Adaptation of the Schupmann Medial Telescope

to a Large Scale Astronomical Optical System

John J. Villa

The classical Schupmann medial telescope is free of the secondary-spectrum residual associated with large
refractors. The difficulties in obtaining large glass disks of the necessary optical quality and the prob-
lem associated with their mounting preclude the use of this unconventional lens in large scale astronomical
systems. However, to circumvent these limitations, the Schupmann lens was modified by replacing the
refractive objective with a spherical mirror producing a new catadioptric lens configuration adaptable
to large-scale astronomy. The design parameters and performance data are given for an f/5.4, 5.5-m
focal length design covering a 20 full field.

Recent developments in space technology have
brought closer the realization of placing a large manned
telescope in orbit for astronomical observations. In
line with these advances the President's Science Ad-
visory Committee' has proposed that a program be
established to put a large manned telescope (3-m aper-
ture) in orbit by the late 1970's. Such a telescope,2 -5
with its tremendous light gathering ability and high
resolution capabilities, would, when placed above the
earth's inhomogeneous and absorbing atmosphere,
make possible astronomical observations of a magnitude
many times greater than would have been possible with
earth-based observatories. Outside the earth's atmo-
sphere this telescope could cover the wavelength range
from the uv through to the submillimeter region.
The large aperture of such a telescope would preclude
the use of telescopic systems using full aperture cor-
rectors, i.e., Schmidt or the Maksutov types. More
practical configurations would be the Cassegrain types
that would include also the Ritchey-Chretien version.
Another form that could be used, although not as com-
pact as the above-mentioned types, would be what has
come to be known as the Ross types: a figured pri-
mary mirror with refractive correcting lenses located
near the image surface.
In all the above-mentionedtypes the primary mirror,
and possibly the secondary mirror also, does not have a
spherical shape, meaning that a large aspheric mirror
will be required, and the aspheric figure will have to be
maintained in a space environment. Assuming that
The author is with Kodak Apparatus Division, Eastman Kodak
Company, Rochester, New York 14650.
Received 20 December 1971.
diffraction-limited performance is required, the figure
tolerance for the surface would be about X/50 rms;
this means that the mirror surface must fit the design
figure within an rms tolerance of approximately 413.0
mm at a wavelength of 500 nm. From the fabrica-
tion and testing viewpoint it might be desirable to have
a spherical primary mirror instead, since without a
doubt, it is much easier to produce such a mirror and
to maintain it in a space environment to the above
tolerance.
However, even with a spherical primary mirror the
problems of maintaining the figure and alignment of the
large primary mirror of such a telescope are quite
formidable. Fortunately, a new technique called
"active optics"6 has been proposed for the building of
large, self-correcting astronomical mirrors. The sur-
face of an active mirror is made up of many spherical
segments that are assembled to form a mosaic. Each
segment can be positioned until the figure of the com-
posite segmented mirror is the required spherical shape.
Once assembled the figure of the active mirror is then
maintained by an optical figure-sensing device (prob-
ably some form of a laser interferometer) located at the
center of curvature of the spherical mirror. By cou-
pling the mirror segment accuators with the figure-sensor
through appropriate electronic circuits, each segment
can be independently controlled and positioned to main-
tain the mirror figure, including corrections for changes
due to thermal and structural variations.
Figure 1 shows the active mirror concept as it would
be applied to a large primary mirror.
These segmented active mirrors will not only reduce
the weight of the primary optics significantly, since
they can be made thinner than a conventional mirror,
but will simplify the mirror support structure normally
associated with large mirrors. Robertson 6 has reported
that a 2.5-in pruiary mirror of the fused-silica egg

1814 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 11, No. 8 / August1972

 SEGMENT
ACTVATORS
'ED
ev
ELECTROT
CONTROI
Fig. 1. Active mirror concept.
crate construction would weigh about 1400 kg; a seg-
mented 2.5-m mirror of the same over-all rigi dity con-
sisting of seven 80-cm diam mirrors would we ighabout
360 kg including the control electronics.
Since it would not be possible to obtain diffraction-
limited performance at such a large scale using spherical
reflecting optics only, the aspherizing process that cor-
rects the spherical aberration must be transfeerred to a
surface that is the equivalent of a figured pri rmarybut
considerably smaller in size. None of the Lns types
mentioned earlier has a suitable surface to ts bnsfer the
aspheric figure to and still be capable of a min imum ex-
tended field at least a degree in diameter. A lens sys-
tem that can be adapted to the transferraI of the
aspherizing figure to a more convenient surfac e and still
be capable of extended field coverage is the Sc hiupmann
medial telescope first described in 1892.7
Briefly, the Schupmann telescope, shown schemati-
cally in Fig. 2, functions in the following manirier: ob-
jective lens L forms an image of a distant obj ect point
at focal plane F. This image plane is reimag ed at 1: 1
to a secondary image plane F2 by the Mangi in mirror
M. Field lens L 2, cemented to the reflex prisr a, images
the objective lens (the entrance pupil) in the plane of
the Mangin mirror M. The entrance pupil diameter is
reduced by a factor of 3-12 in this imaging: process.
By proper choice of power and dispersive character-
istics, the lens portion of the Mangin mirror (:net nega-
tive power) will oppose the chromatic chara ,cteristics
of the objective lens (net positive power) such that the
final image is free from all chromatic residuf dls. Any
spherical aberration residual is removed by as pherizing
the Mangin mirror. Since the final image would be
occluded by the reflex prism, Schupmann found that he
could tilt the Mangin mirror a small amount and not
seriously deteriorate the performance of the len S.
The transferral of the entrance pupil of the objective
makes it possible to utilize the aspheric stop principle,
that is, an aspherizing optical surface locate ed at the
stop has no effect on the off-axis aberrations. Conse-
quently, by aspherizingthe Mangin mirror, aniy residual
spherical aberration can be completely elimina ted with-
out disturbing the oblique aberrations. Ecqually as
important is the fact that the aspheric surface, being
on the Mangin mirror, is one-third to one-twelfth the
diameter that would be required if the objective lens
were aspherized.
Well designed systems of this type have been pro-
posed for astronomical applications at focal lengths of
3.8 m and with a relative aperture of f/10. Baker
has described modifications to the basic Schupmann
medial telescope for the requirements of modern re-
search and discusses the uses of such a telescope for
astronomical applications.
It was decided to investigate the possibility of de-
signing a similar telescope but substituting a spherical
mirror for the refracting objective lens and reducing
the size of the aspheric Mangin mirror to a diameter
that could easily be manufactured. A convenient
starting point would be a system employing a primary
mirror similar in size to that used in the balloon-borne
Stratoscope II optical system, this being the first large-
scale optical system used above most of the earth's
atmosphere.
The Stratoscope II optical system utilizes, as its pri-
mary light collector, a 91-cm,f4 paraboloidal mirror.
The useful field of such a large paraboloidal mirror is
seriously limited by coma, and to a lesser extent by
astigmatism, to only a few hundredths of a degree in
diameter. The object therefore was to design a system
of approximately this focal length and aperture, but
with a much greater useful field.
The spherical mirror does offer a number of advantages
over the refracting objective used in the Schupmann
design for large-scale optical systems. Probably the
most important of these is the complete absence of chro-
matic aberration and the elimination of large
glass disks of the necessary optical quality and charac-
teristics required for astronomical objectives. Because
of the shallower reflector curvature, the spherical aber-
ration and field curvature of the spherical mirror are
considerably less than that of a simple lens of the same
relative aperture and focal length. If the aperture stop
is located at the center of curvature of the mirror, there
will be no oblique aberrations; imagery at any point
on the curved image surface is identical with that on the
M
Fig. 2. Optical schematic of the Schupmann medial telescope.
August 1972/ Vol. 11, No. 8 / APPLIED OPTICS 1815
 preclude the consideration of this lens system for large-
scale astronomical applications.
An excellent catoptric design of the crossed-axis
family has been described by McCarthy" 0 and is shown
schematically in Fig. 4(c). This design consists of two
parabolas and two spherical mirrors; the parabolas are
the concave optics, while the convex optics are spherical.
The McCarthy catoptric lens is well corrected for all
aberrations when scaled up to a focal length of 2.5 m
and at a relative aperture of f/3.5; the field is excep-
tionally flat out to a semifield of 2° and well corrected
for coma. Spherical aberration is removed with the
conic mirrors, and the all-mirror design yields a system
of unlimited spectral coverage.
The major drawback of this design when considered
for use in the large-scale active mirror telescope is the
paraboloidal primary mirror and, to a lesser extent, the
Fig. 3. Optical schematic of the Schupmann medial telescope central obstruction in such a design would be prohibi-
with a mirror objective.
tively large, especially where the final converging beam
passes over the spherical convex mirror.
It is apparent from a comparison of the lens system
shown in Fig. 3 and the three designs of Fig. 4(a), (b),
axis. The disadvantage with this last arrangement is (c) that the location of the image surface of the former
the long over-all length that equals twice the focal is not as ideally suited for either visual or photographic
length of the mirror. When the stop is located at some observation as the latter three. The 1: 1 arrangement
other position, there will be coma and astigmatism
residuals.
Figure 3 illustrates the modified Schupmann lens with
the spherical mirror replacing the refractive objective.
This configuration is somewhat similar to mirror-lens
systems described in the literature and might be called
for the lack of a better name, crossed-axis optical sys-
tems.
Probably the simplest of these configurations is the (a)CROSSED
classical Gregorian catoptric lens. As shown in Fig. GREGORIAN
4(a) the optical axis of the paraboloidal primary is
placed at right angles to the axis of the ellipsoidal
secondary. The image surface is accessible, the central
obstruction quite small, and the primary mirror does not
have to be pierced when used in this manner. The two
conic mirrors completely eliminate spherical aberration.
However, angular field coverage is very small-of the
order of minutes. The conic primary also makes it (b) WILD
quite undesirable for possible use in a large-scale appli- CATADIOPTRIC
cation. LENS
A catadioptric design employing the crossed-axis
concept has been described by Wild9 and is shown in
Fig. 4(b). This lens is similar to the proposed Schup-
mann lens shown in Fig. 3.
A two-part objective is used in combination with a
Mangin mirror primary to form the primary image at
the reflex prism, which is reimaged by the Mangin
secondary at the final image plane. Designed for
application as a high precision theodolite objective,
this design has a much smaller secondary spectrum /I
residual than the conventional refracting objectives (c) McCARTHY
normally used in these instruments. A family of these CATOPTRIC
LENe
catadioptric objectives was designed with a maximum
focal length of about 56 cm and as fast as f/2.8 in rela-
tive aperture.
The large full-aperture correctors and the Mangin
mirror primary coupled with a restricted field of view Fig. 4. Three crossed-axis optical systems.

1816 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 11, No. 8 / August 1972

of the original Schupmann Mangin mirror is adequate
for use with a refracting objective, there being no vi-
gnetting introduced by the viewer, visual or otherwise.
To obtain, therefore, an image surface that is readily
accessible requires a Mangin mirror design in which the
long conjugate distance is well outside the clear aperture
limits of the primary mirror.
Schupmann, in his design example, made use of a
Mangin mirror system having a diameter approximately
one eighth that of the objective. In his discussion of
the medial telescope, Schupmann recommended a re-
duction ratio between 6 and 9, for aperture ratios of the
telescope objective of f/15 to f/12.5. Baker, however,
felt that the reduction ratios proposed by Schupmann
would necessitate a Mangin mirror with very steep
curves, resulting in very large spherical aberration
errors, and also a significant increase in the variation of
coma with color. He proposed instead that the aper-
ture ratio be kept between f/15 and f/25 and the Man-
gin diameter be one third that of the objective. This
arrangement results in a simple backsurfaced element,
figured on either side to remove the spherical aberration
residual.
It was mentioned earlier that the original design
concept for the lens to be described was a system goal of
f/4 for the aperture ratio. However,not knowing what
problems might arise from a high reduction ratio for
the Mangin, it was decided to limit the Mangin diam-
eter to one third that of the primary mirror. If one
considers possible application of this proposed optical
system to a large-scale astronomical telescope of 3-m
aperture, the aspheric secondary diameter would be of
the order of 1 m, which is not an exceptionally difficult
size to work with, especially if the aspheric figure is not
too severe.
Rather than use the original Schupmann lens system
as a starting point for the ensuing design effort, it was
decided to start with as simple a system as possible and
to add correcting refractive elements as dictated by
aberrations in the design process. As usual, in the case
of complex lens designs, as the simplified system con-
verges toward a solution, the single optical elements
tend to become doublets and triplets.
The following first order parameters were established
as a design goal:
focal length 3.8-m minimum,
back focus 10-cm minimum, measured from
the field lens,
angular field 41.0', flat field,
relative aperture f/4 to f/6,
performance diffraction-limited over the
specified field.
Figure 5 is a schematic of the minimal optical system
required for the reflecting version of the extended field
Schupmann medial telescope. Since the primary
mirror is free of color aberrations, the secondary mirror
need be, in theory, only a concave aspheric mirror.
The refracting portion of the Mangin was required to
oppose the color aberrations of the refractive objective
lens. The field lens is retained to image the entrance
pupil at the secondary mirror. An additional optical
element, a field flattening lens, is positioned near the
final image; the power of this lens is computed to give
a total system Petzval sum of zero.
Starfing with the simplified configuration of Fig. 5
the monochromatic aberrations-field curvature,
astigmatism, coma, and spherical aberration-were
corrected in the order in which they are listed. There
was no special attention given to distortion other than
the attitude of seeing what level it attained. Fortu-
nately it turned out to be rather low; 0.4% at 1.0°.
Of the monochromatic aberrations mentioned above,
the most difficult to correct was the combined astigma-
tism of the primary and secondary mirrors, the second-
ary mirror in particular.
The power of the field flattening lens will correct the
system Petzval sum, but the two surfaces of the simple
lens do not provide sufficient degrees of freedom to cor-
rect the astigmatism. Since the correction of astigma-
tism is primarily a function of the lens bending, a more
complex lens form is called for. Past experience in the
design of field-flattening lenses for extended field cata-
dioptric lenses has shown that a cemented triplet type
would be adequate for this design. These triplets
usually consist of glasses of high index and dispersive
power for the outer lenses, while the inner positive lens
is usually a glass of low index and dispersive power.
The large index difference helps in the correction of the
system astigmatism, while the dispersive difference
would aid in the reduction of the lateral color intro-
duced by this fieldflattening lens.
The design procedure with this lens therefore con-
sisted of the following: lens bendings of the field
flattening lens corrected the astigmatism, while the
change of one of the dispersive interface curvatures
would minimize the lateral color; this in turn would
change the total power of this lens, however, the Petzval
sum would be restored to zero by a slight change in
curvature of the last surface of this field lens. Alter-
natively the power of this lens could be scaled to restore
the Petzval sum. It is quite obvious that there was
some wandering of the system focal length, which al-
though not excessivecould be restored by scaling of the
whole lens. The back focal length was not watched
too closely; occasional checks were made to see that it
did not become extremely long or short.
In the process, however, axial color was introduced
into the basic lens system by the field flattening lens.
Fig. 5
Starting configuration for the design of the mirror
objective Schupmann medial telescope.
August 1972/ Vol. 11, No. 8 / APPLIED OPTICS 1817
This color residual was large enough to affect signifi-
cantly the system performance. To correct the color
without seriously disturbing the rest of the aberrations,
a weak negative meniscus doublet was located near the
secondary mirror. This meniscus was of the buried
type-both elements have equal indices of refraction in
the primary wavelength but different dispersions-re-
quiring only a change in the curvature of the cemented
surface to correct the axial color. As it turned out,
this lens served a dual purpose. By bending the me-
niscus lens a comatic residual could be generated that
when combined with small comatic contributions intro-
duced by slight changes in the axial position of both the
relay lens and the field flattening lens reduced the over-
all coma residual to a very small value.

Fig. 7. Optical schematic of the final design of the mirror ob-

jective Schupmann medial telescope.

ENTRANCE PUPIL APERTURE (METERS)

-. 5 -. 4 -3 -. 2 -1 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5
i i i i i i

0 1 10

1 0 I-'

J-10
0 1.s 6 1.5 10 11.5
MICRONS U)
z
Fig. 6. Difference in the sag of the vertex radius of the secondary
mirror and that of the aspheric surface. U)
Zz
10 00
.70 n
It was mentioned earlier that the power of the field 0 4:
lens is determined primarily by the desired entrance
pupil minification at the secondary mirror, and for this -10 w
configuration a single lens element is more than ade- co
quate. However, to take some of the lateral color LII
correction burden off the field flattening lens, the field
Lii
lens was also designed as a buried surface doublet. U).
Consequently any lateral color residual could be mini- z
mized simply by changing the dispersive interface 4:
1 10
curvature and not disturb the state of correction for
the monochromaticfield aberrations.
The remaining uncorrected monochromatic aberra- i -

tion, spherical aberration, is easily corrected to zero by

aspherizing the secondary mirror. Since the secondary Fig. 8. Transverse aberration plots for lens configuration shown
mirror is also an image of the stop, there is no detri- in Fig. 7. Solid line refers to the tangential fan (-A- d light,
mental effect on any of the other aberrations. It should -0- e light, -X-c light), the dashed line to the sagittal fan (d
be noted that the aspheric equation derived for the light).

1818 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 11, No. 8 / August 1972

 Table I. Design Specification for Mirror Modified method of relating changes in constructional param-
Schupmann Medial Telescope (m)
eters to resulting changes in third order image errors.
Clear The reasons for this were as follows:
Surface Curvature Thickness Glass diameter (a) there was not available to the designer at the
1 STOP time this study was conducted a lens optimizing pro-
1.016
Spherical 5.1816 gram that could handle aspheres;
2 primary -0.10165 1.194 (b) the aperture and field requirements were well
-4.9174 within the realm of third order theory;
3 0.58708 (c) last, and probably most important, as this was
-0.0254 F-2 primarily an explorative type of lens design investiga-
4 1.33578 0.170 tion, the design process would not be slowed down by
-0.0254 SK-16 unforeseen boundary conditions. Focal length, back-
5 1.41300 focus, etc., were all quite flexible so that if one of these
- 1.7444 got a little out of line it could be restored by scaling,
6 1.18114
as in the case of the focal length, for example.
-0. 0254 KZFS-4
7 0.71318 0.42
The modified Schupmann telescope design that met
-0.0254 SSK-2
the original system's goals mentioned earlier in this
8 1.20748 paper is shown schematically in Fig. 7. Table I gives
Aspheric -0.1778 the design parameters for this lens. A comparison of
9 secondary 0.36300 0.418 the configurations of Figs. 3 and 7 indicates that the
2.4236 final design closely resembles the proposed configura-
10 2.56713 tion, with a few minor differences. For instance, to
0.0305 SF4 simplify its fabrication, the Mangin mirror was not
11 3.34604 designed in the classical form, that is, the reflective and
0.0635 BK-7 0.296 the refractive portions were separated. By doing this
12 0.23440
it is possible to use a rigid, low expansion material for
0.0305 SF-4
13 0.61373 the figured mirror rather than a high grade optical
Focal length 5.522 glass.
Back focal length 0.254 A plot of the ray intercept data at three wavelengths
Asphere equation
for the axial case, the 0.7, and full field position is pre-
sented in Fig. 8. From these data it is quite apparent
CY2 that the lens is well corrected with a flat, coma free field.
1 + [1 - (1 + K)C2Y2]1+ DY4 + EY6 8
+ FY , The chromatic aberrations, both axial and lateral, from
D = -0.859490 e to C light show a state of excellent correction. Optical
X 10-2,
E = -0.130708 X 10-1, transfer function analysis, including the effects of dif-
F = 0.139470.

secondary mirror was in the form of a general asphere;

that is, the sag (X) of the aspheric surface as a function
of the distance (Y) from the optical axis is expressed
in the following manner:

1 [-(1+ K)C2Y2]
+ DY +EY + F8 +
where C is the vertex curvature and K is the conic
constant.
Since the relative aperture of this lens is fairly mod-
erate, the uncorrected spherical aberration residual is
mostly undercorrected third order spherical aberration
that can be easily corrected by the DY 4 term only.
The same spherical aberration correction can also be
obtained with a conic secondary mirror, whose figure
is in the form of a hyperboloid. The difference in the
sag of the aspheric surface and that of the vertex curva-
ture is shown in Fig. 6. The aspherizing process
weakens the spherical surface by about thirty waves of
sodium light (589.3nm) at the maximum aperture.
I The whole design process was carried out using third
order aberrations exclusively in the classical design Fig. 9. Reflex mirror location for the on-axis mode.

August 1972/ Vol. 11, No. 8 / APPLIED OPTICS 1819

 a field point of 0.5° to a maximum of 1.00 off-axis.
Perpendicular to the plane of the diagram the field
coverage is 40.870, so that rather than transmitting
a circular field, the relay lens-reflex mirror combination
transmits a segment of a field 2.00 in diameter.
After reflection from the secondary mirror the return
beam segment passes below the-reflex mirror and reaches
the final image plane, using the lower half of the field
flattening lens in the process. The resulting field of
view for these two cases is illustrated in Fig. 11. The
large circle is the 2.00 full field that the lens is capable
of covering.
The off-axis mode yields a much smaller central

ON-A'A1 MODE

/// OFF-A(I9 MODE

-

Fig. 10. Reflex mirror location for the off-axis mode.

fraction, indicates that the system is essentially dif-

fraction limited.
From the aberrational data presented it is quite evi-
dent that the field coverage capabilities of this lens
would yield excellent results over a full field of about
20. However, this field capability may not be readily
obtainable; the reason, quite simply, is the limiting
effects of the central obstruction due to the reflex
mirror. This is the mirror required to fold -and redirect Fig. 11. Image field format for both the on-axis and the off-axis
the primary image toward the secondary mirror. modes.
This limitation is illustrated in Fig. 9. The reflex
mirror, shown schematically, is below the relay lens,
and the solid ray lines are for the limiting rays of an
oblique bundle of 10.5'. If the reflex mirror is made 1.0
large enough to accommodate the 1.0' bundle the
mirror dimensions would be such that the axial beam
would be completely occluded and to a lesser extent .8
those obliquities that lie between the two angles men-
tioned. The full field image under these conditions
would be an annulus rather than the circular format (-)
expected.
Therefore, the practical format dimension would be .4
one that is circular and is 1.00 in diameter; this being
the optimum balance between the maximum field
possible and the realistic central obstruction that could
be considered the maximum permissible from the
0
optical transfer function viewpoint. 50 ¶00 150 200 250 300
An alternate solution would be to use this design in
an off-axis mode so that the troublesome obstruction LINES/ mm
effects would be quite minimal. The proposed off-axis Fig. 12. Monochromatic OTF for both image field formats
configuration is shown in Fig. 10. In this mode only (including effects of diffraction and obstructions). (a) Response
one-half of the relay lens is used. The image formed for an f/5.5 aperture and also the tangential and sagittal response
from the axial position to a point 0.5° off axis is not for the off-axis mode for obliquities from 0.5° to 1.00. (b)
transmitted beyond the relay lens. The reflex mirror Tangential and sagittal response for the on-axis mode for ob-
limits the useful field, in the plane of the diagram, from liquities from 00 to 1.00.

1820 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 11, No. 8 / August 1972

obstruction. The obstructed area is about 4% of the
total entrance pupil area, as compared to 25% for the
on-axis case. The effects of these obstructions on the
system OTF are shown in Fig. 12. The on-axis con-
figuration exhibits the typical decrease in response for
the low and midfrequencies, while there is a slight
increase at the higher frequencies; whereas the off-axis
alternative shows practically no deterioration in re-
sponse.
In assessing the relative merits of the two modes of
image format presented, it is apparent that the off-axis
arrangement is, without a doubt, the better of the two
although the field format is somewhat unconventional.
The area of the field for the on-axis case is only 14%
greater than the area of the off-axisfield. However, the
optical transfer function response of the former is down
by 45% at the midfrequencies as compared to the
latter.
In conclusion, a catadioptric lens, patterned after the
classical Schupmann medial telescope, has been de-
scribed that could find application in the orbiting astro-
nomical observatories that have been predicted for use
in this decade. This proposed optical system will
utilize a spherical primary mirror rather than one that
is aspheric, making it possible to use some of the newer
mirror fabrication techniques recently developed,
namely active optics.
It should be noted that this design effort-was not
tailored to any specific space or astronomical activity
but rather an exercise in optical design to investigate
the application of the novel Schupmann telescope to
current optical technology. For lack of specific re-
quirements for any particular astronomical telescope, it
was felt that at least the design presented in this paper
would be a starting point for future designs for a specific
astronomical space application.
With the powerful optimizing programs currently
available in the field of lens design, many variations of
this basic design can be investigated. Some of the
areas that could be investigated further would be
(a) maximum diffraction-limited field obtainable
with this lens;
(b) reduction of the central obstruction by decreasing
the focal length of the primary mirror and the subse-
quent restoration of the system focal length by increas-
ing the magnification of the secondary mirror, in the
manner of the classical Gregorian telescope;
(c) another important area of investigation would be
the effects of further reduction of the secondary Mangin
mirror size. If the aperture of the primary mirror of
the modified Schupmann lens was scaled to the diameter
proposed for the manned orbiting observatory tele-
scope, the Mangin mirror for such a telescope would be
about 1 m in diameter; therefore, a reduction factor of
say one sixth might be more desirable than the current
value of one third.
References
1. Space Science Board, Space Research,Directionsfor the Future
(National Academy of Sciences-National Research Coun-
cil, Washington, D.C., 1966), Part 2.
2. L. Spitzer, Jr., Science 161, 225 (1968).
3. Z. Kopal, Astronaut Aeron. 3, 16 (1965).
4. L. Roberts, Astronaut Aeron. 3, 22 (1965).
5. J. B. Rogerson, Jr., Space Sci. Rev. 2, 621 (1963).
6. R. Crane and H. J. Robertson, in Proceedings of the Technical
Program, Electro-OpticalSystems Design Conference,New York
City (Sept. 1969), p. 796.
7. A. Schupmann, Fernrohe (Teubner, Leipzig, 1899), see also
Z. Instrumentenk 33, 308 (1913).
8. J. G. Baker, Astron. J. 59, 74 (1954).
9. H. Wild, U.S. Patent 2,166,102; see also W. Lotmar, in Pro-
ceedings of the London Conference on Optical Instruments
(Chapman and Hall, London, 1950),p. 16.
10. E. L. McCarthy, U.S. Patent 3,062,102.

SPSE DENVER TUTORIAL SEMINAR

Color: Theory and Imaging Systems, a two-day tutorial seminar jointly sponsored by
Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Photographic Scientists and Engineers and
Lowry Technical Training Center, is taking shape for the delineation of theory, applica-
tions and state-of-the-art. The place is Denver; the date 2-3 November 1972. The-
oretical subjects including human perception, colorimetry, densitometry, sensitometry,
image structure analysis, masking and reproduction, development, and processing qual-
ity control compose the first day's sessions; the basis of second-day discussions is sys-
tems including aerial photography, microfilm and hardcopy in addition to positive and
negative' silver imaging, reversal imaging, silver dye bleach, and diffusion transfer. The
program will also feature a tour of the Aerospace Photographic Training facility, Lowry
AFB, as well as demonstration of methods the Air Force uses to teach color photography
and photographic quality control. For further Information, contact Russell P. Cook,
Polaroid Corporation, 730Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139

August 1972/ Vol. 11, No. 8 / APPLIED OPTICS 1821