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Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik
Nias Suharmiati Ade Aryanti Fahriani

Suciyadi Ramdhani
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TRADISI BÖWÖ DAN
MALNUTRISI PADA
ETNIK NIAS
^ƵŚĂƌŵŝĂƟ
ĚĞƌǇĂŶƟ&ĂŚƌŝĂŶŝ
Suciyadi Ramdhani
Editor:
dĞƚǇZĂĐŚŵĂǁĂƟ
PENERBIT PT KANISIUS
Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias
1016003086
© 2016 - PT Kanisius
Penerbit PT Kanisius (Anggota IKAPI)

Jl. Cempaka 9, Deresan, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman,
ĂĞƌĂŚ/ƐƟŵĞǁĂzŽŐǇĂŬĂƌƚĂϱϱϮϴϭ͕/EKE^/
<ŽƚĂŬWŽƐϭϭϮϱͬzŬ͕zŽŐǇĂŬĂƌƚĂϱϱϬϭϭ͕/EKE^/
dĞůĞƉŽŶ;ϬϮϳϰͿϱϴϴϳϴϯ͕ϱϲϱϵϵϲ͖&Ăǆ;ϬϮϳϰͿϱϲϯϯϰϵ
ͲŵĂŝů ͗ŽĸĐĞΛŬĂŶŝƐŝƵƐŵĞĚŝĂ͘ĐŽŵ
tĞďƐŝƚĞ ͗ǁǁǁ͘ŬĂŶŝƐŝƵƐŵĞĚŝĂ͘ĐŽŵ
Cetakan ke- 3 2 1
Tahun 18 17 16
ISBN 978-979-21-5083-4
Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang

ŝůĂƌĂŶŐŵĞŵƉĞƌďĂŶǇĂŬŬĂƌǇĂƚƵůŝƐŝŶŝĚĂůĂŵďĞŶƚƵŬĚĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŶĐĂƌĂ
ĂƉĂƉƵŶ͕ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬĨŽƚŽŬŽƉŝ͕ƚĂŶƉĂŝǌŝŶƚĞƌƚƵůŝƐĚĂƌŝWĞŶĞƌďŝƚ͘
ŝĐĞƚĂŬŽůĞŚWd<ĂŶŝƐŝƵƐzŽŐǇĂŬĂƌƚĂ
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
hĐĂƉĂŶƚĞƌŝŵĂŬĂƐŝŚƐĞďĞƐĂƌͲďĞƐĂƌŶǇĂƉĞŶƵůŝƐƵĐĂƉŬĂŶŬĞƉĂĚĂ͗
ϭ͘ dƵŚĂŶzĂŶŐDĂŚĂƐĂ͕
Ϯ͘ ƵƉĂƟ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶDƵƐŝZĂǁĂƐ͕
ϯ͘ <ĞƉĂůĂĂƉƉĞĚĂ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶDƵƐŝZĂǁĂƐ͕
ϰ͘ <ĞƉĂůĂ ŝŶĂƐ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ <ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ DƵƐŝ ZĂǁĂƐ ďĞƐĞƌƚĂ ƐĞůƵƌƵŚ
ũĂũĂƌĂŶŶǇĂ͕
ϱ͘ <ĞƉĂůĂ WƵƐŬĞƐŵĂƐ <ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ DƵĂƌĂ ĞůŝƟ ďĞƐĞƌƚĂ ƐĞůƵƌƵŚ
ũĂũĂƌĂŶŶǇĂ͕
ϲ͘ <ĞƉĂůĂĚĂŶ^ĞŬƌĞƚĂƌŝƐĂĚĂŶEĂƌŬŽƟŬĂ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶDƵƐŝZĂǁĂƐ͕
ϳ͘ ĂŵĂƚDƵĂƌĂĞůŝƟ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶDƵƐŝZĂǁĂƐ͕
ϴ͘ <ĞƉĂůĂ ĂŬĞƐďĂŶŐƉŽů >ŝŶŵĂƐ WƌŽǀŝŶƐŝ ^ƵŵĂƚĞƌĂ ^ĞůĂƚĂŶ ĚĂŶ
<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶDƵƐŝZĂǁĂƐ͕
ϵ͘ <ĞƉĂůĂWŽůƐĞŬ<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶDƵĂƌĂĞůŝƟ͕<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶDƵƐŝZĂǁĂƐ͕
ϭϬ͘ >ƵƌĂŚ WĂƐĂƌ DƵĂƌĂ ĞůŝƟ͕ <ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ DƵĂƌĂ ĞůŝƟ͕ <ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ
DƵƐŝZĂǁĂƐ͕
ϭϭ͘ DĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ Ěŝ <ĞůƵƌĂŚĂŶ WĂƐĂƌ DƵĂƌĂ ĞůŝƟ͕ <ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ DƵĂƌĂ
ĞůŝƟ͕<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶDƵƐŝZĂǁĂƐ͕
ϭϮ͘ ŝĚĂŶ DĂƌƟŶĂ ďĞƐĞƌƚĂ ƐĞůƵƌƵŚ ŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ Ěŝ <ĞůƵƌĂŚĂŶ WĂƐĂƌ
DƵĂƌĂĞůŝƟ͕
ϭϯ͘ <ĞƉĂůĂ WƵƐĂƚ WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ĚĂŶ WĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ,ƵŵĂŶŝŽƌĂ ĚĂŶ
DĂŶĂũĞŵĞŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͕ <ĞƉĂůĂ ŝĚĂŶŐ ,ƵŵĂŶŝŽƌĂ ĚĂŶ <ĞƉĂůĂ
^ƵďŝĚĂŶŐ^ŽƐŝĂůĚĂŶƵĚĂǇĂ.
ϭϰ͘ ƐŝƐƚĞŶ WĞŶĞůŝƟ zƵůŝ >ƵƚŚĮĂŶĂ͕ ^<D͘ ĚĂŶ Ɛďŝ ůĂŵƐǇĂŚ͕ ŵĚ͘
Kep.
iii
ϭϱ͘ ĂŶ ƐĞůƵƌƵŚ ƉŝŚĂŬ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ǇĂŶŐ ƚƵƌƵƚ ŵĞŵďĂŶƚƵ ĚĂůĂŵ
ƉĞůĂŬƐĂŶĂĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ĚĂŶ ƉĞŶƵůŝƐĂŶ ďƵŬƵ ŝŶŝ ǇĂŶŐ ŶĂŵĂŶǇĂ
ƟĚĂŬďŝƐĂŬĂŵŝƐĞďƵƚŬĂŶƐĂƚƵƉĞƌƐĂƚƵ͘
iv Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

KATA PENGANTAR
WĞŶǇĞůĞƐĂŝĂŶŵĂƐĂůĂŚĚĂŶƐŝƚƵĂƐŝƐƚĂƚƵƐŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ
Ěŝ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ ƐĂĂƚ ŝŶŝŵĂƐŝŚ ĚŝůĂŶĚĂƐŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶƉĞŶĚĞŬĂƚĂŶ ůŽŐŝŬĂ ĚĂŶ
ƌĂƐŝŽŶĂů ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƐĞŵĂŬŝŶ ŬŽŵƉůĞŬƐ͘
ŝ ƐĂĂƚ ƉĞŶĚĞŬĂƚĂŶ ƌĂƐŝŽŶĂů ďĞůƵŵ ĚĂƉĂƚ ŵĞŶǇĞůĞƐĂŝŬĂŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚͲ
ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ƚƵŶƚĂƐ͕ ĚŝƌĂƐĂ ƉĞƌůƵ ĚĂŶ ƉĞŶƟŶŐ ƵŶƚƵŬ
mengangkat kearifan lokal ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ĐĂƌĂ ŵĞŶǇĞůĞƐĂŝŬĂŶ
ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ. hŶƚƵŬ ŝƚƵůĂŚ͕ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ZŝƐĞƚ
ƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟĨŵĞŶŐƵŶŐŬĂƉ ďĞƌͲ
ďĂŐĂŝĨĂŬƚĂ ŬĞŚŝĚƵƉĂŶ ƐŽƐŝĂů ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘
ĞŶŐĞŶ ŵĞŵƉĞƌƚĞŵƵŬĂŶ ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐĂŶ ƌĂƐŝŽŶĂů ĚĂŶ indigenous
knowledge ;ŬĂƵŵ ŚƵŵĂŶŝƐͿ ĚŝŚĂƌĂƉŬĂŶ ĂŬĂŶ ŵĞŶƵŵďƵŚŬĂŶ ŬƌĞĂͲ
ƟǀŝƚĂƐ ĚĂŶ ŝŶŽǀĂƐŝ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐŬĂŶ ĐĂƌĂͲĐĂƌĂ ƉĞŵĞĐĂŚĂŶ
ŵĂƐĂůĂŚŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͘^ŝŵďŝŽƐĞŝŶŝũƵŐĂĚĂƉĂƚŵĞŶŝŵďƵůŬĂŶ
rasa memiliki (sense of belongingͿ ĚĂŶ ƌĂƐĂ ŬĞďĞƌƐĂŵĂĂŶ ;sense of
togethernessͿ ĚĂůĂŵ ŵĞŶǇĞůĞƐĂŝŬĂŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŝŶŐŬĂƚŬĂŶ
ƐƚĂƚƵƐŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚŝ/ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ͘
dƵůŝƐĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ďƵŬƵ ƐĞƌŝ ŝŶŝ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ďĂŐŝĂŶ ĚĂƌŝ ϮϬ ƐĞƌŝ
ďƵŬƵZŝƐĞƚƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶǇĂŶŐĚŝŚĂƐŝůŬĂŶĚĂƌŝƌŝƐĞƚĚŝďĞƌďĂŐĂŝ
ĚĂĞƌĂŚ Ěŝ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ ƚĂŚƵŶ ϮϬϭϲ͘ ƵŬƵ ƐĞƌŝ ŝŶŝ ďĞƌŝƐŝ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝ
ĞƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ĚĂƌŝ ďĞƌďĂŐĂŝ ƐƵŬƵͬďƵĚĂǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶŐƵŶŐŬĂƉ
ĚĂŶ ŵĞŶŐŐĂůŝ ŶŝůĂŝͲŶŝůĂŝ ǇĂŶŐ ďĞƌŬĞŵďĂŶŐ Ěŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ĂŐĂƌ ĚĂƉĂƚ
ĚŝƵũŝ ĚĂŶ ĚŝŵĂŶĨĂĂƚŬĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƌŝƐĞƚ ƉĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƐŝ ŬĞƐĞͲ
ŚĂƚĂŶ ďĞƌďĂƐŝƐ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ƐĞƌƚĂ ďĂŐŝ ƉĞŶŝŶŐŬĂƚĂŶ ƵƉĂǇĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶŵĞŵƉĞƌŚĂƟŬĂŶŬĞĂƌŝĨĂŶůŽŬĂů͘
v
<ĂŵŝŵĞŶŐƵĐĂƉŬĂŶƚĞƌŝŵĂŬĂƐŝŚŬĞƉĂĚĂƐĞůƵƌƵŚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ͕
ƉĂƌƟƐŝƉĂŶ͕ĚĂŶƉĞŶƵůŝƐǇĂŶŐƐƵĚĂŚďĞƌŬŽŶƚƌŝďƵƐŝĚĂůĂŵƉĞŶǇĞůĞƐĂŝĂŶ
ďƵŬƵ ƐĞƌŝ ŝŶŝ͘ <Ăŵŝ ũƵŐĂ ŵĞŶŐƵĐĂƉŬĂŶ ƚĞƌŝŵĂ ŬĂƐŝŚ ŬĞƉĂĚĂ <ĞƉĂůĂ
ĂĚĂŶ WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ĚĂŶ WĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ <ĞŵĞŶƚƌŝĂŶ <ĞƐĞͲ
ŚĂƚĂŶ Z/ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞůĂŚ ŵĞŵďĞƌŝŬĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŵƉĂƚĂŶ ƉĂĚĂ WƵƐĂƚ WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ
ĚĂŶ WĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ,ƵŵĂŶŝŽƌĂ ĚĂŶ DĂŶĂũĞŵĞŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ
ŵĞůĂŬƐĂŶĂŬĂŶ ZŝƐĞƚ ƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ϮϬϭϲ ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ ĚĂƉĂƚ ƚĞƌͲ
ƐƵƐƵŶďĞďĞƌĂƉĂďƵŬƵƐĞƌŝĚĂƌŝŚĂƐŝůƌŝƐĞƚŝŶŝ͘
:ĂŬĂƌƚĂ͕KŬƚŽďĞƌϮϬϭϲ
<ĞƉĂůĂWƵƐůŝƚďĂŶŐ,ƵŵĂŶŝŽƌĂ
ĂŶDĂŶĂũĞŵĞŶ<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ĂŶDĂŶĂũĞŵĞŶ<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂ
ĂĚĂŶ>ŝƚďĂŶŐ<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ĚĂ
ĂĚ Ŷ >ŝ
>ŝƚď
ƚ ĂŶ
ŶŐ <ĞĞƐĞ
Ɛ ŚĂ
Ś ƚĂ
ƚĂ
ƌ͘ĞĚĞŶǁĂƌDƵƐĂĚĂĚ͕^͘<͘D͕͘D͘<ĞƐ͘
ƌDƵƐĂĚĂĚ
ĂĚ
ĂĚ͕
Ě ^͘<͘D͕͘ D͘<ĞƐ
vi Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

&dZ/^/
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ................................................................................................. iii
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................................ v
&dZ/^/ .................................................................................................................................... vii
&dZ'DZ ................................................................................................................. xi
&dZd> .......................................................................................................................... xiii
&dZ<Kd< ........................................................................................................................ xiv
BAB 1 SELAYANG PANDANG ................................................................................. 1

ϭ͘ϭ͘ ^ĞďƵĂŚ:ĞŵďĂƚĂŶ͗ŶƚĂƌĂ<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚĂŶƵĚĂǇĂ ... 1
ϭ͘Ϯ͘ ĞƌĂŶŐŬĂƚĂƌŝ/W<DϮϬϭϯ ............................................................ 4
ϭ͘ϯ͘ :ƵƌĂŶŐDĂƐĂůĂŚŝƚƵĞƌŶĂŵĂDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ........................... 6
ϭ͘ϰ͘ ĞƌĂǁĂůĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ............................................................................. 8
ϭ͘ϰ͘ϭ͘&ŽŬƵƐƉĂĚĂ<ĞĚĂůĂŵĂŶĚĂŶ<ĞƵŶŝŬĂŶƵĚĂǇĂ ϭϬ
1.4.2. Lika-Liku Penggalian Data ............................................... 12
ϭ͘ϰ͘ϯ͘DĞŶŐƵŵƉƵůŬĂŶĚĂŶDĞŶŐĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐĂƚĂ ............ 13
ϭ͘ϱ͘ ^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƟŬĂƵŬƵ ................................................................................... 16
Ϯ ^/ZKDhE<hzED^zZ<dEz ......... 19

Ϯ͘ϭ͘ DĞŵĞƚĂŬĂŶDĂƐĂůĂŚ ......................................................................... 19
Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘͞ŵĞƌŝŬĂ<ĞĚƵĂ͗͟^ĞďƵĂŚŶĂůŽŐŝtĂƌŐĂ ...... Ϯϱ
Ϯ͘ϭ͘Ϯ ŶƚĂƌĂĞŶĐĂŶĂĚĂŶDŽĚĞƌŶŝƐĂƐŝ ........................... 28
Ϯ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵĚĂůĂŵĂǇĂŶŐĞŶĐĂŶĂ ....... 28
Ϯ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ DĞŶũĂĚŝ^ŽƌŽƚĂŶƵŶŝĂ .............................. 32
vii
Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϯ WĞŵĞŬĂƌĂŶĂĞƌĂŚĚĂŶ<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
Ěŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ................................................................................... 36
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ DĞŶĞůƵƐƵƌŝ/ĚĞŶƟƚĂƐKƌĂŶŐEŝĂƐĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ................ 41
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘>ĂŚŝƌŶǇĂKƌĂŶŐEŝĂƐŬĞƵŵŝ͗WĞƌƐƉĞŬƟĨ
ŐĂŵĂPelebegu .................................................................... 42
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘DƵůƟŬƵůƚƵƌĂůŝƚĂƐDĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚEŝĂƐĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ϰϱ
2.2.2.1. Dari Cina Daratan? ......................................... 47
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ ĂƌŝĐĞŚŬĞTano Niha ............................. 48
2.2.2.3. Petualangan Pelaut Bugis ........................ 48
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ KƌĂŶŐ^ĞďĞƌĂŶŐDĞŶŐĂĚƵEĂƐŝď ....... ϱϭ
Ϯ͘ϯ͘ ,ƵůƵ<Ğ,ŝůŝƌ͗ĞƌďĂŐĂŝŬƟǀŝƚĂƐŬŽŶŽŵŝ ........................ ϱϮ
Ϯ͘ϯ͘ϭ͘Ăƌŝ^ĂǁĂŚŬĞ<ĞďƵŶ .......................................................... ϱϮ
Ϯ͘ϯ͘Ϯ͘WĞƐŝƐŝƌĚĂŶEĞůĂǇĂŶ .............................................................. ϱϱ
Ϯ͘ϯ͘ϯ͘dƌĂĚŝƐŝĞƚĞƌŶĂŬĂďŝ ......................................................... ϱϲ
Ϯ͘ϯ͘ϰ͘dƌĞŶĞƚĞƌŶĂŬǇĂŵWĞƚĞůƵƌ ........................................ ϱϴ
Ϯ͘ϰ͘ <ĞŬĞƌĂďĂƚĂŶKƌĂŶŐEŝĂƐ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ........................................... 61
2.4.1. MadoĚĂŶĂƚĂƐĂŶŶǇĂ ...................................................... 61
Ϯ͘ϰ͘Ϯ͘dƌĂĚŝƐŝWĞƌŬĂǁŝŶĂŶƐĞďĂŐĂŝ<ĞƚĂŚĂŶĂŶĚĂƚ . 64
Ϯ͘ϰ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ WĞƌŬĂǁŝŶĂŶĚĂŶ^ƚĂƚƵƐ^ŽƐŝĂů ............... 66
Ϯ͘ϰ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ dĂŚĂƉĂŶWĞƌŬĂǁŝŶĂŶ .................................... 68
2.4.2.3. Famasulö͗^ŝƐƚĞŵWŝŶũĂŵŝĂǇĂ
WĞƌŬĂǁŝŶĂŶ .......................................................... 78
Ϯ͘ϱ͘ ĂƌŝZĞůŝŐŝŬĞWĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶ ........................................................... 80
Ϯ͘ϱ͘ϭ͘KďĂƚDƵŬũŝǌĂƚdƵŚĂŶ .......................................................... 81
Ϯ͘ϱ͘Ϯ͘WĞŶŐŽďĂƚĂŶƵŬƵŶ͗ŽĂĚĂŶWƌĂŬƟŬ .................... 83
Ϯ͘ϱ͘ϯ͘dƌĂĚŝƐŝSuna ................................................................................ 85
Ϯ͘ϱ͘ϰ͘WĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶZĞƉƌŽĚƵŬƐŝĚĂůĂŵDŝƚĞEŝĂƐ ..... 86
BAB 3 MENGUPAS KEMELUT MALNUTRISI

/^/ZKDh ......................................................................................................... 89
ϯ͘ϭ͘ ͞ĞƌďƵƌƵ͟DĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͊ ........................................... 92
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ ^ŝŵƉƵůͲ^ŝŵƉƵůWĞŶĚƵŬƵŶŐDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ................................. 97
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘>ŝŶŐŬƵŶŐĂŶĚĂŶ^ĂŶŝƚĂƐŝZƵŵĂŚ ............................... 97
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘ <ĞƚĞƌƐĞĚŝĂŶ:ĂŵďĂŶ^ĞŚĂƚ ...................... 103
viii Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘ <ĞďĞƌƐŝŚĂŶZƵŵĂŚ ......................................... ϭϬϱ
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϯ͘ <ĞůĞŵďĂďĂŶ͕WĞŶĐĂŚĂǇĂĂŶ͕ĚĂŶ
^ŝƌŬƵůĂƐŝhĚĂƌĂ .................................................. 107
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϰ͘ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝ<ĂŶĚĂŶŐdĞƌŶĂŬ ............................ 108
3.2.2. Perilaku Kebersihan Diri (Personal Hygiene) 112
ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘ <ĞďŝĂƐĂĂŶDĂŶĚŝĚĂŶ<ĞďĞƌƐŝŚĂŶ
dƵďƵŚŶĂŬ .......................................................... 113
ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ <ĞďĞƌƐŝŚĂŶdĂŶŐĂŶĚĂŶ<ĞďŝĂƐĂĂŶ
ƵĐŝdĂŶŐĂŶWĂŬĂŝ^ĂďƵŶ .......................... 116
ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘ <ĞďŝĂƐĂĂŶĞƌŵĂŝŶĚŝ>ƵĂƌZƵŵĂŚ
dĂŶƉĂůĂƐ<ĂŬŝ ................................................. 118
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘<ŽŶƐƵŵƐŝDĂŬĂŶŶĂŬ ..................................................... 120
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘ϭ͘ :ĞŶŝƐDĂŬĂŶĂŶ ................................................... 120
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘Ϯ͘ &ƌĞŬƵĞŶƐŝĚĂŶ<ƵĂŶƟƚĂƐWĞŵďĞƌŝĂŶ
DĂŬĂŶĂŶ ................................................................ 123
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘ϯ͘ ĂƌĂWĞŵďĞƌŝĂŶDĂŬĂŶĂŶ ....................... 124
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘WŽůĂƐƵŚ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ .............................................................. ϭϮϱ
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϭ͘ WĞŶŐĂƐƵŚĂŶĚĂŶWĞƌĂǁĂƚĂŶŶĂŬ .... 127
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϰ͘Ϯ͘ <ĞĚĞŬĂƚĂŶŶĂŬĚĞŶŐĂŶKƌĂŶŐdƵĂ 130
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϱ͘WĞŶĂŶŐĂŶĂŶŶĂŬ<ĞƟŬĂ^ĂŬŝƚ ................................... 131
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϲ͘<ŽŶĚŝƐŝ>ĂŚŝƌŶĂŬ ................................................................ 138
3.2.7. Perlukah KB? ............................................................................. 140
ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϴ͘<ĞŚĂŵŝůĂŶǇĂŶŐdŝĚĂŬŝŝŶŐŝŶŬĂŶ ............................ 147
ϯ͘ϯ͘ hƐĂŚĂǇĂŶŐdĞůĂŚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ......................................................... ϭϱϬ
ϯ͘ϯ͘ϭ͘WŽƐǇĂŶĚƵ ...................................................................................... ϭϱϭ
ϯ͘ϯ͘Ϯ͘WĞŵďĞƌŝĂŶDĂŬĂŶĂŶdĂŵďĂŚĂŶ;WDdͿ .............. ϭϱϰ
ϯ͘ϯ͘ϯ͘WĂŶƟWĞŵƵůŝŚĂŶ'ŝǌŝ;WW'Ϳ ........................................... ϭϱϲ
BAB 4 DARI KULTUR HINGGA MALNUTRISI .......................................... 161

ϰ͘ϭ͘ ^ĞŬĞůƵŵŝƚWŽƚƌĞƚ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ..... 162
ϰ͘ϭ͘ϭ͘<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ^^͗͞ŶĂŬ^ĂǇĂĂŝŬͲĂŝŬ^ĂũĂ͊͊͟ ........ 162
ϰ͘ϭ͘Ϯ͘<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ'͗DĞŶƵŶŐŐƵDƵŬũŝǌĂƚdƵŚĂŶ ......... 166
ϰ͘ϭ͘ϯ͘<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ',͗͞zĂŚ͘͘DĂƵĂŐĂŝŵĂŶĂ>ĂŐŝ͍͍͟ 169
Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias ix

ϰ͘ϭ͘ϰ͘<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂzE͗WĞŶǇĞƐĂůĂŶŝƚƵĂƚĂŶŐ
dĞƌĂŬŚŝƌ͊͊ ...................................................................................... 172
ϰ͘Ϯ͘ DĞŶǇƵƐƵƌŝĞŶĂŶŐDĞƌĂŚĂƌŝdƌĂĚŝƐŝ,ŝŶŐŐĂ
DĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ..................................................................................................... ϭϳϱ
ϰ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘<ŝƚĂDŝƐŬŝŶDĂƵDĂŬĂŶƉĂ͍ ..................................... ϭϳϱ
4.2.2. Kemiskinan Kultural ............................................................ 179
4.2.3. Böwö, Famasulö ĚĂŶ<ĞŵŝƐŬŝŶĂŶ ........................... 180
4.2.4. Mado͕WĞƌĞŵƉƵĂŶĚĂŶ<ĞĚƵĚƵŬĂŶ ........................ 184
ϰ͘Ϯ͘ϱ͘WŽƚƌĞƚŶĂŬDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ͗dĞƌďĞůĞŶŐŐƵ
WarisanKemiskinan ............................................................. 186
ϰ͘Ϯ͘ϲ͘DĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝĚĂŶWŽůĂ,ŝĚƵƉ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ ...................... 188
ϰ͘Ϯ͘ϳ͘WĞŵďĂŐŝĂŶ<ĞƌũĂĚĂůĂŵ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ ............................ 191
ϰ͘Ϯ͘ϴ͘/ďƵĚĂŶWĞƌĂŶWĞŶŐĂƐƵŚĂŶǇĂŶŐ
Terkesampingkan ................................................................... 194
ϰ͘Ϯ͘ϵ͘ĞůĞŶŐŐƵWŽůĂ,ŝĚƵƉ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ ................................... ϭϵϱ
ϱ <^/DWh>EEZ<KDE^/ .............................................. 199

ϱ͘ϭ͘ <ĞƐŝŵƉƵůĂŶ ................................................................................................. 199
ϱ͘Ϯ͘ ZĞŬŽŵĞŶĚĂƐŝ ............................................................................................. 202
&dZWh^d< ................................................................................................................. 207

'>K^Z/hD ............................................................................................................................... 211
x Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

&dZ'DZ
'ĂŵďĂƌϭ͘ϭ dŝŐĂtƵũƵĚ<ĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ ............................................................................. 11

'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϭ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝ:ĂůĂŶDĞŶƵũƵ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ........................................................... 20
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘Ϯ WĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ .......................................................................................... 21
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϯ WĞƚĂ<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ .......................................................................... 22
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϰ ZƵŵĂŚtĂƌŐĂĚŝĞƐĂdƂŐŝŵďƂŐŝ ................................................... 24
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϱ hŬŝƌĂŶ>ŽŐĂŵŵĂƐĚĂƌŝŵĞƌŝŬĂDŝůŝŬ<ĞƚƵƌƵŶĂŶ
Bugis Sirombu ......................................................................................................... 27
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϲ ^ŝƐĂĂŶŐƵŶĂŶWĂƐĐĂdƌƵŶĂŵŝĚĂŶ'ĞŵƉĂƵŵŝ ........ 29
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϳ <ŽŵƉůĞŬƐWĞŵƵŬŝŵĂŶĂŶƚƵĂŶzĂǇĂƐĂŶ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƐŝŽŶĂů
Ěŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ .................................................................................................................... 34
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϴ ŬƟǀŝƚĂƐWĞƚĂŶŝWĞƌĞŵƉƵĂŶEŝĂƐ .................................................... ϱϮ
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϵ /ďƵĚĂƌŝŶĂŬDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝDĞŵďĞƌŝDĂŬĂŶĂďŝ ........... ϱϳ
'ĂŵďĂƌϮ͘ϭϬ WĞƐƚĂWĞƌŬĂǁŝŶĂŶFangowalu ............................................................. ϲϱ
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭ ŬƐĞƐDĞŶƵũƵWĞŶĚĞƌŝƚĂ'ŝǌŝƵƌƵŬ
ĚŝĞƐĂ'ĂǁƵ,ĂŽ .............................................................................................. 93
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘Ϯ ZƵŵĂŚ^ĂůĂŚ^ĂƚƵWĞŶĚĞƌŝƚĂ'ŝǌŝƵƌƵŬ͕
<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ', ............................................................................................................... 98
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϯ ZƵŵĂŚ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ' ......................................................................................... 99
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϰ :ĂŵďĂŶ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ' ....................................................................................... 100
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϱ ZƵŵĂŚ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂzE .......................................................................................... 102
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϲ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝĚŝĂŐŝĂŶĞůĂŬĂŶŐZƵŵĂŚ', .................................... 103
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϳ t<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂZ ..................................................................................................... 104
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϴ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝĚŝĚĂůĂŵZƵŵĂŚ^^ .................................................................... 106
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϵ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝĚŝĚĂůĂŵZƵŵĂŚ' .................................................................. 107
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϬ <ĂŶĚĂŶŐĂďŝ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ^^ ........................................................................ 109
xi
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϭ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝĂƉƵƌĂŶ<ĂŶĚĂŶŐĂďŝ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ' .............. 110
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϮ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝ<ĂŶĚĂŶŐĂďŝ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂzE ................................................ 111
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϯ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝ<ĂŬŝŶĂŬ',ǇĂŶŐ'ĂƚĂůͲ'ĂƚĂů ................................... 114
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϰ dĞƚĂŶŐŐĂ', .............................................................................................................. ϭϭϱ
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϱ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝ^ĂůĂŚ^ĂƚƵ<ƵŬƵdĂŶŐĂŶ/ďƵĚĂŶ
ŶĂŬDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ..................................................................................................... 116
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϲ WĞƌŝůĂŬƵDĂŬĂŶŶĂŬ ...................................................................................... 118
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϳ <ŽƚŽƌĂŶdĞƌŶĂŬŝdĂŶĂŚĞŬĂƚdĞŵƉĂƚĞƌŵĂŝŶ
ŶĂŬ ..................................................................................................................................... 119
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϴ ŶĂŬĞƌŵĂŝŶŝ<ĂŶĚĂŶŐĂďŝ ......................................................... 119
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϭϵ :ĞŶŝƐDĂŬĂŶĂŶzĂŶŐDĞƌĞŬĂ<ŽŶƐƵŵƐŝ;ϭͿEĂƐŝĚĂŶ
^ĂǇƵƌ;ϮͿ>ĂƵŬďĞƌƵƉĂ/ŬĂŶ ...................................................................... 122
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϮϬ ĂƵŶhďŝ:ĂůĂƌ ......................................................................................................... 122
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘Ϯϭ ĞůĂŶĂ<ŽƚŽƌŶĂŬǇĂŶŐdŝĚĂŬŝŐĂŶƟ ...................................... 129
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘ϮϮ ^ĂůĂŚ^ĂƚƵĞŶƚƵŬ<ĞĚĞŬĂƚĂŶŶĂŬĚĂŶ/ďƵ ...................... 130
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘Ϯϯ <ĞŐŝĂƚĂŶWĞŵĂƐĂŶŐĂŶ<'ƌĂƟƐ ....................................................... ϭϰϱ
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘Ϯϰ <ĞŐŝĂƚĂŶWŽƐǇĂŶĚƵ ............................................................................................ ϭϱϭ
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘Ϯϱ ^ĂůĂŚ^ĂƚƵEĂŬĞƐDĞŵďĞƌŝŬĂŶWDd ........................................... ϭϱϰ
'ĂŵďĂƌϯ͘Ϯϲ ĂŶŐƵŶĂŶWĂŶƟWĞŵƵůŝŚĂŶ'ŝǌŝ<Ăď͘EŝĂƐĂƌĂƚ .......... ϭϱϳ
'ĂŵďĂƌϰ͘ϭ <ĞĂĚĂĂŶZƵŵĂŚ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ......................................... 177
'ĂŵďĂƌϰ͘Ϯ ůŽŬĂƐŝWĞŶĚĂƉĂƚĂŶ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂǇĂŶŐdĞƌŝŬĂƚ
Famasulö ...................................................................................................................... 182
'ĂŵďĂƌϰ͘ϯ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝŶĂŬDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ .............................................................................. 188
xii Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

&dZd>
dĂďĞů ϯ͘ϭ ĂŬƵƉĂŶ<ĂƐƵƐĂůŝƚĂ'ŝǌŝƵƌƵŬzĂŶŐDĞŶĚĂƉĂƚ

WĞƌĂǁĂƚĂŶDĞŶƵƌƵƚ:ĞŶŝƐ<ĞůĂŵŝŶ͕<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ͕
ĂŶWƵƐŬĞƐŵĂƐĚŝ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶEŝĂƐĂƌĂƚdĂŚƵŶϮϬϭϱ ... 91
dĂďĞů ϯ͘Ϯ ĂƚĂ:ƵŵůĂŚĂůŝƚĂ'ŝǌŝƵƌƵŬĚĂŶ'ŝǌŝ<ƵƌĂŶŐĚŝ

<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵdĂŚƵŶϮϬϭϱ .............................................................. 92
xiii
&dZ<Kd<
<ŽƚĂŬϮ͘ϭ hŶŐŬĂƉĂŶtĂƌŐĂƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉWĂŶŐŐĞƌĂŶDŽŶĂŬŽ .......... 36

<ŽƚĂŬϮ͘Ϯ /ƐƵdĞŶŐŐĞůĂŵŶǇĂWƵůĂƵEŝĂƐWĂƐĐĂ'ĞŵƉĂƵŵŝ ..... ϱϰ
Kotak 2.3 Ilustrasi Proses Famasulö ......................................................................... 79
xiv
BAB 1
SELAYANG PANDANG
1.1. Sebuah Jembatan: Antara Kesehatan dan Budaya
^ĞŵĂŬŝŶ ĚŝƐĂĚĂƌŝ ďĂŚǁĂ ŬĞŬĂǇĂĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝŵŝůŝŬŝ ŽůĞŚ

ŶĞŐĞƌŝ ƚĞƌĐŝŶƚĂ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ͕ ƚƵƌƵƚ ŵĞǁĂƌŶĂŝ ƵƉĂǇĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŶǇĂ͘
hƉĂǇĂ ƉĞůĂǇĂŶĂŶ ŬŽŶǀĞŶƐŝŽŶĂů ŵĂƵƉƵŶ ƚƌĂĚŝƐŝŽŶĂů ƚĞŶƚƵŶǇĂ ƚĂŬ
ƚĞƌůĞƉĂƐ ĚĂƌŝ ƉŽůĂ ĚĂƐĂƌ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĂŶŐĂƚ ĞƌĂƚ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ƐŽƐŝĂů͕ ďƵĚĂǇĂ͕ ŵĂƵƉƵŶ ůŝŶŐŬƵŶŐĂŶ ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ͘
WŽůĂ ĚĂƐĂƌ ĂƐƉĞŬ ƐŽƐŝĂů ŝŶŝ ĂŬĂŶ ŵĞŵďĞŶƚƵŬ ƐŝŬĂƉ͕ ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐĂŶ͕ ĚĂŶ
ƉĞƌƐĞƉƐŝ ŵĞŶŐĞŶĂŝ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞŚŝĚƵƉĂŶ͕ ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ
ĚĂƉĂƚ ŵĞŵďĞƌŝŬĂŶ ĚĂŵƉĂŬ ƉŽƐŝƟĨ ŵĂƵƉƵŶ ŶĞŐĂƟĨ ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚƐĞĐĂƌĂƵŵƵŵ͘
WĞŵĂŚĂŵĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ƐĂŶŐĂƚ ƉĞŶƟŶŐ ƵŶƚƵŬ ĚŝƉĞƌŚĂƟŬĂŶ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ĨĂŬƚŽƌ ƉĞŶĞŶƚƵ ŵĞŶƵũƵ
ŬĞďĞƌŚĂƐŝůĂŶ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘ WĂƌĂ ĂŚůŝ ŬĞĚŽŬƚĞƌĂŶ ƚĞůĂŚ
ŵĞŶǇĂĚĂƌŝ ƐĂĂƚ ŝŶŝ ƵƐĂŚĂ ƉĞŶŝŶŐŬĂƚĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ďĞůƵŵ
ŵĞŶĐĂƉĂŝ ƐĂƐĂƌĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝŚĂƌĂƉŬĂŶ͘ dĞƌŶǇĂƚĂ͕ ĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ŬĞĚŽŬƚĞƌĂŶ
ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ƐĂŬŝƚ ƟĚĂŬ ƐĞƉĞŶƵŚŶǇĂ ĚŝƚĞƌŝŵĂ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ŵĞŵƵĂƐŬĂŶ ŽůĞŚ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͘ ,Ăů ŝŶŝ ĚŝƐĞďĂďŬĂŶ ĂĚĂŶǇĂ ƉĞƌďĞĚĂĂŶ ƉĞŶŐĞƌƟĂŶ
;ŬŽŶƐĞƉͿ ƐĂŬŝƚ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ĚĂŶ ƚĞŶĂŐĂ ŬĞĚŽŬƚĞƌĂŶ ;/ƐŬĂŶĚĂƌ
ĚŬŬ͕ϭϵϴϭͿ1.
DĞŶƵƌƵƚ ^ĂŵŽǀĂƌ ;ϮϬϭϰͿ͕ ƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƟĨ ŬĞƉĞƌĐĂǇĂĂŶ ŵĞĚŝƐ ĚĂŶ
ƉĂƐŝĞŶ ĚŝƉĞŶŐĂƌƵŚŝ ŽůĞŚ ĨĂŬƚŽƌ ƐŽƐŝĂů ĚĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂ͘ WĞƌƐƉĞŬƟĨ ǇĂŶŐ
ϭ /ƐŬĂŶĚĂƌ͕ WƵƌǁĂŶƚĂ ĚĂŶ ĚƌŝĂĂŶ ^͘ ZŝĞŶŬƐ͕ ϭϵϴϭ͘ Perilaku Pencegahan dan Penyembuhan
Penyakit Pada Bayi dan Anak. >ĂƉŽƌĂŶ ,Z ϰ͘ zŽŐǇĂŬĂƌƚĂ͗ WW^W<͕ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĂƐ 'ĂĚũĂŚ
DĂĚĂ͕ϭϵϴϭ͘
1
ďĞƌďĞĚĂ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ƉĞŶǇĞĚŝĂ ƉĞůĂǇĂŶĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵ
ĂƚĂƵ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĂƌŐĞƚ͕ ĚĂƉĂƚ ďĞƌƵũƵŶŐ ƉĂĚĂ ƌƵƐĂŬŶǇĂ ŬĞƉĞƌĐĂǇĂĂŶ
ĚĂŶ ŬĞƌũĂ ƐĂŵĂ ĚĂůĂŵ ƐƵŬƐĞƐŶǇĂ ƉĞŶŐŽďĂƚĂŶ͘ ĞůĂŬĂŶǇĂ͕ ĂƉĂďŝůĂ
ƉĞƌďĞĚĂĂŶ ƐŽƐŝĂů ĚĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŝŶŝ ƟĚĂŬ ĚŝƚĂŶŐĂŶŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ďĂŝŬ͕ ŵĂŬĂ
ĂŬĂŶďĞƌĂŬŝďĂƚďƵƌƵŬƉĂĚĂŝŶƚĞƌĂŬƐŝƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ2.
^ĞďĂŐĂŝ ĐŽŶƚŽŚ ƚĞŵƵĂŶ ŚĂƐŝů ZŝƐĞƚ ƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ƚĂŚƵŶ
ϮϬϭϮ ĚĂŶ ϮϬϭϰ Ěŝ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ Ěŝ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ͘ <ĞƉĞƌĐĂǇĂĂŶ
ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ŚĂůͲŚĂů ŵŝƐƟƐ ƚĞƌŶǇĂƚĂ ŵĂƐŝŚ ŵĞůĞŬĂƚ ŬƵĂƚ ƉĂĚĂ ďƵĚĂǇĂ
ŵĞƌĞŬĂ͘ ^ĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵŶǇĂ ŵŝƚŽƐ ďĂŚǁĂ ŝďƵ ŚĂŵŝů ƌĞŶƚĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ
ĚŝŐĂŶŐŐƵ ŽůĞŚ ƌŽŚ ũĂŚĂƚ͕ ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ ŝďƵ ŚĂŵŝů ŚĂƌƵƐ ŵĞŶũĂůĂŶŝ ƌŝƚƵĂů
ĚĂŶ ŵĞŵĂŬĂŝ ũŝŵĂƚ ƐĞƌƚĂ ŵĞŵĂƚƵŚŝ ƉĂŶƚĂŶŐĂŶ ĚĂŶ ůĂƌĂŶŐĂŶ ĂŐĂƌ
ƚĞƌŚŝŶĚĂƌĚĂƌŝŐĂŶŐŐƵĂŶƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͘ŽŶƚŽŚůĂŝŶ͕ĨĞŶŽŵĞŶĂƉĂŶƚĂŶŐĂŶ
ŵĞŶŐŬŽŶƐƵŵƐŝ ŵĂŬĂŶĂŶ ƚĞƌƚĞŶƚƵ͕ ƚĞƌŶǇĂƚĂ ũƵƐƚƌƵ ĚĂƉĂƚ ŵĞŶŐƵƌĂŶŐŝ
ĂƐƵƉĂŶƉĞŵĞŶƵŚĂŶŬĞďƵƚƵŚĂŶŐŝǌŝĚĂŶƐƚĂƚƵƐŐŝǌŝŝďƵŚĂŵŝů3.
ŽŶƚŽŚĚŝĂƚĂƐƐĞŵĂŬŝŶŵĞŶƵŶũƵŬĂŶďĂŚǁĂŵĂƐĂůĂŚŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ƚĞŶƚƵŶǇĂ ƟĚĂŬ ƚĞƌůĞƉĂƐ ĚĂƌŝ ĂƐƉĞŬ ƐŽƐŝĂů ďƵĚĂǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞůĞŬĂƚ ƉĂĚĂ
ƐƵĂƚƵ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͘ &ĂŬƚŽƌ ŬĞƉĞƌĐĂǇĂĂŶ͕ ƉĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶ͕ ƉƌĂŬƟŬ ĂƚĂƵ
ƉĞƌŝůĂŬƵ ŵĞŶŐĞŶĂŝ ďĞƌďĂŐĂŝ ƉĂŶƚĂŶŐĂŶ͕ ũĞŶŝƐ ŵĂŬĂŶĂŶ͕ ŬŽŶĚŝƐŝ
ƐĞŚĂƚͲƐĂŬŝƚ͕ŬĞďŝĂƐĂĂŶ͕ĚĂŶƉĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶƚĞŶƚĂŶŐŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͕ƚĞƌŶǇĂƚĂ
ĚĂƉĂƚŵĞŵďĂǁĂĚĂŵƉĂŬƉŽƐŝƟĨŵĂƵƉƵŶŶĞŐĂƟĨƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
mereka.
^ĞďĞŶĂƌŶǇĂ͕ ĂƐƉĞŬƐŽƐŝĂů ĚĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ƐƵĂƚƵ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ĚĂƉĂƚ
ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƐĞďƵĂŚ ŵŽĚĂů ƐŽƐŝĂů ĚĂůĂŵ ƵƐĂŚĂ ƉĞŶŝŶŐŬĂƚĂŶ ĚĞƌĂũĂƚ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘ DĞŶƵƌƵƚ ĂŶŬ ƵŶŝĂ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ ĚĂůĂŵ ZŽĐĐŽ Θ ^ƵŚƌĐŬĞ
;ϮϬϭϮͿ͕ ŵŽĚĂů ƐŽƐŝĂů ďƵŬĂŶ ŚĂŶǇĂ ƐĞũƵŵůĂŚ ŐĂďƵŶŐĂŶ ĚĂƌŝ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƐŝ
ĚĂůĂŵ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͕ ƚĞƚĂƉŝ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ƉĞƌĞŬĂƚ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶŐŝŬĂƚ
ŬĞƐĞůƵƌƵŚĂŶƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚǇĂŶŐĚĂƉĂƚŵĞŶŐŚĂƐŝůŬĂŶůƵĂƌĂŶƐŽƐŝĂůĚĂŶĂƚĂƵ
ĞŬŽŶŽŵŝ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶŐƵŶƚƵŶŐŬĂŶ͘ <ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƐŝ ĂŬĂŶ ŵƵŶĐƵů ŵĞŶŐŝŬƵƟ
Ϯ ^ĂŵŽǀĂƌ͕ >͕͘ ZŝĐŚĂƌĚ ͘W͕ Θ ĚǁŝŶ Z͘D͘ ϮϬϭϰ ;ĞĚŝƐŝŬĞƚƵũƵŚͿ͘ Komunikasi Lintas Budaya.
dĞƌũĞŵĂŚĂŶ/ŶĚƌŝDĂƌŐĂƌĞƚŚĂ͘:ĂŬĂƌƚĂ͗^ĂůĞŵďĂ,ƵŵĂŶŝŬĂ
ϯ <ĞŵĞŶŬĞƐ Z/͘ ͞>ĂƉŽƌĂŶ ,ĂƐŝů͘ ZŝƐĞƚ ƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ /ďƵ ĚĂŶ ŶĂŬ ϮϬϭϮ͘͟ ^ƵƌĂďĂǇĂ͗
WƵƐĂƚ,ƵŵĂŶŝŽƌĂ͕<ĞďŝũĂŬĂŶ<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚĂŶWĞŵďĞƌĚĂǇĂĂŶDĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͘ĂĚĂŶ>ŝƚďĂŶŐŬĞƐ͘
2012.
2 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

ŬĞƵŶƚƵŶŐĂŶͲŬĞƵŶƚƵŶŐĂŶ ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝĂů ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ͕ ŬĞŵƵĚŝĂŶ ĚŝŝŬƵƟ
ŵƵŶĐƵůŶǇĂŬĞƉĞƌĐĂǇĂĂŶĚĂůĂŵŝŶƚĞƌĂŬƐŝƐŽƐŝĂůǇĂŶŐƚĞƌǁƵũƵĚ4.
DĂŬĂ ĚĂƌŝ ŝƚƵ͕ ƉĞŶƟŶŐ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵƉĞƌƚĞŵƵŬĂŶ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ
ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐĂŶ ƌĂƐŝŽŶĂů ;ŵĞĚŝƐͿ ĚĂŶ indigenous knowledge (antara lain
ŬĞĂƌŝĨĂŶůŽŬĂůͿƐƵĂƚƵŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚĚĂůĂŵƵƉĂǇĂŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘,ĂůŝŶŝĂŬĂŶ
ŵĞŵƵŶĐƵůŬĂŶ ƐƵĂƚƵ ŬƌĞĂƟĮƚĂƐ ĚĂŶ ŝŶŽǀĂƐŝ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐŬĂŶ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĞƐƵĂŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬŽŶĚŝƐŝ ƐŽƐŝĂů
ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͘ WƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŚĂƐŝů ĚĂƌŝ ƉĞŶŐŐĂďƵŶŐĂŶ
ĚƵĂ ĂƐƉĞŬ ŝŶŝ ƚĞŶƚƵŶǇĂ ĂŬĂŶ ůĞďŝŚ ŵƵĚĂŚ ĚŝƚĞƌŝŵĂ ŽůĞŚ ƐŽƐŝĂů
ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ ĚĂůĂŵ ďĞŶĂŬ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ĂŬĂŶ ƟŵďƵů
rasa memiliki (sense of belongingͿ ĚĂŶ ƌĂƐĂ ŬĞďĞƌƐĂŵĂĂŶ ;sense
of togethernessͿ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶǇĞůĞƐĂŝŬĂŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ĚĂŶ
meningkatkan status kesehatan mereka.
KůĞŚ ƐĞďĂď ŝƚƵ͕ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵŝ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ƐƵĂƚƵ ĞƚŶŝŬ
ĚŝŚĂƌĂƉŬĂŶĚĂƉĂƚŵĞŵďĂŶƚƵŬĞůĂŶĐĂƌĂŶĚĂŶŬĞďĞƌůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐĂŶƐĞƟĂƉ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͕ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ƐĞŶƚƵŚĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ŬĂƚĂůŝƐĂƚŽƌ ĂƚĂƵ ƉĞůƵŵĂƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƐŝ ĂƚĂƵ ƉĞƌƵďĂŚĂŶ͘ ^ĞďƵĂŚ ƌŝƐĞƚ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŵĞŶũĂĚŝƉĞŶƟŶŐĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶƵŶƚƵŬŵĞŶŐŐĂůŝŬĞĂƌŝĨĂŶůŽŬĂů
ǇĂŶŐĚĂƉĂƚĚŝŐƵŶĂŬĂŶƐĞďĂŐĂŝƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝƵƉĂǇĂŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŶƚĞƉĂƚ
ƐĞĐĂƌĂůŽŬĂůƐƉĞƐŝĮŬ͘
DĞŵƉĞůĂũĂƌŝ ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ŚƵďƵŶŐĂŶŶǇĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵŶǇĂ ĚŝũĞůĂƐŬĂŶ ŽůĞŚ <ŽĞŶƚũĂƌĂŶŝŶŐƌĂƚ ;ϮϬϬϵͿ͕
ǇĂŝƚƵ ŵĞŶŐĞŶĂŝ ŬŽŶƐĞƉƐŝ ĚĂŶ ƐŝŬĂƉ ƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬ ĚĞƐĂ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͕ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ƐĂŬŝƚ͕ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƐŝ ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ ĚƵŬƵŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͕
ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ ŽďĂƚͲŽďĂƚĂŶ ƚƌĂĚŝƐŝŽŶĂů͕ ĚĂŶ ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ ŬĞďŝĂƐĂĂŶ ĚĂŶ
ƉĂŶƚĂŶŐĂŶ ŵĂŬĂŶ͘ WĞŶƟŶŐŶǇĂ ŵĞŵƉĞůĂũĂƌŝ ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ ŝŶŝ ďĂŐŝ
ŬĞƉĞŶƟŶŐĂŶŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͕ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂƉĂĚĂƚĞŶĂŐĂŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ǇĂŶŐ ĂŬĂŶ ďĞŬĞƌũĂ ĚĂŶ ŚŝĚƵƉ Ěŝ ďĞƌďĂŐĂŝ ĚĂĞƌĂŚĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬĞƌĂŐĂŵĂŶ
ďƵĚĂǇĂ͕ ƐĞƌƚĂ ĐĂƌĂͲĐĂƌĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐĞƌƟ ĚĂŶ ŵĞŶǇĞƐƵĂŝŬĂŶ Ěŝƌŝ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶĚĂŶĂĚĂƚŝƐƟĂĚĂƚƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚϱ.
ϰ ZŽĐĐŽ >͕ ^ƵŚƌĐŬĞ D͕͘ ϮϬϭϮ͘ /Ɛ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĐĂƉŝƚĂů ŐŽŽĚ ĨŽƌ ŚĞĂůƚŚ͍ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘
ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͕t,KZĞŐŝŽŶĂůKĸĐĞĨŽƌƵƌŽƉĞ͘
ϱ <ŽĞŶƚũĂƌĂŶŝŶŐƌĂƚ͘ϮϬϬϵ͘WĞŶŐĂŶƚĂƌ/ůŵƵŶƚƌŽƉŽůŽŐŝ͘:ĂŬĂƌƚĂ͗ZŝŶĞŬĂŝƉƚĂ
Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 3

^ĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ĐĂƌĂ ŵĞŶĚĞŬĂƟ ŬĞĂƌŝĨĂŶ ůŽŬĂů ŝŶŝ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ŵĞƚŽĚĞ ĞƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ͘ ƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ ŵĞŶĐŽďĂ ŵĞŶĚĂůĂŵŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͕
ŵĞŶĐĞƌŝƚĂŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ĚĞƚĂŝů ƐĞƟĂƉ ƉĞƌŝƐƟǁĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ͕ ŵĞŶĐŽďĂ
ŵĞŵĂŚĂŵŝ ƉŽůĂ ĚĂŶ ŵĞŶŐĂŝƚŬĂŶŶǇĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬŽŶƚĞŬƐ ƐŽƐŝĂů͕ ďƵĚĂǇĂ
ĚĂŶ ĞŬŽŶŽŵŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ ďŝƐĂ ŵĞŶŐŚĂƐŝůŬĂŶ ĚĞƐŬƌŝƉƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ
ŚŽůŝƐƟĐ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬŽŶƐĞƉƐŝ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŶǇĂ͘ WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ĞƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŝŶŝ ĚŝĨŽŬƵƐŬĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶĂŶŐŬĂƉ ŬĞĚĂůĂŵĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ
ƐĞůĂŵĂŝŶŝŬƵƌĂŶŐĚŝƉĞƌƟŵďĂŶŐŬĂŶĚĂůĂŵƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘
1.2. Berangkat Dari IPKM 2013
WĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ Ěŝ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ ĚĂůĂŵ

ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ĚĞŬĂĚĞ ƚĞƌĂŬŚŝƌ ƐĞŵĂŬŝŶ ŵĞŶƵŶũƵŬĂŶ ƉĞƌďĂŝŬĂŶ ĚĞŵŝ
ƉĞƌďĂŝŬĂŶ͘ DĞƐŬŝƉƵŶ ĚĞŵŝŬŝĂŶ͕ ďĞƌďĂŐĂŝ ƵƉĂǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ďĞƌŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƐŝ
ƉĂĚĂ ŬĞĚŽŬƚĞƌĂŶ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ŵƵůĂŝ ŵĞŶƵŶũƵŬĂŶ ƟƟŬ ƐƚĂŐŶĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ
ŵĞƌĞĚƵŬƐŝ ƉĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ͘ ^ĞďĂď͕ ƚĂŬ ĚĂƉĂƚ
ĚŝƉƵŶŐŬŝƌŝ ďĂŚǁĂ ĂƐƉĞŬ ƐŽƐŝĂů ďƵĚĂǇĂ ƐƵĂƚƵ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌŬĂĚĂŶŐ
ĚŝĂďĂŝŬĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƐŝ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ ŝŶŝ ƐĞĂŬĂŶ ŬƵƌĂŶŐ ŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝ ͞ƌƵŚ͟ ǇĂŶŐ ĚĂƉĂƚ
ŵĞŶǇĂƚƵ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŶŝůĂŝͲŶŝůĂŝ ƐŽƐŝĂů ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ Ěŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͘ ,Ăů ŝŶŝ
ƚĞŶƚƵŶǇĂĂŬĂŶŵĞŶŝŵďƵůŬĂŶƉĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶͲƉĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶǇĂŶŐĚĂƉĂƚ
ďĞƌĚĂŵƉĂŬ ƉĂĚĂ ƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͕ ŵĞƐŬŝƉƵŶ
ƚĞůĂŚĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƐŝƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͘
WĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŵĞŵĂŶŐƚĂŬŚĂŶǇĂĚŝůŝŚĂƚ
ĚĂƌŝĚĂƚĂͲĚĂƚĂŬƵĂŶƟƚĂƟĨ͘EĂŵƵŶ͕ĚĂƚĂͲĚĂƚĂŬƵĂŶƟƚĂƟĨŝŶŝƐĞƟĚĂŬŶǇĂ
ĚĂƉĂƚ ŵĞŶŐŐĂŵďĂƌŬĂŶ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ
ďĞƌĚĂƐĂƌŬĂŶ ŚĂƐŝů ƉĞŶĐĂƉĂŝĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞůĂŚ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ͘ ^ĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ
ĚĂƚĂ ŬƵĂŶƟƚĂƟĨ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ĚĂƚĂ /W<D ;/ŶĚĞŬƐ WĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ
<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶDĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚͿ͘
/W<D ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ŬƵŵƉƵůĂŶ ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƵŬƵƌ
ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐŐĂŵďĂƌŬĂŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘ /ŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĞůĂŵĂ ŝŶŝ ƐƵĚĂŚ ĚŝŐƵŶĂŬĂŶ Ěŝ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ ŵĞŶŐĂĐƵ
ƉĂĚĂ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚĂƐ ƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ĚĂŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝ ďĞƐĂƌĂŶ
ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ĚĂƌŝ ƐƵƌǀĞŝ ŶĂƐŝŽŶĂů͘ ĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ

ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ďĂůŝƚĂ͕ ŬĞŵĂƟĂŶ ŝďƵ͕ ŬĞŵĂƟĂŶ ďĂǇŝ͕
ƉĞŶǇĂŬŝƚŵĞŶƵůĂƌĚĂŶƉĞŶǇĂŬŝƚƟĚĂŬŵĞŶƵůĂƌ͕ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶƌĞƉƌŽĚƵŬƐŝ͕
perilaku berisiko serta status gizi kelompok rentan6.
/W<D ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ƐƵŵďĞƌ ĚĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƉĞŶƟŶŐ ƵŶƚƵŬ
ĚŝŬĂũŝ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ͞ũĞŶĚĞůĂ͟ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞůŝŚĂƚ ƉĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚŝƐƵĂƚƵĚĂĞƌĂŚ͘^ĞƌĂŶŐŬĂŝĂŶŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŝŶŝƐĞĐĂƌĂ
ůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐŵĂƵƉƵŶƟĚĂŬůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐĚĂƉĂƚďĞƌƉĞƌĂŶŵĞŶŝŶŐŬĂƚŬĂŶƵŵƵƌ
ŚĂƌĂƉĂŶ ŚŝĚƵƉ ǇĂŶŐ ƉĂŶũĂŶŐ ĚĂŶ ƐĞŚĂƚ͘ WĞŶŝŶŐŬĂƚĂŶ ƵŵƵƌ ŚĂƌĂƉĂŶ
ŚŝĚƵƉ ƚĞŶƚƵŶǇĂ ƚĂŬ ƚĞƌůĞƉĂƐ ĚĂƌŝ ŬƵĂůŝƚĂƐ ƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŶǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƟŶũĂƵ ĚĂƌŝ ƚƵũƵŚ ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ƵƚĂŵĂ /W<D
tersebut.
ĞƌĂŶŐŬĂƚĚĂƌŝĚĂƚĂ/W<DĚŝƚĂŚƵŶϮϬϭϯ͕<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶEŝĂƐĂƌĂƚ
ŵĞŶĚƵĚƵŬŝƉĞƌŝŶŐŬĂƚϰϴϲĚĂƌŝϰϵϳ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶͬ<ŽƚĂƐĞͲ/ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂĚĂŶ
ďĞƌĂĚĂĚŝƉĞƌŝŶŐŬĂƚϯϯĚĂƌŝϯϯŬĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶƐĞͲWƌŽǀŝŶƐŝ^ƵŵĂƚĞƌĂhƚĂƌĂ͘
ŝ ĚĂůĂŵ ĚĂƚĂ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ƚĞƌĚĂƉĂƚ ƟŐĂ ĚĂƌŝ ƚƵũƵŚ ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ͞ůĂŵƉƵ ŬƵŶŝŶŐ͟ ĚĂůĂŵ ƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚĚŝƐŝŶŝ͘dŝŐĂŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚĂĚĂůĂŚŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ůŝŶŐŬƵŶŐĂŶ͕<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ/ďƵĚĂŶŶĂŬƐĞƌƚĂ<ĞůƵĂƌŐĂĞƌĞŶĐĂŶĂ͕ƐĞƌƚĂ
ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌƉĞůĂǇĂŶĂŶŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘
ĚĂƉƵŶ ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ůŝŶŐŬƵŶŐĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĂƐŝŚ ďĞƌĂĚĂ
Ěŝ ďĂǁĂŚ ĂĐƵĂŶ ƌĞƌĂƚĂ ƉĞŶĐĂƉĂŝĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝŶƐŝ Ěŝ ^ƵŵĂƚĞƌĂ hƚĂƌĂ
ĂĚĂůĂŚ ĐĂŬƵƉĂŶ ĂŬƐĞƐ ƐƵŵďĞƌ Ăŝƌ ďĞƌƐŝŚ ;ϭϲ͕ϵϲͿ ƐĞƌƚĂ ĐĂŬƵƉĂŶ
ĂŬƐĞƐ ƐĂŶŝƚĂƐŝ ;ϭϵ͕ϯϲйͿ͘ /ŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ƉĞůĂǇĂŶĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĂƐŝŚ
ďĞƌĂĚĂ ĚŝďĂǁĂŚ ĂĐƵĂŶ ƌĞƌĂƚĂ ƉĞŶĐĂƉĂŝĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝŶƐŝ Ěŝ ^ƵŵĂƚĞƌĂ
hƚĂƌĂ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ƌĂƐŝŽ ũƵŵůĂŚ ĚŽŬƚĞƌ ;Ϭ͕ϲϲϳͿ͕ ƌĂƐŝŽ ďŝĚĂŶ ;Ϭ͕ϮϰͿ͕ ƐĞƌƚĂ
ƉƌŽƉŽƌƐŝ ŬĞĐƵŬƵƉĂŶ ďŝĚĂŶ ĚĞƐĂ ƉĞƌ ƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬ ;ϭϮ͕ϳϯͿ͘ ^ĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ͕
ƵŶƚƵŬ ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ /ďƵ ĚĂŶ ŶĂŬ ƐĞƌƚĂ <ĞůƵĂƌŐĂ ĞƌĞŶĐĂŶĂ͕
ŵĂƐŝŚ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĂƐŝŚ ďĞƌĂĚĂ ĚŝďĂǁĂŚ ĂĐƵĂŶ ƌĞƌĂƚĂ
ƉĞŶĐĂƉĂŝĂŶ ƉƌŽǀŝŶƐŝ Ěŝ ^ƵŵĂƚĞƌĂ hƚĂƌĂ͘ /ŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌͲŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ
ĂĚĂůĂŚĐĂŬƵƉĂŶƉĞƌƐĂůŝŶĂŶŽůĞŚƚĞŶĂŐĂŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ;ϰϰ͕ϮϱͿ͕ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƐŝ
ŬĞŬƵƌĂŶŐĂŶ ĞŶĞƌŐŝ ŬƌŽŶŝƐ ƉĂƐĂ ǁĂŶŝƚĂ ƵƐŝĂ ƐƵďƵƌ ;ϱϮ͕ϱϳͿ͕ ĐĂŬƵƉĂŶ
antenatal care<ϰ;ϭϰ͕ϮϴͿ͕ƉĞƌƐĂůŝŶĂŶŽůĞŚƚĞŶĂŐĂŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚŝĨĂƐŝůŝƚĂƐ
ϲ ĂĚĂŶ WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ĚĂŶ WĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ <ĞŵĞŶƚĞƌŝĂŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ Z/͕ ϮϬϭϰ͘ /ŶĚĞŬƐ
Pembangunan Kesehatan Masyarakat͘:ĂŬĂƌƚĂ͖<ĞŵĞŶŬĞƐZ/

ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ;Ϯϲ͕ϯϴͿ͕ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƐŝ < DĞƚŽĚĞ <ŽŶƚƌĂƐĞƉƐŝ :ĂŶŐŬĂ WĂŶũĂŶŐ
;D<:WͿ ;ϭϬ͕ϲϰͿ͕ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƐŝ ďĂůŝƚĂ ŬƵƌƵƐ ;Ϯϯ͕ϳϮͿ͕ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƐŝ ďĂůŝƚĂ
Őŝǌŝ ďƵƌƵŬ ĚĂŶ ŬƵƌĂŶŐ ;ϯϳ͕ϰϮͿ͕ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƐŝ ďĂůŝƚĂ ƉĞŶĚĞŬ ĚĂŶ ƐĂŶŐĂƚ
ƉĞŶĚĞŬ;ϱϬ͕ϰϮͿ͕ĐĂŬƵƉĂŶƉĞŶŝŵďĂŶŐĂŶďĂůŝƚĂ;Ϯϴ͕ϯϳͿ͕ƐĞƌƚĂŝŵƵŶŝƐĂƐŝ
lengkap (31,66)7.
ŝůŝŚĂƚ ĚĂƌŝ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝ ƉĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͕ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ ĂƐƉĞŬ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŝďƵ ĚĂŶ ĂŶĂŬ ƐĞƌƚĂ <
ǇĂŶŐŵĂƐŝŚĚŝďĂǁĂŚƉĞŶĐĂƉĂŝŶƉƌŽǀŝŶƐŝ͘ŝĂŶƚĂƌĂďĞďĞƌĂƉĂŝŶĚŝŬĂƚŽƌ
ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͕ ƉŽŝŶ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƐŝ ďĂůŝƚĂ Őŝǌŝ ŬƵƌĂŶŐ ĚĂŶ Őŝǌŝ ďƵƌƵŬ ;ĂŶĂŬ
ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝͿ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ĂƐƉĞŬ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶĂƌŝŬ ĚŝŬĂũŝ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ
ĞƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ͘
1.3. Jurang Masalah itu Bernama Malnutrisi
tŽƌůĚ ,ĞĂůƚŚ KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ;t,KͿ ŵĞŶĚĞĮŶŝƐŝŬĂŶ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ

ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ŬŽŶĚŝƐŝ ŬĞƟĚĂŬƐĞŝŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ĂƐƵƉĂŶ ĚĂŶ ŬĞďƵƚƵŚĂŶ
ŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶũĂŵŝŶ ƉĞƌƚƵŵďƵŚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ŽƉƟŵĂů8͘ <ŽŶĚŝƐŝ ŝŶŝ
ƐĂŶŐĂƚ ďĞƌŬĂŝƚĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ĚĞĮƐŝĞŶƐŝ ďĞƌďĂŐĂŝ ŵŝŬƌŽŶƵƚƌŝĞŶ͕ ďĂŝŬ
ǀŝƚĂŵŝŶŵĂƵƉƵŶŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐĞƌƚĂĨĂŬƚŽƌƌŝƐŝŬŽǇĂŶŐƐŝŐŶŝĮŬĂŶƉĞŶǇĞďĂď
ŬĞŵĂƟĂŶ ƉĂĚĂ ĂŶĂŬ9͘ ŝ ŶĞŐĂƌĂ ďĞƌŬĞŵďĂŶŐ͕ Ϯϱй ŬĂƐƵƐ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ
ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝĚŝĂƌĞĚĂŶƐĞďĂůŝŬŶǇĂϲϬйŬĞŵĂƟĂŶĚŝĂƌĞĚŝůĂƚĂƌďĞůĂŬĂŶŐŝ
oleh malnutrisi10.
ĞĮƐŝĞŶƐŝ ŵŝŬƌŽŶƵƚƌŝĞŶ ƐĂŶŐĂƚ ĞƌĂƚ ŬĂŝƚĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƌĞŶĚĂŚͲ
ŶǇĂ ƐƚĂƚƵƐ Őŝǌŝ͕ ďĂŝŬ ŝƚƵ Őŝǌŝ ŬƵƌĂŶŐ ŵĂƵƉƵŶ Őŝǌŝ ďƵƌƵŬ͘ ŶĂŬͲĂŶĂŬ
ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ŬĞůŽŵƉŽŬ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ǇĂŶŐ ƌĞŶƚĂŶ ŵĞŶĚĞƌŝƚĂ ŬĞůĂŝŶͲ
ĂŶ Őŝǌŝ͘ DĞƌĞŬĂ ƐĞĚĂŶŐ ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝ ƐŝŬůƵƐ ƉĞƌƚƵŵďƵŚĂŶ ĚĂŶ
ϳ ĂĚĂŶ WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ĚĂŶ WĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ <ĞŵĞŶƚĞƌŝĂŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ Z/͕ ϮϬϭϰ͘ /ŶĚĞŬƐ
ϴ tŽƌůĚ ,ĞĂůƚŚ KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ EƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͗ Ă ŐůŽďĂů ĂŐĞŶĚĂ ĨŽƌ
ĐŽŵďĂƟŶŐ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ͘ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ EƵƚƌŝƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ,ĞĂůƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ 'ĞŶĞǀĂ͕
2000.
ϵ ,ŝĚĂǇĂƟ >͕ ƵůĂĞŬĂŚ ^͕ WƵƌǁĂŶƚŽ ^͕ ϮϬϭϮ͘ Prediski peningkatan fungsi motorik dan
ƐƚĂƚƵƐ Őŝǌŝ ĂŶĂŬ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ ĂŶĞŵŝĂ ƐĞƚĞůĂŚ ƐƵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƐŝ ŵƵůƟͲŵŝŬƌŽŶƵƚƌŝĞŶ͘ :ƵƌŶĂů
<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͕/^^EϭϵϳϵͲϳϲϮϭ͕sŽů͘ϱ͕EŽ͘ϭ͕:ƵŶŝϮϬϭϮ͗ϳϰͲϴϮ͘
10 :Ăůŝů&͘EƵƚƌŝƟŽŶŝŶĐƵƚĞŝĂƌƌŚĞĂ͘EĞƐƚůĞEƵƚƌtŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ͘^ǁŝƚǌĞƌůĂŶĚ͗EĞƐƚĞĐ>ƚĚ͕ϭϵϵϲ͘Ś͘
12-14.

ƉĞƌŬĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŵďƵƚƵŚŬĂŶ ǌĂƚͲǌĂƚ Őŝǌŝ ǇĂŶŐ ůĞďŝŚ ďĞƐĂƌ ĚĂƌŝ
ŬĞůŽŵƉŽŬƵŵƵƌǇĂŶŐůĂŝŶ11.
WĂĚĂ ĂŶĂŬ ďĂůŝƚĂ͕ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ĚĂƉĂƚ ĚŝŬůĂƐŝĮŬĂƐŝŬĂŶ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ
ĚƵĂ ǇĂŝƚƵ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ƐĞĚĂŶŐ ĚĂŶ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ďĞƌĂƚ. DĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ƐĞĚĂŶŐ
ƐĞƌŝŶŐŬĂůŝ ĚŝŶĂŵĂŬĂŶ Őŝǌŝ ŬƵƌĂŶŐ͕ ǇĂŝƚƵ ŶŝůĂŝ ƐŬŽƌ ǌ ďĞƌĂƚ ďĂĚĂŶ
ŵĞŶƵƌƵƚ ƟŶŐŐŝ ďĂĚĂŶ ;ͬdͿ Ěŝ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ͲϮ ŚŝŶŐŐĂ Ͳϯ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌ ĚĞǀŝĂƐŝ
;^Ϳ Ěŝ ďĂǁĂŚ ŶŝůĂŝ mean atau 70 - 80% EĂƟŽŶĂů ĞŶƚĞƌ ĨŽƌ ,ĞĂůƚŚ
^ƚĂƟƐƟĐ ;E,^Ϳ͘ DĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ĂŬƵƚ ďĞƌĂƚ ĂƚĂƵ ĚŝƐĞďƵƚ Őŝǌŝ ďƵƌƵŬ͕ ǇĂŝƚƵ
ŶŝůĂŝ ƐŬŽƌ ǌ ͬd ŬƵƌĂŶŐ ĚĂƌŝ Ͳϯ ^ Ěŝ ďĂǁĂŚ ŶŝůĂŝ mean atau <70%
E,^ĂƚĂƵůŝŶŐŬĂƌůĞŶŐĂŶĂƚĂƐŬƵƌĂŶŐĚĂƌŝϭϭϱŵŵ12.
<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ŬĂƉƵďĂƚĞŶ ǇĂŶŐ ďĂƌƵ ŵĞŵĞͲ
ŬĂƌŬĂŶ Ěŝƌŝ ƚĞƌŶǇĂƚĂ ƚĂŬ ůĞƉĂƐ ĚĂƌŝ ƉĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ŝŶŝ͘
^ĞƟĚĂŬŶǇĂ͕ ŵĞŶƵƌƵƚ ĚĂƚĂ /W<D ϮϬϭϯ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƐŝ ďĂůŝƚĂ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ Ěŝ
EŝĂƐĂƌĂƚƐĞďĞƐĂƌϯϳ͕ϰϮ13͘ŶŐŬĂƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚƐƵĚĂŚŵĞůĞďŝŚŝƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƐŝ
ƌĞƌĂƚĂWƌŽǀŝŶƐŝ^ƵŵĂƚĞƌĂhƚĂƌĂ;ϮϮ͕ϯϵͿĚĂŶƌĞƌĂƚĂƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƐŝŶĂƐŝŽŶĂů
;ϭϵ͕ϲϯͿ͘ ,Ăů ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ƐĞƟĚĂŬŶǇĂ ŵĞŶƵŶũƵŬĂŶ ŵĂƐŝŚ ůĞďĂƌŶǇĂ ũƵƌĂŶŐ
ŵĂƐĂůĂŚŐŝǌŝďĂůŝƚĂĚŝEŝĂƐĂƌĂƚ͘
DĞŶƵƌƵƚ <ŚĂŶ͕ et al ;ϮϬϬϳͿ͕ ĂŶĂŬ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ
ƐĞƌŝŶŐŬĂůŝ ĚŝŬĂŝƚŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝŶǇĂ ŐĂŶŐŐƵĂŶ ŬŽŐŶŝƟĨ͕ ŵŽƚŽƌŝŬ
ĚĂŶ ƉĞƌŝůĂŬƵ ƉĂĚĂ ĂŶĂŬ14͘DĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ƉĂĚĂ ĂŶĂŬ ďĞƌĚĂŵƉĂŬ ŶĞŐĂƟĨ
ƉĂĚĂ ƉĞƌƚƵŵďƵŚĂŶ ĮƐŝŬ ĚĂŶ ďŝŽůŽŐŝƐ ĂŶĂŬ͘ ŶĂŬ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶĚĞƌŝƚĂ
ŬƵƌĂŶŐ Őŝǌŝ ƐĞďĞůƵŵ ďĞƌƵƐŝĂ ĚƵĂ ƚĂŚƵŶ ĚĂƉĂƚ ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝ ŬĞƌƵƐĂŬĂŶ
ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶ ƉĂĚĂ ƐĞůͲƐĞů ŽƚĂŬϭϱ͘<ĞƌƵƐĂŬĂŶ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ĂŬĂŶ ďĞƌĚĂŵƉĂŬ
ƉĂĚĂŬĞƌƵƐĂŬĂŶƋƵŽƟĞŶƚ;/YͿǇĂŶŐƌĞŶĚĂŚ16͘ƉĂďŝůĂŚĂůŝŶŝĚŝďŝĂƌŬĂŶ
11 EŽƚŽĂƚŵŽĚũŽ͕ ^͘ ϮϬϬϯ͘ WƌŝŶƐŝƉͲWƌŝŶƐŝƉ ĂƐĂƌ /ůŵƵ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ DĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͘ :ĂŬĂƌƚĂ͗ ZŝŶĞŬĂ
Cipta.
12 ^ĐŚŽŽŶĞƐ͕>ŽŵďĂƌĚD͕DƵƐĞŬŝǁĂ͕EĞů͕sŽůŵŝŶŬ:͘ZĞĂĚǇͲƚŽͲƵƐĞƚŚĞƌĂƉĞƵƟĐĨŽŽĚĨŽƌ
ŚŽŵĞͲďĂƐĞĚ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƐĞǀĞƌĞ ĂĐƵƚĞ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ Ɛŝǆ ŵŽŶƚŚƐ ƚŽ ĮǀĞ
ǇĞĂƌƐŽĨĂŐĞ͘ŽĐŚƌĂŶĞĂƚĂďĂƐĞŽĨ^ǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐZĞǀŝĞǁ͘ϮϬϭϯ͖ũƵŐĂůŝŚ͘ >ĞŶƚĞƌƐ>D͕tĂǌŶǇ
<͕tĞďďWĂ͕ŚŵĞĚd͕ŚƵƩĂ͘dƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƐĞǀĞƌĞĂŶĚŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞĂĐƵƚĞŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶŝŶ
ůŽǁͲ ĂŶĚ ŵŝĚĚůĞͲŝŶĐŽŵĞ ƐĞƫŶŐƐ͗ Ă ƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ͕ ŵĞƚĂͲĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ ĂŶĚ ĞůƉŚŝ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘
DWƵďůŝĐ,ĞĂůƚŚ͕ϮϬϭϯ͖ϭϯ;^ƵƉƉůϯͿ͗^Ϯϯ͘
13 ĂĚĂŶ WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ĚĂŶ WĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ <ĞŵĞŶƚĞƌŝĂŶ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ Z/͕ ϮϬϭϰ͘ /ŶĚĞŬƐ
14 <ŚĂŶ͕͕͘͘ĂŶŽ͕E͕͘ĂŶĚ^ĂůĂŵ͕͕͘ϮϬϬϳ͘ŚŝůĚDĂůŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͕ŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀĞ
WĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ, ^ŽƵƚŚAsiaŶ^ƵƌǀĞǇ͖ϭϰ;ϭͿ͗ϭϮϵͲϭϰϱ͘
ϭϱ 'ĂůůĞƌ:Z͕ĂƌƌĞƚ>Z͘ŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚĨĂŵŝŶĞ͘ŵďƵůĂƚŽƌǇŚŝůĚ,ĞĂůƚŚ͘ϮϬϬϭ͖ϳ͗ϴϱʹϵϱ͘
16 ǌǁĂƌ ͘ <ĞĐĞŶĚĞƌƵŶŐĂŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ Őŝǌŝ ĚĂŶ ƚĂŶƚĂŶŐĂŶ ŵĂƐĂ ĚĂƚĂŶŐ ĚĂůĂŵ WĞƌƚĞŵƵĂŶ
ĚǀŽŬĂƐŝ'ŝǌŝ͖ϮϬϬϰ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϳ͖,ŽƚĞů^ĂŚŝĚ:ĂǇĂ͕:ĂŬĂƌƚĂ͘

ďĞŐŝƚƵ ƐĂũĂ͕ ƚĞŶƚƵŶǇĂ ĂŬĂŶ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ďĞďĂŶ ƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ ƐƵĂƚƵ
ĚĂĞƌĂŚ͕ƐĞďĂďƌĞŶĚĂŚŶǇĂŬƵĂůŝƚĂƐƐƵŵďĞƌĚĂǇĂŵĂŶƵƐŝĂŶǇĂ͘
KůĞŚ ƐĞďĂď ŝƚƵ͕ ƉĞŶŐŬĂũŝĂŶ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ďĂůŝƚĂ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ Ěŝ <ĂďƵͲ
ƉĂƚĞŶ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ ƉĞƌůƵ ĚŝƚĞůĂĂŚ͘ dŝĚĂŬ ŚĂŶǇĂ ĚŝŬĂũŝ ĚĂůĂŵ ŬĂĐĂͲ
ŵĂƚĂŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ƚĞƚĂƉŝ ũƵŐĂĂƐƉĞŬƐŽƐŝĂů ďƵĚĂǇĂǇĂŶŐƚƵƌƵŶ ŵĞůĂƚĂƌͲ
ďĞůĂŬĂŶŐŝŶǇĂ͘ ^ĞďĂď͕ ƚĂŬ ĚĂƉĂƚ ĚŝƉƵŶŐŬŝƌŝ͕ ĂƐƉĞŬ ƐŽƐŝĂů ďƵĚĂǇĂ
ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ĞŬŽŶŽŵŝ͕ ƉŽůĂ ƉĞŶŐĂƐƵĂŚĂŶ͕ ĚĂŶ ŬŽŐŶŝƟĨ ŽƌĂŶŐ ƚƵĂ ĚĂƉĂƚ
ŵĞŵƉĞŶŐĂƌƵŚŝƐƚĂƚƵƐŐŝǌŝŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ͕ŵĞƐŬŝƉƵŶƟĚĂŬƐĞĐĂƌĂůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ17.
1.4. Berawal di Sirombu
:ĂƵŚ ƐĞďĞůƵŵ ĂŬŚŝƌŶǇĂ ŵĞŵƵƚƵƐŬĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ

ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ůŽŬƵƐ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ƚĞŵĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ
ĂŬĂŶ ĚŝĂŶŐŬĂƚ ƚĞƌůĞďŝŚ ĚĂŚƵůƵ͘ DĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ Ěŝ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ
ƐĞƐƵĂŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬĞƚĞƌĂŶŐĂŶ /W<D ĐƵŬƵƉ ŵĞŶŐŬŚĂǁĂƟƌŬĂŶ͕ ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂ
ƉĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŝďƵ ĚĂŶ ĂŶĂŬ͘ Ăƌŝ ƐĞũƵŵůĂŚ ƉĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ
ĚŝŚĂĚĂƉŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͕ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ Őŝǌŝ ƚĞůĂŚ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƐŽƌŽƚĂŶ
ƵƚĂŵĂ ŝŶĂƐ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͘ DĞŶƵƌƵƚ ŬĞƚĞƌĂŶŐĂŶ ƉĞŐĂǁĂŝ
ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ͕ĂĚĂďĞďĞƌĂƉĂĂůĂƐĂŶŵĞŶŐĂƉĂŵĂƐĂůĂŚŐŝǌŝĂƚĂƵůĞďŝŚƐƉĞƐŝĮŬ
ĚŝƐĞďƵƚ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ƚƵŵďƵŚ ƐƵďƵƌ Ěŝ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͘ WĞƌƚĂŵĂ
ŬĂƌĞŶĂĂŬƐĞƐĂŶƚĂƌĂƉĞŵƵŬŝŵĂŶƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬĚĞŶŐĂŶĨĂƐŝůŝƚĂƐŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ĐƵŬƵƉ ũĂƵŚ͖ ŬĞĚƵĂ ďĂŚǁĂ ƚĞŶĂŐĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ Ěŝ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ ƐĂŶŐĂƚ
ƚĞƌďĂƚĂƐ͖ŬĞƟŐĂĂĚĂĨĂŬƚŽƌŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌŝƐƟŬŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŶǇĂ͘
:ŝŬĂ ĚŝŬůĂƐŝĮŬĂƐŝŬĂŶ͕ ĂůĂƐĂŶ ƉĞƌƚĂŵĂ ĚĂŶ ŬĞĚƵĂ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ
ƉĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ Ěŝ ůŝŶŐŬƵƉ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů ŝŶĂƐ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ͕
ƐĞĚĂŶŐŬĂŶĂůĂƐĂŶŬĞƟŐĂŵĞŶƵŶũƵŬŬĂŶĂĚĂŶǇĂƉĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶďƵĚĂǇĂ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚǇĂŶŐďĞůƵŵďĂŶǇĂŬĚŝƐĂĚĂƌŝďĂŝŬŽůĞŚƉĞŐĂǁĂŝŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ŵĂƵƉƵŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ŝƚƵ ƐĞŶĚŝƌŝ͘ ƚĂƐ ĚĂƐĂƌ ŝƚƵ ůĂŚ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵƵůĂŝ
ŵĞŶĐĂƌŝ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌŝƐƟŬ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ǇĂŶŐ ĂŬĂŶ
ĚŝƚĞůŝƟ͕ ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬ ŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌŝƐƟŬ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĞƐƵĂŝ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƚƵũƵĂŶ ĚĂƐĂƌ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ͕ ǇĂŝƚƵ ŵĞŶĚĂƉĂƚŬĂŶ ŐĂŵďĂƌĂŶ
17 &ŝƚŚŝĂ ͘W͕͘ ^ƵĚĂƌŐŽ d͕͘ 'ĂŵĂǇĂŶƟ /͘>͘ Hubungan antara status gizi dan faktor
ƐŽƐŝŽĚĞŵŽŐƌĂĮĚĞŶŐĂŶŬĞŵĂŵƉƵĂŶŬŽŐŶŝƟĨĂŶĂŬƐĞŬŽůĂŚĚĂƐĂƌĚŝĚĂĞƌĂŚĞŶĚĞŵŝƐ'</͘
:ƵƌŶĂů'ŝǌŝ/ŶĚŽŶϮϬϭϭ͕ϯϰ;ϭͿ͗ϱϮͲϲϬ͘

ŚŽůŝƐƟŬ ĂƐƉĞŬ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝŶǇĂ ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ
ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĚĂůĂŵ ŚĂů ŝŶŝ ĚŝĨŽŬƵƐŬĂŶ ƉĂĚĂ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ
ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ;ŐŝǌŝŬƵƌĂŶŐĚĂŶŐŝǌŝďƵƌƵŬͿ͕ŬŚƵƐƵƐŶǇĂƉĂĚĂƵƐŝĂďĂůŝƚĂ͘
WĞŶĐĂƌŝĂŶ ƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ ƚĞƌƚƵũƵ ƉĂĚĂ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ǇĂŶŐ ĂŬĂŶ ŵĞŶͲ
ũĂĚŝ ůŽŬƵƐ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ͕ Ěŝ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ƐĞũƵŵůĂŚ ŬĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ
Ěŝ <ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͘ ǁĂůŶǇĂ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŶŐŬůĂƐŝĮŬĂƐŝŬĂŶ
ŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌŝƐƟŬŐĞŽŐƌĂĮƐĚŝƟĂƉŬĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶĚŝ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶEŝĂƐĂƌĂƚ͕ĚĂŶ
ƚĞƌŶǇĂƚĂ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ ŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝ ĚƵĂ ŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌŝƐƟŬ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ǇĂŝƚƵ
ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ ĚĂŶ ĚĂƚĂƌĂŶͲďƵŬŝƚ͘ ^ĞƚĞůĂŚ ĚŝƚĞůƵƐƵƌŝ ůĞďŝŚ ůĂŶũƵƚ͕ Ěŝ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ
ϴ ŬĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ Ěŝ <ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͕ ƉƵƐĂƚ ŬĞƌĂŵĂŝĂŶŶǇĂ ĂĚĂ Ěŝ
ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ǁĂůĂƵƉƵŶƉƵƐĂƚƉĞŵĞƌŝŶƚĂŚĂŶŶǇĂ
ĂĚĂĚŝKŶŽůŝŵďƵ͕<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ>ĂŚŽŵŝ͘
EĂŵƵŶ ĨĂŬƚĂŶǇĂ͕ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ŬĂƐƵƐ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ƚĞƌĚĂƉĂƚ Ěŝ
ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ ƉƵƐĂƚ ŬĞƌĂŵĂŝĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƐĞůĂŝŶ ĚŝƚĞŵƵŬĂŶ ũƵŐĂ Ěŝ
<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ DĂŶĚƌĞŚĞ ĚĂŶ >ŽůŽĮƚƵ DŽŝ͘ zĂŶŐ ŵĞŵďĞĚĂŬĂŶ ŬĞƟŐĂ
ǁŝůĂǇĂŚƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚĂĚĂůĂŚŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌŝƐƟŬǁŝůĂǇĂŚDĂŶĚƌĞŚĞĚĂŶ>ŽůŽĮƚƵ
DŽŝ ǇĂŶŐ ďĞƌĂĚĂ Ěŝ ƉĞŐƵŶƵŶŐĂŶ͕ ƐĞĚĂŶŐŬĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ďĞƌĂĚĂ Ěŝ
ǁŝůĂǇĂŚƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ͘^ĞůĂŝŶŝƚƵ͕ĂŬƐĞƐŬĞƉĞĚĂůĂŵĂŶDĂŶĚƌĞŚĞĚĂŶ>ŽůŽĮƚƵ
DŽŝ ĐĞŶĚĞƌƵŶŐ ũĂƵŚ ĚĂƌŝ ĨĂƐŝůŝƚĂƐ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĞŶŐŝŶŐĂƚ ŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌŝƐƟŬ
ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ƉĞŐƵŶƵŶŐĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƐƵůŝƚ ĚŝũĂŶŐŬĂƵ͘ ƌƟŶǇĂ͕ ĚĂƉĂƚ ĚŝŬĂƚĂŬĂŶ
ďĂŚǁĂ ƟĚĂŬ ŵĞŶŐŚĞƌĂŶŬĂŶ ŬĂƐƵƐ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ĂƚĂƵƉƵŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶůĂŝŶŶǇĂƚĞƌũĂĚŝĚŝƐĂŶĂ͘^ĞĚĂŶŐŬĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵǇĂŶŐƚĞƌŐŽůŽŶŐ
ĚĞŬĂƚ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƉƵƐĂƚ ŬĞƌĂŵĂŝĂŶ͕ ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂ ďĞƌĂĚĂ Ěŝ ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ ǇĂŶŐ
ƵŵƵŵŶǇĂ ůĞďŝŚ ďĞƌĂŐĂŵ ůĂƚĂƌ ďĞůĂŬĂŶŐ ƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬŶǇĂ͕ ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝ
ƉĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝũƵŐĂƉĂĚĂƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬŶǇĂ͘
WĞƌŚĂƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ũƵŐĂ ƚĞƌƚƵũƵ ƉĂĚĂ ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝͲƉŽƚĞŶƐŝ ĂůĂŵ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ
ĚŝǁŝůĂǇĂŚ<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘ ĞƌĚĂƐĂƌŬĂŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝǇĂŶŐĚŝĚĂƉĂƚ͕
^ŝƌŽŵďƵŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝďĞďĞƌĂƉĂƉĂŶƚĂŝǇĂŶŐƐĞďĂŐŝĂŶŶǇĂďĞƌĂĚĂĚŝƉƵůĂƵͲ
ƉƵůĂƵ ŬĞĐŝů͕ ĚĂŶ ƐƵŵďĞƌ ĚĂǇĂ ĂůĂŵ ǇĂŶŐ ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝĂů ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ƉŽŚŽŶ
ŬĂƌĞƚ͕ ŬĂŬĂŽ ĚĂŶ ŬĞůĂƉĂ͘ ĞŶŐĂŶ ďĞŐŝƚƵ͕ ƐĞŵĂŬŝŶ ďĞƐĂƌ ŬĞƚĞƌƚĂƌŝŬĂŶ
ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ůŽŬƵƐ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŵĞŶŐŝŶŐĂƚ
ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝͲƉŽƚĞŶƐŝĂůĂŵĚĂŶĂŬƐĞƐǇĂŶŐƌĞůĂƟĨĚĞŬĂƚĚĞŶŐĂŶŬĞƌĂŵĂŝĂŶ͕
ŶǇĂƚĂŶǇĂ ƟĚĂŬ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ďĞƌƉĞŶŐĂƌƵŚ ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ ŵƵŶĐƵůŶǇĂ ŬĂƐƵƐ
ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝƉĂĚĂƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬŶǇĂ͘

ϭ͘ϰ͘ϭ͘&ŽŬƵƐƉĂĚĂ<ĞĚĂůĂŵĂŶĚĂŶ<ĞƵŶŝŬĂŶƵĚĂǇĂ
WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ KƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŝŶŝ ŵĞŶŐŐƵŶĂŬĂŶ
ƉĞŶĚĞŬĂƚĂŶŬƵĂůŝƚĂƟĨ;ƌĞƐǁĞůů͕ϮϬϭϯͿ͘WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶŝŶŝŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶƌŝƐĞƚ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŶĂƐŝŽŶĂůĚĞŶŐĂŶƚƵũƵĂŶŵĞŶŐĞŬƐƉůŽƌĂƐŝŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶKƌĂŶŐ
EŝĂƐ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŶŐŐƵŶĂŬĂŶ ŵĞƚŽĚĞ ĞƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ͘ ƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ
merupakan “learning from people͟ ;^ƉƌĂĚůĞǇ͕ ϭϵϴϬ͗ϯͿ͕ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĞƐƵĂŝ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶƚƵũƵĂŶƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶŝŶŝǇĂŝƚƵŵĞŶĚĂƉĂƚŐĂŵďĂƌĂŶƐĞĐĂƌĂŚŽůŝƐƟŬ
ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ KƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŶǇĂ͘
^ĞďĂŐĂŝŵĂŶĂ ^ƉƌĂĚůĞǇ ;ϮϬϬϳ͗ϯͿ ŵĞŶŐĞŵƵŬĂŬĂŶ ƚƵũƵĂŶ ĞƚŶŽŐƌĂĮ
ĂĚĂůĂŚ ŵĞŵĂŚĂŵŝ ƐƵĚƵƚ ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐ ƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬ ĂƐůŝ͕ ŚƵďƵŶŐĂŶŶǇĂ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬĞŚŝĚƵƉĂŶ͕ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶĚĂƉĂƚŬĂŶ ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐĂŶŶǇĂ ŵĞŶŐĞŶĂŝ
ĚƵŶŝĂŶǇĂ͘
DĞƚŽĚĞ ŝŶŝ ŵĞůŝďĂƚŬĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞůĂůƵŝ ƉĞŶŐĂůĂŵĂŶ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ
ůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƉĂƌƟƐŝƉĂŶ Ěŝ ůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ͕ ǇĂŶŐ ďĞƌŐƵŶĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐͲ
ŝĚĞŶƟĮŬĂƐŝ ďŝĂƐͲďŝĂƐ͕ ŶŝůĂŝͲŶŝůĂŝ͕ ĚĂŶ ůĂƚĂƌ ďĞůĂŬĂŶŐ ƉƌŝďĂĚŝ ǇĂŶŐ
ďŝƐĂ ƐĂũĂ ŵĞŵďĞŶƚƵŬ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƐŝ ƉĂƌƟƐŝƉĂŶ ƐĞůĂŵĂ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ͘
KůĞŚ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ŝƚƵ͕ ƉĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝŬĂũŝ ĚĂůĂŵ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ďĞƌƵƉĂ
ƉĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶ ůŽŬĂů ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂ ŬĂŝƚĂŶŶǇĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬŽŶƐĞƉƐŝ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ^ŝƌŽŵďƵǇĂŶŐŵĂǇŽƌŝƚĂƐƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬŶǇĂŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶǁĂƌŐĂ
ƐƵŬƵďĂŶŐƐĂEŝĂƐ͘
ĂůĂŵƌŝƐĞƚŝŶŝ͕ƉĞŶĞůŝƟŵĞŵĂƉĂƌŬĂŶƐĞŐĂůĂŚĂůǇĂŶŐďĞƌŬĂŝƚĂŶ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚĂůĂŵƐƵďǇĞŬĚĂŶŬŽŶƚĞŬƐŬĞŚŝĚƵƉĂŶŶǇĂ͘ĞŶŐĂŶ
ďĞŐŝƚƵ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŶŐĂŵĂƟ͕ ŵĞŶũĞůĂũĂŚ͕ ŵĞŶĞŵƵŬĂŶ ĚĂŶ ŵĞŶĐĂƚĂƚ
ǁĂǁĂƐĂŶͲǁĂǁĂƐĂŶ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ƵŶƐƵƌͲƵŶƐƵƌ ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ KƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ
ǇĂŶŐďĞƌŬĂŝƚĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŶďƵĚĂǇĂŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŶǇĂƐĞĐĂƌĂůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ƉĂƌƟƐŝƉĂŶ͘ WĞŵďĂŚĂƐĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ŵĂŬƐƵĚ ĚĂŶ ŬĞŐƵŶĂĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƵŶŐŬĂƉŬĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ͞ŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝ ďƵĚĂǇĂ
ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ͟ ;ĞŵŝŬͿ͕ ĚĂŶ ͞ŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ͟ ;ĞƟŬͿ͘ DĞŶƵƌƵƚ <ĂƉůĂŶ
ĚĂŶ DĂŶŶĞƌƐ͕ ŬĞĚƵĂŶǇĂ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ŬŽŵďŝŶĂƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ ĚĂůĂŵ
ƉĞŵĂƉĂƌĂŶĞƚŶŽŐƌĂĮƐ;ϮϬϭϮ͗ϮϱϵͿ͘
hŶƚƵŬŵĞŶĐĂƉĂŝƉĞŵĂŚĂŵĂŶƚĞŶƚĂŶŐǁĂǁĂƐĂŶͲǁĂǁĂƐĂŶǇĂŶŐ
ĚŝŵŝůŝŬŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ůŽŬĂů͕ ƐĞũĂƟŶǇĂ ƉĞƌůƵ ŵĞŵďĞĚĂŬĂŶ ƚĞƌůĞďŝŚ ĚĂͲ
ŚƵůƵǁƵũƵĚĚĂƌŝŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶǇĂŶŐĚŝƚĞůŝƟ͘<ŽĞŶƚũĂƌĂŶŝŶŐƌĂƚ;ϮϬϬϵ͗ϭϱϬͿ

ŵĞŶŐŝŶŐĂƚŬĂŶ ďĂŚǁĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ ĚŝƉĞƌůƵŬĂŶ
ƉĞŵŝƐĂŚĂŶŬĞĚĂůĂŵϯǁƵũƵĚ͕ǇĂŝƚƵǁƵũƵĚŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶƐĞďĂŐĂŝƐƵĂƚƵ
ŝĚĞ͕ ŐĂŐĂƐĂŶ͕ ŶŝůĂŝ͕ ŶŽƌŵĂ͖ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ƐƵĂƚƵ ŬŽŵƉůĞŬƐ ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ ƐĞƌƚĂ
ƟŶĚĂŬĂŶďĞƌƉŽůĂĚĂƌŝŵĂŶƵƐŝĂĚĂůĂŵŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͖ƐĞďĂŐĂŝŚĂƐŝůŬĂƌǇĂ
ŵĂŶƵƐŝĂ͘<ĞƟŐĂŶǇĂƟĚĂŬĚĂƉĂƚĚŝƉŝƐĂŚŬĂŶƐĂƚƵƐĂŵĂůĂŝŶ͕ĚĂŶƐĂůŝŶŐ
ďĞƌŚƵďƵŶŐĂŶ͘ :ŝŬĂ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ǁƵũƵĚŶǇĂ ďĞƌƵďĂŚ͕ ŵĂŬĂ ĐĞŶĚĞƌƵŶŐ
ĂŬĂŶŵĞŵƉĞŶŐĂƌƵŚŝǁƵũƵĚůĂŝŶŶǇĂ͘
ĂůĂŵ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ͕ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶĞůƵƐƵƌŝ ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ ŽƌĂŶŐ
EŝĂƐ͕ ŬŚƵƐƵƐŶǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ;ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝͿ
ĚŝƉĞƌůƵŬĂŶ ƚĂŚĂƉĂŶ ŝĚĞŶƟĮŬĂƐŝ ŵĞůĂůƵŝ ǁƵũƵĚ ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶŶǇĂ ƐĞͲ
ďĞůƵŵ ŵĞŵĂŚĂŵŝ ƐŝƐŝ ĞŵŝŬ ĂƚĂƵ ĐĂƌĂ ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐ ǇĂŶŐ ƉĂůŝŶŐ ĂƚĂƐ
(suprastruktur).
Yang menjadi nilai atau adat
IDE (sudah melekat dalam alam pikiran
warga masyarakat)
Yang mendorong aktivitas-aktivitas

STRUKTUR TINDAKAN manusia dalam bertindak
(biasanya tidak disadari masyarakat)
Yang nampak / permukaan

FISIK (disadari oleh masyarakat, bersifat
konkret)
^ƵŵďĞƌ͗ŝĂĚĂƉƚĂƐŝĚĂƌŝ<ŽĞŶƚũĂƌĂŶŝŶŐƌĂƚ;ϮϬϬϵͿ
Gambar 1.1
Tiga Wujud Kebudayaan
ĂůĂŵ ŵĞŶŐĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŽƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕

ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŵƵůĂŝŶǇĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůƵƐƵƌĂŶ ŚĂůͲŚĂů ǇĂŶŐ ŶĂŵƉĂŬ ƉĂĚĂ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͘ DŝƐĂůŶǇĂ ŐĂǇĂ ŚŝĚƵƉ ŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ ƉĞŶĚĞƌŝƚĂ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ͕
ǇĂŶŐ ƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ ĚŝŬĂŝƚŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƉĞƌŝůĂŬƵ ŬĞďĞƌƐŝŚĂŶ Ěŝ ƌƵŵĂŚ͕
ŬĞďĞƌƐŝŚĂŶ ĂŶĂŬͲĂŶĂŬŶǇĂ͕ ĚĂŶ ůĂŝŶ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝŶǇĂ͘ ^ĞƚĞůĂŚ ŝƚƵ ƵŶƚƵŬ
ŵĞůŝŚĂƚ ŬĞĚĂůĂŵĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂŶǇĂ͕ ĚŝƚĞůƵƐƵƌŝ ĨĂŬƚŽƌͲĨĂŬƚŽƌ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞͲ
ŶǇĞďĂďŬĂŶ ŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ďĞƌƟŶĚĂŬ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ŝƚƵ͘ ŝŵƵůĂŝ ĚĂƌŝ ĐĂƌĂ
ŵĞƌĞŬĂ ďĞƌŝŶƚĞƌĂŬƐŝ͕ ƉĞŬĞƌũĂĂŶ ƐĞŚĂƌŝͲŚĂƌŝ͕ ĂƚĂƵ ŚĂů ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ
ŵĞŶũĂĚŝĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐͲĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐĚĂůĂŵŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ͘

<ĂƌĞŶĂƐĞƟĂƉƟŶĚĂŬĂŶƌĞůĂƟĨĚŝĚŽƌŽŶŐŽůĞŚƐƵĂƚƵƐĞďĂďǇĂŶŐ
ďŝĂƐĂŶǇĂ ĚŝƉĞĚŽŵĂŶŝ ŽůĞŚ ŶŝůĂŝ ĂƚĂƵ ĂĚĂƚ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ ĚĂůĂŵ ƐƵĂƚƵ
ŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͘ DĂŬĂ͕ ƉĞŵĂŚĂŵĂŶͲƉĞŵĂŚĂŵĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ ĚĂůĂŵ
ƐƵĂƚƵ ĂůĂŵ ƉŝŬŝƌĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŶǇĂ ĚĂƉĂƚ ĚŝƚĞůƵƐƵƌŝ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞůŝŚĂƚ ŚĂůͲŚĂů ǇĂŶŐ ŶĂŵƉĂŬ ĚĂƌŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƚĞůŝƟ͕
ůĂůƵ ŵĞůŝŚĂƚ ƉŽůĂͲƉŽůĂ ĚĂƌŝ ƟŶĚĂŬĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͕ ĚĂŶ ĂŬŚŝƌŶǇĂ
ŵĞŶĞŵƵŬĂŶ ŶŝůĂŝͲŶŝůĂŝ ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ ĚĂůĂŵ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ǇĂŶŐ
ŵĞŵƉĞŶŐĂƌƵŚŝ ŬŽŶƐĞƉƐŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ƐĞŚĂƚͲƐĂŬŝƚŶǇĂ͕ ǇĂŶŐ
ĚĂůĂŵŚĂůŝŶŝĚŝĨŽŬƵƐŬĂŶƉĂĚĂŵĂƐĂůĂŚŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ͘
1.4.2. Lika-Liku Penggalian Data

hŶŝƚ ĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ĚĂƌŝ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ǁĂƌŐĂ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ EŝĂƐ
Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ <ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͘ ^ƵďũĞŬ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝũĂĚŝŬĂŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ĚĂůĂŵ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ĚŝƉŝůŝŚ ďĞƌĚĂƐĂƌŬĂŶ purposif sampling͕ ǇĂŝƚƵ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ƐƵďũĞŬ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂŶǇĂ ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝ
ŵĂƐĂůĂŚŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ͕ĚĂŶũƵŐĂƐƵďũĞŬǇĂŶŐŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝƉĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶĚĂŶ
ŵĞŶŐƵĂƐĂŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝďĞƌŬĂŝƚĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŶŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶKƌĂŶŐEŝĂƐ͘
DĞŶŐŝŶŐĂƚ ŬĞƚĞƌďĂƚĂƐĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ŬƵĂůŝƚĂƐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ ŵĂŬĂ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ŵĞŶŐŐƵŶĂŬĂŶ ƉĞŶĂƌŝŬĂŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƚĞŬŶŝŬ snowball sampling͕ ǇĂŝƚƵ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ϭ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ƉĂŶŐŬĂů ǇĂŶŐ ƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ ŵĞŵďĞƌŝŬĂŶ ƌĞŬŽŵĞŶĚĂƐŝ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ͘ WĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ƐƚƵĚŝ ƉĞŶĚĂŚƵůƵĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵƵƚƵƐŬĂŶ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶƉĂŶŐŬĂůĚĂƌŝƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶŝŶŝĚĞŶŐĂŶŵĞŶĚĂƚĂŶŐŝŬĂŶƚŽƌŝŶĂƐ
<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͘ ^ĞƚĞůĂŚ ŝƚƵ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŵŝŶƚĂ ƉĂĚĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ƉĂŶŐŬĂůƵŶƚƵŬŵĞŶƵŶũƵŬĂŶŽƌĂŶŐůĂŝŶǇĂŶŐĚĂƉĂƚĚŝũĂĚŝŬĂŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ͘
ĂůĂŵ ƉĞŵŝůŝŚĂŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ƚĞůĂŚ ŵĞŶĞƌĂƉŬĂŶ ŬƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ
ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƚƵũƵŬĂŶ ƉĂĚĂ͗ ;ĂͿ ĂŶŐŐŽƚĂ ŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ͕ ǇĂŶŐ ĂŶĂŬŶǇĂ ƚĞƌŐŽůŽŶŐ
ĚĂůĂŵ ŬĂƐƵƐ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ͖ ;ďͿ ŝďƵ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĞĚĂŶŐ ĂƚĂƵ ƉĞƌŶĂŚ ŚĂŵŝů͕
ďĞƐĞƌƚĂ ƐƵĂŵŝͬŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂŶǇĂ͖ ;ĐͿ ƚŽŬŽŚ ĂŐĂŵĂ͕ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ͕ ĂƚĂƵ ĂĚĂƚ
ǇĂŶŐŵĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵŝďƵĚĂǇĂƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ͖;ĚͿƉĞŶŐŽďĂƚƚƌĂĚŝƐŝŽŶĂů͕ŵĞůŝƉƵƟ
ĚƵŬƵŶ ĂƚĂƵ ƉĞŶŐŽďĂƚĂŶ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟĨ ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ͖ ;ĞͿ ƉĞƚƵŐĂƐ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ Ěŝ
WƵƐŬĞƐŵĂƐĚĂŶũĂƌŝŶŐĂŶŶǇĂ͘
^ĞůĂŝŶ ŝƚƵ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ŵĞŵƉĞƌƟŵďĂŶŐŬĂŶ ŬƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ǇĂŶŐĚŝũĞůĂƐŬĂŶ^ƉƌĂĚůĞǇ;ϮϬϬϳ͗ϲϴͿ͘Pertama͕ŬƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĞŶŬƵůƚƵƌĂƐŝǇĂŝƚƵ

ƉƌŽƐĞƐ ĂůĂŵŝ ĚĂůĂŵ ŵĞŵƉĞůĂũĂƌŝ ƐƵĂƚƵ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ƚĞƌƚĞŶƚƵ͘ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ǇĂŶŐ ďĂŝŬ ŵĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵŝ ďƵĚĂǇĂŶǇĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ďĂŝŬ͘ ^ĞĐĂƌĂ ƵŵƵŵ͕ ƐĞͲ
ŽƌĂŶŐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ƉĂůŝŶŐ ƟĚĂŬ ŚĂƌƵƐ ŵĞŵƉƵŶǇĂŝ ŬĞƚĞƌůŝďĂƚĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ
ƐƵĂƐĂŶĂ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ƐĞůĂŵĂ ƐĂƚƵ ƚĂŚƵŶ ƉĞŶƵŚ͘ ^ĞŵĂŬŝŶ ƚĞƌĞŶŬƵůƚƵƌĂƐŝ
ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ƉĞŶƵŚ͕ ŵĂŬĂ ƐĞŵĂŬŝŶ ďĂŝŬ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ŝƚƵ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ƚŽŬŽŚ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ͘ Kedua͕ ŬĞƚĞƌůŝďĂƚĂŶ ůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝĂůĂŵŝ
ŽůĞŚ ƐĞŽƌĂŶŐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƉĞƌŚĂƟĂŶ ŬŚƵƐƵƐ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ĚĂůĂŵ
ŵĞŶĞŶƚƵŬĂŶ ƐĞŽƌĂŶŐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ͘ WĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ƉĂƌĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ǇĂŶŐ ŵĂƐŝŚ ƚĞƌůŝďĂƚ ĚĂůĂŵ ƐƵĂƐĂŶĂ ďƵĚĂǇĂ͘ WĞŵŝůŝŚĂŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌůŝďĂƚ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ ďĞƌĚĂƐĂƌŬĂŶ ƉĞƌƟŵďĂŶŐĂŶ͕ ƉĂƌĂ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ŵĞŶŝŶũĂƵ ŚĂůͲŚĂů ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞƌĞŬĂ ŬĞƚĂŚƵŝ͕ ŵĞŵďƵĂƚ ďĞƌďĂŐĂŝ
ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƐŝ ŵĞŶŐĞŶĂŝ ŬĞũĂĚŝĂŶ ďĂƌƵ͕ ƐĞƌƚĂ ŵĞŶĞƌĂƉŬĂŶŶǇĂ ƐĞƟĂƉ
hari. <ĞƟŐĂ͕ ƉĞŶĞŶƚƵĂŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ ƐƵĂƐĂŶĂ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ
ƟĚĂŬ ĚŝŬĞŶĂů ŽůĞŚ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ĐĂƌĂ ŵĞŶĞŵƵŬĂŶ ďĞͲ
ďĞƌĂƉĂŽƌĂŶŐǇĂŶŐŵĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵŝƐƵĂƐĂŶĂďƵĚĂǇĂǇĂŶŐƟĚĂŬĚŝŬĞƚĂŚƵŝ
ŽůĞŚ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ƉĞũĂďĂƚ ĚĂŶ ƚŽŬŽŚ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ͘
Keempat͕ ǁĂŬƚƵ ǇĂŶŐ ĐƵŬƵƉ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƉĞƌƟŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ĚĂůĂŵ
ŵĞŵƉĞƌŽůĞŚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ƌĂŶŐŬĂ ŵĞŵƉĞƌŽůĞŚ ŬĞĐƵŬƵƉĂŶ
ĚĂƚĂ͘ WĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƟĚĂŬ ƚĞƌůĂůƵ ƐŝďƵŬ ĚĂŶ ŵƵĚĂŚ
ĚŝǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂŝ͘ WƌŝŽƌŝƚĂƐ ƟŶŐŐŝ ĚŝďĞƌŝŬĂŶ ŬĞƉĂĚĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ
ŵĞŵƉƵŶǇĂŝ ĐƵŬƵƉ ǁĂŬƚƵ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ͘ Kelima, kriteria non-
ĂŶĂůŝƟƐ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƉĞƌƟŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ĚĂůĂŵ ŵĞŶŐŐĂďƵŶŐŬĂŶ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƟĚĂŬ ŵĞŶŐĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ŬĞũĂĚŝĂŶ ŵĞŶƵƌƵƚ ƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƟĨ
ŵĞƌĞŬĂ ĚĂŶ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶŐŐƵŶĂŬĂŶ ƚĞŽƌŝ ƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬ
asli (folk theoryͿƵŶƚƵŬŵĞŶŐŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƐŝŬĂŶŬĞũĂĚŝĂŶ͘
1.4.3. Mengumpulkan dan Menganalisis Data

ĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƉĞƌůƵŬĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ŝĂůĂŚ ƵŶƐƵƌͲƵŶƐƵƌ
ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ ŵĂǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ ďĞƐĞƌƚĂ ƉŽƚƌĞƚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ
ŬĞĚƵĂŶǇĂ ŵĞŶĐĂŬƵƉ ƉĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ ŬŽŶƐĞƉƐŝ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘ :ĞŶŝƐ ĚĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝĚĂƉĂƚŬĂŶ ŵĞůŝƉƵƟ ĚĂƚĂ ƉƌŝŵĞƌ ďĞƌƵƉĂ
ƉĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶ ;ĐĂƌĂ͕ ƉƌŽƐĞĚƵƌ͕ ĚĂŶ ƚĂŚĂƉĂŶͿ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝŵŝůŝŬŝ ŽůĞŚ ŵĂͲ
ƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘ <ĞŵƵĚŝĂŶ ĚĂƚĂ ƐĞŬƵŶĚĞƌ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝďƵƚƵŚŬĂŶ ďĞƌͲ
ĂƐĂů ĚĂƌŝ ďĞƌďĂŐĂŝ ĚŽŬƵŵĞŶ ŚĂƐŝů ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂ ŵĞůĂůƵŝ

ƉĞŶĞůƵƐƵƌĂŶĚŽŬƵŵĞŶĚĂŶƉƵƐƚĂŬĂƚĞƌŬĂŝƚďƵĚĂǇĂĚĂŶƉĞƌŵĂƐĂůĂŚĂŶ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ ŬĞŵƵĚŝĂŶ ĚŽŬƵŵĞŶͲĚŽŬƵŵĞŶ ǇĂŶŐ ďĞƌǁƵũƵĚ
ĚĂƚĂ ĚĞƐĂͬŬĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ŵĂƵƉƵŶ ĚĂƚĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌĐĂƚĂƚ Ěŝ
ƉƵƐŬĞƐŵĂƐ͘ ĂƚĂ ƐĞŬƵŶĚĞƌ ĚŝƉĞƌůƵŬĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵƉĞƌŬƵĂƚ͕ ŵĞůĞŶŐͲ
ŬĂƉŝ͕ ĂƚĂƵ ŵĞŶŐƵũŝ ŬĞďĞŶĂƌĂŶ ĚĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƉĞƌŽůĞŚ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ
ĚĂƌŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ͘
ĂƚĂƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚĚŝŬƵŵƉƵůŬĂŶŵĞůĂůƵŝƚĞŬŶŝŬŽďƐĞƌǀĂƐŝƉĂƌƟƐŝƉĂƐŝ͕
ƚĞŬŶŝŬ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ ŵĞŶĚĂůĂŵ͕ ĚĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůƵƐƵƌĂŶ ĚŽŬƵŵĞŶ ;ƌĞƐǁĞůů͕
ϮϬϭϯ͗ϮϲϲͿ͕ĚĞŶŐĂŶďĂŶƚƵĂŶĂůĂƚďĞƌƵƉĂƉĞĚŽŵĂŶǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂͬŽďƐĞƌͲ
vasi, ǀŽŝĐĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞƌ, ǀŝĚĞŽƌĞĐŽƌĚĞƌ͕ŬĂŵĞƌĂ͕ĚĂŶĐĂƚĂƚĂŶůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ͘
^ĂĂƚ ĂǁĂů ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ ďĞƌůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŶũĞͲ
ůĂƐŬĂŶ ŵĂŬƐƵĚ ĚĂŶ ƚƵũƵĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ͕ ĚĂŶ ďŝůĂ ĐĂůŽŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ďĞƌͲ
ƐĞĚŝĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ďĞƌƉĂƌƟƐŝƉĂƐŝ͕ ŵĂŬĂ ĐĂůŽŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ĚŝŵŝŶƚĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ
ŵĞŶĂŶĚĂƚĂŶŐĂŶŝ ƐƵƌĂƚ ƉĞƌŶǇĂƚĂĂŶ ďĞƌƐĞĚŝĂ ŝŬƵƚ ƐĞƌƚĂ ;informed
consentͿ͘ ŝ ƐŝƐŝ ůĂŝŶ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŶĚĂƉĂƚŬĂŶ ĚĂƚĂ ƐƚĂƟƐƟŬ ŬĞƉĞŶͲ
ĚƵĚƵŬĂŶĚĂƌŝĂĚĂŶWƵƐĂƚ^ƚĂƟƐƟŬ;W^Ϳ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶEŝĂƐĂƌĂƚ͘ĂƚĂ
ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ĚŝŐƵŶĂŬĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ƚĂŵďĂŚĂŶ ďĂŚĂŶ
ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ ŬĞƉĂĚĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ǁĂůĂƵƉƵŶ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ŐĂƌŝƐ ďĞƐĂƌ ƚĞůĂŚ
ĚŝďĂŶƚƵ ŽůĞŚ ƉĞĚŽŵĂŶ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ͘ WĞƌƚĂŶǇĂĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ
ǇĂŶŐĚŝĚĂƐĂƌŝĚĂƚĂƐƚĂƟƐƟŬƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚŵĞŵďĂŶƚƵƉĞŶĞůŝƟůĞďŝŚŵĞŵĂͲ
ŚĂŵŝ ŬĞĂĚĂĂŶ ĞŵƉŝƌŝƐ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘ WĞŶĞůŝƟ ũƵŐĂ ŵĞŶĂƌŝŬ
ďŝŽŐƌĂĮƐŝŶŐŬĂƚƉĂƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶĚĂŶƌŝǁĂǇĂƚKƌĂŶŐEŝĂƐĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘
WĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ƚĂƚĂƉ ŵƵŬĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ƐĂŵďŝů ŵĞƌĞŬĂŵŶǇĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ǀŽŝĐĞ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞƌ atau ǀŝĚĞŽ
recorder ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵƉĞƌŽůĞŚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝďƵƚƵŚŬĂŶ͘ dĞŬŶŝŬ ŝŶŝ
ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƚĂŶǇĂ ũĂǁĂď ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵƵŶĐƵůŬĂŶ
ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐĂŶ ĚĂŶ ƉĞƌƐĞƉƐŝ ĚĂƌŝ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ͘ tĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ ƐĞďĂŐŝĂŶ ďĞƐĂƌ
ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ Ěŝ ƌƵŵĂŚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ͕ ǁĂůĂƵƉƵŶ ƚĞƌŬĂĚĂŶŐ ƐĂĂƚ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ
ďĞƌůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ŵĞŶŐĂũĂŬ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŝŬƵƚ ĚĂůĂŵ ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƌŝĂŶ ŵĞƌĞŬĂ͕ ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ ũƵŐĂ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ Ěŝ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ
ƚĞŵƉĂƚ ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ ƐĞŚĂƌŝͲŚĂƌŝ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ Ěŝ ŬĞďƵŶ͕ ŬĂŶƚŽƌ͕
ĂƚĂƵƉƵŶ ƚĞŵƉĂƚ ƵŵƵŵ ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ͘WĂĚĂ ƐĂĂƚŵĞŶŐŝŬƵƟ ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ ŝŶĨŽƌͲ
ŵĂŶ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ũƵŐĂ ďĞƌĐĂŬĂƉͲĐĂŬĂƉ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ǁĂƌŐĂ ůĂŝŶ ƚĂŶƉĂ ĂĚĂŶǇĂ
ďĂƚĂƐĂŶ ƉĞŵďĂŚĂƐĂŶ͕ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŝŶŐŝŶ ŵĞůŝŚĂƚ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ĞŵŝŬ

ƚĞƌŬĂŝƚ ŬĞďŝĂƐĂĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ĚĂůĂŵ ďĞƌŝŶƚĞƌĂŬƐŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƐĞƐĂŵĂ
ǁĂƌŐĂŵĂƵƉƵŶŽƌĂŶŐĚŝůƵĂƌ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘
<ĞƟŬĂ ĂĚĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝͲŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝ ďĂƌƵ ĚŝƐĂŵƉĂŝŬĂŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ
ǇĂŶŐƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂƟĚĂŬĚŝŬĞƚĂŚƵŝƉĞŶĞůŝƟ͕ŵĂŬĂƉĞŶĞůŝƟŵĞŶĐĂƌŝĚĂƚĂ
ƐĞŬƵŶĚĞƌƐĞƉĞƌƟůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĂƌƟŬĞů͕ďƵŬƵĚĂŶonlineƵŶƚƵŬŵĞŶĚƵŬƵŶŐ
ƉĞƌŶǇĂƚĂĂŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͕ ƐĞƌƚĂ ŵĞŶĂŶǇĂŬĂŶŶǇĂ ŬĞƉĂĚĂ ŝŶĨŽƌͲ
ŵĂŶůĂŝŶŶǇĂ͘
^ĞůĂŝŶ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ũƵŐĂ ŵĞŶŐĂŵĂƟ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ͕ WĞŶŐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ŝŶŝ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ƐĂĂƚ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ ďĞƌůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ
ĚĂŶ ĚŝůƵĂƌ ũĂĚǁĂů ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ͘ ,ĂƐŝů ĚĂƌŝ ƉĞŶŐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ƉĂƌƟƐŝƉĂƐŝ
ŝŶŝ ƚĞůĂŚ ĚŝĐĂƚĂƚ ĚĂůĂŵ ĐĂƚĂƚĂŶ ůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ͘ WĞƌŝƐƟǁĂͲƉĞƌŝƐƟǁĂ ǇĂŶŐ
ĚŝĂŵĂƟ ƐĞůĂŵĂ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ďĞƌůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ ĚŝĂŵďŝů ďĞƌĚĂƐĂƌŬĂŶ ƚĞŬŶŝŬ
ƉĞŶŐĂŵĂƚĂŶǇĂŶŐĚŝĂũƵŬĂŶ^ƉƌĂĚůĞǇ;ϭϵϴϬ͗ϰϬͿŵĞŶŐĞŶĂŝƉĞŵĂŚĂŵĂŶ
ƐŝƚƵĂƐŝ ƐŽƐŝĂů ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ Ěŝ ůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ ƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉ ƟŐĂ ĞůĞŵĞŶ ƵƚĂŵĂ͕
ǇĂŬŶŝ͞ĂƉůĂĐĞ͕ĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ĂŶĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘͟
WĞŶŐƵŵƉƵůĂŶ ĚĂƚĂ ŵĞůĂůƵŝ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ͕ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƐŝ͕ ĚĂŶ ĚŽŬƵͲ
ŵĞŶ ŝŶŝ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ďĞƌƐĂŵĂĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ĚĂƚĂ͕ ƐĞƌƚĂ ĚŝƚƌŝĂŶŐƵͲ
ůĂƐŝŬĂŶ ƐĂƚƵ ƐĂŵĂ ůĂŝŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐŚŝŶĚĂƌŝ ďŝĂƐ ĚĂŶ ŵĞŶĚƵŬƵŶŐ
ŬĞĂďƐĂŚĂŶĚĂƚĂŶǇĂ͘
ĞƌĚĂƐĂƌŬĂŶ ĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ĚĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝĂũƵŬĂŶ ƌĞƐǁĞůů ;ϮϬϭϯ͗ϮϳϲͿ͕
ƚĂŚĂƉĂŶ ĚĂůĂŵ ĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ĚĂƚĂ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ďĂŐŝĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƟĚĂŬ ƐĂůŝŶŐ
ƚĞƌƉŝƐĂŚŬĂŶ͕ ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ ƐĂůŝŶŐ ďĞƌŚƵďƵŶŐĂŶ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ƚĂŚĂƉĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĂƚƵ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƚĂŚĂƉĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ͘ ŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ĚĂƚĂ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ƐĞũĂŬ ƉƌŽƐĞƐ
ƉĞŶŐƵŵƉƵůĂŶĚĂƚĂĚŝůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ͘
WĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ƚĂŚĂƉ ĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ĚĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝͲ
ŵƵůĂŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŶƚƌĂŶƐŬƌŝƉ ŚĂƐŝů ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ ĚĂŶ ŵĞŶĐĂƚĂƚ ŚĂƐŝů
ƉĞŶŐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ ĚŝŬĞůŽŵƉŽŬŬĂŶ ƐĞƐƵĂŝ ŬĞͲ
ďƵƚƵŚĂŶ ĚĂƚĂ͘ WĂĚĂ ƚĂŚĂƉ ƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ͕ ĚĂƚĂ ĚŝďĂĐĂ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ŬĞƐĞͲ
ůƵƌƵŚĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŬĞŵƵĚŝĂŶ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ƉĞŶĐĂƚĂƚĂŶ ĚĂƚĂ ƉĞŶƟŶŐ ǇĂŶŐ
ƌĞůĞǀĂŶ͕ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚĂƐŝ ŬĂůŝŵĂƚ;ĂƚĂƵ ƉĂƌĂŐƌĂĨͿ ĚĂŶ
ŐĂŵďĂƌŬĞĚĂůĂŵŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝͲŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝ͕ŬĞŵƵĚŝĂŶŵĞŵďĞƌŝůĂďĞůŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝ
ŝŶŝ ůĞďŝŚ ƐƉĞƐŝĮŬ͕ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ŵŝƐĂůŶǇĂ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚĂƐŝ
ĚĂƚĂŬĞĚĂůĂŵŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝ<ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ/ďƵĚĂŶŶĂŬ;</Ϳ͕WĞŶǇĂŬŝƚdŝĚĂŬ
DĞŶƵůĂƌ ;WdDͿ͕ WĞŶǇĂŬŝƚ DĞŶƵůĂƌ ;WDͿ͕ ĚĂŶ WĞƌŝůĂŬƵ ,ŝĚƵƉ ĞƌƐŝŚ

ĚĂŶ ^ĞŚĂƚ ;W,^Ϳ ĚĂŶ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝŶǇĂ͘ ^ĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŶǇĂũŝŬĂŶ
ĚĂƚĂŬĞĚĂůĂŵƚĞŬƐŶĂƌĂƟĨ͕ƐĞƌƚĂǀŝƐƵĂůŝƐĂƐŝůĂŝŶďĞƌƵƉĂŬƵƟƉĂŶ͕ŬŽƚĂŬ͕
ŐĂŵďĂƌ ĚĂŶ ƚĂďĞů͘ dĂŚĂƉ ďĞƌŝŬƵƚŶǇĂ͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŶŐŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƐŝ ĂƚĂƵ
ŵĞŵĂŬŶĂŝ ĚĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƐƵĚĂŚ ĚŝŽůĂŚ ƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂ͕ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ
ĚŝƚƵůŝƐĚĂůĂŵƉĞŵďĂŚĂƐĂŶĚĂŶĚŝĂŬŚŝƌŝĚĞŶŐĂŶŬĞƐŝŵƉƵůĂŶĂŬŚŝƌ͘
hŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵĂƐƟŬĂŶ ĚĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞůĂŚ ĚŝĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ǀĂůŝĚ͕
ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ŵĞŵĞƌŝŬƐĂ ĂŬƵƌĂƐŝ ĚĂŶ ŬƌĞĚŝďŝůŝƚĂƐ ƐƵĂƚƵ ƚĞŵƵĂŶ ĂƚĂƵ ĚĂƚĂ
ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝůĂƉŽƌŬĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ĂƉĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ ƐĞƐƵŶŐŐƵŚŶǇĂ
Ěŝ ůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ͘ WĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ͕ ŵĞŶŐŐƵŶĂŬĂŶ Ƶũŝ ŬĞĂďƐĂŚĂŶ ŵĞůĂůƵŝ
triangulasi, member checking͕ ĚŝƐŬƵƐŝ ĂŶƚĂƌ ƌĞŬĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ;ƌĞƐǁĞůů͕
ϮϬϭϯ͗ϮϴϲͲϮϴϳͿ͘
dƌŝĂŶŐƵůĂƐŝ ĚĂůĂŵ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ ŝŶŝ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŵďĂŶͲ
ĚŝŶŐŬĂŶŬĞƐĞƐƵĂŝĂŶďĞƌďĂŐĂŝũĞŶŝƐƐƵŵďĞƌĚĂƚĂ͕ǇĂŬŶŝŵĞůĂůƵŝǀĂůŝĚĂƐŝ
ŬĞƐĞƐƵĂŝĂŶ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ŚĂƐŝů ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ͕ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƐŝ͕ ĂƚĂƵ ĚŽŬƵŵĞŶƚĂƐŝ͕
ƐĞƌƚĂŬĞƐĞƐƵĂŝĂŶĚĂƚĂĚĂƌŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶǇĂŶŐďĞƌďĞĚĂƉĂĚĂƐĂƚƵŝƐƵǇĂŶŐ
sama.
DĞŶĞƌĂƉŬĂŶ member checking ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŵďĂǁĂ
ŬĞŵďĂůŝ ůĂƉŽƌĂŶ ĂƚĂƵ ĚĞƐŬƌŝƉƐŝ ĂƚĂƵ ƚĞŵĂͲƚĞŵĂ ƐƉĞƐŝĮŬ ŬĞŚĂĚĂƉĂŶ
ƉĂƌƟƐŝƉĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵĞƌŝŬƐĂ ŬĞďĞŶĂƌĂŶ ;ŬĞĂŬƵƌĂƚĂŶͿ ůĂƉŽƌĂŶͬ
ĚĞƐŬƌŝƉƐŝͬƚĞŵĂƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͘
ŝƐŬƵƐŝ ĂŶƚĂƌ ƌĞŬĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ĐĂƌĂ ƐĂůŝŶŐ ŵĞͲ
ƌĞǀŝĞǁ ŚĂƐŝů ůĂƉŽƌĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ͕ ďĂŝŬ ĚĂƌŝ ŚĂƐŝů ƚƌĂŶƐŬƌŝƉ ǁĂǁĂŶĐĂƌĂ͕
ĐĂƚĂƚĂŶůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ͕ŵĂƵƉƵŶĚŽŬƵŵĞŶƚĂƐŝŵĞůĂůƵŝĚŝƐŬƵƐŝ͘
^ŝŶŐŬĂƚŶǇĂ͕ ĚĂƉĂƚ ĚŝŬĂƚĂŬĂŶ ďĂŚǁĂ ƐĞƚĞůĂŚ ĚĂƚĂ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ
ďĂŝŬ ƉƌŝŵĞƌ ŵĂƵƉƵŶ ƐĞŬƵŶĚĞƌ ƚĞƌŬƵŵƉƵů͕ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ĂŬĂŶ ŵĞƌĞĚƵŬƐŝ
ƐĞŬĂůŝŐƵƐŵĞŶŐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝŬĂŶĚĂƚĂŵĞŶƚĂŚƵŶƚƵŬƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂĚŝŬůĂƐŝĮŬĂƐŝ
ƐĞƐƵĂŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƚƵũƵĂŶ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶ͘ ĂƚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƐƵĚĂŚ ƚĞƌĞĚƵŬƐŝ ĚĂŶ
ƐƵĚĂŚĚŝŬůĂƐŝĮŬĂƐŝŬĂŶĚŝƚĂŵƉŝůŬĂŶ;ĚŝͲdisplayͿ͕ƐĞƌƚĂĚŝǀĞƌŝĮŬĂƐŝŬĞŵͲ
ďĂůŝƵŶƚƵŬŵĞŵŝŶŝŵĂůŝƐŝƌŬĞƐĂůĂŚĂŶĚĂŶŬĞƟĚĂŬƚĞƉĂƚĂŶĚĂůĂŵƉƌŽƐĞƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƐŝĚĂƚĂ͘
ϭ͘ϱ͘ ^ŝƐƚĞŵĂƟŬĂƵŬƵ
ƵŬƵ ŝŶŝ ƚĞƌĚŝƌŝ ĂƚĂƐ ůŝŵĂ ďĂď ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ďĞƌĂŐĂŵ ƚŽƉŝŬ ƉĞŵďĂͲ
ŚĂƐĂŶ Ěŝ ƐĞƟĂƉ ďĂŐŝĂŶŶǇĂ͘ EĂŵƵŶ͕ ĚĞƐŬƌŝƉƐŝ ĚĂŶ ĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ǇĂŶŐ

ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ƚĞƚĂƉ ĚĂůĂŵ ƌƵĂŶŐ ůŝŶŐŬƵƉ ŬĂũŝĂŶ ĚĂŶ ƟĚĂŬ ŬĞůƵĂƌ ĚĂƌŝ
ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ƐƚƵĚŝ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƌĞŶĐĂŶĂŬĂŶ͘ <ĞůŝŵĂ ďĂď ĂƚĂƵ ďĂŐŝĂŶ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ
ĚŝĚĞƐŬƌŝƉƐŝŬĂŶƐĞĐĂƌĂƵŵƵŵƐĞďĂŐĂŝďĞƌŝŬƵƚ͗
Ăď ϭ ŵĞŶũĞůĂƐŬĂŶ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ƐĞůĂǇĂŶŐ ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐ ĂƚĂƐ ƐƚƵĚŝ ǇĂŶŐ
ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ͕ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ĚĂŶ ƚƵũƵĂŶ ƐƚƵĚŝ͘ <ĞŵƵĚŝĂŶ ĚŝůĂŶũƵƚŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ƉĞŵďĂŚĂƐĂŶ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ĚĞƐĂŝŶ ƐƚƵĚŝ͕ ŬĂũŝĂŶ ƐƚƵĚŝ ƚĞƌĚĂŚƵůƵ ƐĞƌƚĂ
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƟŬĂďƵŬƵ͘
Ăď Ϯ ŵĞŶũĞůĂƐŬĂŶ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ŬĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ ŽƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ ǇĂŶŐ
ĚŝƉĂƉĂƌŬĂŶ ƐĞƐƵĂŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƉĞƌŝƐƟǁĂͲƉĞƌŝƐƟǁĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƉĞƌŶĂŚ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ
Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ ĚĂŶ ĨĂŬƚŽƌͲĨĂŬƚŽƌ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŵďĞŶƚƵŬ ŬĂƌĂŬƚĞƌ ŽƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ
ŬŚƵƐƵƐŶǇĂ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ ŵĞůĂůƵŝ ƉĞŶĞůƵƐƵƌĂŶ ƐŝŶŐŬĂƚ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ƐĞũĂƌĂŚ
ĚĂŶƉŽůŝƟŬĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ůĂůƵƉĞŵĂƉĂƌĂŶďĞďĞƌĂƉĂƵŶƐƵƌďƵĚĂǇĂǇĂŶŐ
ďĞƌŬĂŝƚĂŶĚĞŶŐĂŶƉŽƚĞŶƐŝŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŶǇĂ͘
Ăďϯ ŵĞŶŐƵƉĂƐ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ĨĂŬƚŽƌͲĨĂŬƚŽƌ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞůĂƚĂƌďĞůĂŬĂŶŐŝ
ƚĞƌũĂĚŝŶǇĂŬĂƐƵƐŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ;ŐŝǌŝŬƵƌĂŶŐĚĂŶŐŝǌŝďƵƌƵŬͿĚŝ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ
EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͕ ŬŚƵƐƵƐŶǇĂ Ěŝ <ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘ ^ĞůĂŝŶ ŝƚƵ ĂŬĂŶ
ĚŝƉĂƉĂƌŬĂŶ ƉƵůĂ ƚĞŶƚĂŶŐ ƵƐĂŚĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞůĂŚ ĚŝůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ƐĞƌƚĂ ŬĞŶĚĂůĂ
ĚĂůĂŵŵĞŶŐĂƚĂƐŝŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ͘
Ăď ϰ ŵĞŶũĞůĂƐŬĂŶ ŵĞŶŐĞŶĂŝ ƚĞŵĂƟŬ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝĂŶŐŬĂƚ ĚĂƌŝ
ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ŬĂƐƵƐ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ůĞďŝŚ ŵĞŶĚĂůĂŵ ĚĂƌŝ ĂƐƉĞŬ ŬĞƐĞͲ
ŚĂƚĂŶĚĂŶƐŽƐŝĂůďƵĚĂǇĂǇĂŶŐŵĞůĂƚĂƌďĞůĂŬĂŶŐŝŶǇĂ͘WĞŶŐĂŵďŝůĂŶĚĂƚĂ
ƚĞŵĂƟŬŝŶŝŵĞŶŐŐƵŶĂŬĂŶĚĞƐĂŝŶƐƚƵĚŝŬĂƐƵƐƉĂĚĂŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂƉĞŶĚĞƌŝƚĂ
Őŝǌŝ ŬƵƌĂŶŐ ĚĂŶ Őŝǌŝ ďƵƌƵŬ͘ /ďƵ ĚĂŶ ĂŶŐŐŽƚĂ ŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂŶ ŬƵŶĐŝ͕ ĚŝůĂŶũƵƚŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƉĂŶĚĂŶŐĂŶ ƚĞŶĂŐĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͕
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚŵĂƵƉƵŶƉĞůĂǇĂŶĂŶŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶǇĂŶŐĂĚĂ͘
ĂďϱŵĞŶũĞůĂƐŬĂŶƚĞŶƚĂŶŐƌĂŶŐŬƵŵĂŶĚĂƌŝŚĂƐŝůƉĞŶŐƵŵƉƵůĂŶ
ĚĂƚĂďĞƌƵƉĂŬĞƐŝŵƉƵůĂŶ͘^ĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂƉĞŶĞůŝƟŵĞŶĐŽďĂŵĞŵĂƉĂƌŬĂŶ
ƌĞŬŽŵĞŶĚĂƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƐĞƐƵĂŝŬĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬŽŶĚŝƐŝ ƐƉĞƐŝĮŬ ůŽŬĂů ŵĂƐǇĂͲ
ƌĂŬĂƚƵŶƚƵŬŵĞŶũĂŵŝŶĮƐŝďŝůŝƚĂƐĚĂƌŝŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƐŝƌĞŬŽŵĞŶĚĂƐŝǇĂŶŐ
ĚŝĂũƵŬĂŶ͘

BAB 2
^/ZKDhE<hzE
MASYARAKATNYA
2.1. Memetakan Masalah
^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ŬĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ďĞƌĂĚĂ Ěŝ <ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ

EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ͕ ƚĞƉĂƚŶǇĂ ďĂŐŝĂŶ ƉĂůŝŶŐ ďĂƌĂƚ WƵůĂƵ EŝĂƐ͘ Ăƌŝ ƉƵƐĂƚ ŬŽƚĂ
EŝĂƐŵĞŶƵũƵ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ƉĞƌũĂůĂŶĂŶĚŝŵƵůĂŝĚĞŶŐĂŶŵĞůĞǁĂƟďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ
ƉĞƌŬĂŵƉƵŶŐĂŶǇĂŶŐďĞƌĂĚĂĚŝƐĞŬŝƚĂƌƉĞŐƵŶƵŶŐĂŶ͕ŵĞŵƉĞƌƚĞŵƵŬĂŶ
ũĂůĂŶĂŶ ďĞƌĂƐƉĂů ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ũƵƌĂŶŐ͕ ƐƵŶŐĂŝ͕ ŚŝŶŐŐĂ ƚĞďŝŶŐ͘ ,Ăů ŝƚƵ ƉƵůĂ
ǇĂŶŐŵĞŶƵƌƵƚǁĂƌŐĂŵĞŵďƵĂƚŬŽŶƚƵƌƚĂŶĂŚĚŝďĞďĞƌĂƉĂŬĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ
ŵĞŶƵũƵ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƟĚĂŬ ƐƚĂďŝů͕ ƚĞƌůĞďŝŚ ũŝŬĂ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ ŚƵũĂŶ ĚĂŶ ŐĞŵƉĂ
bumi18͘ ŬŝďĂƚŶǇĂ͕ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ƟƟŬ ũĂůĂŶ ŵĞŶƵũƵ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝ
ƌĞƚĂŬĂŶ ĚĂŶ ƉĞƌŐĞƐĞƌĂŶ ƚĂŶĂŚ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶǇĞďĂďŬĂŶ ĂŬƐĞƐ ũĂůĂŶ
ƐĞŵĂŬŝŶƐƵůŝƚĚŝũĂŶŐŬĂƵ͘
ƵĂĐĂ ƐĞůĂŵĂ Ěŝ ƉĞƌũĂůĂŶĂŶ ũƵŐĂ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƉĞƌƟŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ
ŵĞŶƵũƵ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ŬĂƌĞŶĂũŝŬĂƚĞƌũĂĚŝŚƵũĂŶůĞďĂƚ͕ďƵŬĂŶƟĚĂŬŵƵŶŐŬŝŶ
ĂŬĂŶƚĞƌũĂĚŝůŽŶŐƐŽƌďĞƐĞƌƚĂũĂůĂŶĂŶǇĂŶŐůŝĐŝŶŬĂƌĞŶĂƚĞƌůĂƉŝƐŝůƵŵƉƵƌ͘
<ĞĂĚĂĂŶ ŝŬůŝŵ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚŝƉĞŶŐĂƌƵŚŝ ŽůĞŚ ^ĂŵƵĚĞƌĂ ,ŝŶĚŝĂ͕ ǇĂŶŐ
ŵĞŶǇĞďĂďŬĂŶĐƵĂĐĂŵĞŶũĂĚŝůĞďŝŚĞŬƐƚƌŝŵ͘
^ĞůĂŝŶ ĐƵƌĂŚ ŚƵũĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƟŶŐŐŝ͕ ŬŽŶĚŝƐŝ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ũƵŐĂ ŵĞŶŐĂŬŝͲ
ďĂƚŬĂŶ ƐĞƌŝŶŐŶǇĂ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ ďĂĚĂŝ ďĞƐĂƌ Ěŝ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ;W^͕ ϮϬϭϱͿ͘
ĂŚŬĂŶ ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ ƉĞƌĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĂŶ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ŶĞůĂǇĂŶ ƚĞƌŐĂŶŐŐƵ͕ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ
ŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝ ƌĞƐŝŬŽ ǇĂŶŐ ƟŶŐŐŝ͘ ĞŐŝƚƵ ƉƵŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ǁĂƌŐĂ͕ ƟĚĂŬ ďĞƌĂŶŝ
ďĞƌĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐĚŝůƵĂƌĂƚĂƵƐĞŬŝƚĂƌƉĂŶƚĂŝ͘
18 <ĞƚĞƌĂŶŐĂŶŝŶŝĚŝĚƵŬƵŶŐũƵŐĂŽůĞŚƚĞŵƵĂŶW^ĚĂůĂŵ͚EŝĂƐĂƌĂƚĚĂůĂŵŶŐŬĂϮϬϭϱ͛͘
19
^ƵŵďĞƌ͗ŽŬƵŵĞŶƚĂƐŝWĞŶĞůŝƟ͕ϮϬϭϲ
Gambar 2.1
Kondisi Jalan Menuju Sirombu
dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ ĚĂƉĂƚ ĚŝŐƵŶĂŬĂŶ ƉƵŶ ƟĚĂŬ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ƉŝůŝŚĂŶ͘

,ĂŶǇĂĂĚĂĂŶŐŬƵƚĂŶĚĞƐĂĚĂŶŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŵĞŶǇĞďƵƚŶǇĂbis;ƐĞŵĂĐĂŵ
ŽŵƉƌĞŶŐĂŶͿ ĂƚĂƵ ŵĞŶǇĞǁĂ ŵŽďŝů ǇĂŶŐ ĚĂƉĂƚ ĚŝƚĞŵƵŬĂŶ Ěŝ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ
ŬŽƚĂ 'ƵŶƵŶŐ ^ŝƚŽůŝ͘ ^ĞůĂŝŶ ŵĞŶŐĂŶŐŬƵƚ ƉĞŶƵŵƉĂŶŐ͕ ƐĞƟĂƉ ŚĂƌŝŶǇĂ
ĂŶŐŬƵƚĂŶ ĚĞƐĂ ŝŶŝ ŵĞŶŐĂŶŐŬƵƚ ďĂƌĂŶŐͲďĂƌĂŶŐ ƟƟƉĂŶ ǁĂƌŐĂ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝďĞůŝ Ěŝ 'ƵŶƵŶŐ ^ŝƚŽůŝ ŵĞůĂůƵŝ ƉĞƌĂŶƚĂƌĂ ƐƵƉŝƌ bis
ĚĂŶ ĂƐŝƐƚĞŶŶǇĂ͘ ,Ăů ŝƚƵ ďƵŬĂŶ ƚĂŶƉĂ ĂůĂƐĂŶ͕ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ĂŬƐĞƐ ũĂůĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ
ƐƵůŝƚĚĂŶũĂƵŚ͕ŵĂŬĂǁĂƌŐĂĂƚĂƵƐĞƟĚĂŬŶǇĂƉĂƌĂĂŐĞŶƚŽŬŽŵĞŵďĞůŝ
ŬĞƉĞƌůƵĂŶ Ěŝ 'ƵŶƵŶŐ ^ŝƚŽůŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŵĂŶĨĂĂƚŬĂŶ ũĂƐĂ ͞ĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇ
ŽƌĚĞƌ͟ĚĂƌŝƐƵƉŝƌbis ini.
ĞƌĂŶŐŬĂƚ ĚĂƌŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĞŶƵũƵ 'ƵŶƵŶŐ ^ŝƚŽůŝ Ěŝ ƉĂŐŝ ŚĂƌŝ͕
bis ŝŶŝ ĂŬĂŶ ŬĞŵďĂůŝ ŵĞŶŐĂŶƚĂƌŬĂŶ ƉĞƐĂŶĂŶ ǁĂƌŐĂ ĚĂŶ ƉĞŶƵŵƉĂŶŐ
ŵĞŶƵũƵ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ Ěŝ ƐŽƌĞ ŚĂƌŝ͕ ƚĞƌŬĂĚĂŶŐ ƐĂŵƉĂŝ Ěŝ ŵĂůĂŵ ŚĂƌŝ ďŝůĂ
ĐƵĂĐĂ ƐĞĚĂŶŐ ďƵƌƵŬ͘ WĞƌũĂůĂŶĂŶ ĂŬĂŶ ĚŝƚƵŶĚĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐŚŝŶĚĂƌŝ
ƌĞƐŝŬŽ ŬĞĐĞůĂŬĂĂŶ͕ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝŵĂŶĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝũĞůĂƐŬĂŶ ƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ
ũĂůĂŶ ŵĞŶƵũƵ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĐƵŬƵƉ ƌĂǁĂŶ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ ƉĞƌŐĞƐĞƌĂŶ ƚĂŶĂŚ͘
^ĞƟĚĂŬŶǇĂbis ŝŶŝŵĞŶũĂĚŝƉĞŵŝĐƵŵŽďŝůŝƚĂƐƵƚĂŵĂǁĂƌŐĂ^ŝƌŽŵďƵŬĞ
'ƵŶƵŶŐ ^ŝƚŽůŝ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĂƐŝŚ ĚŝŐĞŵĂƌŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ͕ ƐĞůĂŝŶ
ŵŽƚŽƌǇĂŶŐƐƵĚĂŚĚŝŵŝůŝŬŝƐĞďĂŐŝĂŶǁĂƌŐĂ͘

ŬƐĞƐ ũĂůĂŶ ĚĂƌĂƚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵͲ'ƵŶƵŶŐ ^ŝƚŽůŝ ƐĞďĞŶĂƌŶǇĂ ďĂƌƵ
ĚŝďĂŶŐƵŶ ƐĞƚĞůĂŚ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝŶǇĂ ďĞŶĐĂŶĂ ĚĂŚƐǇĂƚ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶŝŵƉĂ WƵůĂƵ
EŝĂƐ ƉĂĚĂ ƚĂŚƵŶ ϮϬϬϰ ĚĂŶ ϮϬϬϱ͕ ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌƟŵƉĂ
ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝ ĚĂŶ ŐĞŵƉĂ ďƵŵŝ19͘ ^ĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂ ĂŬƐĞƐ ŵĞŶƵũƵ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ
ŚĂŶǇĂďŝƐĂŵĞůĂůƵŝũĂůƵƌůĂƵƚǇĂŶŐďĞƌůĂďƵŚƚĞƉĂƚĚŝƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘
^ĞƚĞůĂŚ ĚŝŵƵůĂŝŶǇĂ ƌĞŚĂďŝůŝƚĂƐŝ ƉƵůĂƵ EŝĂƐ ƐĞĐĂƌĂ ŵĞŶǇĞůƵƌƵŚ ŽůĞŚ
ƉĞŵĞƌŝŶƚĂŚ ĚĂŶ ũƵŐĂ ďĂŶƚƵĂŶ ŶĞŐĂƌĂͲŶĞŐĂƌĂ ůĂŝŶ ŵĂŬĂ ĚŝďĂŶŐƵŶůĂŚ
ĂŬƐĞƐĚĂƌĂƚǇĂŶŐŬŽŶŽŶƉƌŽƐĞƐƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶŶǇĂĐƵŬƵƉƌƵŵŝƚŬĂƌĞŶĂ
ŵĞůŝŶƚĂƐŝ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ƉĞŐƵŶƵŶŐĂŶ ƚĞƌďĞƐĂƌ Ěŝ ƉƵůĂƵ EŝĂƐ ǇĂŶŐ ďĞƌŬĞůŽŬ͕
ƚĞƌůĞďŝŚƉŽƐŝƐŝƚĂŶĂŚǇĂŶŐůĂďŝů20.
Gambar 2.2
Pelabuhan Sirombu
^ĞũĂŬŝƚƵƉƵůĂĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬůĞďŝŚƌĂŵĂŝŵĞůĂůƵŝũĂůƵƌĚĂƌĂƚ
ƵŶƚƵŬŵĞŶƵũƵŬĞůƵĂƌƉƵůĂƵĂƚĂƵƐĞŬĂĚĂƌŬĞŬŽƚĂ'ƵŶƵŶŐ^ŝƚŽůŝ͘ŝƐŝƐŝ
ůĂŝŶ͕ĂŬƐĞƐůĂƵƚǇĂŶŐďŝĂƐĂŶǇĂĚĂƚĂŶŐĚĂƌŝ^ŝďŽůŐĂĚĂŶWĂĚĂŶŐŵĞŶƵũƵ
19 DĞŶŐĞŶĂŝďĞŶĐĂŶĂĂůĂŵĚĂŶĚĂŵƉĂŬŶǇĂĚŝEŝĂƐŝŶŝĂŬĂŶĚŝũĞůĂƐŬĂŶůĞďŝŚůĂŶũƵƚĚŝďĂďůĂŝŶ
(lihat halaman 32).
20 ĂŶƚƵĂŶ ĚĂŶĂ ƌĞŚĂďŝůŝƚĂƐŝ ďĞƌĂƐĂů ĚĂƌŝ ĞůĂŶĚĂ͕ /ŶŐŐƌŝƐ͕ ŵĞƌŝŬĂ ^ĞƌŝŬĂƚ͕ ĚĂŶ ŶĞŐĂƌĂ ůĂŝŶ
ǇĂŶŐƚĞƌŐĂďƵŶŐĚĂůĂŵDƵůƟŽŶŽƌ&ƵŶĚ;D&Ϳ͘

^ŝƌŽŵďƵĚŝƚƵƚƵƉĚĞŶŐĂŶĂůĂƐĂŶƚĞůĂŚĚŝďƵŬĂŶǇĂũĂůƵƌĚĂƌĂƚ͘^ĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ
ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ ĞŬŽŶŽŵŝ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƟĚĂŬ ďĞƌŐĂŶƚƵŶŐ ůĂŐŝ ĚĂƌŝ ƐŝŶŐŐĂŚŶǇĂ
ŬĂƉĂů ǇĂŶŐ ďŝĂƐĂŶǇĂ ĚĂƚĂŶŐ ĚƵĂ ŬĂůŝ ĚĂůĂŵ ƐĞŵŝŶŐŐƵ͘ ŝƚƵƚƵƉŶǇĂ
ũĂůƵƌůĂƵƚŝŶŝ ƐĞůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂďĞƌĚĂŵƉĂŬƉƵůĂ ƉĂĚĂƉĞƌĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĂŶǁĂƌŐĂ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƌĂƐĂ ŵĞŶƵƌƵŶ ƚĂũĂŵ͘ ĞŶŐĂŶ ŬĂƚĂ ůĂŝŶ͕ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐĂƐŝ
ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵŬƚƵƌũĂůĂŶŵĞŶƵũƵEŝĂƐďĂŐŝĂŶďĂƌĂƚŝŶŝŵĞŶǇŝƐĂŬĂŶƉĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶ
ƚĞƌƐĞŶĚŝƌŝďĂŐŝǁĂƌŐĂ^ŝƌŽŵďƵǇĂŶŐƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂďĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĚŝƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ
pelabuhan.
WĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ icon ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞůĂŵďĂŶŐŬĂŶ ŬĞͲ
ũĂǇĂĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ Ěŝ ŵĂƐĂ ůĂůƵ͘ WĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ũƵŐĂ ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝ
ŵŽĚĞƌŶŝƐĂƐŝ ƐĞƚĞůĂŚ ĚĞƌŵĂŐĂ ƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂ ƌƵƐĂŬ ĂŬŝďĂƚ ĚŝƚĞƌũĂŶŐ
ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝ͘ ŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ Ěŝ ĚĂůĂŵŶǇĂ ƚĞƌůŝŚĂƚ ůĞƐƵ ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂ ƐƵĚĂŚ ƟĚĂŬ
ĂĚĂŶǇĂŬĂƉĂůďĞƐĂƌǇĂŶŐĚƵůƵŶǇĂĚŝƉĞŶƵŚŝ ƉĞĚĂŐĂŶŐĚĂƌŝůƵĂƌƉƵůĂƵ
ǇĂŶŐƐŝĂƉďĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĚŝƐĞŬŝƚĂƌƉĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘
^ƵŵďĞƌ͗W^<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶEŝĂƐ͕ϮϬϭϱ
Gambar 2.3
Peta Kecamatan Sirombu
^ĂĂƚ ŝŶŝ ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ ƵƚĂŵĂŶǇĂ ŚĂŶǇĂ ŵĞŶŐĂŶƚĂƌŬĂŶ ǁĂƌŐĂ ĚĂƌŝ

ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĞŶƵũƵ ƉƵůĂƵͲƉƵůĂƵ ŬĞĐŝů Ěŝ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌŶǇĂ͘ ^ĂƚƵͲƐĂƚƵͲ
ŶǇĂ ƉŽƚĞŶƐŝ ůĂŝŶ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ĚĂƚĂŶŐŶǇĂ ǁŝƐĂƚĂǁĂŶ ŬĞ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ƉƵůĂƵ
ŬĞĐŝů ďĞƌŶĂŵĂ WƵůĂƵ ƐƵ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĂƐŝŚ ĚĂůĂŵ ƚĞƌŝƚŽƌŝ <ĞƉƵůĂƵĂŶ
,ŝŶĂŬŽ͕ <ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘ /ƚƵ ƉƵŶ ƟĚĂŬ ƐĞƌĂŵĂŝ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƉŝŬŝƌŬĂŶ͕
ŵĞƐŬŝƉƵŶ ƉƵůĂƵ ŬĞĐŝů ŝŶŝ ĚŝĂŬƵŝ ǁĂƌŐĂ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ͞ŚĂƌƚĂ͟ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ

ǇĂŶŐŵĂƐŝŚƚĞƌƐŝŵƉĂŶ͘WƵůĂƵƐƵůĞďŝŚĚŽŵŝŶĂŶĚŝĚĂƚĂŶŐŝǁŝƐĂƚĂǁĂŶ
ŵĂŶĐĂŶĞŐĂƌĂ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ĚĂǇĂ ƚĂƌŝŬ ŽŵďĂŬŶǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƐƵƌŐĂ ďĂŐŝ
ƉĞƐĞůĂŶĐĂƌ͘
>ĂŝŶ ŚĂůŶǇĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ WƵůĂƵ ƐƵ ǇĂŶŐ ŵƵůĂŝ ŵĞŵƉĞƌĐĂŶƟŬ
ƚĂŵƉŝůĂŶŶǇĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶĂƌŝŬ ǁŝƐĂƚĂǁĂŶ͕ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ;ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ďƵŬŝƚ ĚĂŶ
ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌͿ ĚŝĂŬƵŝ ƐĞŽƌĂŶŐ ƚŽŬŽŚ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƚĞƌĂƐĂ ƐƚĂŐŶĂŶ͗ ͘͘͘͟ŵĂƐĂ
ŽƌĚĞďĂƌƵŵĞŶũĂĚŝŵĂƐĂǇĂŶŐƐƵůŝƚďĂŐŝƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬ
ǁĂƌŐĂĚŝƉƵůĂƵ,ŝŶĂŬŽ͟21.
ĞƌďĂŐĂŝƉĞŶŐĂůĂŵĂŶǇĂŶŐƚĞƌũĂĚŝĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ďĂŐŝŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ
ĚŝĂŶŐŐĂƉ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ŬĞŵƵŶĚƵƌĂŶ͘ DĂƐĂůĂŚ ŬĞŵŝƐŬŝŶĂŶ ŚŝŶŐŐĂ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŵĞŶũĂĚŝƉĞŵĂŶĚĂŶŐĂŶƐĞŚĂƌŝͲŚĂƌŝĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂĚŝ
ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ƉĞƌďƵŬŝƚĂŶͲĚĂƌĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌŚĂŵďĂƚ ŽůĞŚ ŵŝŶŝŵŶǇĂ ĨĂƐŝůŝƚĂƐ
ƐŽƐŝĂůͲŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͕ƐĞƌƚĂĂŬƐĞƐǇĂŶŐĐƵŬƵƉũĂƵŚĚĂƌŝƉƵƐĂƚŬĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ͘
^ĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ŬŽŶĚŝƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ƐŽƌŽƚĂŶ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ
ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ͘ ĂůĂŵ ƐƵĂƚƵ ƐƵƌǀĞǇ ;/W<D ϮϬϭϱͿ͕ EŝĂƐ ĂƌĂƚ ;ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵĚŝĚĂůĂŵŶǇĂͿŵĞŶũĂĚŝ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶǇĂŶŐŵĞŶĞŵƉĂƟƉĞƌŝŶŐŬĂƚ
ϯϯĚĂƌŝϯϯ<ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶǇĂŶŐĂĚĂĚŝ^ƵŵĂƚĞƌĂhƚĂƌĂ͘ĞƌďĂŐĂŝƉĞƌƐĞƉƐŝ
ǇĂŶŐ ŵƵŶĐƵů ĚĂƌŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŶǇĂ ƉƵŶ ďĞƌŵƵŶĐƵůĂŶ͕ ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂ ŬĞƟŬĂ
ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ ďĞƌĂĚĂ Ěŝ ůĂƉĂŶŐĂŶ ;^ŝƌŽŵďƵͿ͘ ^ĞďĂŐŝĂŶ ǁĂƌŐĂ ŵĞƌĂƐĂŬĂŶ
ďĂŚǁĂ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ƉĞŶǇĂŬŝƚ ŵĞůĂŶĚĂďĂŝŬ Ěŝ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ ŵĂƵƉƵŶ
ďƵŬŝƚͲĚĂƌĂƚĂŶ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ƉĞŶǇĂŬŝƚ ŬƵůŝƚ͕ ĚŝĂďĞƚĞƐ͕ ƐĂŵƉĂŝ ŚŝƉĞƌƚĞŶƐŝ͕
ŶĂŵƵŶ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ǁĂƌŐĂ ŵĞŶŐĂŶŐŐĂƉ ƟĚĂŬ ƐĂŬŝƚ͕ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ƐĂŬŝƚ ŝƚƵ
ŬĞƟŬĂ ƟĚĂŬ ďŝƐĂ ďĞƌŐĞƌĂŬ ƐĂŵƉĂŝ ƟĚĂŬ ďŝƐĂ ďĞŬĞƌũĂ͘ DĞŶĂƌŝŬŶǇĂ͕
ĂĚĂ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĞŽƌĂŶŐ ǁĂƌŐĂ ǇĂŶŐ ŶĂŵƉĂŬŶǇĂ ƟĚĂŬ ďĞŐŝƚƵ ƐĞŶĂŶŐ
ĚĞŶŐĂŶƉĞŶĞůŝƟĂŶŵĂƐĂůĂŚŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚŝǁŝůĂǇĂŚŶǇĂ͕ĚĂŶŵĞŶŐĂƚĂŬĂŶ
͘͘͞ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ĚŝƐŝŶŝ ;^ŝƌŽŵďƵͿ ƐĞŚĂƚͲƐĞŚĂƚ͕ ũĂŶŐĂŶ ůĂŚ ƚĞƌƵƐ ĚŝƚĞůŝƟ͘͟
WĞƌƐĞƉƐŝ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ƐĞƟĚĂŬŶǇĂ ŵĞŶŐŐĂŵďĂƌŬĂŶ ďĂŚǁĂ ͞ŬŝƚĂ ŝŶŝ ƐĞŚĂƚ͕
ŬĞŶĂƉĂŚĂƌƵƐĚŝƚĞůŝƟ͍͘͟ĞƌĂŐĂŵƉĞƌƐĞƉƐŝǁĂƌŐĂƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚŵĞŶƵŶũƵŬĂŶ
ĂĚĂŶǇĂ ƉĞƌďĞĚĂĂŶ ŬŽŶƐĞƉ ƐĞŚĂƚͲƐĂŬŝƚ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƐĂĚĂƌŝ ŵĂƵƉƵŶ ƟĚĂŬ
ĚŝƐĂĚĂƌŝŶǇĂ͘
^ĞďĂŐĂŝŵĂŶĂƚĞůĂŚĚŝũĞůĂƐŬĂŶƉĂĚĂďĂďƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂ͕ĚŝĂŶƚĂƌĂ
ƉĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶ ĚĂƌƵƌĂƚ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƟĚĂŬ ĚŝƐĂĚĂƌŝ ƐĞďĂŐŝĂŶ ďĞƐĂƌ
21 ,ŝŶĂŬŽŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶƉƵůĂƵŬĞĐŝůǇĂŶŐŵĂƐƵŬĚĂůĂŵƚĞƌŝƚŽƌŝ<ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘

ǁĂƌŐĂ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ Őŝǌŝ ĂŶĂŬ22͘ WŽƚĞŶƐŝ ƐƵŵďĞƌ ĚĂǇĂ
ĂůĂŵĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵŶǇĂƚĂŶǇĂƟĚĂŬŵĂŵƉƵŵĞŵďĞŶĚƵŶŐƉĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶŐŝǌŝ
ƐĞƌĂǇĂŬŽŶĚŝƐŝĞŬŽŶŽŵŝƐĞďĂŐŝĂŶďĞƐĂƌŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŶǇĂǇĂŶŐĚŝƌĂƐĂŬĂŶ
ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝŬĞŵƵŶĚƵƌĂŶ23.
Gambar 2.4
Rumah Warga di Desa Tögimbögi
ĞƌĂŶũĂŬĚĂƌŝŬŽŶĚŝƐŝƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͕ƐĞƐƵŶŐŐƵŚŶǇĂĂĚĂŬĞŵƵŶŐŬŝŶĂŶ
ďĞƌĂŐĂŵ ƉĞŶǇĞďĂď Ěŝ ĚĂůĂŵŶǇĂ͘ ^ĞƉĞƌƟ ĚĂƌŝ ĂƉĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƉĞŶĞůŝƟ
ƚĞŵƵŬĂŶ ďĂŚǁĂ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ Őŝǌŝ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĐƵŬƵƉ ŬŽŵƉůĞŬƐ͕ Ěŝ ŵƵůĂŝ
ĚĂƌŝ ĨĂŬƚŽƌ ďƵĚĂǇĂ͕ ĞŬŽŶŽŵŝ͕ ƉŽůŝƟŬ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů͕ ƐĞƌƚĂ ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ ƉƌŽͲ
ƐĞĚƵƌĂůƉĂĚĂŝŶƐƟƚƵƐŝŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶĚĂƌŝƐĞƟĂƉůĂƉŝƐĂŶŵƵůĂŝĚĂƌŝƟŶŐŬĂƚ
ŝŶĂƐ <ĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ƐĂŵƉĂŝ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƟŶŐŬĂƚ ƉƵƐŬĞƐŵĂƐ ĚĂŶ ũĂƌŝŶŐĂŶ Ěŝ
ďĂǁĂŚŶǇĂ;WƵƐŬĞƐŵĂƐWĞŵďĂŶƚƵͿ͘
ĚĂƉĞƉĂƚĂŚ͕͞ĚŝďĂůŝŬŵƵƐŝďĂŚ͕ƉĂƐƟĂĚĂŚŝŬŵĂŚĚŝĚĂůĂŵŶǇĂ͕͟
ŵĂŬĂ ŝƚƵ ƉƵůĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƉĞƌĐĂǇĂ ŽůĞŚ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ŵĞŶǇĞďƵƚŶǇĂ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ŚŽǁƵͲŚŽǁƵ ;ďĞƌŬĂƚͿ͘ ^ĞďĂŐŝĂŶ ďĞƐĂƌ ƉĞƌĐĂǇĂ
ďĂŚǁĂ dƵŚĂŶ ƐƵĚĂŚ ŵĞŶŐĂƚƵƌ ƐĞĚĞŵŝŬŝĂŶ ƌƵƉĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƵŵĂƚŶǇĂ͕
ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬŵĂƐĂůĂŚŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶŶǇĂ͘
22 Lihat Bab 1, halaman 6.

23 WĞƌƐŽĂůĂŶŬĞŵŝƐŬŝŶĂŶĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵĚĂŶEŝĂƐĂƌĂƚƉĂĚĂƵŵƵŵŶǇĂƚĞůĂŚĚŝƐŝŶŐŐƵŶŐŽůĞŚW^
;EŝĂƐĂƌĂƚĚĂůĂŵŶŐŬĂƚĂŚƵŶϮϬϭϱͿ͘

>ĂŶƚĂƐ͕ǇĂŶŐŵĞŶũĂĚŝƉĞƌƚĂŶǇĂĂŶďĞƌŝŬƵƚŶǇĂĂĚĂůĂŚďĂŐĂŝŵĂŶĂ
ŵĞŶĞůƵƐƵƌŝ ŚƵďƵŶŐĂŶ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ďƵĚĂǇĂ͕ ĞŬŽŶŽŵŝ ĚĂŶ ƉŽůŝƟŬ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ŵĂƐĂůĂŚ Őŝǌŝ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͍ WĞŵĂƉĂƌĂŶ ďĞƌŝŬƵƚ ŝŶŝ ĚŝŵĂŬƐƵĚŬĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ
menjelaskan ƟŵĞůŝŶĞ ƉĞƌŬĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚŶǇĂ
ĚĂůĂŵŬŽŶƚĞŬƐƐŽƐŝĂůͲďƵĚĂǇĂ͘
2.1.1. “Amerika Kedua” : Sebuah Analogi Warga

>ĂǇĂŬŶǇĂƌŽĚĂŬĞŚŝĚƵƉĂŶďĞƌũĂůĂŶ͕ƚĞƌŬĂĚĂŶŐďĞƌĂĚĂ͞ĚŝĂƚĂƐ͕͟
ƚĞƌŬĂĚĂŶŐ Ěŝ ďĂǁĂŚ͘͟ ^ĞƌƵƉĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŬĞŚŝĚƵƉĂŶ ƐŽƐŝĂůͲĞŬŽŶŽŵŝ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ǇĂŶŐ ŬŽŶƚƌĂƐ ĂŶƚĂƌĂ ŬŝŶŝ ĚĂŶ ĚƵůƵ͘ DĞƐŬŝƉƵŶ ŬŝŶŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ
ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ͞ůĞƐƵ͟ ƉĞƌĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĂŶŶǇĂ͕ ƐĞƐƵŶŐŐƵŚŶǇĂ ŬĂǁĂƐĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ
ĚĂŶ ƉƵůĂƵ ŬĞĐŝů ,ŝŶĂŬŽ ĚƵůƵŶǇĂ ĚŝŬĞŶĂů ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ƐƵƌŐĂ ŬĞůĂƉĂ͘ Ăƌŝ
ĞƌĂ ƉƌĂͲŬŽůŽŶŝĂů ŚŝŶŐŐĂ ĚĂƚĂŶŐŶǇĂ ,ŝŶĚŝĂ ĞůĂŶĚĂ͕ ƉĞƌĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĂŶ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ^ŝƌŽŵďƵŵĞŶƵƌƵƚƉĞŶŐĂŬƵĂŶǁĂƌŐĂƚĞƌŐŽůŽŶŐƐĞũĂŚƚĞƌĂ24.
<ĂƉĂů ďĞƐĂƌ ƐŝŶŐŐĂŚ Ěŝ ƉĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞůĂŬƵŬĂŶ ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ
ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƐŝƐƚĞŵ ďĂƌƚĞƌ͘ /ƚƵ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ƉĂĚĂ ĞƌĂ ƉƌĂͲŬŽůŽŶŝĂů
ŽƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ ďĞůƵŵ ŵĞŶŐĞŶĂů ƵĂŶŐ ŬĞƌƚĂƐ͘ ĂŚŬĂŶ ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ ŝŶŝ
ƚĞƌũĂĚŝĚĂůĂŵůŝŶŐŬƵƉĂŶƚĂƌďĂŶŐƐĂƐĞƉĞƌƟĚĞŶŐĂŶďĂŶŐƐĂŝŶĂ͘ĂůĂŵ
ƉĞƌŝŽĚĞ ďĞƌŝŬƵƚŶǇĂ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ŽƌĂŶŐ ŝŶĂ ŵĞŶĞƚĂƉ Ěŝ ƉƵůĂƵ ,ŝŶĂŬŽ
ĚĂŶ ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐŽůĂŚ ŬĞůĂƉĂ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ŬŽƉƌĂ͘ ĂŶǇĂŬ
ƉĞŶŝŶŐŐĂůĂŶŽƌĂŶŐŝŶĂǇĂŶŐƐƵĚĂŚďĞďĞƌĂƉĂŐĞŶĞƌĂƐŝƟŶŐŐĂůĚŝďĂƌĂƚ
ƉƵůĂƵ EŝĂƐ ŝŶŝ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ŬŽŵƉůĞŬƐ ƉĞŵĂŬĂŵĂŶ ŝŶĂ͕ ƐĞƌƚĂ sŝŚĂƌĂ ǇĂŶŐ
ŵĂƐŝŚďĞƌĚŝƌŝŚŝŶŐŐĂƐĞŬĂƌĂŶŐ͘
͙͞ ĚƵůƵ ĚŝƐŝŶŝ ĂĚĂ ŬĂŵƉƵŶŐ ŝŶĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚĞŬĂƚ ũĞŵďĂƚĂŶ
;ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵͿ͘ ĂŶǇĂŬ ŽƌĂŶŐ ŝŶĂ ĚƵůƵ ĚŝƐŝŶŝ͘ DĞƌĞŬĂ ũƵĂů
ŵŝŶǇĂŬ ŬĞ ŬĂƉĂů͘ ŝ ƐŝŶŝ ŬĂƉĂů ŝŶĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚĂƌŝ ŬĂǇƵ ĚŝƐĞďƵƚ
Picalang͘ :ĂĚŝ ĚƵůƵ ŵĞƌĞŬĂůĂŚ ǇĂŶŐ ƉƵŶǇĂ ŝůŵƵ ĚƵůƵĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ
ŵĞŶŐŽůĂŚ;ŬĞůĂƉĂŵĞŶũĂĚŝŵŝŶǇĂŬͿ͘͘͘͟
DĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ĚŝŵĂŬŵƵƌŬĂŶ ŽůĞŚ ƐƵŵďĞƌ ĚĂǇĂ ĂůĂŵ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌͲ

ƐĞĚŝĂ͕ ƚĞƌůĞďŝŚ ĚĂƚĂŶŐŶǇĂ ŽƌĂŶŐ ŝŶĂ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝ ƉĞŶŐĞƚĂŚƵĂŶ
ŵĞŶŐŽůĂŚ ŬĞůĂƉĂ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ŵŝŶǇĂŬ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝŬĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ Ěŝ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ
24 ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝŵĂŬƐƵĚ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŬĂǁĂƐĂŶ ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ͕ ďƵŬĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚĂůĂŵ ƚĞƌŝƚŽƌŝ
ŬĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ƐĞŬĂƌĂŶŐ͘ ^ĞďĂŐŝĂŶ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƐĞŬĂƌĂŶŐ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ĚŝƚĞŵƉĂƟ
ƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬĚĂƌŝǁŝůĂǇĂŚůĂŝŶĚŝƐĞŬŝƚĂƌŶǇĂ͘

ƚĞƌďŝůĂŶŐŵĂũƵƉĞƐĂƚ͕ƐĂŵƉĂŝƉĂĚĂƐƵĂƚƵŵĂƐĂŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚĚŝƐŝŶŝĚĂŶ
ƉĞĚĂŐĂŶŐ ĚĂƌŝ ůƵĂƌ ŵĞŶũƵůƵŬŝ WĞƐŝƐŝƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚĂŶ ,ŝŶĂŬŽ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ
͞ŵĞƌŝŬĂ<ĞĚƵĂ͘͟
͞ƵůƵ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŝŶŝ ŚĞďĂƚ ƐĞŬĂůŝ͕ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ ϭϵϴϬ ŬĞďĂǁĂŚ͕
ĚŝũƵůƵŬŝŝ ͚ŵĞƌŝŬĂ <ĞĚƵĂ͕͛ ĚƵůƵ ŽƌĂŶŐ ƌĂŵĂŝ ŬĞƐŝŶŝ͕ ĚĂƌŝ >ĂŚŽŵŝ͕
DĂŶĚƌĞŚĞ͕ ĚĂŶ ŬĂŵƉƵŶŐ ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ͘ ĂŶǇĂŬ ũƵŐĂ ŽƌĂŶŐ ŬĞƚƵƌƵŶĂŶ
ŝŶĂĚŝƐŝŶŝǇĂŶŐƉƵŶǇĂŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝŵŝŶǇĂŬŬĞůĂƉĂ͕ůĂůƵĂĚĂŶǇĂŬĞďƵŶ
ŬĞůĂƉĂ ŵŝůŝŬ ǁĂƌŐĂ ůŽŬĂů ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌŚĂŵƉĂƌ Ěŝ ƐĞƉĂŶũĂŶŐ ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ
ƉƵůĂƵ͘ ŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ ƐĂŶŐĂƚ ĂŬƟĨ ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂ ƐŝŶŐŐĂŚ Ěŝ
ƉĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵǇĂŶŐĚĂƚĂŶŐĚĂƌŝ^ŝďŽůŐĂĚĂŶWĂĚĂŶŐ͟
WĞŶŐĂŶĂůŽŐŝĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ͞ŵĞƌŝŬĂ <ĞĚƵĂ͟ ŝŶŝ ďƵŬĂŶ

ƚĂŶƉĂƐĞďĂď͘ƵůƵĚŝWĞƐŝƐŝƌ^ŝƌŽŵďƵĚĂŶ,ŝŶĂŬŽƚĞƌĚĂƉĂƚƉĞŵďƵĂƚĂŶ
ĞŵĂƐ ŽůĞŚ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂ͕ ďĂŚŬĂŶ ŽƌĂŶŐ ŬĂǇĂ ĚŝƐŝŶŝ ƐĞƌŝŶŐ
ŵĞŵďĞƌŝŬĂŶƉŝŶũĂŵĂŶƚĂŶƉĂďĂƚĂƐǁĂŬƚƵƉĂĚĂǁĂƌŐĂůĂŝŶŶǇĂĚĞŶŐĂŶ
ũĂŵŝŶĂŶŚĂƐŝůƉĞƌŬĞďƵŶĂŶ͘EĂŵƵŶ͕ĂůĂƐĂŶƵƚĂŵĂĚĂƌŝƉĞŶŐĂŶĂůŽŐŝĂŶ
͞ŵĞƌŝŬĂ <ĞĚƵĂ͟ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƚƵũƵŬĂŶ ƉĂĚĂ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ŵĞůŝŵƉĂŚŶǇĂ
emas berlambang icon ŵĞƌŝŬĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝŵŝůŝŬŝ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ
ƐĂĂƚ ŝƚƵ͘ ŵĂƐ ŝƚƵ ĚŝĚĂƉĂƚ ĚĂƌŝ ŚĂƐŝů ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚĂŶ ,ŝŶĂŬŽ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƉĂƌĂ ƉĞŵďĞůŝ ĚĂƌŝ ůƵĂƌ͕ ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬ ƉĂĚĂ
era kolonial.
^ĂůĂŚ ƐĞŽƌĂŶŐ ǁĂƌŐĂ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƐŝ ŬĞĞŵƉĂƚ ƐĞũĂŬ
ĚĂƚĂŶŐŶǇĂĞŵĂƐĚĂƌŝŵĞƌŝŬĂƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚŵĂƐŝŚŵĞŶǇŝŵƉĂŶƐĂůĂŚƐĂƚƵ
ĞŵĂƐ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞůĂŚ ĚŝǁĂƌŝƐŬĂŶ ŽůĞŚ ŽƌĂŶŐ ƚƵĂŶǇĂ͘ ŵĂƐ ŝŶŝ ĚŝƐŝŵƉĂŶ
ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ͞ŬĞŶĂŶŐĂŶ͟ ďĞƌũĂǇĂŶǇĂ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĂƐĂ ůĂŵƉĂƵ͕
ǇĂŶŐƚĞƌƵƐĚŝǁĂƌŝƐŬĂŶŽůĞŚƉĞŵŝůŝŬŶǇĂĚĂƌŝŐĞŶĞƌĂƐŝŬĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƐŝ͘
DĞƐŬŝ ƟĚĂŬ ƐĞďĂŶǇĂŬ ĚƵůƵ͕ ĞŵĂƐ ŝŶŝ ŵĞŶũĂĚŝ ďƵŬƟ ďĂŚǁĂ
ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶƉĂĚĂũĂŵĂŶĚĂŚƵůƵĚŝ^ŝƌŽŵďƵĚĂŶƐĞŬŝƚĂƌŶǇĂ
ďĞƌůĂŶŐƐƵŶŐ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ďĂŝŬ͘ ĞŐŝƚƵ ƉƵŶ ƐĂĂƚ ŵĞŵĂƐƵŬŝ ĞƌĂ ŬŽůŽŶŝĂů͕
ƉĞŵĞƌŝŶƚĂŚ ĞůĂŶĚĂ ŵĞŶŐĂĚĂŬĂŶ ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ ũƵŐĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ŽƌĂŶŐ
ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚĂŶ ,ŝŶĂŬŽ͕ ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ĚƵůƵ ƉĞŵĞƌŝŶƚĂŚĂŶ
ĞůĂŶĚĂŵĞŶŐĂŬƵŝĂĚĂŶǇĂöriĂƚĂƵŬĂǁĂƐĂŶƐĂƚƵƟŶŐŬĂƚĚŝĂƚĂƐĚĞƐĂ
ǇĂŶŐ ĂĚĂ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ WĞƐŝƐŝƌ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƉŝŵƉŝŶ ŽůĞŚ Tuhenöri͘ DĞŶƵƌƵƚ
ĐĞƌŝƚĂůŝƐĂŶǇĂŶŐďĞƌŬĞŵďĂŶŐƉĂĚĂŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ŽƌĂŶŐ
ĚƵůƵ ŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝ ƚĂŶĂŚ ǇĂŶŐ ůƵĂƐ ďĞƐĞƌƚĂ ƉŽŚŽŶ ŬĞůĂƉĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƚƵŵďƵŚ

begitu saja. Dalam satu keluarga bisa menghasilkan kelapa puluhan
ƚŽŶ͕ĚŝƚĂŵďĂŚŬĞůƵĂƌŐĂůĂŝŶǇĂŶŐũƵŐĂŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝƉŽŚŽŶŬĞůĂƉĂĚŝƚĂŶĂŚ
ŵŝůŝŬŶǇĂ͘
ഩ
Gambar 2.5
Ukiran Logam Emas dari Amerika Milik Keturunan Bugis Sirombu
WĂĚĂŵĂƐĂ ƐĞďĞůƵŵ ƚĂŚƵŶ ϭϵϵϬĂŶ ƉĂƐĂƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ

ĚĞŶǇƵƚ ũĂŶƚƵŶŐ ĞŬŽŶŽŵŝ Ěŝ ďĂƌĂƚ ƉƵůĂƵ EŝĂƐ͘ZŽĚĂ ƉĞƌĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĂŶ
ŵĞŶũĂŶŐŬĂƵŬĞǁŝůĂǇĂŚƚĞŶŐĂŚ;>ŽůŽĮƚƵDŽŝͿĚĂŶƐĞůĂƚĂŶ;KŵďŽůĂƚĂͿ
ƐĞƌƚĂ ŬĂƉĂů ǇĂŶŐ ĚĂƚĂŶŐ ĚĂƌŝ ^ŝďŽůŐĂ ŵŝŶŝŵĂů Ϯ ŬĂůŝ ĚĂůĂŵ ƐĞŵŝŶŐŐƵ
ďĞƌƐĂŶĚĂƌ Ěŝ ƉĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐĂŶƚĂƌ ďĂƌĂŶŐ ŬŽŶƐƵŵƐŝ
ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚĚĂŶũƵŐĂƐĞďĂůŝŬŶǇĂŵĞŶŐĂŶŐŬƵƚŚĂƐŝůďƵŵŝƐĞƉĞƌƟŬĞůĂƉĂ
ĚĂŶŬĂƌĞƚŬĞ^ŝďŽůŐĂ͘
ŝĚƵŬƵŶŐ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ĚƵĂ ŬŝůĂŶŐ ŵŝŶǇĂŬ ŬĞůĂƉĂ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚĂŶ
,ŝŶĂŬŽ ƐĞƌƚĂ ŵĞŶĂŵƉƵŶŐ ŬĂƌĞƚ ŚĂƐŝů ĚĂƌŝ ŬĂŵƉƵŶŐ ůĂŝŶ Ěŝ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ ƐĞƉĞƌƟ DĂŶĚƌĞŚĞ͕ >ƂůƂǁĂ͛Ƶ͕ ƐĞƌƚĂ ŬŝůĂŶŐ ƉĂĚŝ Ěŝ ƉĂƐĂƌ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵǇĂŶŐƚĞůĂŚŵĞůĂŚŝƌŬĂŶƉĞŶŐƵƐĂŚĂgehaiϮϱ͘ĂŶǇĂŬƉƵůĂŽƌĂŶŐ
EŝĂƐĚĂƌŝďĞďĞƌĂƉĂŬĞƚƵƌƵŶĂŶĞƚŶŝŬ;niha khödaͿǇĂŶŐďĞƌŚĂƐŝůĚĂůĂŵ
ďŝĚĂŶŐƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ͕ƐĂůĂŚƐĂƚƵŶǇĂŽƌĂŶŐEŝĂƐŬĞƚƵƌƵŶĂŶƵŐŝƐǇĂŶŐ
Ϯϱ ^ĞďƵƚĂŶŽƌĂŶŐEŝĂƐƵŶƚƵŬŬĞƚƵƌƵŶĂŶŝŶĂ͘

ŵĞŵŝůŝŬŝ ŵĂƌŐĂ ƚĞƌƐĞŶĚŝƌŝ Ěŝ EŝĂƐ ǇĂŝƚƵ DĂƌƵ EĚƵƌŝ͘ ƐĂů ŬĂƚĂ DĂƌƵ
EĚƵƌŝ ŵĞŶƵƌƵƚ ŬĞƚĞƌĂŶŐĂŶ ƚŽŬŽŚ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ Ěŝ Ăŵďŝů
ĚĂƌŝ ŐĂďƵŶŐĂŶ ŶĂŵĂ ƐƵŶŐĂŝ ĚĂŶ ĚĞƐĂ Ěŝ ^ƵůĂǁĞƐŝ͘ Nduri merupakan
ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ƐƵŶŐĂŝ Ěŝ ^ƵůĂǁĞƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝƐĞŬŝƚĂƌŶǇĂ ƚĞƌĚĂƉĂƚ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ
ŬĂŵƉƵŶŐ͘ ^ĞĚĂŶŐŬĂŶ Maru ĚŝƐĞƌĂƉ ĚĂƌŝ ĂƐĂů ŬĂƚĂ Maros͕ ǇĂŶŐ
ĚŝƉĞƌĐĂǇĂƐĞďĂŐĂŝ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵŬĂŵƉƵŶŐ Ěŝ ^ƵůĂǁĞƐŝ ǇĂŶŐĚŝ ĚĂůĂŵŶǇĂ
ĚŝůĂůƵŝƐƵŶŐĂŝnduri tersebut.
DĞƐŬŝƉƵŶ ƐĞŵƵĂ ƟŶŐŐĂů ͚ŬĞŶĂŶŐĂŶ͕͛ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ ƐĂŶŐĂƚ ĂŶƚƵƐŝĂƐ
ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ǁĂƌŐĂ ŵĞŶĐĞƌŝƚĂŬĂŶ ďĞƚĂƉĂ ƌĂŵĂŝŶǇĂ ĚƵůƵ ƉĂƐĂƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ
ƉĂĚĂ ŚĂƌŝ ƐĂďƚƵ ƐĞŚŝŶŐŐĂ ŽƌĂŶŐ ƐĂůŝŶŐ ďĞƌƐĞŶŐŐŽůĂŶ ũŝŬĂ ďĞƌũĂůĂŶ
Ěŝ ƉĂƐĂƌ ǇĂŶŐ ƉĂŶũĂŶŐŶǇĂ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ ϱϬϬ ŵĞƚĞƌ ŝƚƵ͘ tĂƌŐĂ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ
ĚĂƌŝ ƉĞŶũƵƌƵ EŝĂƐ ďĂŐŝĂŶ ďĂƌĂƚ ďĞƌĂŵĂŝͲƌĂŵĂŝ ŵĞŶŐƵŶũƵŶŐŝ ƉĂƐĂƌ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵŵĞŶŐŝŶŐĂƚĚƵůƵƟĚĂŬĂĚĂĂŬƐĞƐũĂůĂŶĚĂƌŝďĂƌĂƚŵĞŶƵũƵŬŽƚĂ
'ƵŶƵŶŐ^ŝƚŽůŝ͘ĂůĂŵŬĞĂĚĂĂŶƚĞƌŝƐŽůŝƌĚĂƌŝũĂůƵƌĚĂƌĂƚƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͕ŽƌĂŶŐ
EŝĂƐ ǇĂŶŐ ƟŶŐŐĂů Ěŝ ďĂŐŝĂŶ ďĂƌĂƚ ŵĞŶŐĂŶĚĂůŬĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƐĞďĂŐĂŝ
ƟƟŬ ƉĞƌĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĂŶ ĂƚĂƵ ƐĞƟĚĂŬŶǇĂ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ŬŽƚĂ ŬĞĐŝů Ěŝ ŵĂŶĂ
ƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬĚĂƌŝďĞƌĂŐĂŵbanua (kampung)saling bertemu26.
2.1.2 Antara Bencana dan Modernisasi

2.1.2.1. Sirombu dalam Bayang Bencana
ŝĂŬƵŝ ďĂŚǁĂ ŬĂǁĂƐĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ƐĞŶƚƌĂů ƉĞƌĞŬŽŶŽͲ
ŵŝĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ƐĂŶŐĂƚ ƉĞƐĂƚ Ěŝ WƵůĂƵ EŝĂƐ ďĂŐŝĂŶ ďĂƌĂƚ ďĞƌƐĂŵĂ ĚĞŶŐĂŶ
'ƵŶƵŶŐ ^ŝƚŽůŝ͕ >ĂŚĞǁĂ ;EŝĂƐ hƚĂƌĂͿ ĚĂŶ dĞůƵŬ ĚĂůĂŵ ;EŝĂƐ ^ĞůĂƚĂŶͿ͘
EĂŵƵŶ ŬĞƉŽƉƵůĞƌĂŶ ŝƚƵ ŚĂŶǇĂ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ ƐĂŵƉĂŝ ƚĂŚƵŶ ϭϵϴϬĂŶ͘
<ĞƉƵĚĂƌĂŶŝƚƵĚŝŵƵůĂŝĚĞŶŐĂŶƚĞƌũĂĚŝŶǇĂŬĞďĂŬĂƌĂŶƚŽƚĂůƐĞŵƵĂƚŽŬŽ
ƉĂĚĂ ƚĂŚƵŶ ϭϵϴϲ͕ ƚĞƌůĞďŝŚ ƚĞƌďƵŬĂŶǇĂ ũĂůƵƌ ĚĂƌĂƚ ŬĞ 'ƵŶƵŶŐƐŝƚŽůŝ͕
ƚĞƌũĂĚŝŶǇĂƚƐƵŶĂŵŝƚĂŚƵŶϮϬϬϰĚĂŶŐĞŵƉĂďƵŵŝƚĂŚƵŶϮϬϬϱ͘
^ĞŶŝŶ ƚĂŶŐŐĂů Ϯϲ ĞƐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϬϰ͕ ƉĂĚĂ ƉĂŐŝ ŚĂƌŝ ƐĞďĞůƵŵ
ĂŬƟǀŝƚĂƐ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ĚŝŵƵůĂŝ͕ ŐĞŵƵƌƵŚ ŽŵďĂŬ ďĞƌĐĂŵƉƵƌ ĂŶŐŝŶ
menghempas pantai Sirombu. Pohon Kelapa, rerumputan, rumah,
26 DĂŬƐƵĚ ĚĂƌŝ EŝĂƐ ďĂŐŝĂŶ ĂƌĂƚ ĂĚĂůĂŚ ǁŝůĂǇĂŚ ďĂƌĂƚ ƉƵůĂƵ EŝĂƐ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌŝƐŽůŝƌ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ
ĚŝƉŝƐĂŚŬĂŶŽůĞŚŐƵŶƵŶŐĂŶƚĂƌĂŬĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶEŝĂƐďĂŐŝĂŶďĂƌĂƚĚĞŶŐĂŶƟŵƵƌ;'ƵŶƵŶŐ^ŝƚŽůŝͿ͘
^ĞďĞůƵŵ ĚŝŵĞŬĂƌŬĂŶ ƚĂŚƵŶ ϮϬϬϴ͕ EŝĂƐ ďĂƌĂƚ ŵĂƐŝŚ ƚĞƌŵĂƐƵŬ ĚĂůĂŵ ƚĞƌŝƚŽƌŝ <ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ
EŝĂƐ͘

ŐĞƌĞũĂ͕ ŵĂƐũŝĚ͕ ǀŝŚĂƌĂ͕ ŬĞŶĚĂƌĂĂŶ ƚĞƌůŝŶĚĂƐ ĚĂŶ ƚĞƌŚĞŵƉĂƐ ŽůĞŚ
ĚĂŚƐǇĂƚŶǇĂ ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝ͘ DĞŶƵƌƵƚ ƐĂůĂŚ ƐĂƚƵ ǁĂƌŐĂ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶŐĂůĂŵŝ
ƚĞƌũĂŶŐĂŶ ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝ͕ ůĞďŝŚ ŬƵƌĂŶŐ ϭϬ ŽƌĂŶŐ ǁĂƌŐĂ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ŵĞŶŝŶŐŐĂů
ĚƵŶŝĂ ĚĂŶ ďĞďĞƌĂƉĂ ŽƌĂŶŐ Ěŝ ĂŶƚĂƌĂŶǇĂ ƐĂŵƉĂŝ ƐĂĂƚ ŝŶŝ ƟĚĂŬ
ĚŝŬĞƚĂŚƵŝ ĚŝŵĂŶĂ ũĂƐĂĚŶǇĂ ƚĞƌďĂǁĂ ŽůĞŚ ĚĂŚƐǇĂƚŶǇĂ ŐĞůŽŵďĂŶŐ
tsunami.
Gambar 2.6
Sisa Bangunan Pasca Trunami dan Gempa Bumi
ĞŶĐĂŶĂ ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞůĂŶĚĂ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚŝƌĂƐĂŬĂŶƐĞƉĞƌƟ

ŵŝŵƉŝ ďƵƌƵŬ ǇĂŶŐ ďĂƌƵ ƐĂũĂ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ ŬĞŵĂƌŝŶ ŵĂůĂŵ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ŵĂƐŝŚ
ƚĞƌďĂǇĂŶŐ Ěŝ ďĞŶĂŬ ƐĞďĂŐŝĂŶ ďĞƐĂƌ ǁĂƌŐĂ ǇĂŶŐ ƚĞƌƟŵƉĂ ďĞŶĐĂŶĂ
ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ͘ĞŶĐĂŶĂ ƚĞƌƐĞďƵƚ ƐĞĚŝŬŝƚŶǇĂ ŵĞŶŐŚĂŶĐƵƌŬĂŶ ŵĂƚĂ ƉĞŶĐĂͲ
ŚĂƌŝĂŶŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚůƵĂƐ͕ƚĞƌƵƚĂŵĂďĂŐŝǁĂƌŐĂǇĂŶŐďĞƌƚĂŶŝ͘
ĞůƵŵ ƐĞůĞƐĂŝ ďĂǇĂŶŐĂŶ ďƵƌƵŬ ĂŬŝďĂƚ ƚĞƌũĂŶŐĂŶ ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝ͕ ƐĞͲ
ƚĂŚƵŶ ƐĞƐƵĚĂŚŶǇĂ ĚĂƚĂŶŐ ŬĞŵďĂůŝ ďĞŶĐĂŶĂ ǇĂŶŐ ůĞďŝŚ ŵĞůƵůƵŚͲ
ůĂŶƚĂŚŬĂŶ ďĂŶǇĂŬ ƌƵŵĂŚ ǁĂƌŐĂ ƐĞƌƚĂ ĨĂƐŝůŝƚĂƐ ƐŽƐŝĂů ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ ĂŬŝďĂƚ
ŐĞŵƉĂ ďƵŵŝ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞŶĐĂƉĂŝ ϴ͘ϳ scala ritcher ƉĂĚĂ ƚĂŚƵŶ ϮϬϬϱ͘
ĞŶĐĂŶĂ ŬĂůŝ ŝŶŝ ƟĚĂŬ ŚĂŶǇĂ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕ ƚĂƉŝ ũƵŐĂ ƉĂĚĂ
ƐĞďĂŐŝĂŶďĞƐĂƌǁŝůĂǇĂŚWƵůĂƵEŝĂƐ͘

<ŽƚĂ ŬĞĐŝů ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƐĞŵĂŬŝŶ ƟŶŐŐĂů ŶĂŵĂ ƐĂũĂ͕ ĚĂŶ ŶǇĂƌŝƐ
ďĂŐĂŝŬĂŶ ŬŽƚĂ ŵĂƟ ƚĂŶƉĂ ĂĚĂŶǇĂ ĚĞŶǇƵƚ ŬĞŚŝĚƵƉĂŶ ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ
ƐĞƉĞƌƟ ƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂ͘ ZƵŵĂŚ ĚĂŶ ƚŽŬŽ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĂƐŝŚ ƚĞƚĂƉ ďĞƌƚĂŚĂŶ
ŚĂŶǇĂƐĞĚŝŬŝƚƐĂũĂĚŝďĂŶĚŝŶŐŬĂŶƐĞďĞůƵŵŶǇĂ͕ŝƚƵƉƵŶƐĂŶŐĂƚƚĞƌďĂƚĂƐ
ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ĂŬƐĞƐ ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ ŵĞŶƵũƵ ƉĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚŝŚĞŶƟŬĂŶ
ƵŶƚƵŬ ƐĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĂ͘ DĞŶƵƌƵƚ ŬĞƚĞƌĂŶŐĂŶ ƚŽŬŽŚ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ ƐĞƚĞŵƉĂƚ͕
WĞŵĞƌŝŶƚĂŚ <ĂďƵƉĂƚĞŶ EŝĂƐ ƉĂĚĂ ŵƵůĂŶǇĂ ŵĞŵĂŶŐ ƚĞůĂŚ ŵĞŵďƵĂƚ
ŚŝŵďĂƵĂŶ ŬĞƉĂĚĂ ǁĂƌŐĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƟĚĂŬ ƟŶŐŐĂů ůĂŐŝ Ěŝ ƐĞŬŝƚĂƌ ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ
^ŝƌŽŵďƵŬĂƌĞŶĂĂŬĂŶĚŝƚĂƚĂŵĞŶũĂĚŝƐƵĂƚƵǁŝůĂǇĂŚŽďũĞŬǁŝƐĂƚĂ͘
EǇĂƚĂŶǇĂ͕ ƐĞƉŝŶǇĂ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ďƵŬĂŶ ĚŝƐĞďĂďŬĂŶ ǁĂƌŐĂ ǇĂŶŐ
ďĞŶĂƌͲďĞŶĂƌ ƐĂĚĂƌ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞůĂŬƐĂŶĂŬĂŶ ŚŝŵďĂƵĂŶ ƉĞŵĞƌŝŶƚĂŚ͕
ŶĂŵƵŶ ĚŝĂŬƵŝ ǁĂƌŐĂ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ďĞŶĂƌͲďĞŶĂƌ ƚĂŬƵƚ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƟŶŐŐĂů ůĂŐŝ
Ěŝ ƉĞƐŝƐŝƌ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͘ tĂƌŐĂ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ƉĂĚĂ ŵĂůĂŵ ŝƚƵ ďĞƌůĂƌŝ ĚĂŶ
ďĞƌƉŝŶĚĂŚ ŵĞŶƵũƵ dĞƚĞƐƵĂ ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ďĞƌƉŝŬŝƌ ĂŬĂŶ ƚĞƌũĂĚŝ ůĂŐŝ ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝ
ŬĂƌĞŶĂ ŬĞŬƵĂƚĂŶ ŐĞŵƉĂŶǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĐƵŬƵƉ ŬƵĂƚ ĚĂŶ ůĂŵĂ27. Warga
ŵĞŵƵƚƵƐŬĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŶŐƵŶŐƐŝ ĚĂŶ ŵĞŶĞƚĂƉ Ěŝ dĞƚĞƐƵĂ ŵĞƐŬŝƉƵŶ
ŚĂƌƵƐŵĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶƌƵŵĂŚŬĂǇƵĂƚĂƵƚĞŶĚĂͲƚĞŶĚĂƐĞĂĚĂŶǇĂ͘
dĞƚĞƐƵĂŵĞŶũĂĚŝůĂŚĂŶƉŽƚĞŶƐŝĂůďĂŐŝƉĞŶŐĞŵďĂŶŐĂŶŬĂǁĂƐĂŶ
ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶĚĂŶŬĂǁĂƐĂŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĚĂŶƉĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ͘^ĞũƵŵůĂŚǇĂǇĂƐĂŶ
ŶĂƐŝŽŶĂůŵĂƵƉƵŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƐŝŽŶĂůƚĞůĂŚŵĞŶĐŽďĂŵĞŶĂǁĂƌŬĂŶƵƐƵůďĂŐŝ
ƉĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ ƐƵĂƚƵ ŬĂǁĂƐĂŶ ƉĞůĂďƵŚĂŶ͕ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝ ĚĂŶ ƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ
ǇĂŶŐƚĞƌŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƐŝ͕ŶĂŵƵŶŵĞŶƵƌƵƚǁĂƌŐĂďĞůƵŵĂĚĂƟŶĚĂŬůĂŶũƵƚŶǇĂ
ŚŝŶŐŐĂƐĂĂƚŝŶŝŬĂƌĞŶĂďĞůƵŵĂĚĂŶǇĂŬĞƐĞƉĂŬĂƚĂŶĚĂƌŝƉĞŵĞƌŝŶƚĂŚ͘
DĞŶƵƌƵƚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝ ǇĂŶŐ Ěŝ ĚĂƉĂƚ t,K͕ ƚƌĂŐĞĚŝ ŝŶŝ ƐĞĚŝŬŝƚŶǇĂ
ŵĞŵĂŬĂŶ ŬŽƌďĂŶ ƐĞďĂŶǇĂŬ ϭ͘ϬϬϬ ũŝǁĂ ƵŶƚƵŬ ƉĞŶĚƵĚƵŬ ƉƵůĂƵ EŝĂƐ͘
^ĞĚĂŶŐŬĂŶ Ϯ͘ϬϬϬ ŽƌĂŶŐ ůĂŝŶŶǇĂ ŬĞŚŝůĂŶŐĂŶ ƚĞŵƉĂƚ ƟŶŐŐĂů ĂŬŝďĂƚ
ŐƵŶĐĂŶŐĂŶ ǇĂŶŐ ďĞƐĂƌ28͘ &ĂƐŝůŝƚĂƐ ƐŽƐŝĂů ƌƵƐĂŬ ďĞƌĂƚ͕ ƚĞůĞŬŽŵƵŶŝŬĂƐŝ
lumpuh total, lalu infrastruktur jalan termasuk jembatan sebagian
ďĞƐĂƌ ƚĞƌďĞůĂŚ͕ ƚĞƌůĞďŝŚ ĂůŝƌĂŶ ůŝƐƚƌŝŬ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŶǇĂ ƟĚĂŬ ůĂŐŝ
berfungsi.
27 dĞƚĞƐƵĂ ŵĞƌƵƉĂŬĂŶ ƉƵƐĂƚ <ĞĐĂŵĂƚĂŶ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ǇĂŶŐ ũĂƌĂŬŶǇĂ ůĞďŝŚ ŬƵƌĂŶŐ ϭ Ŭŵ ĚĂƌŝ ďŝďŝƌ
ƉĂŶƚĂŝ͘^ĂĂƚŝŶŝƉƵƐĂƚƉĞƌĚĂŐĂŶŐĂŶ^ŝƌŽŵďƵďĞƌĂĚĂĚŝdĞƚĞƐƵĂ͘
28 ĂůĂŵǁǁǁ͘ǁŚŽ͘ŝŶƚͬŚĂĐͬĐƌŝƐŝƐ͘

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Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik

Nias Suharmiati Ade Aryanti Fahriani

Venia Rizki Aulia Ramdhani

Orang Serampas Tradisi dan Pengetahuan Lokal di Tengah

Potret Perempuan pada Sebuah Masa Tiga Tokoh Perempuan

Hiburan Masa Lalu dan Tradisi Lokal Kumpulan Esai Seni

Sosiologi Etnik Kajian Etnisitas Hubungan Antar Etnik

Ya ahowu Catatan Etnografis tentang Nias Raedu Basha

Gizi untuk Ibu Hamil dan Menyusui Maria Wigati Lintang

Etnofilosofi Pemertahanan Identitas Budaya dan Bahasa

Penerbit PT Kanisius (Anggota IKAPI)

Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang

iv Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

vi Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ................................................................................................. iii

KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................................ v

&dZ/^/ .................................................................................................................................... vii

&dZd> .......................................................................................................................... xiii

&dZ<Kd< ........................................................................................................................ xiv

BAB 1 SELAYANG PANDANG ................................................................................. 1

 Ϯ ^/ZKDhE<hzED^zZ<dEz ......... 19

BAB 3 MENGUPAS KEMELUT MALNUTRISI

viii Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

BAB 4 DARI KULTUR HINGGA MALNUTRISI .......................................... 161

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias ix

 ϱ <^/DWh>EEZ<KDE^/ .............................................. 199

&dZWh^d< ................................................................................................................. 207

x Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

'ĂŵďĂƌϭ͘ϭ dŝŐĂtƵũƵĚ<ĞďƵĚĂǇĂĂŶ ............................................................................. 11

xii Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

dĂďĞů ϯ͘ϭ ĂŬƵƉĂŶ<ĂƐƵƐĂůŝƚĂ'ŝǌŝƵƌƵŬzĂŶŐDĞŶĚĂƉĂƚ

dĂďĞů ϯ͘Ϯ ĂƚĂ:ƵŵůĂŚĂůŝƚĂ'ŝǌŝƵƌƵŬĚĂŶ'ŝǌŝ<ƵƌĂŶŐĚŝ

<ŽƚĂŬϮ͘ϭ hŶŐŬĂƉĂŶtĂƌŐĂƚĞƌŚĂĚĂƉWĂŶŐŐĞƌĂŶDŽŶĂŬŽ .......... 36

1.1. Sebuah Jembatan: Antara Kesehatan dan Budaya

^ĞŵĂŬŝŶ ĚŝƐĂĚĂƌŝ ďĂŚǁĂ ŬĞŬĂǇĂĂŶ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ǇĂŶŐ ĚŝŵŝůŝŬŝ ŽůĞŚ

2 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 3

1.2. Berangkat Dari IPKM 2013

WĞŵďĂŶŐƵŶĂŶ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŵĂƐǇĂƌĂŬĂƚ Ěŝ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ ĚĂůĂŵ

4 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 5

1.3. Jurang Masalah itu Bernama Malnutrisi

tŽƌůĚ ,ĞĂůƚŚ KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ;t,KͿ ŵĞŶĚĞĮŶŝƐŝŬĂŶ ŵĂůŶƵƚƌŝƐŝ

6 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 7

1.4. Berawal di Sirombu

:ĂƵŚ ƐĞďĞůƵŵ ĂŬŚŝƌŶǇĂ ŵĞŵƵƚƵƐŬĂŶ ƵŶƚƵŬ ŵĞŵŝůŝŚ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ

8 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 9

10 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

Yang mendorong aktivitas-aktivitas

Yang nampak / permukaan

ĂůĂŵ ŵĞŶŐĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŽƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 11

1.4.2. Lika-Liku Penggalian Data

12 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

1.4.3. Mengumpulkan dan Menganalisis Data

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 13

14 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 15

16 Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias

Tradisi Böwö dan Malnutrisi pada Etnik Nias 17

2.1. Memetakan Masalah

&dZ/^/ .................................................................................................................................... vii

&dZd> .......................................................................................................................... xiii

&dZ<Kd< ........................................................................................................................ xiv

Ϯ ^/ZKDhE<hzED^zZ<dEz ......... 19

ϱ <^/DWh>EEZ<KDE^/ .............................................. 199

&dZWh^d< ................................................................................................................. 207

dĂďĞů ϯ͘ϭ ĂŬƵƉĂŶ<ĂƐƵƐĂůŝƚĂ'ŝǌŝƵƌƵŬzĂŶŐDĞŶĚĂƉĂƚ

dĂďĞů ϯ͘Ϯ ĂƚĂ:ƵŵůĂŚĂůŝƚĂ'ŝǌŝƵƌƵŬĚĂŶ'ŝǌŝ<ƵƌĂŶŐĚŝ

ĂůĂŵ ŵĞŶŐĂŶĂůŝƐŝƐ ďƵĚĂǇĂ ŬĞƐĞŚĂƚĂŶ ŽƌĂŶŐ EŝĂƐ Ěŝ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ͕

ĞŶĐĂŶĂ ƚƐƵŶĂŵŝ ǇĂŶŐ ŵĞůĂŶĚĂ ^ŝƌŽŵďƵ ĚŝƌĂƐĂŬĂŶƐĞƉĞƌƟ