A

THESIS PROPOSAL
ON

Implementation Status of Safety and Health Provision in Commercial

Complex of Kathmandu valley.

Submitted To:
The Program Coordinator
M.SC. Program (Construction Management)
School of Engineering
Pokhara University

Submitted By:
Rashmi Adhikari
CRN: 12/2021
(M.SC. Construction Management)

May, 2023
Table of Contents

1. Introduction:.............................................................................................................2

1.1 Background.......................................................................................................2

1.2. Objective of the study:......................................................................................5

1.3. Statement of Problem........................................................................................5

1.4. Significance of the study:..................................................................................6

1.5. Literature Review..............................................................................................7

5.1 Construction Health and Safety in Global Context...............................................8

5.2 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Provision and Policies in Nepal.............9

1.6. Research Methodology....................................................................................11

1.7. Limitation of the study....................................................................................17

8. Work Schedule............................................................................................................18

9. Proposed Name of Supervisor....................................................................................18

Table of Figures

Figure 1: Methodological Framework...............................................................................16

Figure 2: Study Area: Kathmandu Metropolitan City.......................................................16
Figure 3: Work Schedule...................................................................................................19

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1. Introduction:

The construction industry is an important part of the economy and has a considerable
impact on the efficiency and output of other industries. It is not possible having extensive
investment in manufacturing, agriculture, or service sectors without construction of
infrastructure facilities in place. Growth in this business in fact is an indicator of the
development of a country (Elbeltagi, 2009). In developing country, construction industry
is significant to provide employment as well as infrastructure. Nepalese Construction
Industry contributes 11 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country after
the agriculture, the second largest employer of the country that provides employment
opportunity not only to the unemployed but also to the underemployed and to the
seasonal workers. Similarly, about 60 percent of the nation's development budget is spent
through this sector (FCAN, 2018). As per International Labour Organization (ILO)
estimation, 2.3 million people die every year from work-related accidents and diseases
globally. More than 160 million people suffer from occupational and work-related
diseases, and there are 313 million non-fatal accidents per year. The suffering caused by
such accidents and illnesses to workers and their families is incalculable. It is unfortunate
to know that many of these workplace tragedies are preventable through the
implementation of sound prevention, reporting and inspection practices.

1.1 Background
Construction is a basic pillar for global competitiveness and foundational enabler to
Nepal Vision 2030. According to the Economic Survey report, 2013, the construction
sector has generated new jobs and has grown by 62 % between 2007 and 2013 ahead of
other economic sectors.

Construction activities are among those consuming the bank credit at the fastest rate in
the past few years. In December 2012, construction sector held KES 246 Billion of the
total of KES 1.3 Trillion in loans from commercial banks which accounts to 20%
(Economic Survey Report, 2013).

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When construction industry is compared with other labor intensive industries,
construction industry has experienced a disproportionally high rate of disability injuries
and fatalities (Hine, 1997). Data available from Directorate of Occupational Health and
Safety Services (DOHSS) indicates that in between 2005 and 2009, there were 7769
fatalities across all industry sectors. In 2011, construction industry accounted for 16% of
fatal accidents (40 cases reported for 100,000 workers) and 7% of non-fatal cases
(DOHSS Annual Report, 2011)

In 2072 B.S Earthquake in Nepal cause many problem in country, cause death of people
more than ten thousand and many residence and commercial building were collapsed by
Earthquake having 7.6 rector magnitude .Due to this many construction project process
grows rapidly. Government of Nepal developed many standard norms and standard for
building construction as well as Health and Safety rules and regulations. Although the
Government of Nepal developed the various norms and standard regarding the health and
safety people does not follows the rules and regulation due to which people get accident
and death of people lives.

For the controlling of accident in construction project the most important thing is to know
the health and safety rules and regulation and to implement in the fields as well. Health
and safety therefore is an economic as well as humanitarian concern that requires proper
management control. Investment in construction health and safety actually increases the
profitability by increasing productivity rates, boosting employee morale and decreasing
attrition (Mohammed, 2003). Construction safety and health management therefore deals
with actions that managers at all levels can take to create an organizational setting in
which workers will be trained and motivated to perform safe and productive construction
work.

Kathmandu Metropolitan City is the largest city in Nepal. so Implementation Status of

Safety and Health Provision in Commercial Complex of Kathmandu valley is also very
important for analysis. The Study of Safety & Health compliance provide various
information like causes of accidents, injuries and ill health on construction sites, factors
influencing implementation of health and safety management on construction sites and
assess the impact of accidents, injuries and ill health on the construction implementation.

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OSH is the science of anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards arising
in or from the workplace which could impair the health and well-being of workers, also
impacts the surrounding communities and the environment. The International Labor
Organization (ILO) has maintained and developed a system of international labor
standards which aimed at promoting opportunities for decent and productive work, in
conditions of freedom, equity, security and dignity. OHS is a cross-disciplinary area
concerned with the safety, health and welfare of the people at their workplace. According
to Pun (2011), although various institutions and individuals have defined occupational
safety and health differently but all of them agreed on the same meaning is that protecting
and promoting the health and well-being of the workers as well as protecting the general
environment through preventive actions in the workplace. The major causes of
occupational hazards found in different work sectors were:

1. Unsafe working conditions

2. Lack of supervision and training

3. Use of old machinery and equipment

4. Lack of sufficient maintenance

5. Bad house-keeping practices

6. Violation of safety rules

7. Overcrowded production units with very congested space

Some work activities were noted to have high risks;

1. Working with machine and equipment

2. Use of electricity

3. Building and Construction works

4. Use of chemicals in industries

5. Dusty worksites

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 1.1.Objective of the study:

The objectives of the study:

 To determine implementation status of safety & Health knowledge and

compliance level of workers in Commercial Building Construction.
 To assess the impact of accidents, injuries and ill health on the construction
due to non-implementation of Safety & Health Provisions.

1.2.Statement of Problem
In connection with the safety and health provisions, ILO estimates that more than 250
million workers meet occupational accidents and 160 million are suffering from
occupational diseases each year at the global level. Among them about 1.2 million
workers die annually caused by occupational diseases and accidents. ILO (2013) reports
that approximately 60,000 people are killed every year in construction sites which
equates to one death every ten minutes. The construction industry accounts for almost
one in five death of all disastrous workplace accidents. Ofori (2010) state that
construction is the most hazardous activity in developing countries therefore a lot of
effort is needed to address Health and Safety practices. However in even though a lot of
effort has been put in order to address these problems, the outcome falls short of the
recommended measures. The construction process tends to involve hazardous activities
which may include working at height, manual handling, lifting, scaffolding and so on.
More or less construction sites tend to be temporary in nature and, change during the
construction process. Therefore this presents room for health and safety practices to be
compromised. With the number of organization involved in one single construction
project during the beginning, it makes the management of process in the building sector
more complex and difficult. A single construction project more often has a variety of sub-
contractors who bring their own influence thereby creating a different culture of decisions
and authority.

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According to Ismail, Doostdar and Harun (2012) the nature of construction projects is
low level education work force and high subcontracting which basically is the main
contributor to poor Health and Safety records within most construction projects. The
literature identifies different factors that may contribute to construction site safety,
including policy, process, personnel and incentives (Teo, Ling, & Chong, 2005). The
personnel factor concerns the human condition of the work and activities at the
construction site. Controlling this factor is challenging, since people often make mistakes
due to a lack of understanding and competence when it comes to understanding safety
procedures and how to implement safety measures (Lingard & Rowlinson, 2005). To deal
with the personnel factor, safety training is of high importance (Teo, Ling, & Chong,
2005).

It is estimated that each year approximately 20,000 workers suffers from accidents at
workplace which lead to about 200 lives lost in Nepal (Pun, 2011). Accidents in
construction sites create multitude of problems and are caused due to various factors
interrelated with knowledge, awareness and compliance. About 56% of the total
population of Nepal has been fully immunized against COVID-19. But still, migrant
workers outside of Nepal are struggling to get COVID vaccines. This study was intended
to study the COVID-19 symptoms among IWWs of Kathmandu and the usage of
vaccines by them. (Internation Journal of occupational Safety & health, 2022).

1.3.Significance of the study:

Employee health and safety programs should be a major priority for management because
they safe lives, increase productivity, and reduce costs. These health and safety programs
should stress employee involvement, continued monitoring, and an overall wellness
component (Anthony et al., 2007). Work safety requires that safe working conditions
should not create significant risk of people being rendered unfit to perform their work.
Health and safety at work is therefore aimed at creating conditions, capabilities, and
habits that enable the worker and his/her organization to carry out their work efficiently
and in a way that avoids events which could cause them harm (Garcia-Herrero et al.,
2012). It is clear that safe working conditions have an effect on the habits of workers,
which in turn impacts on efficiency. This implies that employees working in a safe

6
condition are likely to perform in a way that will not cause them harm. (Jonathan, 2016).
This is to say that management must demonstrate that they place a high value on OHS,
and its effective management and that they can respond promptly to workplace related
hazards. In addition to management's commitment to OHS, according to European
Commission (2014) employees also have a role to play.

Today the issue of OHS has been becoming a hotcake of the trade union movement.
Despite that demands of collective bargaining for the safety of workers are not paid due
emphasis. A comprehensive study of OHS factors, its status is not available in Nepal.
This research is expected to provide the following contribution to the field of OHS in
Nepal:

 Provide a comprehensive picture of the status of OHS knowledge and compliance

of workers in the construction industry of Nepal.

 Provide the concerned authorities of major areas with low enforcement of safety
rules and possible remedies.

 Help the employers and construction companies to determine the priority sectors
for training and investment to improve OHS in their organization.

 Help the concerned parties recognize the importance of OHS in construction

sector and its socio-economic impacts on the projects.

 Help the government to bring suitable policies and controlling mechanism

regarding workers health and safety by addressing the major flaws in the present
situation.

1.4. Literature Review

This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical framework, related knowledge and
relevant findings regarding this thesis. It includes both literature relevant for a general
understanding of the research topic and theories that have been used more specifically to
interpret and analyses empirical findings. The aim of literature review is to become
familiar with some theoretical perspectives on health and safety in construction sector
and its related areas of safety compliance and project performance. This begins with an
introduction to construction industry and health and safety, then moves on with
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construction health and safety in global context, then in Nepal. It then discusses the
existing knowledge and findings on construction health and safety knowledge,
compliance, performance and regulations. Construction health and safety risks are a
grave concern for both practitioners and researchers all over the world.

Literature review refers to the account of what has been published on a topic by
accredited scholars and researchers (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003). Borg and Gall (1993)
contend that literature review is a comprehensive survey of existing research and
theoretical informational about the proposed research area. It is an evaluative report of
recorded information on the selected area. The purpose of the review is to identify
knowledge gaps, methodological weaknesses, to develop a theoretical base and refine the
research problem.

Occupational Health and safety compliance is a systematic method for analyzing and
using the information for proper controlling, management and prevention of risk and
accident. On the basis of this evaluation, project alternatives are categorized for
their prioritization, acceptance or rejection for implementation. Compliance must be
based on some well-defined and tested criteria. These criteria shall give distinct between
alternatives, be simple for evaluation and shall cover the sustainability aspects.
(Bhandari, Shahi, & Shrestha, 2014).

5.1 Construction Health and Safety in Global Context

Health and safety is very important to all areas in the building and construction industry.
It has always been considered very important as it is considered to be a greatly exposed
sector when it comes to occupational accidents. Indeed, improvements have been made in
health and safety performance in some aspects of the construction industry; very little
attention has been given to how the process of procurement impacts within the industry,
with underlying themes of financial and legal liabilities and accountability for accidents.
This has been seen in most countries – the reality is that the construction industry
continually has injury and fatality statistics that make it one of the most dangerous
industries in which to work predominantly, and how these statistics bear up within the
organizational culture. Cutting corners, to deliver a project on time and to forego any

8
relevant health and safety legislation, indeed to win a contract illegally, within the
jurisdiction, is becoming a concern. In view of this and as a result of the increasing
number of accidents, the development and publication of standards and good engineering
practices based on experience and codes started. In the UK for example, the required
documentation is published in accessible outlets and forms such like official
governmental publications, laws, directives and in standards, such as Health and Safety at
Work Acts (HSWA, 1974). Based on previous accidents, the general and technical
weaknesses of the designs (such as poor use of codes, poor judgment because of lack of
experience, etc.), were reduced significantly by adding new requirements, but after that it
became apparent that many accidents still occurred and that the root causes of these
accidents were hardly the result of technical failures but rather of the result and
consequences of bad or illegal practices within the organization , non-observance of the
relevant health and safety legislation regarding the specific incident or accident.
However, such occurrences could also be due to the lack of adherence to standard health
and safety rules or lack or poor communication within the company.

In the United Kingdom, the construction industry is the largest of all industries. It
accounts for about 8% of gross domestic product, employs about 10% of the national
workforce and generates an annual turnover of up to £250 billion (Hughes & Ferrett,
2012). The UK construction industry is well known all over the world for its quality
operations; however, it continues to be one of the riskiest industries in the country (House
of Commons, Business and Enterprise Committee, 2012). For instance, back in
2004/2005 the rate of injury per 100,000 workers was 3.4 with and industrial average of
0.8 and in 2006/2007 there was a 28% increase in fatalities accounting for about 32% of
all recognizable fatal injuries.

5.2 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Provision and Policies in Nepal

As per International Labor Organization (ILO) estimation, 2.3 million people die every
year from work-related accidents and diseases globally. More than 160 million people
suffer from occupational and work-related diseases, and there are 313 million non-fatal

9
accidents per year. The suffering caused by such accidents and illnesses to workers and
their families is incalculable. It is unfortunate to know that many of these workplace
tragedies are preventable through the implementation of sound prevention, reporting and
inspection practices.

Since Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) is a mammoth issue which involves many
layers and offshoots around it, there cannot be a one-stop solution. In a country like
Nepal this seems even more evident due to the lack of adequate government policies,
laws, management initiative, corporate culture and eventually willingness of employees
to work safely. With a top-down approach the government needs to come up with strong
OHS policies, administrative department, enforcement rules and regulating bodies
whereas environmental and occupational safety awareness should be spread at the grass-
roots level to help businesses build a sustainable safety culture within their factories and
organizations.

For the first time in 1971 (2028 B.S.), the Department of Labor (DoL) was established in
Nepal under the Ministry of Industry. Later when the Ministry of Labor was established
in 1981 (2038 B.S.), it took the DoL under its wing. Once the Foreign Employment Act
1985 (2042 B.S.) was introduced, the DoL was renamed as the Department of Labor &
Employment Promotion.

To manage the growing challenges of implementing foreign employment regulations, a

new Foreign Employment Act 2007 (2064 B.S.) was enacted. Following the new Act, the
former Department of Labor & Employment Promotion was split into two separate
organizational entities, namely the Department of Foreign Employment (DoFE),
established in 2008 (2065 B.S.), and the Department of Labor (DoL), established in 2009
(2065 B.S.).

It seems, after the advent of multiparty democracy in 1990 (2046 B.S.), the Government
of Nepal started taking workers’ health and safety relatively seriously. Labor Act 1992
(2048 B.S.) was introduced to secure the rights, interests and safety of workers and
employees working in enterprises of various sectors. More specifically, Section 27
through 36 of Chapter V of Labor Act 1992 explains about Health & Safety Provisions
for enterprises and workers or employees. Shortly after that followed the Labor Rules

10
1993 (2050 B.S.) which came in effect to exercise the powers conferred by the Labor Act
1992.

‘Fire Safety’, ‘Load Carrying’, ‘Use of Machinery Tools and Equipment’ and ‘Accident,
Disease Notice and Investigation’ are some of the major Occupational Health & Safety
(OHS) related legal provisions provided by the Labor Act 1992 and the Labor Rules
1993. Besides, Chapter VII of Labor Act 1992 also provides special safety provisions for
special type of enterprises such as Tea Estate, Construction, Transportation, Hotel,
Travel, Trekking, Adventure, Rafting and Jungle Safari, etc.

The above documents are the only legal guidelines ensuring OHS of workers and
employees in the country. OHS related legislative measures are not applicable to
industries employing less than 10 employees; however, they are applicable to the
establishments within the Industrial Estates of the country, irrespective of the number of
employees working there.

5.3 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational healthcare delivery services are grossly neglected in many

Asian countries including India.1,2The workforce and their occupational well-
being are mostly under the ministry of labor, mines and industries, whereas healthcare
is mostly under the ministry of health. India is one of the fastest growing economies in
the world with about 500 million workforces and more than 90% of them are in
informal economy sectors with almost no occupational health care delivery services
for them.1,2It may be noted that the construction industry is one of the largest
industries, ranking second only, next to agriculture. Being a labor-
intensive sector, construction provides with opportunities for investment and
employment (direct and indirect) to a sizeable chunk of the population, thereby being
a vital part the economic activity, growth and development of our
country.1,2Despite the contribution of construction industry and its workers
towards the growth and development of our economy, health and safety of the
workers remain overlooked, and the accurate statistics of occupational accidents and
injuries are not even available.2 Unfortunately, most construction workers belong

11
to informal economy sectors, who are highly exploited socially, economically and
medically, contrary to facilities of workers of formal economy sectors.
Bhubaneswar, capital of Odisha, a state on the eastern coast of India, upon being listed as
one of the cities under National Smart City Mission projects by the Government of India
has seen a boom in the development and construction activities in the city. Workers from
remote areas flock to the cities for work. Poverty and lack of education, coupled with
regular employment and assured payments make the workers oblivious to unsafe
working conditions. Long hours of laborious heavy work in bad postures over a
prolonged period affects the musculoskeletal system of the workers. The afflictions
are both short-term (in case of any injury) and long term (due to ergonomic
reasons).2A systematic review revealed that work-related musculoskeletal disorders
(WRMSD) and injuries were high in construction workers ranging from 25% of the
studied population to as high as 96% of the studied population.4Occupational injuries
often lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), which in turn, diminish
productivity, cause absence from work, impose costs on the public health system.
Construction workers happen to be a class of people suffering from MSD
often.5Musculoskeletal impairment was found to be a cause for frequent sickness
absenteeism from work, in a study by Taimela et al.6Since limited data is
available on WRMSD in construction workers in India, particularly in the eastern
part of India, hence, this study was conducted to understand the epidemiology
of work-related injuries among the construction workers in Bhubaneswar city,
eastern India

1.5.Research Methodology
1. Introduction

This chapter presents the research design, study population and sample, sample size and

Sampling technique, data collection tools and data management and analysis. This cross

12
Sectional descriptive study sought to establish health and safety management at
construction sites approved by the National Construction Authority in Nairobi County
and factors influencing implementation of health and safety guidelines.

2. Research Design

The study was carried out in Kathmandu Metropolitan City due to the high levels of
construction that are taking place. The study used both survey and descriptive designs.
The survey technique was found suitable in gathering information from site supervisors
and the workers on the construction sites by use of questionnaires and/or interviews.
Descriptive research was used for this study since it helped to assess health and safety
management on the construction sites and to evaluate factors influencing implementation
of health and safety measures on construction sites as practiced in Nepal.

According to Gathuthi, Kosgei and Ng’ang’a (2009), in descriptive study designs, the
researcher describes or presents a picture of a phenomenon or phenomena under
investigation. The possible approaches include participants‟ observation where the
researcher interacts naturally with the respondents in a natural setting making and
recording his or her observations without undue influence on the respondents.

Descriptive research design involves measuring a variable or set of variables as they exist
naturally. It is not concerned with the relationship between variables but rather with
description of individual variables. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003),
descriptive studies are also undertaken to understand the characteristics of organizations
that follow certain common practices.

Data required for Implementation Status of Safety & Health Provision in Commercial
Complex of Kathmandu are properly collected for study and field verification.
Suitable indicators and parameters for the study purposes will be formulated and
comparative analysis of the acquired data will be done in this study. Suitable
Questionnaire Survey regarding Health and Safety Management will be prepared and
conducted during the field visits.
The general methodological flowchart of this study is shown as below:

13
14
 Problem Identification

Topic Selection

Desk Study/ Literature

Review

Selection of Suitable
Research Technique

Proposal Preparation/
Defense

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Intrepretation of Findings

Recommendation and
Conclusions

Final Report

15
 Figure 1 : Methodological Flowchart

6.3 Study Population and Sample

Cochran and William (1997) stated that a population is the total collection of elements
about which we wish to make some inferences. The collection of all possible
observations of specified characteristics of interest is called a population, while a
collection of observations representing only a portion of the population is called sample.

Figure 2: Study Area: Kathmandu Metropolitan City

16
According to the detail information provided by the Kathmandu Metropolitan City .In
previous fiscal year 2074 /2075 total no of 4555 house has been register for construction
and In .2075/2076 total no 2092 house has been register for construction .So, In
comparison to the previous year and this year there is a big difference Because In recent
year all building data information are register to Metropolitan Office but now all the
responsibility are provided to the ward office.So,For the process of thesis the researcher
takes 33 sample form every 33 wards.

Inclusion Criteria

 Construction sites approved by Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office.

 All workers on the construction site for more than one month.

Exclusion Criteria

 Construction sites not approved by Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office.

 Workers at the construction sites for less than one month.

6.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

For the purpose of this study, random sampling was used to select 33 construction sites
from each ward in Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Stratified random sampling was used
to select workers at each site. A random sample was selected in such a way that each
member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. This
enables the researcher to generalize results to the population on the basis of the sample

17
size determined statistically (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003). A total sample of 33
respondents from the construction sites was used for data collection. The questionnaires
were distributed proportionately among the sites.

6.5 Data Collection Instruments

Quantitative data was collected on the demographic characteristics of the respondents,

kinds and causes of accidents, injuries and ill health on construction sites, impact of
accidents and injuries and factors influencing implementation of health and safety
measures on construction sites. Interviews were used for collecting primary data. The
interviews were held with site managers, clerks of works and both skilled and unskilled
workers.

Questionnaires were used as the main tool for data collection. They were administered
to the site managers and both skilled and unskilled construction workers. The
questionnaires were self- administered whereby they were hand delivered to the
respondents.

Direct observation was also used which involved guided visits to construction sites to
observe and document the identified hazards, work practices and equipment and tools
being used

The data collection instruments were piloted for validity. The purpose of pilot testing is
to assess the clarity of instrument that is validity and reliability of each of the items in the
instrument as well as suitability of the language used in the instrument (Borg and Gall,
1993). Pilot testing was conducted with construction workers in sites outside the study
area.

According to Kothari (2004), a questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or

typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms. The questionnaires adopted in this
study had open e closed ended questions, and a likert scale. According to Mugenda &
Mugenda (2003), this procedure requires a higher level of inference on the part of the
observer since it involves observation and evaluation. Closed ended questions help the

18
respondents to make quick decisions to choose among the several alternative before
them.

6.6 Data Analysis And Presentation Methods

Data collected was analyzed quantitatively using the SPSS and Excel computer software
and results presented in tables as percentages and frequencies.

6.7 Ethical Considerations

This concerned the confidentiality of the information obtained from the respondents for
the purpose of this study. The respondents were guaranteed of confidentiality of the
information they divulged in case they felt the questions were personal or sensitive in
nature. The researcher had to bring to light the fact that the study was basically academic
for the purpose of fulfilling the requirements of the degree, and that the report was not to
be published for public consumption. In this respect an introduction letter from the
University administration was a necessity. Clearance to carry out the study was obtained
from the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office and the managers at the sites. Verbal
consent was obtained from all the respondents to participate in the study. Participation
was voluntary.

1.6.Limitation of the study

Each research work is subjected to some sorts of limitation and such limitation may
sometime leads to slight variation in research outcome and thus those limitation need to
be addressed. The generalizability of the findings is limited to the sample size and its
demographic nature. Secondly, this research doesn't involve professionals and managers
working in the office. The findings of this research may vary from various countries or
context as the questions and demographic nature of respondents may vary.

i) Availability of data from the municipality and other sources

ii) Lack of similar research in case of Kathmandu resulting in lack of required literatures
iii) Construction sites were selected randomly
iv) There could be limitation of access to sites by contractors and recall bias among the
workers
v) By laws are subjected to change during the research period.

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8. Work Schedule

Figure 3: Work Schedule

9. Proposed Name of Supervisor

The proposed Name of supervisor on thesis on “Implementation Status of Safety and

Health Provision in Commercial Complex of Kathmandu valley” is Prof. Dr. Madhav
Prasad Koirala

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