GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ANANTAPUR

CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Kum/Sri ……………………………………………
Pin …………………………………………. has successfully completed
industrial training at Municipal Corporation, Anantapur under the
guidance of K.Ravindra Reddy, B.Tech, D.E.E., in Municipal
corporation for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of Diploma in CivilEngineering.

Project Guide Head of Section

K.RAVINDRA REDDY Dr. M.R. DEEREMDRA BABU,

B. Tech M. Tech Ph.D

Deputy Executive Engineer Head of the Section

Municipal corporation, Government Polytechnic
Anantapur Anantapur
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to our Training incharge, Sri
K.Ravindra Reddy B.Tech, Deputy Executive Engineer garu, for giving us
his most precious time, effective guidance, valuable suggestions and enthusiasm
in which have made our industrial training program in a successful manner.

We would also like to extent out gratitude to our mentor Smt

A.Krishna priya garu, lecturer in Civil Engineering Department for his
inspiration, clarifying doubts, guidance and plentiful support in bringing out this
project.

We would express our sincere thanks to Sri Dr. M.R. Dheerendra Babu
garu, M. Tech Ph.D Head of Civil Engineering section, Government Polytechnic,
Anantapur.
NAME OF THE PROJECT :-

Construction of Rigid Pavements

 PROJECT ASSOCIATES:-

1. A.LOKESWARA (21020-C-068)
2. B.CHAHITH REDDY (21020-C-074)
3. B.AMARNATH (21020-C-075)
4. R.VENU (21020-C-114)
5. R.VENKATESH NAIK (21073-C-053)
6. H.ABHIRAM (21205-C-006)
 INDEX
➢ Introduction
➢ Machinery used in construction of roads
➢ Advantages of cc roads
➢ Disadvantages of cc roads
➢ Selection of site for cc roads
➢ Preparation of sub grade
➢ Preparation of sub base
➢ Placing the forms in cc roads
➢ Watering the prepared the sub grade and
sub base
➢ Batching of Materials and Mixing
➢ Transporting and Placing of Concrete
➢ Compaction of CC road
➢ Floating and belting
➢ Curing of CC road
➢ Filling of joints and edging
➢ Open to Traffic
 INTRODUCTION

The standard specifications and code of practice work construction

of concrete roads was first published in July,1965 and the second editation
was brought out in December,1970 since then the technology for road
construction has undergone considerable changes. Therefore,a need was
felt to update the standard. The draft revision was prepared by
Dr.L.R.Kadiyali,conveynor and Shri M.C.Venkatesa,Member-secretry of
the Rigid Pavement commitee. The draft was consider by the Rigid
Pavement committee in its meeting held on 25th October,1999 for placing
before the HSS committee.

The highway specifications and standards (HSS) Committee in its

meeting held on 21st December 1999 considered the draft revision of
IRC..15 subject to certain modification in light of the comments made by
the members and authorised the conveynor, Rigid Pavement committee to
modify the same for sending the document to conveynor,HSS committee
for approval. The conveynor,HSS committee approved the modified draft
for being placed before the Executive Committee and the council of IRC.
The Executive Committee in its meeting held on 2nd May,2000 approved
the 3rd revision of IRC:15 for being placed before the subsequently, the
conveynor, Rigid pavement committee has forwarded the modified draft
which was approved by the conveynor,HSS committee on 14th
February,2022.
Machinery used in construction of roads:
❖ Camber Template-To provide proper camber.
❖ Lifts, hoppers to transport concrete to the required place.
❖ Needle Vibrators - To vibrate and proper compaction.
❖ Weigh Batching Plant - To weigh the ingredients of concrete.
❖ Trowels for adjusting and spreading of concrete.
❖ Wooden/metal tamper to spread concrete and removing excess height
of concrete.
❖ Surface vibrator - to vibrate and remove voids.

EXCAVATOR
 ROLLER

NEEDLE VIBRATOR
CONCRETE MIXER
Advantages Of C.C Roads
➢ Life span of such road is more.
➢ Such roads provide an impervious layer. cement
➢ Cement concrete roads are strong and durable and are unaffected
much by weather in agencies.
➢ They give good visibility at night.
➢ Cement concrete roads provided useless and sanitary surface.
➢ Cement concrete roads doesnot develop corrugations and hence it
grants noiseless surface.
➢ It can be designed more accurately foroad distribution.
➢ Cement concrete roads is practically unaffected by weather and
temperature.
➢ It is possible to make use of old concrete road as foundation for
new concrete road or for bituminous road.

Disadvantages Of C.C Roads

➢ Initial cost of construction is high especially when suitable

aggregate is not locally available.
➢ It is liable to crack, warp and twist.
➢ Skilled supervision as well as skilled work manship is required for
their construction.
➢ It be come noisy under iron tyred traffic.
➢ Cement concrete roads cannot be opened to traffic earlier as it
require long time curing.
➢ Incase of such pavements, it is very difficult to locate and repair
sewers and watermains, which are lying under it.
➢ They are less resilient than W.B.M road or bituminous road.
SELECTION OF SITE FOR C.C ROADS
There are a large number of factors that
are important considerations to site selection,Some
are:
✓ Population of the Region
✓ Climate
✓ Accessibility
✓ Visibility
✓ Traffic counts/congestions
✓ Physical barriers
✓ Psychological barriers
✓ Character of surrounding properties
✓ Character of surrounding community
✓ Site Size and Shape
✓ Topography
✓ Infrastructure Improvements
✓ Drainage
✓ Site orientation
✓ Environmental requirements
✓ Zoning
What is a Cement Concrete Road?
• A cement concrete road is a type of road construction where the
surface is made of a solid layer of cement concrete. As such, such
roads are also called Rigid pavements.
• It is a durable and long-lasting option for road infrastructure.
• The construction process involves placing a carefully designed
mixture of cement, aggregates, water, and additives onto a
prepared sub-base.
• The mixture is then compacted and cured to create a rigid and
sturdy road surface.
• Cement concrete roads offer several advantages, including high
strength, resistance to heavy traffic loads, low maintenance
requirements, and excellent durability in various weather
conditions. They are commonly used for highways, major roads,
and areas with high traffic.
Structural Components of Cement Concrete Road
Starting from the bottom, cement concrete road layers are:
• subgrade
• Sub-base
• Concrete Slab

Subgrade
1. The subgrade is a critical component in the construction of a
cement concrete road. It is the natural or prepared surface on
which the road is constructed.
2. This layer provides support to the layers above it. These layers
include the base, sub-base, and the pavement itself.
3. The quality and characteristics of the subgrade significantly
impact the performance and longevity of the road.
4. The subgrade must possess adequate strength, stability, and
drainage properties to ensure the overall stability and durability
of the road structure.
Sub-base
1. The sub-base is a layer above the subgrade and below the
concrete pavement.
2. It acts as a transition layer and distributes loads from the traffic.
3. It provides additional support to the road structure.
4. The sub-base is typically constructed using granular materials
like crushed stone, gravel, or sand.
5. This layer enhances the load-bearing capacity of the road and
prevents the upward movement of moisture.
6. It is important for promoting effective drainage.
Construction of Cement Concrete Road
The construction of cement concrete road involves the following
operations:

1.Preparation of subgrade:

✓ Subgrade is natural soil on which the concrete slab is laid.

✓ It is cleaned, shaped and levelled.
✓ After cleaning, it is prepared to the required grade and profile.
✓ It should be seen that the subgrade has uniform strength over its
entire width.
✓ If any local weak spots are found, they should be removed and
strengthened by placing new material which is compacted.
✓ When concrete is to be directly placed on the subgrade, the
surface should be saturated with water for 6 to 20 hrs in
advance of placing the concrete.
✓ This is done to ensure that the subgrade does not absorb water
from the concrete.
Prepartion of Sub-base:
• When the natural subgrade is not very firm, a sub-base over the
subgrade is provided.
• Depending upon the type of soil, design load, intensity of traffic
and economic consideration, the decision for providing the sub-
base is taken.
• The sub-base serves the following three purposes:
• It provides a capillary cut-off, and the damage caused by mud
pumping is prevented.
• It also provides a strong supporting layer.
• It reduces the thickness of the concrete slab and thus leads to a
lower cost of construction.
• The sub-base may consist of any one of the following layers:
• A layer of well-graded soil-gravel mixture of maximum thickness
15 cm.
• Brick soling with one layer of Water Bound Mecadam of
maximum total thickness 10 cm.
• Two layers of W.B.M. of maximum total thickness 15 cm.
• A layer of lean cement concrete of maximum thickness 10 cm.
• When subgrade soil is very poor, the sub-base should be placed
over a blanket of some granular material or stabilised soil.
Placing the Forms in Cement Concrete Road:
• The forms may be made up of steel or timber.
• The steel forms are of mild steel channel sections and their
depth is equal to the thickness of the pavement.
• Forms are properly braced and fixed to the ground by means of
stakes.
• Forms are fixed in position by 3 stakes at the back of each 3 m
length.
• When the forms are fixed, they must be checked for their
trueness.
• The maximum deviations permissible in the vertical plane is 3
mm and in the horizontal plane 5 mm in the 3 m length of the
form.
• The forms are oiled before placing concrete in them
Watering the Prepared subgrade or Sub-base:
➢ After the forms are fixed, the prepared surface to receive
concrete is made moist.
➢ If the subgrade is dry, it should be sprinkled with as much
quantity of water as it can absorb.
➢ It is advisable to wet the surface at least 12 hrs in advance of
placing the concrete.
➢ When an insulating layer of water-proof paper is provided, the
moistening of the surface prior to placing the concrete is not
required.
Batching of Materials and Mixing:
❖ After determining the proportions of ingredients for the
Concrete mix, the fine and coarse aggregates are properly
proportioned by weight in the weight-batching plant.
❖ They are then fed into the hopper along with the necessary
quantity of cement, which is also measured by weight.
❖ The ingredients of concrete are mixed in proper proportions in a
dry state. The mixing should preferably be done in a concrete
mixer.
❖ The measured quantity of water is added so that the desired
water-cement ratio is obtained.
Transporting and Placing of Concrete:
• After mixing, the concrete is transported to the site in wheel
burrows or in pans which are manually carried.
• The mixed concrete is deposited rapidly on the subgrade in
layers of thickness not more than 50 mm to 80 mm or about two
or three times the size of aggregates.
• The concrete should be placed over the entire width of the bay
in successive batches as a continuous operation and the topmost
layer should be laid about 10 mm higher than the actual profile
for further tamping.
• The top layer should also be laid to the required camber and
gradient. While placing the concrete, it is compacted to eliminate
voids.
• Segregation of concrete is avoided during transportation and
placing. When reinforcement has been specified in the road slab,
concrete is placed in two stages.
• In the first stage, concrete is placed and compacted to the depth
corresponding to the level of reinforcement shown in the
drawings.
• Reinforcement is then placed on top of compacted concrete and
the remaining thickness of the slab is then completed in the
second stage.
Compaction of Cement Concrete Road:
• After the concrete is placed in its position, it should be brought
into its proper position by heavy screed or tamper fitted with
suitable handles.
• The wooden tamper is at least 75 mm wide, and its underside is
shaped to the finished cross-section of the slab.
• Its weight is about 10 kg/m.
• It should have sufficient strength to retain its shape under all
working conditions
• Its length is equal to the length of the bay plus 60 mm.
• The underside of the tamper is provided by a metal plate of 5
mm thickness.
• The tamper is placed on the side form and its handles are
gripped by the personnel who use the tamper.
• Concrete is also compacted by means of a power-driven
finishing machine or by vibrating hand screed.
• Up to 12.5 cm thickness of slabs screed vibrators alone can be
used for compaction.
• For greater thickness, an immersion vibrator is used.
Floating
• After compaction, the entire slab surface is floated longitudinally
with a wooden float board.
• The purpose of floating is to provide an even surface free from
corrugations.
Belting:
1. After floating, the surface is further finished by belting just before
the concrete becomes hard.
2. The purpose of belting is to make the road surface non-slippery
and skid resistant. This operation is sometimes omitted.
Curing Process of Cement Concrete Road:
• Curing consists of checking the loss of water from the concrete
slab, and keeping the fresh concrete slab moist during the
hardening period.
• Initial curing is done for 24 hrs.
• By this time, the concrete becomes hard enough to walk upon and
then wet mats are removed and final curing done for 2 to 3 weeks.
• Final curing is done by any one of the following methods -
Ponding Method, By covering the slab with 4 to 8 cm thick layer
of wet sand or earth, and by Spraying a suitable chemical such as
sodium or calcium chloride on the concrete surface.
Fillings of Joints and Edging:
• After curing, the surface is cleaned and washed.
• The joints are then properly filled-in attains with a suitable
sealing compound.
Opening to Traffic:
Concrete road is opened to traffic when it attains the required
strength or after 28 days of curing.