THE URINARY SYSTEM Liver- regeneration

ᴥ FUNCTIONS:
ᴥ Kidney Location and External Anatomy
 Elimination of waste products:
- The kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal
- Nitrogenous
position in the superior lumbar region
wastes Stability of the body
- The right kidney is lower than the left
- Toxins
because it is crowded by the liver.
- Drugs
- The lateral surface is convex; the
 Regulates aspects of homeostasis
medial surface is concave
- Water balance
- The renal hilus leads to the renal
- Electrolytes
sinus
- Acid-base balance in blood
- Ureters, renal blood vessels,
- Bp
lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit
- RBC production
at the hilus
- Activation of vitamin D
ᴥ Regions:
ᴥ Organs of the Urinary Bladder
 Renal cortex
 Kidneys
- Outer regions
- Locations:
 Renal medulla
 Against the dorsal (back) wall
- Inside cortex
 T12 TO L3
 Illiac crest/ abdomen  Renal pelvis
- Right kidney lower than the left - Inner collecting tube
- Attached to the ureters, renal blood - Connected to urethra.
vessels, and nerve at renal hilus ᴥ Internal anatomy
- At top of each kidney is an adrenal  Major calyces
gland - Large branches of the renal pelvis
- Commonly sold/donated. - Collect urine draining from papillae
- Coverings: layers of protections - Empty urine into pelvis
 Renal capsule - Urine flows through the pelvis &
- Surrounds each kidney ureter to the bladder
- Inside, makes some structure ᴥ KUB ultrasound procedure
 Adipose capsule - kidney ureter bladder
- Surrounds kidney - Most common
- Protection ᴥ Nephrons
- Keep kidney in position - Structural & functional units of
- Fat outside kidney kidneys
- Functions: - Responsible for forming urine
- Filter 200L of blood daily - round
- Remove toxins, metabolic waste & - 2 Main structure:
excess ions by urine 1. Glomerulus
- Regulate volume and chemical make - Infront- gate
up of blood - Filter out unhealthy products= urine
- Proper balance of water&salts, - Cluster of blood vessels In the kidney
acids&base where blood filtrations occur
 Ureters/paired ureters - Sits w/in a glomerular capsule (1st
- Transport urine from kidney to part of the renal tubule)
bladder - Attached to arterioles on both sides.
 Urinary bladder  Arterioles regulate blood flow and
- Provides a temporary storage controlling distribution of blood in the
reservoir for urine urinary system organs.
- Pundo ang ihi  Afferent arterioles- carries blood into
 Urethra the glomerulus
- Transport urine from bladder out of  efferent arterioles- carries blood away
the body from glomerulus
 arterioles- mini artery
numb fingers- excessive alcohol
- filter blood out, in unfiltered
2. Renal tubule- likod sa nephron
 Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
– allows water, ions, and waste to
pass through.
 Loop of Henle – helps the kidney
conserve fluids while also
facilitating excretion of waste
 Proximal and Distal convoluted
tubule – sends filtered nutrients
back into the bloodstream
ᴥ Urine Formation Processes
Involuntary / autonomic
1. Filtration
- Nonselective passive process
- Occurs in the glomerulus, where
blood plasma is filtered into the renal
tubule, allowing water, ions, glucose,
and waste products to pass into the
tubules while retaining larger
molecules like proteins and blood
cells.
- continuous
2. reabsorption
- Process where valuable substances
that have been filtered is reclaimed,
Substances such as:
o Some water
o Glucose
o Amino acids
o Ions
- Some reabsorption is passive, most is
active
- Most reabsorption occurs in the
proximal convoluted tubule
- Reject/check/ tanawon kung unsa pa
pwede ibalik
ᴥ Materials Not Reabsorbed
 Nitrogenous waste products (harmful
products that contain excess nitrogen)
- Urea – high levels can result in
dehydration
- Uric acid – high levels can result in
gout
- Creatinine – high levels indicate
malfunction
 Excess water
ᴥ Secretion – Reabsorption in Reverse
 Some materials move from the
peritubular capillaries into the renal
tubules
- Hydrogen and potassium ions
- Creatinine
 Materials left in the renal tubule move
toward the ureter
ᴥ Diuretics
 Chemicals that enhance the urinary
output include:
o Any substance not reabsorbed
o Substances that exceed the ability
of the renal tubules to reabsorb
o Substances that inhibit Na+
reabsorption
 Osmotic diuretics include:
o High glucose levels – carries
water out with the glucose
o Alcohol – inhibits the release of
ADH
o Caffeine and most diuretic
drugs – inhibit sodium ion
reabsorption
o Lasix and Diuril – inhibit Na+-
associated symporters
ᴥ Creatinine
 Byproduct/Waste product of chemical
compound
 Waste product that is filtered out of the
blood by the kidneys and removed from
the body in the urine
 High Creatinine Level means that the
kidneys are unable to expel the waste
(kidneys are not working correctly)
 Creatinine tests are conducted BEFORE
any Contrast Media procedures
 Patients with high levels of creatinine are
not allowed to be administered with
contrast media (kidneys might not be
able to expel the chemical substance)
 Normal Creatinine levels:
 Men: 0.72 to 1.25 mg/dL
 Women: 0.59 to 1.04 mg/dL
Clear Very good
Light yellow Good
Yellow Fair
Dark yellow Light dehydrated
Amber Dehydrated
Brown Very dehydrated
Red Severe dehydrated
ᴥ Physical Characteristics of Urine
  Color and Trasparency
- Clear, pale to deep yellow
(urochrome)
- Depper yellow color- concentrated
- Drugs, vitamins supplements, and
diet can change the color
- Cloudy urine- infection of urinary
tract
 Odor
- Fresh urine- slightly aromatic
- Standing urine- ammonia odor
- Some drugs and vegetables
(asparagus) alter usual odor
 pH
- slightly acidic (pH6) with range of
4.5 to 8.0
- diet can alter pH
ᴥ chemical composition of urine
 95% water & 5% soluted
 Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, and
creatinine
 Normal solutes:
- Sodium, potassium, phosphate, and
sulfate ions
- Calcium, magnesium, and
bicarbonate ions
 Abnormally high concentration of
urinary constituents- pathology
ᴥ Ureters
 Slender tubes that convey urine from the
kidneys to the bladder
 Ureters enters the base of the bladder
through the posterior wall
- Closes their distal ends as bladder
pressure increases and prevents back
flow of urine into the ureters
 Uretral Obstruction
- Sakit ihi
- Inflammation
ᴥ Micturition (Voiding or Urination)
- Bara
ᴥ Urinary Bladder
 Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
 Temporarily stores urine
 Like a collapsible storage of fluids
 Urinary Bladder Wall
- Three layers of smooth muscle
- Mucosa made of transitional
epithelium
- Walls are thick and folded in an
empty bladder
- Bladder can expand significantly
without increasing internal pressure
ᴥ Maintaining Water Balance
ᴥ Urethra
 Thin-walled tube that carries urine from
the bladder to the outside of the body by
peristalsis
 Release of urine is controlled by two
sphincters
- Internal urethral sphincter
(involuntary)
- External urethral sphincter
(voluntary)
 Urethra Gender Differences
- Length
 Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
 Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
- Location
 Females – along wall of the
vagina
 Males – through the prostate and
penis
 urethra gender differences
 functions:
- Females
 carries urine
 The female urethra is tightly
bound to the anterior vaginal wall
 Its external opening lies anterior
to the vaginal opening and
posterior to the clitoris
- Males
 passageway of urine and
sperm cells
 Prostatic urethra – runs
within the prostate gland
 Membranous urethra – runs
through the urogenital
diaphragm
 Spongy (penile) urethra –
passes through the penis and
opens via the external urethral
orifice
 emptying the bladder
 Distension of bladder walls initiates
spinal reflexes that:
- Stimulate contraction of the external
urethral sphincter
- Inhibit the detrusor muscle and
internal sphincter (temporarily)
 Voiding reflexes:
- Stimulates the detrusor muscle to
contract.
- Inhibit the internal and external
sphincters.
  Normal amount of water in the human Ion therapy Electrolyte h2o/salt

body Soda glucose craving

- Young adult females – 50% Acid balance kidney 1st trimester
- Young adult males – 60%
Baby: not concentrated/ not control Control- 18mknth/ 1 year
- Babies – 75% and half
- Old age – 45%
Probe – ultrasonic wave, non-ionizing, not invasive
 Water is necessary for many body
Contrast media- special type of medicine, it visualize soft
functions and levels must be maintained
tissue
ᴥ Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
Ultrasound-pcos, Fluoroscopy- xray Prodecure-modality
 Most acid-base balance is maintained by
the kidneys
 Other acid-base controlling systems
- Blood buffers
- Respiration
ᴥ Developmental Aspects of the Urinary
System
 Functional kidneys are developed by
the third month
 Urinary system of a newborn
- Bladder is small
- Urine cannot be concentrated
 Control of the voluntary urethral
sphincter does not start until age 18
months
 Urinary infections are the only common
problems before old age
ᴥ Aging and the Urinary System
 There is a progressive decline in
urinary function
 The bladder shrinks with aging
 Urinary retention is common in males
Additional

Palliative treatment- dialysis, no cure only treatment

Creatinine- kidney malfunctions

Secretion- bye

Lasix and diuril- tambal

Kidney- tig labay basura

High creatinine- kidney not able to do its job

Contrast media- very toxic- adverse reaction- mild/ severe

Standing urine- express for a… oxide

Solute- nitrogenous waste

Urethers-esophagus/pharynx pathways

Urinary bladder- temporary stores urine and collapsible

2 ureters 1 urethra

Bladder- 2 gates

Urethra – internal- involuntary feeling kaihion na- open

External-voluntary, muscle, pugong ihi

Pag mag ihi, muscle kay relax Male- sterile rod

Dehydration-excessive urination