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commonly called jockies, and present them to the state of Venice, ‘to
serve in the galleys against the common enemy of Christendom.’
Most of the patriot’s contemporaries probably acknowledged the
existence of the evil which he described—though he probably
exaggerated it to the extent of at least a third—but there is no
appearance of the slightest movement having ever been made
towards the adoption of his remedy. A modern man can only wonder
at such a scheme proceeding from one whose patriotism was in
general too fine for use, and who held such views of the late
tyrannical governments, that he was for punishing their surviving
instruments several years after the Revolution.[257]
At the date noted, the government was revolving more rational
plans for mitigating the evils of the wide-spread mendicancy. The
Privy Council issued a proclamation, 1699.
adverting to the non-execution of the laws
for the poor during the time of the scarcity, but intimating that better
arrangements were rendered possible by the plentiful harvest just
realised. The plan ordered to be adopted was to build correction-
houses at Edinburgh, Dumfries, Ayr, Glasgow, Stirling, Perth,
Dundee, Aberdeen, and Inverness, each for the county connected
with the burgh, into which the poor should be received: no allusion is
made to the other counties. The poor were to be confined to the
districts in which they had had residence for the last three years. It
was ordained of each correction-house, that it should have ‘a large
close sufficiently enclosed for keeping the said poor people, that they
be not necessitat to be always within doors to the hurt and hazard of
their health.’ And the magistrates of the burghs were commanded to
take the necessary steps for raising these pauper-receptacles under
heavy penalties.[258]
1700. Jan.
A case of a singular character was brought before the Court of
Justiciary. In the preceding July, a boy named John Douglas, son of
Douglas of Dornock, attending the school of Moffat, was chastised by
his teacher, Mr Robert Carmichael, with such extreme severity that
he died on the spot. The master is described in the indictment as
beating and dragging the boy, and giving him three lashings without
intermission; so that when ‘let down’ for the third time, he ‘could
only weakly struggle along to his seat, and never spoke more, but
breathed out his last, and was carried dying, if not dead, out of the
school.’ Carmichael fled, and kept out of sight for some weeks, ‘but
by the providence of God was discovered and seized.’
‘The Lords decerned the said Mr Robert to be taken from the
Tolbooth of Edinburgh by the hangman under a sure guard to the
middle of the Landmarket, and there lashed by seven severe stripes;
then to be carried down to the Cross, and there severely lashed by six
sharp stripes; and then to be carried to the Fountain Well, to be
severely lashed by five stripes; and then to be carried back by the
hangman to the Tolbooth. Likeas, the Lords banish the said Mr
Robert furth of this kingdom, never to return thereto under all
highest pains.’[262]
Robert Carmichael was perhaps only unfortunate in some
constitutional weakness of his victim. An energetic use of the lash
was the rule, not the exception, in the old 1700.
school—nay, even down to times of which
many living persons may well say, ‘quæque miserrima vidi, et
quorum pars magna fui.’ In the High School of Edinburgh about
1790, one of the masters (Nicol) occasionally had twelve dunces to
whip at once, ranking them up in a row for the purpose. When all
was ready, he would send a polite message to his colleague, Mr
Cruikshank, ‘to come and hear his organ.’ Cruikshank having come,
Mr Nicol would proceed to administer a rapid cursory flagellation
along and up and down the row, producing a variety of notes from
the patients, which, if he had been more of a scientific musician, he
might have probably called a bravura. Mr Cruikshank was sure to
take an early opportunity of inviting Mr Nicol to a similar treat.
Or else:
For to find out a parallaxis
We’ll not our minds apply,
Save what a toast in Corbreed[278] makes us;
Whether the moon moves on her axis,
Ask Black and Gregory.[279]
1700.
A diploma conferred upon George Durward, doubtless not without
very grave consideration of his pretensions to the honour, is couched
in much the same strain as the theses:
To all and sundry who shall see this,
Whate’er his station or degree is,
We, Masters of the Buttery College,
Send greeting, and to give them knowledge,
That George Durward, præsentium lator,
Did study at our Alma Mater
Some years, and hated foolish projects,
But stiffly studied liquid logics;
And now he’s as well skilled in liquor
As any one that blaws a bicker;
For he can make our college theme
A syllogism or enthymeme....
Since now we have him manumitted,
In arts and sciences well fitted,
To recommend him we incline
To all besouth and north the line,
To black and white, though they live as far
As Cape Good-Hope and Madagascar,
Him to advance, because he is
Juvenis bonæ indolis, &c.
Nov. 16.
A band of persons, usually called Egyptians or gipsies, used to go
about the province of Moray in armed fashion, helping themselves
freely to the property of the settled population, and ordinarily
sleeping in kilns near the farmhouses. There seems to have been
thirty of them in all, men and women; but it was seldom that more
than eight or ten made their appearance in 1700.
any one place. It was quite a familiar sight,
at a fair or market in Banff, Elgin, Forres, or any other town of the
district, to see nearly a dozen sturdy Egyptians march in with a piper
playing at their head, their matchlocks slung behind them, and their
broadswords or dirks by their sides, to mingle in the crowd, inspect
the cattle shewn for sale, and watch for bargains passing among
individuals, in order to learn who was in the way of receiving money.
They would be viewed with no small suspicion and dislike by the
assembled rustics and farmers; but the law was unable to put them
entirely down.
James Macpherson, who was understood to be the natural son of a
gentleman of the district by a gipsy mother, was a conspicuous or
leading man in the band; he was a person of goodly figure and great
strength and daring, always carrying about with him—how acquired
we cannot tell—an example of the two-handed swords of a former
age, besides other weapons. He had a talent for music, and was a
good player on the violin. It has been stated that some traits of a
generous nature occasionally shone out in him; but, on the whole, he
was merely a Highland cateran, breaking houses and henroosts,
stealing horses and cattle, and living recklessly on the proceeds, like
the tribe with which he associated.
Duff, Laird of Braco, founder of the honours and wealth of the
Earls of Fife, took a lead at this time in the public affairs of his
district. He formed the resolution of trying to give a check to the
lawless proceedings of the Egyptians, by bringing their leaders to
justice. It required some courage to face such determined ruffians
with arms in their hands, and he had a further difficulty in the
territorial prejudices of the Laird of Grant, who regarded some of the
robbers as his tenants, and felt bound, accordingly, to protect them
from any jurisdiction besides his own.[281] This remark bears
particularly upon two named Peter and Donald Brown, who had
lived for half a year at a place closely adjacent to Castle-Grant, and
the former of whom 1700.
was regarded as
captain of the band.
Finding Macpherson, the Browns, and
others at the ‘Summer’s Eve Fair in Keith, the
stout-hearted Braco made up his mind to
attack them. To pursue a narrative which
appears to be authentic: ‘As soon as he
observed them in the fair, he desired his
brother-in-law, Lesmurdie, to bring him a
dozen stout men, which he did. They attacked
the villains, who, as they had several of their
accomplices with them, made a desperate
resistance. One of them made a pass at Braco
with his hanger, intending to run him through
the heart; but it slanted along the outside of
the ribs, and one of his men immediately
stabbed the fellow dead. They then carried
Macpherson and [Peter] Brown to a house in
Keith, and set three or four stout men to
guard them, not expecting any more
opposition, as all the rest of the gang were
fled. Braco and Lesmurdie were sitting in an
upper room, concerting the commitment of
their prisoners, when the Laird of Grant and
thirty men came calling for them, swearing no
Duff in Scotland should keep them from him.
Braco, hearing the noise of the Grants, came
down stairs, and said, with seeming
unconcern and humour: “That he designed to
have sent them to prison; but he saw they
were too strong a party for him to contend
Macpherson’s with, and so he must leave them;” but,
Sword. without losing a moment, he took a turn
through the market, found other two justices
of peace, kept a court, and assembled sixty
stout fellows, with whom he retook the two criminals, and sent them
to prison.’[282]
James Macpherson, the two Browns, and 1700.
James Gordon, were brought before the
sheriff of Banffshire at Banff, on the 7th of November 1700, charged
with ‘being habit and repute Egyptians and vagabonds, and keeping
the markets in their ordinary manner of thieving and purse-
cutting’ ... being guilty also of ‘masterful bangstrie and oppression.’ A
procurator appeared on the part of the young Laird of Grant,
demanding surrender of the two Browns, to be tried in the court of
his regality, within whose bounds they had lived, and offering a
culreach or pledge for them;[283] but the demand was overruled, on
the ground that the Browns had never been truly domiciliated there.
Witnesses were adduced, who detailed many felonies of the
prisoners. They had stolen sheep, oxen, and horses; they had broken
into houses, and taken away goods; they had robbed men of their
purses, and tyrannously oppressed many poor people. It was shewn
that the band was in the habit of speaking a peculiar language. They
often spent whole nights in dancing and debauchery, Peter Brown or
Macpherson giving animation to the scene by the strains of the
violin. An inhabitant of Keith related how Macpherson came to his
house one day, seeking for him, when, not finding him, he stabbed
the bed, to make sure he was not there, and, on going away, set the
ale-barrel aflowing. The jury gave a verdict against all the four
prisoners; but sentence was for the meantime passed upon only
Macpherson and Gordon, adjudging them to be hanged next market-
day.[284]
Macpherson spent the last hours of his life in composing a tune
expressive of the reckless courage with which he regarded his fate.
He marched to the place of execution, a mile from the town, playing
this air on his violin. He even danced to it under the fatal tree. Then
he asked if any one in the crowd would accept his fiddle, and keep it
as a memorial of Macpherson; and finding no one disposed to do so,
he broke the instrument over his knee, and threw himself
indignantly from the ladder. Such was the life and death of a man of
whom one is tempted to think that, with such qualities as he
possessed, he might, in a happier age, have 1700.
risen to some better distinction than that
which unfortunately he has attained.[285]
At this date one of the most remarkable of 1701. Jan. 25.
the precursors of Watt in the construction
of the steam-engine, comes in an interesting manner into connection
with Scotland. Captain Thomas Savery, an Englishman, ‘treasurer to
the commissioners of sick and wounded,’ had, in 1696, described an
engine framed by himself, and which is believed to have been
original and unsuggested, ‘in which water is raised not only by the
expansive force of steam, but also by its condensation, the water
being raised by the pressure of the atmosphere into receivers, from
which it is forced to a greater height by the expansive force of the
steam.’[286] He had obtained a patent for this engine in 1698, to last
for thirty-five years.
We have seen that there were busy-brained men in Scotland,
constantly trying to devise new things; and even now, Mr James
Gregory, Professor of Mathematics in the Edinburgh University—a
member of a family in which talent has been inherent for two
centuries—was endeavouring to bring into use ‘a machine invented
by him for raising of water in a continued pipe merely by lifting,
without any suction or forcing, which are the only ways formerly
practised, and liable to a great many inconveniences.’ By this new
machine, according to the inventor, ‘water might be raised to any
height, in a greater quantity, and in less space of time,’ than by any
other means employing the same force. It was useful for ‘coal-pits or
mines under ground.’ On his petition, Mr 1701.
Gregory obtained an exclusive right to make
and use this machine for thirty-one years.
Another such inventive genius was Mr James Smith of Whitehill,
who for several years made himself notable by his plans for
introducing supplies of water into burghs. Smith had caught at
Savery’s idea, and made a paction with him for the use of his engine
in Scotland, and now he applied to the Estates for ‘encouragement.’
He says that, since his bargain with Captain Savery, he ‘has made
additions to the engine to considerable advantage, so that, in the
short space of an hour, there may be raised thereby no less than the
quantity of twenty tuns of water to the height of fourteen fathoms.’
Any member of the honourable house was welcome to see it at work,
and satisfy himself of its efficiency; whence we may infer that an
example of it had come down to Edinburgh. In compliance with his
petition, Smith was invested with the exclusive power of making the
engine and dealing with parties for its use during the remainder of
the English patent.[287]
Savery’s steam-engine, however, was a seed sown upon an infertile
soil, and after this date, we in Scotland at least hear of it no more.