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Mental Health and Criminal Justice
EDITORIAL ADVISORS
Alida V. Merlo
George E. Higgins
University of Louisville
G. Larry Mays
Criminal Justice
us at www.AspenPublishing.com.
Aspen Publishing
PO Box 990
Frederick, MD 21705
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
ISBN 978-1-4548-7745-5
Names: Segal, Anne F., author. | Winfree, L. Thomas, Jr., 1946- author. | Friedman,
Title: Mental health and criminal justice / Anne F. Segal, J.D., Ph.D., L. Thomas
digital learning solutions to law schools in the U.S. and around the
The Aspen Casebook Series (famously known among law faculty and
such as the Examples & Explanations and the Emanuel Law Outlines
series, both highly popular collections, help law students master
available to students.
course curricula.
students.
audio, and video formats with full text search, note-taking, and
highlighting capabilities.
exploration.
To Bob, Bonnie, Brad, and Stephen Segal, and CharChar, who gave
me mental health.
—Anne Fisher Segal
Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Healthcare
Encounters
Chapter 6. Involuntary and Voluntary
Commitments
Criminal Trial
Mentally Ill
Special Considerations
Community
Afterword
Glossary
Case Index
Name Index
Subject Index
p. ix
Contents
Introduction
Introduction Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Introduction Overview
Framing the Issues
Chapter Structure
Thematic Organization
Special Features
Epilogue
Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Key Terms
References
Legislation
PART I
Tools for Understanding
CHAPTER 1
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
p. xi
p. xii
Criminal Laws
System Components
Epilogue
Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Key Terms
References
Cases
Legislation
CHAPTER 2
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
p. xii
p. xiii
Epilogue
Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Key Terms
References
CHAPTER 3
Reflexive Behaviors
Cognitive Functions
Epilogue
Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Key Terms
References
Cases
Legislation
CHAPTER 4
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
p. xiii
p. xiv
Framing the Issues
Biological Causes
Genetic Disorders
Biochemical Causes
Biochemistry in a Nutshell
Psychological Causes
Sociological Causes
Epilogue
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
References
Cases
Legislation
PART II
CHAPTER 5
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
Street Solutions
Street Encounters
p. xiv
p. xv
Best Practices
Alternative Approaches
Risk Management
Contemporary Concerns
Organizational Responses
Epilogue
Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Key Terms
References
Cases
CHAPTER 6
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
Involuntary Commitment
State Statutes
The Hearings
Length of Stay
Voluntary Commitment
State Statutes
Outpatient Commitments
Epilogue
p. xv
p. xvi
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
References
Case
CHAPTER 7
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
Incompetency
Constitutional Considerations
Ethical Obligations
Epilogue
Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Key Terms
References
Cases
Legislation
CHAPTER 8
Verdicts
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
p. xvi
p. xvii
Jeffery Dahmer and the Insanity Plea: How Insane Do You Have to Be?
Epilogue
Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Key Terms
References
Cases
Legislation
CHAPTER 9
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
Community Corrections
p. xvii
p. xviii
Epilogue
Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Key Terms
References
Cases
Legislation
PART III
Special Issues
CHAPTER 10
Considerations
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
Suicidal Ideation
Recidivism
Epilogue
Summary
Key Terms
p. xviii
p. xix
CHAPTER 11
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
Hoarding
Animal Hoarding
Characteristics of Animal Hoarding
Homelessness
Guardianships
Epilogue
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
References
Legislation
Cases
p. xix
p. xx
CHAPTER 12
Risk Groups
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Chapter Overview
Framing the Issues
Elder Mistreatment
Veterans
Gender Identity
Epilogue
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
References
Cases
Legislation
Afterword
Glossary
Case Index
Name Index
Subject Index
p. xx
About the Authors
and management) from New Mexico State University. During her legal
was elected for two terms as Doña Ana Magistrate Judge in Las
Peace in Tucson, Arizona and served for six years. She co-authored
numerous editions and over 100 refereed journal articles and book
the young, including drug use and abuse and gang behavior, and
criminological theory.
American Association
p. xxi
p. xxii
presented many workshops about child sexual abuse and was a co-
p. xxii
Acknowledgments
All book authors owe debts that are rarely repaid, except by, as in this
our initial ramblings about this topic, and to Renee Cote for copy
Haven.
draft form than she wishes to recount. Her insights and imaginings
State University. Thank you. We appreciate all your insights into the
improving the delivery of said material. All errors, however, remain the
p. xxiii
Introduction
INTRODUCTION OUTLINE
Learning Objectives
Prologue
Introduction Overview
Chapter Structure
Thematic Organization
Special Features
Epilogue
Summary
Key Terms
References
Legislation
p. 1
p. 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
examples.
Understand how the terms systemic interface and entropy relate to the
Appreciate the structure of this book and all its fundamental parts.
Link the various special features of the text to the goals outlined in each
PROLOGUE
subcontinent that illustrates one of this book’s primary messages: Humans tend
beast, not knowing exactly what stands before them. “We must
determine what animal this is. We can hear it breathing, and it sounds
quite fierce,” says Bill, the unofficial leader of the group. He continues:
“The noises it makes sound vaguely like a trumpet, but then it makes
those snorting noises as well. John,” he says to the man at the head of
the line, “approach the beast and use your sense of touch to discover
what it is.”
John approaches the beast and grasps an object that flits past his
face, only to have it curl first around his arm and then around entire his
body, literally caressing him in its embrace. “Oh,” says John, “it is a
it.”
something large and leathery. “Why if I didn’t know better,” Mary says,
“I would say it is a manta ray. This feels like one of its flukes.” She
drops the leathery object and asks a sighted friend: “Take me to the
beast’s tail. A manta ray has a long, slender tail and is very strong. But
don’t let my hand touch the tail’s end, because the manta has a sharp
barb there.” And, of course, Mary is right. The beast’s tail is long,
strong, and quite leathery, just like its “fluke.” “It’s a walking manta ray,”
she exclaims.
p. 2
p. 3
It was now Joshua’s turn. Walking forward, his cane touches the
animals leg. He leans toward the object and grasps it. “This is a tree,
not an animal at all. That odd noise must be the wind blowing through
its leaves and that large object you encountered, Mary, must have
“Bill, it’s your turn,” observes Joshua. “This beast cannot be all
Bill walks slowly forward, like his peers using his cane to find his
way. He walks into the side of the beast, immediately recoiling. “My
stick went under it,” he exclaims. “And I felt like I walked into a wall.
Whatever it is, I agree that its skin feels like leather, as you have all
observed. I think it is the beast’s side. But what it is, I cannot tell. And
they had just experienced. They agreed that it was indeed a mystery,
Our apologies to the Indian philosopher who first told this parable of
the blind men and the elephant. Tom Winfree’s father, who lost his
vision at the age of 50, first told his son a version of this parable to
explain how different people, looking at the same object or event, can
come away with his or her own ideas about it. It was the experiences,
one “saw” the same thing viewed by all. The story stuck.
of what are known as the criminal justice and mental health systems.
all of which work to protect the nation from wrongdoers, punish those
guilty of criminal offenses, serve the public, and maintain social order.
both) is mentally ill. The mentally ill person in question could also be a
Personnel from various parts of each system look at the same set
might be a citizen on the street. They are all seeing the same thing—a
mentally ill person involved as a possible offender, or as a victim of or
witness to a crime, but each actor sees and interprets the events
p. 3
p. 4
Introduction Overview
into how society evolved to this place and suggest ways to remedy the
dilemma of the “blind” persons. We are not suggesting that the various
personnel in the healthcare and criminal justice systems are truly blind
witnesses. Rather, they may not know all the subtle and not-so-subtle
elements that create the impasses and conflicts that can arise when a
mentally ill person enters the nexus of justice and healthcare. This
psychological states.
First, we look at a set of orienting ideas that should help the reader
which exist in two types: boxed inserts and a glossary. The boxes are
throughout the text and included in a Key Terms section at the end of
each chapter.
themes that converge in this book. We are preparing the reader for the
entities, or, in this case, between the criminal justice system and the
within a given entity and potentially impacts the whole entity and not
just its parts; moreover, this text’s two systems must focus their
p. 4
p. 5
contributions to make, but it is when those various contributions are
orders (Chapter 6), legal competency (Chapter 7), defenses, pleas, and
verdicts (Chapter 8), or even the execution of the mentally ill (Chapter
content, and (3) report funding” (Hean, Warr, and Staddon, 2009: 170).
clients and information from one partner to the other, then interface is
including clients who overlap with one another. The sheer size of each
of justice in the United States are tied to federal, state, and local
prisons. Managing costs and providing for interface with the public
The world of business offers insight into why these two systems
they also evidence a tendency toward the free exchange of ideas and
p. 5
p. 6
systemic interface.
CHAPTER STRUCTURE
Objectives. These are generalized goals for the content of the ensuing
central themes.
the mentally ill encounter both the criminal justice system and the
vignette twice: Once at the beginning of each chapter and then again
after you have examined its content. The importance of the vignette to
their status as major headings in both the Chapter Outline and the
that some readers will think that we left out important topics. And, we
probably did. But, overall, we believe that the specific topics included
services.
p. 6
p. 7
parties involved) and its implications for the information covered in the
chapter’s major points. These bulleted items do not capture the entire
that drive its central themes. After the Summary, we include Chapter
the chapter’s content, but also analytical questions that will require the
also provide additional Critical Thinking Questions that you can use for
system.
p. 7
p. 48
systems.
stand trial.
p. 8
p. 9
correctional treatment is about more than institutional
the mentally ill and both systems merit special attention. The
discussion.
education.
four groups in the hope that they will engage the reader to
SPECIAL FEATURES
amplifies an idea reviewed in the chapter. The first such box is entitled
What Would You Do? First, we offer a scenario taken from real life. The
p. 9
p. 10
Thinking About the Issues is the second type of box, which follows
statement that refers to the issues and ask the reader a series of
Law and Mental Health is the third type of box. Each chapter
presence varies through the book, but they include case studies or
the text and listed at the end of each chapter in a section entitled Key
EPILOGUE
This epilogue is derived from accounts by Abadi (2017); Crime Sider Staff (2017);
Luo (2007); Mark (2017); Martinez and Melzer (2017); and Montgomery, Oppel, Jr.,
On a pleasant fall day in late 2017, churchgoers inside the First Baptist
giving praise in song for their blessings. Over their own voices,
gunfire and, indeed, bullets began pouring through the sides of the
church.
years of age. Kelley, upon exiting the church, was shot at and, after a
members of the local community. As police closed in, Kelley took the
former wife’s family as members of the church and his familiarity with
Investigators did find that 26-year old Kelley had a running feud
p. 10
p. 11
of violence directed at an ex-wife and her son, his stepchild. For over a
once hit his stepson so hard he fractured the child’s skull, causing a
severe hematoma. At the time, Kelley was a member of the U.S. Air
martial—the most serious such legal remedy available to the Air Force
—of two assault charges (domestic violence), and confined for a year.
At the end of his incarceration, the Air Force gave Kelley a bad conduct
this facility and made his way to nearby El Paso, Texas, where local
Tyttö nauroi.
Kuinka niin?
— Nytkö jo? — kysyi mies valittaen ja katsoi kirjaan, jota tyttö piti
kädessään.
Laiha mies lähestyi hitaasti veräjää, joka johti kadulle, mutta tuskin
oli hän puolitiehen päässyt, kun hänet pidätti kovaääninen huuto,
joka kuului talosta:
— Isä! isä!
Przyjemski myhäili.
— Isä menee toimistoonsa ja sisar neulomoon… Kylläpä tuo
Benedikt on ovela mies. »Hanki heistä tietoja» sanoin hänelle eilen
— ja tänä aamuna tiesin kaikki mitä tarvitsin. Kolmekymmentä ruplaa
kuukaudessa — todellakin, noilla ihmisparoilla mahtanee olla lihavat
päivät! Mutta tietysti runoileminen vatsa tyhjänä kuuluu idylliin.
Syödä kovaa leipää ja kävellä mukanaan runoja korissa…
Sen mies pian saikin tietää. Klaara tuli ulos kuistin portaille,
kantaen raskasta esinettä käsissään. Przyjemski kumartui paremmin
nähdäkseen ja huomasi hänen kantavan pientä sankoa, jonka
sisällyksen tyhjensi tuuhean omenapuun alle jonkun matkaa
asumuksesta. Hänen molemmat hihansa olivat kyynärpäitä myöten
käärityt. Kun hän tuli takaisin tyhjine sankoineen, näytti hänellä
olevan keittiö esiliina edessä.
— Varmaankin hän pesee jotakin. Säälittää sentään tuo hieno
olento… eikä niin tyhmäkään! Mitä hän eilen lausui parisilaisesta
jumalanäidinkuvasta, oli oikein kaunista, tosiaankin oikein kaunista.
Lehtimaja oli hänen, hänellä oli oikeus siinä istua mielin määrin ja
tuliko herra sinne, oli yhdentekevää.
Tyttö tunsi itsensä iloiseksi päätöksen tehtyään, niin että hän heti
kiiruhti kori kädessä ovelle ja hyräili: »Tralalalalaa».
— Mutta isäsi?
Hän ompeli yhtämittaa, mutta kun kello oli lyönyt yhdeksän, heitti
hän työn käsistään ja meni ulos kuistin sillalle. Häntä oli ulos
houkutellut köynnöskasvien hiljainen kahina pitkin tietä ja tähdet,
jotka tuikkivat hänen ikkunaansa.
Kaiken tuon: metsän ja parin näki hän niin selvästi kuin päivällä,
mutta hänen sielunsa pimeni. Silloin kaikui äkkiä sametin hieno,
hieman pitkäveteinen ääni:
Alussa ei Klaara käsittänyt, mitä mies sanoi, niin kovin sykki hänen
sydämensä, mutta hän oli kumminkin sen verran hereillä, että käski
miehen istuutua kapealle penkille.
— Ketkä?