COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

SOIL SETTLEMENT INVESTIGATION REPORT

I. Introduction
In the field of structural engineering, the prediction and evaluation of settlement
plays pivotal roles in safeguarding the durability and safety of every construction
endeavor. Settlement, characterized by the gradual descent of a building's base
into the earth, can profoundly affect both the structural robustness and operational
effectiveness of a building across its lifespan.

To ensure the structural stability and safety of the Two-Story Building with Roof
Deck planned for J.P. Laurel Avenue, Corner Jacinto St., Davao City, an extensive
soil investigation was conducted. This investigation entailed drilling two test holes,
each reaching a depth of 15.0 meters from ground level. These holes were
strategically positioned approximately 14.0 meters apart within the designated
project area. The outcomes and analyses detailed in this document are intended to
support the design process of the structural foundation and elements of the
mentioned building.

Within this report, we undertake a thorough examination of primary and secondary

settlement phenomena within the framework of the proposed two-story building with
a roof deck. Through rigorous computational analysis and theoretical exploration,
our objective is to clarify the factors impacting settlement, assess potential risks,
and suggest strategies for mitigating them to maintain structural stability and
performance.

II. Purpose and Objectives

The subsurface soil examination was carried out to gather pertinent data essential
for designing the foundation segment of the proposed building. Samples procured
during this investigation underwent laboratory testing to classify the soil and
ascertain its engineering attributes. Both field and laboratory findings will inform the
assessment of primary and secondary settlement within a clay layer. Specifically,
the soil settlement inquiry aimed to achieve the following objectives:

A. Characterize the geological makeup of the site, including soil classification,

index, and mechanical properties, as well as identifying the groundwater table's
position.
B. Gain familiarity with authentic soil investigation reports and develop the
capability to forecast soil settlement over multiple years under specific loads.

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C. Determine primary and secondary consolidation settlements for the 10th, 20th,
30th, 40th, and 50th years.

III. Evaluation of Soil Profile

BOREHOLE NO.2

DEPTH SOIL LIQUID WATER UNIT WEIGHT

(M) DESCRIPTION LIMIT (%) CONTENT (%) (kN/m3)

0 Ground Level - - -

1.5 OH - - ɣm = 13

2.55 CH - - ɣm = 16

2.55 Water Level - - -

3.00 CH - - ɣsat = 18

3.00 CL 47.24 32.21 ɣsat = 18

4.50 End of Clay - - -

IV. Summary of Results

Footing Carried Load = 461.26 kN

Computed Clay Properties:

Cc = 0.33516
eo = 0.81
Δe = 0.0563
ep = 0.7537
Po = 46.128 kPa
ΔP = 21.7897 kPa

For Normally Consolidated Clay:

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PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT

Settlement Time

46.67 mm −5
5.05 ×10 years

SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT

Settlement Time

48.16 mm 10 years

48.16 mm 20 years

48.16 mm 30 years

48.16 mm 40 years

48.16 mm 50 years

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 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

V. Conclusion
To conclude, the analysis demonstrates that the structure can handle loads of up
to 461.26kN in one footing. The computed clay properties, such as the
undisturbed clay characteristic compression index of 0.33516. The computed
initial void ratio of the present clay is 0.81 and having a final void ratio of 0.7537,
indicates favorable conditions for stable construction. Additionally, the primary
settlement results indicate a settling of 46.67mm, while the secondary
settlements remain constant at 48.16 from 10 to 50 years, suggesting consistent
settlement patterns over time. This thorough assessment provides valuable
insights for ensuring the structural integrity and long-term stability of the project.

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VI. Appendices

a. Computation of Loads on Roof Deck

DEAD LOADS

BEAMS:
UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT USED LENGTH
TYPE (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) LOAD (kN)
B-1/B-
2 23.54 0.3 0.4 163.1 460.72488
B-3 23.54 0.25 0.30 4.05 7.150275
TOTAL BEAM
LOAD 467.8752

SLABS:
LOAD
TYPE UNIT WEIGHT (kN/m³) FLOOR AREA (m²) THICKNESS (m) (kN)
Concrete 23.54 212.3 0.125 624.6928

SUPER IMPOSED LOADS:

TYPE kPa FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Floor Finish 1.58 212.3 335.434
Ceiling Finish 0.05 212.3 10.615
Electrical/Plumbing Materials 0.3 212.3 63.69
TOTAL SI LOAD 409.739

TOTAL DL (kN) 1502.3069

LIVE LOADS

OCCUPANCY LIVE LOAD (kPa) FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)

Deck 1.9 212.3 403.37

Factored Load
Combination 1.2DL + 1.6LL 2448.160286

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b. Computation of Loads on Second Floor

DEAD LOADS

BEAMS:
UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT USED LENGTH
TYPE (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) LOAD (kN)
B-1/B-
2 23.54 0.3 0.4 170.15 480.63972
B-3 23.54 0.25 0.30 52.51 92.7117015
TOTAL BEAM LOAD 573.3514

SLABS:
FLOOR AREA LOAD
TYPE UNIT WEIGHT (kN/m³) (m²) THICKNESS (m) (kN)
Concrete 23.54 225.115 0.125 662.4009

WALLS:
CHB PLASTERS TOTAL HEIGH TOTAL LOAD
TYPE (kPa) (kPa) kPa T (m) LENGTH (m) (kN)
150mm 2.73 0.48 3.21 3.2 67.55 693.8736

CHB FLOOR LOAD

TYPE (kPa) AREA (m²) (kN)
INTERIOR TOTAL
ALLOWANCE 1 225.115 225.115 WALL LOAD 918.9886

COLUMNS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT LENGTH QUANTI
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) TY LOAD (kN)
C1 23.54 0.4 0.4 3.2 24 289.25952

FINISHING LOADS:
TYPE kPa FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Floor Finish 1.58 225.115 355.6817
Ceiling Finish 0.05 225.115 11.2558

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Electrical/Plumbing Materials 0.3 225.115 67.5345

TOTAL FINISHING LOAD 434.47195
TOTAL DL
(kN) 2878.4724

LIVE LOADS
c. Computations of Loads on Ground Floor
FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
DEAD LOADS
1.2DL + 1.6LL 225.115 652.8335
4498.7005
BEAMS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT USED LENGTH
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) LOAD (kN)
GB-1 23.54 0.25 0.35 157.25 323.8956875

SLABS:
LOAD
TYPE UNIT WEIGHT (kN/m³) FLOOR AREA (m²) THICKNESS (m) (kN)
Concrete 23.54 212.3 0.125 624.6928

WALLS:
TOTAL
PLASTER TOTAL HEIGHT LENGTH LOAD
TYPE CHB (kPa) S (kPa) kPa (m) (m) (kN)
150mm 2.73 0.48 3.21 3.4 67.55 737.2407

FLOOR
AREA LOAD
TYPE CHB (kPa) (m²) (kN)
TOTAL
INTERIOR WALL
ALLOWANCE 1 212.3 212.3 LOAD 949.5407

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COLUMNS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT LENGTH QUANTI LOAD
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) TY (kN)
C1 23.54 0.4 0.4 3.4 24 307.33824

FINISHING LOADS:
TYPE kPa FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Floor Finish 1.58 212.3 335.434
Ceiling Finish 0.05 212.3 10.615
Electrical/Plumbing Materials 0.3 212.3 63.69
TOTAL FINISHING LOAD 409.739

TOTAL DL (kN) 2615.2064

LIVE LOADS

FLOOR AREA
OCCUPANCY LIVE LOAD (kPa) (m²) LOAD (kN)
Office 2.9 212.3 615.67

Factored Load Combination 1.2DL + 1.6LL 4123.3197

d. Computations of Loads per Footing

SUMMARY OF
LOADS FLC (kN)
Roof Deck 2448.1603
Second Floor 4498.7005
Ground Floor 4123.3197
TOTAL FORCE 11070.1804

LOADS PER FOOTING:

TOTAL FORCE NO. OF LOADS PER
(kN) FOOTINGS COLUMN
11070.1804 24 461.26

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e. Computations of Primary Consolidation Settlement

S=
CcH
1+e o
log (
Po+ ΔP
Po )
Where :
H=1.50 m Undisturbed Clay
WC=32.21 % Cc=0.009(¿−10 %)
¿=47.24 % Cc=0.009(47.24 %−10 %)
kN Cc=0.33516
γ sat =18 3
m

(GS+e)γ w Se=wGS
γ sat =
1=e

γ sat (1+ e ) Se
(Equation1)GS= −e ( Equation2 ) GS=
γw w

GS=GS
γ sat (1+ e ) Se
−e=
γw w

18 (1+ e ) 1(e)
−e=
9.81 0.3221

e o=0.81

Po=13 ( 1.5 ) +16 ( 1.05 )+18 ( 0.45 )+ 18 ( 1.52 )−9.81(0.45+ 1.52 )

Po=46.128 kPa

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 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

P 461.26
∆ Pt = = =31.811kPa
( L+ H 1 ) ( W + H 1 ) ( 6.25+ 1 )( 1+1 )

P 461.26
∆ Pm= = =20.9664 kPa
( L+ H 1+ H22 )( W + H 1+ H22 ) (6.25+1+
1.5
2
)(1+ 1+
1.5
2
)

P 461.26
∆ Pb= = =15.0616 kPa
( L+ H 1+ H 2 )( W + H 1+ H 2 ) (6.25+1+1.5)(1+1+1.5)

∆ Pt +4 ∆ Pm+ ∆ Pb 31.811+ 4 ( 20.9664 )+ 15.0616

∆ P= = =21.7897 kPa
6 6

∆ P=21.7897 kPa

Primary Consolidation Settlement

S=
CcH
1+e o
log( Po
= )
Po+ ΔP 0.33516 ( 1.5 )
1+0.81
log (
46.128+21.7897
46.128 )
S=0.04667 m=46.67 mm

f. Computations of Secondary Consolidation Settlement

∆ e=Cc log ( Po+PoΔP )=0.33516 log ( 46.128+21.7897

46.128
)=0.0563

∆ e=0.0563

∆ e=e o−e p

e p=0.81−0.0563=0.7537

e p=0.7537

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Time for Completion of Primary Settlement

2
∆e 0.0563 −3 m
av = = =2.5844 × 10
ΔP 21.7897 kPa kN
−3 2
av 2.5844 ×10 −3 m
mv= = =1.4504 × 10
e o +e p 0.81+ 0.7537 kN
1+( ) 1+( )
2 2

−6 m
where :k =1× 10
s

−6 m
1× 10 2
k s m
Cv= = =7.0282 ×10−5
mv γ w m
2
kN s
(1.4504 ×10−3 )(9.81 3 )
kN m

( )
2
π U
where :U =50 % ; Tv= ; when 0<U < 60 %
4 100

( )
2
π 50 π
Tv= =
4 100 16
2
Tv Hdr Height of clay
t= ; assume drainage at both ends ∴ Hdr=
Cv 2
2
π 1.5 m
( )( )
16 2
t= 2
=1571.48 seconds
−5 m
7.0282× 10
s

1 min 1 hr 1 day 1 year −5

t 1=1571.48 s × × × × =5.05× 10 years
60 s 60 min 24 hr 360 days

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Secondary Settlement for t2=10 years

∆e 0.0563
Ca= = =0.0106
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 10 )−log ( 5.05 ×10−5 )

' Ca 0.0106 −3
C a= = =6.06 × 10
1+ e p 1+0.7537

'
S10=C aHlog
()t2
t1
−3
=6.06 ×10 ( 1.5 m ) log
(
10
5.05 ×10
−5 )
=0.04816 m

S10=0.04816 m=48.16 mm

Secondary Settlement for t2=20 years

∆e 0.0563
Ca= = =0.01006
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 20 )−log ( 5.05 × 10−5 )

' Ca 0.01006 −3
C a= = =5.7365 ×10
1+ e p 1+0.7537

'
S20=C aHlog
()
t2
t1
−3
=5.7365 ×10 ( 1.5 m ) log
20
5.05× 10 (
−5
=0.04816 m
)
S20=0.04816 m=48.16 mm

Secondary Settlement for t2=30 years

∆e 0.0563 −3
Ca= = =9.75 ×10
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 30 )−log ( 5.05 ×10 )
−5

−3
' Ca 9.75 ×10 −3
C a= = =5.56× 10
1+ e p 1+ 0.7537

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 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

'
S30=C aHlog
()t2
t1
−3
=5.56 ×10 ( 1.5 m ) log
(30
5.05× 10
−5 )
=0.04816 m

S30=0.04816 m=48.16 mm

Secondary Settlement for t2=40 years

∆e 0.0563 −3
Ca= = =9.55 ×10
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 40 ) −log ( 5.05 ×10 )
−5

−3
' Ca 9.55 ×10 −3
C a= = =5.44 ×10
1+ e p 1+ 0.7537

'
S40=C aHlog
()t2
t1
−3
=5.44 × 10 (1.5 m) log
(
40
5.05 ×10
−5 )
=0.04816 m

S40=0.04816 m=48.16 mm

Secondary Settlement for t2=50 years

∆e 0.0563 −3
Ca= = =9.39× 10
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 50 )−log ( 0.0002472 )

−3
' Ca 9.39 ×10 −3
C a= = =5.36 × 10
1+ e p 1+ 0.7537

'
S50=C aHlog
()t2
t1
−3
=5.36 ×10 ( 1.5 m ) log
(50
5.05× 10
−5 )
=0.04816 m

S50=0.04816 m=48.16 mm

g. Soil Profile

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h. Structural Plans

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