EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE SECOND QUARTER LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO
LIFE SCIENCE-
CONCEPT OF LIFE
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

• Describe the historical development of the

concept of life
• Familiarize with the levels of biological
hierarchy.
• Explain the evolving concepts of life based on
emerging pieces of evidence.
LIFE
▪ The condition that
distinguishes organisms
from inorganic objects and
dead organisms, being
manifested by growth
through metabolism,
reproduction, and the
power of adaptation to
environment through
changes originating
internally.
WHAT MAKES LIFE
AMAZING?
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF THE CONCEPT OF LIFE
▪ Cells descended from a common ancestral cell or also known as last
universal common ancestor (LUCA)
▪ Cells arose from non living materials.
▪ Cells appeared on Earth around 3.9 billion years ago
▪ Every aspect of life from the smallest submicroscopic living particle
to the largest and most imposing plant and animal species is
included.
THEORIES ON THE
ORIGIN OF LIFE
SPECIAL CREATION THEORY
▪ states that the universe and
all life in it originated in its present
form by unconditional fiat or
divine decree.
 SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
THEORY
▪ Life originated as a spontaneous event. It is a hypothetical process by which
living organisms develop from nonliving matter; also, the archaic theory that
utilized this process to explain the origin of life.
BIOGENETIC THEORY
(BIOGENESIS)
▪ A theory that asserts that living things can only be produced by another living
thing, and not by a non-living thing.
▪ The invention of the microscope and advances in science made it clear that living
things created other living things.
ABIOGENETIC SYNTHESIS
THEORY (ABIOGENESIS)
▪ Primordial soup theory, panspermia and the deep sea vent theory.
▪ The natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple
organic compounds.
EVIDENCES
▪ Fossils of Cyanobacteria
▪ Stromatolites- a microorganism type of fossil.
▪ Cyanobacteria- first microorganisms to produce oxygen in which later helps to
evolve microorganisms.
EVOLUTION OF LIFE
DOMAINS OF LIFE
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
HIERARCHY
CHARACTERISTIC
S OF LIFE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQPVXrV0GNA
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE LESSON 3

UNIFYING
THEMES IN THE
STUDY OF LIFE
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

• Describe how the different themes in the study of life show

the link or relationship among living things with their
interaction with the natural world.
 PREVIOUS LESSON: CLASSIC
EXPERIMENTS ON THE
▪
EVOLUTION OF LIFE
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION- life may be came from non-living materials
on a spontaneous event.
▪ Scientists conducted experiments to prove or disprove the idea of
spontaneous generation.
▪ Francisco Redi- “Maggot in the Flask”
▪ John Needham- “Boiled broth to kill organisms in it. Kept the container
open.”
▪ Lazzaro Spallanzani- “Redo John Needham’s experiment but with a
different set-up.”
▪ Louis Pasteur- Curved neck set up
UNIFYING THEMES IN THE
STUDY OF LIFE
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
1. Living things are made up of cells
2. Living things metabolize
• Metabolism is the sum of all life- sustaining chemical reactions in
living things.
Anabolism- the substances needed by organisms to grow,
store energy and repair tissues are synthesized or put
together.
Catabolism- some complex substances are broken down,
releasing the energy stored in their molecules.
3. Living things grow and develop
4. Living things respond to stimuli
• Stimulus (pl: stimuli) is a signal or change in
the environment of the organism that
produces a response or reaction from that
organism.
5.Living things interact
6. Living things reproduce
7. Living things adapt and evolve
8. Living things have organized structure
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
HIERARCHY
CYCLE OF NUTRIENTS AND
ENERGY FLOW
CYCLE OF NUTRIENTS AND
ENERGY FLOW
▪ Nutrient cycle refers to the movement and exchange of
organic and inorganic matter back into the production of
living matter. The different nutrient cycles include: water
cycle, oxygen cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle,
phosphorous cycle and sulfur cycle.
CYCLE OF NUTRIENTS AND
ENERGY FLOW▪ PRODUCERS use solar energy to
produce organic material through
photosynthesis.
▪ CONSUMERS herbivores (plant-
eating animals), carnivores
(meat-eating animals).
▪ DECOMPOSERS are organisms
that break down dead or
decaying organisms.
 VARIOUS FIELDS IN LIFE
SCIENCE COVER THE UNIFYING
THEMS IN TH ESTUDY OF LIFE
▪ GENETICS is the branch of biology that deals
with the study of the transmission of traits
from parents to offspring.
▪ EVOLUTION is the branch of biology that
studies about the change of species over
time.
▪ BIOCHEMISTRY is the study of chemical
processes within and relating to living
organisms.
 POINTS TO REMEMBER:
▪ Characteristics of Living Things- living things are
made up of cells, metabolize, grow and develop,
respond to stimuli, interact, reproduce, adapt and
evolve, have organized structure
▪ Biological Hierarchy Level
Atom-molecule-organelles-cell-tissue-organ-organ
system-organism-population-community-ecosystem-
biosphere
• Nutrients and Energy flow in the environment.
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE LESSON 5

PERPETUATION OF
LIFE:
PLANT AND ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
▪ At the end of discussion, students will be able to:

▪ Describe how plants reproduce sexually and

asexually
▪ Illustrate the relationships amongst structures of
flowers, fruits, and seeds.
▪ Describe the different ways on how representative
animals reproduce.
PREVIOUS TOPICS
Lesson 1-Introduction to Life Science: Concept of Life
Lesson 2- Classic Experiments on the Evolution of Life
Lesson 3- Unifying themes in the study of Life
Lesson 4- Bioenergetics
REPRODUCTION
OF PLANTS
UNDERSTANDING PLANTS
▪ Plants are multi-cellular organisms, which is an organisms that consist of more
than one cell. There also known as eukaryotic organisms. They have a cell wall
made of cellulose.
 FLOWER

▪ A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is

the reproductive structure found in flowering plants called
angiosperms. The biological function of a flower is to facilitate
reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union
of sperm with eggs.
 PARTS OF THE FLOWER
The male part of the flower called STAMEN consists of the

ANTHER and FILAMENT. The female parts of the flower is called

PISTIL and consists of the STIGMA, STYLE and OVARY. The male

gamete (sex cell) is made in the POLLEN and is found inside the

ANTHER grain. The female gamete is found in the OVARY and is called

an OVULE.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS
▪ Sexual Reproduction begins with the meeting of gametes or sex cells of
parents.
▪ Stages of Sexual Reproduction:

POLLEN AND EGG FORMATION POLLINATION FERTILIZATION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS
▪ POLLEN AND EGG FORMATION happens in the anther and ovule of
the flowers respectively. Each process follows meiotic cell division.
▪ POLLINATION is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the
stigma.
▪ Self pollination
▪ Cross pollination
▪ FERTILIZATION is the union of the male and female sex cells.
SELF POLLINATION VS. CROSS
POLLINATION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
PLANTS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
▪ Asexual Reproduction is a type of reproduction that creates
genetically identical offspring.
▪ Vegetative reproduction results in new plant individual without the
production of seeds or spores.
▪ Bulb contains underground stem; leaves are attached to the stem leaves contain stored
food.

▪ Corms are solid stem bases. They are round and have a basal plate like a bulb but are
flatter in appearance.

▪ Rhizomes are swollen stems that grow horizontally, just under the surface of the soil and
send up leaves and flowers at intervals.
▪ Runner or Stolon is a horizontal branch from the base of a plant that
produces new plants from buds at its tip.

▪ Tubers are thick underground stems. Potato is a tuber with leathery

skin and numerous eyes which are the points from which plants
grow.
ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
▪ Grafting
▪ Cutting
▪ Layering
▪ Tissue Culture
REPRODUCTION
OF ANIMALS
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
▪ A sperm cell (haploid, 23 chromosomes) and egg cell
(haploid, 23 chromosomes) unite to from a zygote (diploid,
46 chromosomes).

▪ SPERM + EGG = ZYGOTE (new form of animal)

▪ Syngamy is the process of fusion of two gametes to form a

zygote.
TYPES OF FERTILIZATION
▪ Cross- fertilization typical fertilization that we know.

▪ Self-fertilization happens when the fusion of male and

female gametes (sex cells) happens in just one individual.
Eg: tapeworm in the intestine (hermaphrodite).

▪ External fertilization happens when the gametes occur in

an open environment and not inside the body of
organisms. Eg: frogs, crabs, corals and many fishes
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
▪ The offspring’s genetic material is identical to
the parent organism.
▪ Binary fission
▪ Budding
▪ Fragmentation
▪ Regeneration
BINARY FISSION
▪ The simplest type of asexual
reproduction. This is the
separation of the body into two
new bodies. In binary fission, an
organism duplicated its genetic
material, or DNA and then divides
into two parts (cytokinesis), with
each new organism receiving one
copy of DNA.
▪ Ex: Paramecium
BUDDING
▪ Involves the splitting of new
individuals from an existing
organism by forming buds from
the parent’s body. These small
buds arise on the parent’s body
and then later detach and settle
to the ground where they
become mature individuals.

▪ Ex: hydra
FRAGMENTATION
▪ It happens when a
single parent breaks
into parts or fragments
that give rise to new
individuals.

▪ Ex: starfish and planaria

REGENERATION
▪ A type of asexual
reproduction in which
organism is capable of
regrowing certain body
parts that is lost due to
predation.
▪ Ex: tail of the lizard and
tentacles of an octopus
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
PARTHENOGENESIS
▪ A natural form of
asexual
reproduction in
which growth and
development of
embryos occur
without fertilization
by sperm.
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE LESSON 6
 At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

 Describe the structure and functions of the different plant

organs.
 Explain the different metabolic processes involved in the
plant organ systems.
 Describe the major features and chemical events of
photosynthesis.
 The plant body is a hierarchy of structural levels just like in
multicellular animals, the plant body is composed of an
organ that is made up of tissues that is composed of group
of cells.

 There are several features plants common to almost all

angiosperms. But there are two groups of plants in
particular which we called the monocot and dicot which
differ in anatomical details
PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION
BASIC ORGANS
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Tissue system
 THE ROOT SYSTEM
 FUNCTIONS
 Anchor
 Absorption of nutrients
SHOOT SYSTEM: STEM
FUNCTIONS:
Supports the leaves
and flowers in the best
position.
Passageway of
nutrients
MODIFIED STEM
 Bulbs – stem reduced to a
small knob
 Tubers- fleshy underground
stems modified to store
starch
 Corms- upright
underground fleshy stems
covered by leaves
 Rhizomes- horizontal;
underground stems covered
by leaves
 LEAF
 A leaf is a flattened, green, lateral
appendage that carries out functions
of photosynthesis and transpiration.
 Parts:
 Stomata- a small opening found on
the leaf which gases pass through.
 Chlorophyll- responsible for the
green color of plants.
 Blade- responsible for the
distribution of food.
 Petiole, Midrib, Vein and Stipule
 SPECIALIZED LEAVES
 BRACTS- modified leaves at the base of
flowers or flower stalks.

 TENDRILS- can be exclusively leaf tissue or

they can be modified special shoots with thin,
modified stems.

 STOLONS- are thin, above ground, horizontal

stems of indeterminate growth and long
internodes that grow out from a parent plan
and produce young plants at their tips.
 Plant organs are compose of three tissue system: dermal, vascular and ground.

 DERMAL TISSUE
 The surface of the plant is covered by the dermal tissue system. It principally protects
the inner tissues of the plant, but also connects them to the outer world.
VASCULAR TISSUE

 Composed of
XYLEM and PHLOEM,
which function in the
transport of water
and dissolved
substances.
 MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
 Responsible for the
division of new cells
where zones of actively
dividing cells can be
found and where it allows
the organisms to have
indeterminate growth
which insures that plant
can grow throughout its
life.
FOOD PRODUCTION IN PLANTS
THE AUTOTROPHS
 Organisms that can
produce their own
food.

 Ex: Terrestrial plants,

Kelp, algae,
phytoplanktons
 THE CHLOROPLAST
 Came from the word “chloros”
meaning “green” and “plastes”
meaning “the one who forms”.

 Contains CHLOROPHYLL which is

responsible for the green color of
plants.

 Chloroplast is an organelle where

photosynthesis takes place.
 STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

LIGHT REACTION/ DARK

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION/
REACTION CALVIN CYCLE

OCCURS IN
OCCURS IN STROMA
GRANUM/THYLAKOID
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHEMICAL EQUATION
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION/LIGHT REACTION
 It is the stage where the
chlorophyll absorbs the
energy from the sun
(PHOTONS)
2 groups of light absorbing
molecules:
1. Photosystem I
2. Photosystem II
Expected Products: Oxygen
gas (O₂), NADPH and ATP
 DARK REACTION/CALVIN CYCLE
 Named after Melvin
Calvin
 Consists of cyclical series
of reactions that uses
enzymes to assemble
sugar molecules from
carbon dioxide and the
products of light reaction.
 Expected product:
Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆
 LIGHT REACTION VS. DARK REACTION

 Legend:
H₂O- water
O₂- Oxygen gas
CO₂- Carbon dioxide
ATP- Adenosine triphosphate
NADPH- Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide phosphate
ADP- Adenosine diphosphate