SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur - 603 203

QUESTION BANK

VIII SEMESTER

EI8073 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

(Common to EEE, EIE Departments)

Regulation 2017

Academic Year 2021 – 2022 (EVEN)

Prepared by

Mr. S. Venkatesh, Assistant Professor (O.G.) / EEE

Mr. G. Shiva, Assistant Professor (O.G.) / EIE

 SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur - 603 203.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

and
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT : EI8073 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
SEM / YEAR: VIII / IV

UNIT I – FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS
Cell and its structure - Resting and Action Potential - Nervous system and its fundamentals -
Basic components of a biomedical system - Cardiovascular systems - Respiratory systems -
Kidney and blood flow - Biomechanics of bone - Biomechanics of soft tissues - Physiological
signals and transducers - Transducers - selection criteria - Piezo electric, ultrasonic
transducers - Temperature measurements - Fibre optic temperature sensors.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. Differentiate action potential and resting potential. 4 Analyze
2. At resting potential of a cell, why the inside of a cell is 2 Understand
negatively charged.
3. Sketch the action potential waveform. 3 Apply
4. Give the Nernst equation for electrode potential. 2 Understand
5. What is bioelectric potential? 1 Remember
6. Describe propagation of action potential. 4 Analyze
7. What is meant by depolarization and repolarisation of 1 Remember
cell?
8. Classify the two major divisions of nervous system. 4 Analyze
9. Explain central nervous system. 5 Evaluate
10. Explain somatic sensory nervous system. 5 Evaluate
11. Point out the spinal cord location in the brain. 4 Analyze
12. What are the components of a biomedical system? 1 Remember
13. Generalize ohm’s law for blood flow. 6 Create
14. Define viscoelastic. 1 Remember
15. Sketch the stress strain curve of the Bone. 3 Apply
16. What is soft tissue injury? 1 Remember
17. Discuss the use of transducers in Biomedical 2 Understand
Engineering?
18. Summarize active and passive transducers. 2 Understand
19. Generalize the property of piezo electric transducer. 6 Create
20. Write the principle of Piezo electric transducer. 1 Remember
PART - B
1. i) Discuss the different ways of transport of ions 2 Understand
through the cell membrane. (7)
ii) Discuss the different parts of central nervous system 2 Understand
and their activity. (6)
2. i) Describe the action of piezoelectric transducer as 1 Remember
arterial pressure sensor. (7)
 ii) Describe the working of a fibre optic temperature 1 Remember
sensor. (6)
3. i) Sketch the block diagram of biomedical 3 Apply
instrumentation system and explain the functions of
each block. (7)
ii) Sketch the diagram and equivalent circuit of a 3 Apply
differential capacitance pressure transducer and
briefly explain its operation. (6)
4. With the action potential waveform summarizes 5 Evaluate
depolarization, repolarisation and absolute and relative
refractory periods. (13)
5. Explain the function of human respiratory system in 2 Understand
detail with a neat sketch. (13)
6. i) What are the different types of muscles? Generalize 6 Create
the importance of motor unit in the muscular
contraction. (7)
ii) How does the piezoelectric transducer produce 6 Create
ultrasonic waves? Create its electric equivalent near
resonance? (6)
7. i) With a relevant graph describe the relationship 1 Remember
between the action potential and muscle
contraction. (7)
ii) Describe in detail how pulsatile blood volume 1 Remember
changes can be measured using photoelectric type
resistive transducer. (6)
8. i) Explain in detail about Peripheral nervous system. 1 Remember
(7)
ii) Illustrate the working of ultrasonic transducers and 1 Remember
discuss its application. (6)
9. i) Explain the structure of human cell and its 4 Analyze
constituents with the help of neat diagram. (7)
ii) What are the characteristic features to be considered 4 Analyze
while selecting a transducer? (6)
10. i) Classify the names of the different sub systems in 4 Analyze
our body. Explain them with respect to their
function and constituents. (7)
ii) Explain the characteristics of resting potential with 4 Analyze
reference to Nernst equation. (6)
11. Explain the mechanism of generation of action potential 5 Evaluate
and write the necessary equations and mention different
stages of action potential. (13)
12. Describe the function of human Excretory system. (13) 1 Remember
13. Explain about the sensors and transducer types frequently 2 Understand
used in biomedical application. (13)
14. Draw the layout of Cardio Vascular system and explain 3 Apply
its functionality in detail. (13)
PART - C
1. With neat diagrams illustrating the process of respiration 4 Analyze
and circulation, states the purpose served by these two
systems and explain the process involved in the operation
of these systems. (15)
 2. What are the requirements of a good physiological 5 Evaluate
transducer and explain the operation of any two types of
physiological transducers with relevant sketches? (15)
3. Explain the basic biomechanics of bones and spinal 5 Evaluate
column in detail with its characteristics. (15)
4. What are the effects of temperature measurements? 4 Analyze
Explain the types of temperature measurements in detail?
(15)

UNIT II - NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT AND

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
SYLLABUS
Measurement of blood pressure - Cardiac output - Heart rate - Heart sound - Pulmonary
function measurements - spirometer - Photo Plethysmography, Body Plethysmography -
Blood Gas analysers, pH of blood - measurement of blood pCO2, pO2, finger-tip oxymeter -
ESR, GSR measurements.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. What is the use of blood flow meter? 1 Remember
2. Define cardiac output. 1 Remember
3. Asses the physical principle on which the blood flow 5 Evaluate
meter based on.
4. Give the principle of electromagnetic blood flowmeter. 2 Understand
5. Discuss the reason for decrease in cardiac output. 2 Understand
6. Generalize Fick’s principle. 6 Create
7. Point out the normal heart rate of human being according 4 Analyze
to age group.
8. Classify different types of heart block? 3 Apply
9. Sketch the block diagram of heart sound recording 3 Apply
system.
10. Differentiate between heart sound and murmurs. 4 Analyze
11. Discuss pulmonary circulation. 2 Understand
12. What is spirometer? Identify its diagnostic applications. 1 Remember
13. Write the principle behind photo plethysmography. 1 Remember
14. Generalize the basic principle of blood gas analyzer. 6 Create
15. Illustrate the requirements of a blood pump? 3 Apply
16. What is meant by ESR and GSR? 1 Remember
17. How will you measure GSR from a subject? 5 Evaluate
18. Give the normal value of pH, pCO2, pO2 in human blood. 2 Understand
19. What is the use of oximeters? Classify the types of 4 Analyze
oximeters.
20. Define systole and diastole. 1 Remember
PART - B
1. What are the methods for measuring blood pressure? 3 Apply
Sketch a typical setup and explain. (13)
2. Explain the measurement of blood pO2 and pCO2. (13) 4 Analyze
i) Describe the working principle of ultrasonic blood 1 Remember
3. pressure measurement. (7)
 ii) What is PCG? Give the characteristics of different 1 Remember
heart sounds. (6)
4. i) Describe how whole-body plethysmography is used 1 Remember
to measure total lung capacity. (7)
ii) Explain the measurement of heart sound with 1 Remember
suitable diagram. (6)
5. Sketch the block diagram of automated electro 3 Apply
sphygmomanometer for blood pressure measurement and
explain its operation. (13)
6. Explain with relevant equations the working and 2 Understand
measurement procedure of Plethysmograph. (13)
Explain with the help of functional diagram the working 2 Understand
7. of spirometer. (13)
8. i) Explain the any one method of measuring cardiac 5 Evaluate
output. (7)
ii) Conclude the part of electrocardiogram which is 5 Evaluate
most useful for determining heart rate? Explain. (6)
9. Give the principle of operation of blood cell counter and 1 Remember
blood gas analyzer and explain its working. (7+6)
10. i) Explain the measurement method of ESR with a 4 Analyze
neat diagram. (7)
ii) Prepare the measurement methods of Galvanic skin 6 Create
response (GSR) and Basal Skin Resistance (BSR).
(6)
11. i) Define the important lung capacities and explain 1 Remember
them. (7)
ii) For what measurements can the spirometer be used? 4 Analyze
Explain why basic lung volumes and capacities
cannot be measured with a spirometer? (6)
12. i) Explain the automatic and semiautomatic methods 4 Analyze
of measuring blood pressure. (7)
ii) Describe in detail with neat diagram, differential 1 Remember
auscultatory technique of blood pressure
measurement. (6)
13. i) Describe the principle of digital pH meter. (7) 1 Remember
ii) Discuss the Oscillometric blood pressure 6 Create
measurement method. (6)
14. What is oximeter? Describe fingertip oximeter with 5 Evaluate
suitable diagram. Mention its advantages. (13)
PART - C
1. What are known as “Korotokoff” sound? How will you 5 Evaluate
measure them with an indirect method of measurement?
(15)
2. Explain in detail about blood gas analyser with neat block 5 Evaluate
diagram. (15)
3. Discuss a detailed study about diagnosis and treatment of 6 Create
High blood pressure (hypertension). (15)
4. i) In case of indicator dilution method for the cardiac 5 Evaluate
output measurement, 10 mg of indicator dye is
injected. The area under the dilution curve is found
to be 150 mgs/litre. Calculate the cardiac output per
minute. (5)
 ii) In the body plethysmograoh, the volume of the 5 Evaluate
chamber is 0.20 m3. The maximum thorax pressure
is 2×105 pascal and minimum is 0.35×105 pascal
when the patient goes through breathing motions
after the mouthpiece valve is closed. Meanwhile the
chamber pressure goes from 0.97×105 pascal to
1.03×105 pascal. Calculate the total lung capacity.
(10)

UNIT III - ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

SYLLABUS
Electrodes - Limb electrodes - floating electrodes - pregelled disposable electrodes - Micro,
needle and surface electrodes - Amplifiers, Preamplifiers, differential amplifiers, chopper
amplifiers - Isolation amplifier - ECG - EEG - EMG - ERG - Lead systems and recording
methods - Typical waveforms - Electrical safety in medical environment, shock hazards -
leakage current - Instruments for checking safety parameters of biomedical equipments.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. Classify the various types of electrodes. 4 Analyze
2. Point out any four types of surface electrodes. 4 Analyze
3. Draw the electrode configuration of avR output. 3 Apply
4. Name the electrodes used for EEG measurement 1 Remember
5. What is preamplifier? State its functional requirements. 1 Remember
6. What are the basic requirements for Bio-amplifier? 1 Remember
7. Define leakage current. 1 Remember
8. Give the frequency range & amplitude of ECG, EEG and 2 Understand
EMG waves.
9. Sketch a typical “PQRST” complex waveform with 3 Apply
respect to ECG.
10. What are Electrical Shocks? How can they be avoided? 1 Remember
11. Give the origin, amplitude and duration of the different 2 Understand
waves in ECG.
12. Draw EINTHOVEN TRIANGLE and how it is used in 1 Remember
ECG measurement.
13. Point out three types of lead systems used to record 5 Evaluate
electrocardiograms.
14. Summarize LATENCY in EMG. 5 Evaluate
15. Design the block diagram for EMG recording set up. 6 Create
16. Describe the hazards of leakage current. 2 Understand
17. Discuss Let-go current of human body. 2 Understand
18. What is meant by macro shock? Classify the ways by 3 Apply
which macro shocks can be induced?
19. What is ERG? 1 Remember
20. Design the simple block diagram of EEG recording set 6 Create
up.
PART - B
1. Draw and explain the block diagram of single ended 3 Apply
chopper-stabilized operational amplifier. (13)
2. Draw an ECG of a normal person, labelling the critical 3 Apply
features and explain the working of an ECG machine.
(13)
3. Describe the standard 12 lead system and recording 1 Remember
method of ECG. Write about Einthoven triangle. (13)
4. i) Discuss the working of typical EMG recording 2 Understand
setup. (7)
ii) Discuss the working of isolation amplifier with 2 Understand
diagram. (6)
5. i) Discuss the construction and working principle of 2 Understand
Differential amplifier. Mention their importance in
biomedical instrumentation. (7)
ii) Describe with help of circuit diagram, the working 2 Understand
of a typical instrumentation amplifier. (6)
6. i) Discuss about ERG. (7) 2 Understand
ii) Elaborate on the medical equipment maintenance 2 Understand
and safety parameters in handling it. (6)
7. Describe in detail about the various electrodes used for 1 Remember
bio signal measurement. (13)
8. i) Illustrate the different requirements for biomedical 3 Apply
amplifiers? (4)
ii) Sketch a neat circuit diagram of a medical 3 Apply
preamplifier and deduce an expression for its net
gain. (9)
9. Explain how the electrical hazards protection can be 4 Analyze
provided in the biomedical instrumentation systems. (13)
10. i) Define Half-cell potential. What are polarisable and 1 Remember
non-polarisable electrodes? (7)
ii) Describe the usage of the various types of 1 Remember
electrodes used to measure biopotentials. (6)
11. Describe in detail the various ways used to induce the 1 Remember
macroshocks. (13)
12. Summarize the instruments used to check the safety 5 Evaluate
parameters of biomedical equipments. (13)
13. i) Explain the devices used against electrical hazards. 5 Evaluate
(7)
ii) Explain the important aspects of hospital 5 Evaluate
architecture? (6)
14. Design the 10-20 electrode system used in EEG. Describe 6 Create
its characteristics lead system and recording methods (13)
PART - C
1. Describe the problems encountered in measurement of 5 Evaluate
physiological system. Explain how these differ from
physical systems. (15)
2. Describe in detail with the principle involved of 5 Evaluate
electrodes used for measurement of ECG, EMG.
(15)
3. What are body surface electrodes? Describe in brief with 5 Evaluate
suitable examples. (15)
4. Design a suitable amplifier that can be used in the front 6 Create
end of an ECG machine. Justify your answer by
specifying the features of the selected amplifier. (15)
 UNIT IV - IMAGING MODALITIES AND ANALYSIS
SYLLABUS
Radio graphic and fluoroscopic techniques - Computer tomography - MRI - Ultrasonography
- Endoscopy - Thermography - Different types of biotelemetry systems - Retinal Imaging -
Imaging application in Biometric systems.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. Distinguish radiographic and fluoroscopic techniques. 2 Understand
2. Discuss briefly about Tomography. 2 Understand
3. What is computer aided tomography? 1 Remember
4. Mention the applications of Endoscopic technique. 1 Remember
5. Point out the advantages of MRI scan 4 Analyze
6. What is ultrasonic Tomographic technique? 1 Remember
7. Illustrate the application of Endoscopy. 3 Apply
8. Specify the different modes of Ultrasonagraphy. 1 Remember
9. What is the principle used in thermographic imaging? 1 Remember
10. Write the principle behind the MRI. 1 Remember
11. Point out the advantages and applications of 4 Analyze
thermography.
12. Design the simplified block diagram of a thermographic 6 Create
equipment.
13. Generalize the characteristic of good thermographic 6 Create
equipment.
14. Summarize the advantages of digital thermometer. 5 Evaluate
15. Explain biotelemetry. 4 Analyze
16. Draw the block diagram of a bio-telemetry system and 3 Apply
list its components.
17. Illustrate single channel telemetry system. 3 Apply
18. Deduce the anticipated problems of telomerised systems 5 Evaluate
in the future?
19. Discuss the applications of biotelemetry. 2 Understand
20. Discuss the applications of ultrasound in medical 2 Understand
imaging.
PART - B
1. i) Write the construction and working principle of 1 Remember
computer tomography. (7)
ii) Write the mathematical details of obtaining X-ray 1 Remember
image in CT. (6)
2. i) Describe a Telemetry circuit using a sub carrier also 1 Remember
list its advantages. (9)
ii) Write a note on Bio-metric systems. (4) 1 Remember
i) Describe in detail the block diagram of Gamma 1 Remember
3. camera. (7)
ii) Write the working of multichannel biotelemetry 1 Remember
system. (6)
4. Explain the production of X-rays and draw the block 1 Remember
diagram of X-ray machine. (13)
5. Sketch a typical functional block diagram of amplitude 3 Apply
modulated radio transmitter and receiver and explain.
(13)
6. With neat block diagram explain the principle of 3 Apply
operation and working of MRI system. (13)
7. Explain with the neat block diagram, the principle and 4 Analyze
image acquisition method of thermography. (13)
8. i) What do you mean by CT? Give the mathematical 2 Understand
details of obtaining X-ray image in CT? (7)
ii) Briefly explain the different modes of ultrasonic 2 Understand
scanning with suitable diagrams. (6)
9. i) What are the four basic modes of transmission of 4 Analyze
ultrasound? Illustrate briefly. (8)
ii) What are the properties of ultrasound and how 4 Analyze
ultrasound can be used for diagnosis? (5)
10. Discuss how the various physiological parameters can be 5 Evaluate
monitored and telemetered and usage of telemetry as an
emergency tool. (13)
11. Prepare the clinical applications of Endoscopy. (13) 6 Create
12. Draw and explain the different components involved in 5 Evaluate
Fluroscopic techniques. (13)
13. i) Distinguish between radiography and fluoroscopy. 2 Understand
(7)
ii) Write the application of X ray in medical field. (6) 2 Understand
14. Describe in detail about the single channel telemetry 2 Understand
system for transmission of an ECG with block diagram.
(13)
PART - C
1. Explain the concept of imaging application of Biometric 5 Evaluate
system. (15)
2. Compute the maximum photon energy of the radiated X- 6 Create
rays for a tungsten anode voltage of 100 kV. Also
compute the efficiency of X-ray production and the
shortest wavelength of the produced X-rays. (15)
3. Muscle thickness = 1.5 cm. Bone thickness = 1.5 cm. 5 Evaluate
Incident X-ray intensity = 15 kW/m2. When the incident
X-ray photon energy is equal to 80 keV, the mass
attenuation constant for bone and muscle are 0.0052
m2/kg and 0.0025 m2/kg respectively. The bone and
muscle have the density equal to 1850 kg/m3 and 1060
kg/m3 respectively. Determine the ratio between the
emergent X-ray intensity from bone and muscle. Also
calculate the contrast in the image on film made by the
emergent X-rays from bone and muscle.
(15)
4. Describe principle of computerized Axial Tomography 6 Create
and compare it with conventional X-Ray imaging system.
(15)
 UNIT V - LIFE ASSISTING, THERAPEUTIC AND ROBOTIC DEVICES
SYLLABUS
Pacemakers - Defibrillators - Ventilators - Nerve and muscle stimulators - Diathermy - Heart
- Lung machine - Audio meters - Dialysers - Lithotripsy - ICCU patient monitoring system -
Nano Robots - Robotic surgery - Orthopedic prostheses fixation.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. What are Nano robots? 1 Remember
2. Classify the types of pacing. 3 Apply
3. Differentiate between external pacemaker and implanted 2 Understand
pacemaker.
4. Classify the types of pacemaker based on modes of 3 Apply
operation of the pacemakers.
5. State ventricular fibrillation. 1 Remember
6. Explain defibrillator and give its disadvantages. 5 Evaluate
7. Give the importance of defibrillator protection circuit in 2 Understand
ECG recorder.
8. Define Heart Lung Machine. 1 Remember
9. Distinguish a de-fibrillator from a pace maker 2 Understand
10. What is a ventilator? Give its importance in respiratory 2 Understand
failures.
11. What is meant by transcutaneous electrical nerve 1 Remember
stimulator?
12. Design the block diagram of a short wave diathermy 6 Create
unit.
13. Explain briefly about microwave diathermy. 4 Analyze
14. Name few tests performed using audiometer. 1 Remember
15. Generalize the purpose of audiometers? 6 Create
16. Explain lithotripsy? 5 Evaluate
17. What is dialysis? What are the three physical processes 1 Remember
used in dialysis?
18. Compare Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis. 3 Apply
19. Point out the variables to be monitored by a patient 4 Analyze
monitoring system.
20. Classify the divisions in patient monitoring system. 3 Apply
PART - B
1. i) Discuss the stone disease problem and the method 2 Understand
used to overcome with neat diagram. (7)
ii) Explain the principle of operation of a dialyser 2 Understand
machine. (6)
2. Discuss the working of pressure and volume controlled 2 Understand
ventilator. (13)
i) Briefly discuss the block diagram of heart lung 3 Apply
3. machine. (7)
ii) Illustrate the working of an artificial kidney with a 3 Apply
neat diagram. (6)
4. i) Explain the electrical nature of natural pacemaker. 5 Evaluate
(4)
 ii) State the need for defibrillator. Describe the 5 Evaluate
schematic of implantable defibrillator. (9)
5. Explain the working of lithotripsy with clear schematic 5 Evaluate
diagrams. (13)
6. i) Illustrate with a neat diagram the working of SW 3 Apply
diathermy. (7)
ii) Draw a circuit diagram of a DC defibrillator and 3 Apply
describe its principle of operation. (6)
7. Draw and explain the simplified circuit diagram of a 1 Remember
microwave diathermy machine and its uses. (13)
8. i) Describe the procedure for the peritoneal dialysis 1 Remember
with a suitable diagram. (7)
ii) Write short notes on Prosthetics & Onthotics. (6) 1 Remember
9. i) Summarize the working of AC defibrillator. (7) 2 Understand
ii) Discuss on nerve and muscle stimulators. (6) 2 Understand
10. Examine the nano robots role in biomedical engineering 3 Apply
field. Also explain about Nano robotic surgery
(13)
11. i) Distinguish between demand pacemaker and 4 Analyze
synchronized pacemaker. (4)
ii) With a block diagram of automatic bekesy 4 Analyze
audiometer, explain its measurement procedure.
(9)
12. Prepare the procedure of hemodialysis with suitable 6 Create
block diagram. Also write its merits and demerits (13)
13. Describe in detail about the different parameters used in 1 Remember
patient monitoring system in ICCU (13)
14. Describe the types of fixation and characteristics of 1 Remember
metals used in orthopedic prosthesis fixation. (13)
PART - C
1. Explain the application of Nano robots in medical 5 Evaluate
application. (15)
2. Compute the energy per pulse when the pacemaker 6 Create
pulse width is 0.5 millisecond and pulse voltage is 3
volts; the circuit current drain is 0.5 μA, the heart
electrode resistance is 500 ohms and the heart rate is 70
bpm. (15)
3. It is desired to deliver pacemaker pulses with period 5 Evaluate
0.857 second and energy per pulse 10.286 μJ. The amp-
hour rating of lithium cell is equal to 0.1 A-H and its
terminal voltage is equal to 2.8 volts. Calculate the
energy in joules stored in the lithium cell and life time
of that cell. (15)
4. A defibrillator delivers a square pulse of 4000 V with a 6 Create
duration of 4 milliseconds. The internal resistance of the
defibrillator is about 15 ohms. The skin-electrode
resistance is 50 ohms and the thorax resistance is 30
ohms. Compute the energy delivered to the patient’s
thorax and the total energy available from the
defibrillator. Also calculate the percentage of loss of
energy. (15)