4th Quarter Reviewer: Physics

Uniformly Accelerated Motion: equations B & C to d = vt & you’ll

find that
Horizontal Dimension
● If a body maintains a constant
change in its v in a given time
interval along a straight line,
then the body is said to have a
uniform acceleration

● Simplify, you’ll get

● Rearranging, you’ll get

Vertical Dimension
● On Earth, when you throw
something up, it’ll go down.
Things thrown upwards always
● Since the v of the object fall at a constant acceleration
changes when it’s uniformly which has a magnitude of 9.8
accelerating, we use the ave v to m/s^2
determine the d, so substituting
v by ave v in equation B, you’ll
get:

● Rearrange equation C to arrive

at vf = vi + at & substituting the
vf in equation D, you’ll get
Projectile:
● Moves in 2 dimensions - having
both horizontal & vertical
motion components, acted by
gravity only. In physics, this is
● Combining vi, you'll arrive at
called projectile motion
● The horizontal & vertical
positions of the horizontally
projected object can be
● Distributing t will give you described by the equations
& respectively,
where

● Simplifying further will provide h is taken to be -, being a d

you below the point of release & ag
is -9.8 m/s^2
● For a horizontally projected
● To find out how final v depends object, the d & v vector has both
on the d, substitute v & t from magnitude & direction that you
can separate into
 at rest only for an instant)
it’ll start to descend w/ an
increasing - vertical v
until it’s stopped by
something
● So as the projectile moves
forward horizontally w/ uniform
v, its vertical v is also
accelerated creating a
trajectory that’s a parabola

● A projectile launched
horizontally has no initial
vertical v. Thus, its vertical
motion is identical to that of a
dropped object. The downward v
increases uniformly due to Impulse & Momentum:
gravity as shown by the vector
arrows of increasing lengths. What affects motion?
The horizontal v is uniform as ● Consider a cargo truck w/ a
shown by the identical mass of 10,000 kg traveling at a v
horizontal vector arrows of 40 km per hour & a small car
w/ a mass of 2000 kg traveling at
the same v

What affects momentum?

● The heavier car is more difficult
to stop because it possesses a
greater inertia in motion which
depends on an object’s m & v
● Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
(Inertia): an object’s momentum
is also known as inertia in
motion. For objects moving at
Projectiles launched at an angle the same v, a more massive
● When a projectile is launched object has a greater inertia in
upward at an angle, its v has 2 motion therefore a greater
components momentum
1. Constant horizontal v ● Momentum depends on 2
that moves in the same factors, mass & velocity
direction as the launch,
the acceleration of which Equation for momentum:
is 0
p = mv
2. Upward + vertical v
component that’s
Where
decreasing in magnitude
p = momentum, m = mass, v = velocity
until it becomes 0 at the
top of the trajectory. But
because gravity makes it
accelerate downward at a
rate of 9.8 m/s or 9.8
m/s^2 (therefore it stays

What causes changes in momentum?
● A fast-moving car when
suddenly stopped might have
damaging effects not only to the
vehicle itself but also to the
person riding it
● The use of seatbelts is even
prescribed by law in order to
lessen injuries from car crashes
● Inflatable airbags are also
installed in most cars aimed to
increase the time of impact
between the driver/passenger &
the crashing vehicle in the event
of an accident
Impulse
● In physics, an external force
acting on an object over a
specific time leads to a change
in momentum of the object. A
special name is given to the
product of the force applied &
the time interval during which it
acts, impulse
● Impulse = ft
● Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: the
net force is directly proportional
to the m of a body & its a
● F = ma
Conservation of Momentum
● Example: 2 children on
skateboards are initially at rest
● Newton’s 3rd Law tells us that
the force that the girl exerts on
the boy & the force that makes
the girl move in the other
direction are of = magnitude but
opposite direction
- In this system, no
momentum is gained/lost.
We say that momentum is
conserved
Collisions
1. Elastic: the total KE of the
system doesn’t change &
colliding objects bounce off
after collision
2. Inelastic: the total KE of the
system changes
- Objects that stick
together after collision is
said to be perfectly
inelastic
Mechanical Energy:
Kinds of Energy
1. Gravitational Potential Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Heat Energy
4. Radiant Energy
5. Chemical Potential Energy
6. Elastic Energy
7. Electrical Energy
8. Nuclear Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
● Eg, the object’s stored energy
because of its distance above
the surface of the Earth
● The change in Eg of an object is
expressed as
Sample Problems:
1. How much Eg a 4.0 kg block has
if it’s lifted 25 m?
2. A 61.2 kg boy fell 0.500 m out of
the bed. How much Eg is lost?

Kinetic Energy
● Energy of a moving object
● Consider a rolling stone w/
mass, m, accelerated by a
force, F, pushing on it w/ a
displacement, △d, down a
frictionless incline. The work
done on the stone is:
- W = F△d
● Using the 2nd Law of Motion:
- F = ma
● By substitution, we now have:
- W = ma△d
● The speed of the stone changes
from 0 to v in the time
interval, △t. The acceleration
is:
- a = v/t
● The accelerating stone’s d is:
- △d = vt/2
● Now we substitute into the
equation for work:
● Since work on the object did
energy transfer, the stone has
an energy of motion/kinetic
energy written as:
Sample Problems:
1. Calculate the KE of a 6.0 kg
object sliding at 4.0 m/s
2. Calculate the speed of a 5.44 kg
hammer thrown it its KE is 68 J
Heat, Work, & Energy:
1st Law of Thermodynamics:
● The concept of the conservation
of energy states that: Energy
can’t be created/destroyed.
● The first law of thermodynamics
is actually based on this
concept
● It states that: The change in
internal energy of a system
equals the difference between
the heat taken in by the system
& the work done by the system
● While heat may originate in the
internal energy supply of a
substance, it isn’t correct to say
that a substance contains heat
● The substance has internal
energy, not heat
● The word “heat” is used only
when referring to the energy
actually in transit from hot to
cold
● The law is expressed as:
- ΔU = Q-W
● Where Q = the amount of heat
flowing into a system during a
given process
 ● W = the net work done by the
system
● Δ U = the change in the system’s
internal energy
● This is derived from the
conservation of energy given as
how heat is related to work? Or
how heat is related to work?
● Q= W + ΔU
● We will use Joule (J) as our SI
unit for energy. The 1st law tells
us that a system’s internal
energy can be changed by
transferring energy by either
work, heat/a combination of the
2 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Sample Problem:
1. If 150J of energy is added to a
system when no external work
was done, by how much will the
thermal energy of the system
raised?
Given:
● Q= 150J
● W= 0
● Find: U
Solution:
● U=Q-W
● U = 150J - 0
● U = 150 J
Summary
1. The increase in the internal
energy of a system is = to the
amount of heat added to a
system minus the work done by
the system
2. Adiabatic process is a process
without gain/loss of heat
3. Internal/ thermal energy is the
sum of all kinetic and potential
energies of the atoms/molecules
in the system
Heat Pump
● Heat flows from a hotter object
to a cooler object when the 2
objects are placed in contact.
How can we reverse the
process?
● A heat pump’s used to reverse
the process.
● It’s a device that allows heat to
transfer from a cold reservoir to
a warmer one, which cannot
happen spontaneously, or on its
own
● Work is required for the heat to
flow from a lower to a higher
temperature. This work’s
provided by the motor of a heat
pump
● Mechanical work should be
applied so that heat could be
transformed
● Heat flows normally from higher
to lower temp. It’s a natural or
spontaneous process.
● It doesn’t require any external
energy to occur
● When heat flows from lower to
higher temp, it needs
mechanical energy to happen. It
is called non-spontaneous
process. In doing so, work
should be done. Mechanical
energy is required for this to
happen
● It states that heat will never flow
from a cold to a hot temp object.
The work’s provided by the
motor of the heat pump
Summary:
1. Heat flows normally from higher
to lower temp which is a
spontaneous process. It doesn’t
require any external energy to
occur
2. Non spontaneous process
happens when heat flows from
lower to higher temp. It needs
mechanical energy to occur
3. The 1nd Law of Thermodynamics
states that heat will never flow
from a cold to a hot temp object.
Hence, a heat pump’s used.
4. A heat pump’s a device that
reverses the direction of the
heat flow: from a cold reservoir
to a warmer one. Refrigerator &
 AC unit are examples of heat
pump
Heat Engine
● Changes thermal energy into
mechanical work
● 3 things happen in a full cycle of
a heat engine:
1. Heat is added. It is an
input heat (QH) which is a
relatively high temp
2. Some of the energy from
that input heat is used to
do work (W)
3. The rest of the heat is
removed at a relatively
cold temp (QC)
Thermal Efficiency
● Sadi Carnot carefully studied
the compression and expansion
cycles
● How well a machine operates is
the ratio of the useful work done
to the heat provided is the
thermal efficiency
● Applying Conservation of
Energy, QH = W + QC
● An important measure of a heat
engine is its efficiency: how
much of the input energy ends
up doing useful work? The
efficiency is calculated as a
fraction (although it is stated as
a %).
● Efficiency = Work done/Input
heat = WQH. Work’s just the
input heat minus the exhaust
heat, so
● Efficiency = (QH-QC)/QH = 1 -
QC/QH
● Where:
- QC = energy removed by
heat/energy in cold
reservoir
- QH = energy added by
heat/energy in hot
reservoir
- TC = absolute temp in
cold reservoir
- TH = absolute temp in hot
reservoir
● Studying our equation, we can
only have a 100% efficiency if
there is no energy transferred
away from the engine by heat.
But in reality, there is no 100%
efficient engine. There will be
other losses (to friction, for
example) that will reduce the
efficiency
Summary:
● The total KE & PE of all its
particles is the internal energy
of a body
● The internal energy of a body
increases when a) its temp
increases & b) it changes from
solid to liquid/from liquid to gas.
● Heat’s the energy transferred
from one body to another as a
result of a temp difference
● Heating: process in which heat is
transferred from one body to
another as a result of a temp
difference
● By doing work/by heating,
internal energy can be
increased
● Joule (J) is the unit to express
internal energy
● Heat engine is a device that
changes thermal energy into
mechanical work.
● Internal combustion engines are
engines that combustion takes
place inside the engine
 chamber. Examples are
gasoline, diesel engine and our
human body. External
combustion engines are engines
where the fuel combustion takes
place outside the engine. Steam,
piston engine and the
atmosphere are examples of
external combustion engine.
● Thermal Pollution of the air can
affect the weather; thermal
pollution of water can be
harmful to aquatic animals.
Electricity:
How’s electricity produced?
● Electricity powers all our
gadgets & appliances at home
● Various sources of energy are
utilized to provide electricity to
power our households
● Ex: the tremendous energy
produced by falling water is
used by water turbines to rotate
large generators at a
hydroelectric power plant
● As the water falls from the
reservoir, its KE increases & it
flows very fast
● Other sources of energy at
power plants include steam from
burning fossil fuels, nuclear
reactions, wind & ocean tides.
● Powers plants, in general, use
generators to convert KE into
electrical energy. One specific
source, however, uses solar
panels made of photovoltaic
cells to convert sunlight into
electrical energy instead of
turbines
How is electricity transmitted &
distributed?
● From the power plants,
electricity is then made to travel
along cables & wires called
transmission lines
● They are commonly put up
between transmission
substations which are regulated
by the National Power
Corporation
● May either be constructed
overhead on towers or
underground. They’re operated
at high voltages
How’s the cost of electrical energy
consumption computed?
● One of the factors to be
considered is the power rating
of your appliance
● 3 electrical basic quantities
which are current, voltage, &
resistance
● Multiplying the voltage & current
is = to power
● The power rating of an
appliance depends on both the
voltage & current. The formula in
find power (in watts) is:
- P = VI
- Where: P = Power (watts) V
= Voltage (Volts) I =
Current (Amperes)
● Example: an electric fan draws
5-A current from a 220-V outlet,
its power input is 1,100 W. For one
appliance, the power rating is
large in number, so the unit
used for combined power rating
in a household is in kilowatt (kW)
which is = to 1000 watts
● To get the total energy used by
an appliance in an hour,
multiply the power consumption
by the one hour as in the
formula below:
- E = Pt
- Where: E = energy used
(kWh) P = Power (W) T =
time (s)
How does magnetism produce
electricity?
● Most energy sources such as
coal, oil, diesel, heat from the
earth’s interior are used to make
turbines work, which are then
connected to a generator which
converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy
Review
1. How do you describe the magnitude
of the vertical component of the
projectile’s acceleration? - constant
How to decrease the momentum? -
decrease the speed/mass
How to increase impulse? - increase
the force & time
Horizontal velocity remains constant in
a projectile motion
A. No horizontal forces acting on
the projectile
B. The vertical…
Answer: C, both statements are true

2. Alee dropped her ballpen in a What happens to the KE if the ball is

vacuum. How do you describe the
motion? - constant velocity
3. Sofi joins a fun run, but after a while,
her speed reduces in half. How much
momentum will she have? - it will be cut
in half too
4. In what way can the internal energy
of a system be increased? - Energy
must be added
5. What’s the function of the heat
engine? - Thermal to Kinetic
thrown upwards?
A. The ball’s speed decreases as it
moves upward against gravity
B. PE is converted in KE
Answer: C, both statements are true
Entropy increases according to the 2nd
Law of Thermodynamics
A. Entropy measures the disorder
in the system
B. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
implies that energy
transformation is 100%

6. Why are machines inefficient? - it Answer: A, 1st statements is true

loses heat
7. Why do we need to keep refrigerators
closed? - the heat of the surrounding
will make the compartment hotter
True or False
By doing work/by heating, IE can be
decreased - True
Electricity flows to the power - True

8. Emman stretched a rubber band 5

times. After that, he observed that the
rubber band got hotter. Did it gain
heat? - Yes

9. Is it possible to change the temp of a

glass of water by stirring it? - Yes,
because the KE & Internal energy
increases the heat

10. Power plant - Transmission

substation - Distribution substation -
Resident

How to increase the distance? -

decrease the angle