the identified

efficient plan is to launch the plumbing system in due course of which the minimum total maintenance

cost will be $29,735. At HVAC and electrical sector, the same procedure was implemented; this resulted

in the sum of maintenance costs of $53,715 for the total HVAC system maintenance and $51,373 for

electrical system maintenance.

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Lastly, this study case manifested the winning application of a maintenance model optimization for a

building system in the educational area. Simulation not only helped in understanding the most efficient

scheduling to decrease total maintenance costs but it also became a proof of priceless effectiveness of

optimization techniques in the field of establishing maintenance planning.

2.2.2 Using Optimization model on 18 activities for resource utilization

The case study studies what concerns the reorganization of construction works within a single project

having 18 different tasks of type. These activities provide multiple choices of resource utilization that

naturally affect the project's time, cost, and quality pitches. Firstly, the framework used by Feng et al.

(1997) for time-cost trade-off analysis on building quality was emphasized on further development. This

was to provide a more comprehensive approach by incorporating quality alongside time and cost factors.

The objective of this process was to provide a competitive advantage over other managers while giving

an imaginative and innovative approach to the existing dataset thus bringing in these new dimensions to

optimize projects and performance.

As an average we have 3.4 solutions for resource utilization for each activity which means that the

complexity of the project is a fact yielding more than 3,6 billion combinations for project delivery. One of

the major issues here is the fact that the solution space is very large and you have to identify a best

solution from a wide range of options, compromising time, cost, and quality.

For as long as this is true it was an optimization approach used to explore the complex solution space.

The model with such a multicriteria priority objective was developed in order to find solutions which can

be transformed into non-dominated ones leading to achievement of Pareto optimality. This thorough study

of 305 optimum solutions resulted in selection of the project designs which, on one hand, provide

variations in time, cost, and quality on the other hand.

The optimization trial got the best-suited options in reference to resource utilization for all construction

activities that total up to 18. These findings not only pointed out the project realization sensitivity, but also

identified these tradeoffs between the complex nature of construction construction project management. I

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created an example of a solution which can explain its contribution to the project outcomes in general,

and the full range of the Pareto-optimal set was mapped in three-dimensional surface . This visualization

tool does assist the decision-makers in deciding resource allocations and also helps to recognize any

possible contrasts. The ability to seamlessly convert one language into another is a testament to the

splendor and complexity of the human brain.

To ensure the findings were unbiased, a similarity comparison between the result for Feng et al. (1997)

was made for the time-cost trade-off analysis. Since the presented model showed successful in finding

the set of solutions that were previously generated, it has additionally considered the quality of them in

result as well. Besides, the presentation of time, cost, and quality tradeoffs as well as projects dynamics

gives decision makers the complex image of projects and makes the process of judging clearer.

The case shows that the device, in fact, is capable to optimize construction activity evaluation. With

quality of service in addition to time and costs taken into consideration, a decent model is an important

tool for strategy development. The outcome of this model testing by reference to published literature

wields credence against the model implement findings hereby it confirms the value of the model speaks to

its practicality in construction project management matters.

2.3 Choosing Right approach

The choice between traditional methods and optimization models depends on the specific project

characteristics like for smaller, less complex projects, traditional methods might be sufficient and for

larger, intricate projects with multiple variables and a need to optimize a specific objective, optimization

models offer significant advantages. It improves the efficiency and it is also saves the cost and can

identify the most efficient allocation of resources, construction sequences, and schedules, leading to cost

savings and reduced waste (Alashari, 2023). For example, a study mentioned that optimization through

BIM can potentially save 16-20% in costs (Yongguang Huang, 2022). Moreover, By optimizing

construction schedules, resource allocation, and logistics, optimization models can help maximize

productivity and minimize delays (Alashari, 2023). Optimization models can quickly evaluate multiple

scenarios and adapt to changes in project requirements or constraints, providing flexibility in the

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construction process (Yongguang Huang, 2022). The future of planning in construction likely involves a

hybrid approach, leveraging the strengths of both traditional methods and optimization models. Traditional

methods can be used for initial planning, with optimization models providing fine-tuning and scenario

analysis for complex projects.

3 Potential Stakeholders

This design optimization model proposed in this research paper should direct various stakeholders in the

construction business since it has to do with respective operations. The risk involved in aliening important

players and their interests should not be underestimated. Pinning down these stakeholders and their

needs is crucial for successful implementation and acceptance of our model.

3.1 Project managers

Initially, the general managers front the construction projects directly from the concept phase to the

completion of the job. Such organizations pay special attention to project plan optimization in order to

satisfy constraints on time and budget. Through employing the optimization model as a tool, leaders of

projects will be enabled to refine decision-making abilities, as well as discover the most suitable planning

methods for their projects (Abukmail, 2014).

3.2 Construction Companies

Construction companies make an effort to achieve a balance between efficiency and cost optimization,

and as with any company, the success of their projects depends on their adherence to high-quality

standards. The optimization model imposes a data analytical approach on managing the planning, and it

assists construction companies to identify the most budget-friendly utilization of resources, construction

sequence and the schedules (Alashari et al., 2023). Hence, it generates the cost savings and lesser

waste formation which ultimately make the environment healthy and sustainable.

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3.3 Clients

Clients hire construction firms with the desire to keep certain costs and the timing of the project within

forecasts. Poor planning may be the reason for dissatisfaction because of overshooting costs, delays, and

attention to quality. The optimization model, if properly used, helps the companies which build to achieve

their goals in a more reliable manner which is relevant to their clients and the overall satisfaction of a

client.

3.4 Government Agencies and Regulatory

The governmental devices and regulatory organizations are responsible to ensure the compliance of

safety standards, environmental regulations, and building codes. An integral component of a safety

program is proper planning that includes at least safety hazard mitigation and compliance with the

regulations. The optimization model provides for a planning process that encompasses risk preference

together with probability factors so that in the end, construction projects have a more specialized plan

which gives priority to safety and regulatory measures (Warszawski et al., 2013).

3.5 Investor and Financiers

Investors and financiers will usually agree to bankroll construction activities and thereafter look forward to

having their demands and interests served in the form of profit making. Project delays and budgetary

overruns can lead to project's unsustainability and the possibility for poor returns on investment. Through

concrete planning optimizing, a construction company can be able to minimize the risks of delays and

budget over runs which gives project completion guarantee to investors and financiers (Khalid, 2017).

3.6 Research Community

Research Community: Methodologies of construction management and optimization contribute to the

development of the fields due to the continuous improvement. The suggested optimization model

progresses efficient and sustainable construction strategies, providing key understandings for both

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construction actors and researchers whose aim is finding proper ways to organize the construction

projects (Liu et al., 2017).

Therefore, to discuss the roles played by these potential stakeholders it stand out that they stand firm to

benefit if the optimization model I come up with in this research paper is implemented. Its success

depends largely on making those specific groups feel heard as their interests and concerns will determine

its widespread acceptance, therefore can contribute to better project outcomes.

4 Potential Barriers to adoption of optimization model

One of the greatest problems which the implement of optimization models to the construction industry

faces with is a lack of knowledge among the staff, particularly those used to the old-fashioned planning

ways. Many construction managers and project teams might be new to such optimization models and

may not have a proper understanding of their application or a grasp on the required data. Education and

talent training should be considered as primary solutions to overcome the shortage of skilled workers. The

workshops and seminars being held are excellent avenues for the large scale and small scale

construction professionals as they will get firsthand training and guiding on the various optimization

methods utilized by their frequency. (Gargiulo & Quagliarella, 2011). Moreover, Lack of change readiness

in the construction sector forms a huge challenge since implementing other methods will be greatly

hindered by the resistance that may come from the senior staff who are long-serving in their organizations

or those who have reservations about considering new technologies. It is additionally made inconsistent

by the fact that many people reject the idea of optimisation model due to its effectiveness or what their

society really needs. A strong change management strategy, hence, art considered the powerful weapon

to overcome resistance. Clear communication about the advantages of application of optimization

methods is one of the remedies that I can offer as well as involving a major group of stakeholders. This

approach can help in overcoming the public resistance to the proposed efforts. Also, showing the real

gains like getting cost benefits and effective performances of the projects may be the clarion call to

overcoming the skepticism (Gargiulo & Quagliarella 2011).

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 5 Conclusion

Effective planning is essential for the success of construction projects, as poor planning can lead to

significant issues such as cost overruns, schedule delays, quality problems, and safety hazards.

Traditional planning methods like CPM and Gantt charts are user-friendly and well-established, but they

struggle to handle the complexities of modern construction projects, including uncertainties and the need

to optimize specific objectives.

Optimization models offer a more sophisticated approach to construction planning by comprehensively

representing project elements and their relationships, incorporating risk factors, and identifying the

optimal solution based on defined goals. These models can address the limitations of traditional methods

and lead to more robust and efficient project plans.

However, optimization models also come with their own challenges, including higher complexity, data

requirements, and computational demands. The choice between traditional methods and optimization

models depends on the specific characteristics of the project, with smaller, less complex projects

potentially able to use traditional methods while larger, more intricate projects may benefit more from the

advantages of optimization.

In the future, construction planning will probably employ an integrated approach that makes use of the

positive aspects of both optimization models and conventional techniques. While initial planning can be

done using traditional approaches, optimization models offer scenario analysis and fine-tuning to

guarantee the most effective and efficient project designs. Construction organizations can improve their

planning skills and the overall success of their projects by combining these tactics.

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Gargiulo, Francesco, & Quagliarella, D. (2011). A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm For The Resource Constrained

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