BIOCHEM

CELL PARTS
LINKS: Cell-parts-09-0

CELL: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

1. PROKARYOTIC CELL
➢ IN 1665 ROBERT HOOKE LOOKED AT A THIN SLICE
OF CORK AND HE SAW THAT THE CORK LOOKED LIKE ● HAVE NO MEMBRANE COVERED NUCLEUS
LITTLE BOXES. SO HE CALLED THEM CELLS. ● HAVE NO MEMBRANE – COVERED ORGANELLES
➢ THE WORD “CELL” IN LATIN MEANS “LITTLE ● HAVE CIRCULAR DNA
ROOMS.” ● ARE BACTERIA CELLS

THE CELL THEORY

1. ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS.

2. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE IN ALL LIVING
THINGS.
3. ALL CELLS COME FROM EXISTING CELLS.

➔ MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN (GERMAN SCIENTIST)

CONCLUDE THAT ALL PLANT PARTS ARE MADE OF
CELLS.
➔ THEODOR SCHWANN ALSO A GERMAN SCIENTIST
CONCLUDED THAT ALL ANIMAL PARTS ARE MADE OF
CELLS.
➔ BECAUSE OF HIS KNOWLEDGE OF SCHLEIDEN’S
THEORY, SCHWANN WROTE THE FIRST TWO PARTS
OF THE CELL THEORY. 2. EUKARYOTIC CELL
➔ ABOUT 20 YEARS LATER ANOTHER SCIENTIST,
RUDOLF VIRCHOW, DISCOVERED THAT CELLS ● HAVE A NUCLEUS
COULDN’T DEVELOP FROM ANYTHING BUT OTHER ● HAVE A MEMBRANE – COVERED ORGANELLES
CELLS. ● HAVE LINEAR DNA
● ARE ALL OTHER CELLS
THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT SHOWS THAT ALL ● MORE COMPLEX THAN BACTERIA CELLS
LIVING THINGS SHARE A SIMILAR STRUCTURE ● THEY MAKE UP ANYTHING THAT IS LIVING, SUCH AS:
○ PLANTS
TWO TYPES OF CELLS ○ ANIMALS
○ FUNGI
○ PROTISTS
● ANYTHING BUT BACTERIA
● SOME HAVE A CELL WALL AND SOME DO NOT.

ALL CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES, HOWEVER NOT ALL CELLS

HAVE MEMBRANE COVERED ORGANELLES.
 LESSON # 4

ORGANELLES ★ NUCLEUS

➔ THE CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL

➔ CONTAINS THE CELL’S DNA
➔ COULD BE CONSIDERED THE LIBRARY OF THE CELL.
➔ IT CONTAINS ALL OF THE GENETIC MATERIALS USED BY
THE CELL LIKE DNA AND INFO ON HOW TO MAKE ALL OF
THE CELL’S PROTEINS.
➔ THE NUCLEOLUS IN THE NUCLEUS STORES MATERIALS
THAT WILL BE USED TO MAKE RIBOSOMES AND
CYTOPLASM.
➔ “MAYOR’S OFFICE”

★ CELL MEMBRANE

➔ OUTER LAYER OF CELL

➔ ALLOWS NUTRIENTS INTO THE CELL AND WASTES OUTSIDE
OF THE CELL
➔ MADE FROM PHOSPHOLIPIDS LAYERS.
➔ “GATE INTO THE CITY”

★ MITOCHONDRIA

➔ POWER CENTER OF CELL

➔ PROVIDES THE ENERGY THE CELL NEEDS TO MOVE,
DIVIDE, ETC.
➔ MITOCHONDRIA IS CONSIDERED THE POWER PLANT OF
THE CELL.
➔ THEY MUST HAVE OXYGEN TO MAKE ATP(WHICH IS THE
CELL’S ENERGY) SO THAT IS WHY WE NEED TO BREATH.
➔ FOR VERY ACTIVE CELLS, THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF
MITOCHONDRIA.
➔ “ELECTRIC COMPANY OF THE CELL”

★ CYTOPLASM

➔ CYTOPLASM IS A JELLY-LIKE FLUID CONTAINED IN THE

CELL THAT HOLDS THE ORGANELLES.

BIOCHEM 2
 LESSON # 4

★ RIBOSOMES ★ LYSOSOMES

➔ SITE WHERE PROTEINS ARE MADE
➔ CELL PARTS ARE MADE OF PROTEINS
➔ MAKES PROTEINS, WHICH MAKE UP THE CELLS.
➔ “FACTORIES OF THE CELL”
➔ DIGESTS FOOD PARTICLES AND CELL PARTS
◆ “GARBAGE MEN”
➔ PROTECTS CELL BY DIGESTING FOREIGN INVADERS
◆ “POLICE MEN
➔ SPECIAL VESICLES THAT CONTAIN ENZYMES.
➔ WHEN A CELL ENGULFS A PARTICLE, THE LYSOSOMES
BUMP INTO IT AND POUR ENZYMES INTO IT. THEN THE
PARTICLE IS DIGESTED BY THE ENZYMES.
➔ SOMETIMES LYSOSOMES BREAK OPEN AND POUR OUT THE
ENZYMES INTO THE CYTOPLASM. THIS WILL KILL THE
CELL.

★ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

➔ TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF CELL

➔ ROUGH ER- RIBOSOMES ATTACHED
➔ SMOOTH ER- NO RIBOSOMES
➔ THE ER IS LIKE THE FEDEX OR UPS OF THE CELL. ★ VACUOLE
➔ SUBSTANCES MOVE THROUGH TUBULAR CONNECTIONS
FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. ➔ STORES WATER, FOOD & WASTES
➔ THE ER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DELIVERING PROTEINS TO ➔ VACUOLES ARE FOUND ONLY IN PLANTS.
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE CELL.
➔ “ROADWAYS OF THE CELL”

★ GOLGI COMPLEX

➔ PACKAGING HOUSE OF CELL

➔ PACKAGES, PROCESSES, AND SHIPS OUT THE STUFF THE
CELL MAKES
➔ THEY MODIFY AND PACKAGE THE PROTEINS AND LIPIDS
AND SHIP THEM OUT OF THE CELL.
➔ IT IS CALLED GOLGI BECAUSE IT WAS DISCOVERED BY AN
ITALIAN SCIENTIST NAMED CAMILLO GOLGI (HE WAS THE
FIRST TO DISCOVER THE ORGANELLE.)
➔ “UPS OF THE CELL”

BIOCHEM 3
 LESSON # 4

★ CELL WALL

➔ FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

➔ PROTECTS AND SUPPORTS THE CELL
➔ CELL WALLS ARE MADE UP OF A MATERIAL CALLED
CELLULOSE.
➔ CELLULOSE IS A MATERIAL THAT IS INTERTWINED
TOGETHER. IT RESEMBLES A BLANKET OR EVEN LIKE
HASHBROWN POTATOES ALL PILED UP.

★ CHLOROPLASTS

➔ FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

➔ CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL (MAKES PLANTS GREEN)
➔ WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE
➔ CHLOROPLASTS USE THE SUN’S LIGHT ENERGY TO MAKE
SUGAR. THE SUGAR IS THEN USED BY THE MITOCHONDRIA
TO MAKE ENERGY.
➔

BIOCHEM 4