IMPROVISED PORTABLE AND CONSUMABLE

“KALAN DE USE OIL’’ AS ALTERNATIVE COOKING STOVE

A Qualitative Research
Presented to the Faculty of
College of Teacher Education
VICTORIA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Victoria Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

CEDRICK I. CANO
JOHN CARLO M. BARIRING
JOSE LOSITO GODEZ
JUSTINE LUSTADO TOPE

JUANUARY 2024
CHAPTER I
 INTRODUCTION

Philippines has topped 155 place in the world’s population which is directly increasing the

industrial development and consumption of energy throughout demand and supply leading to face the

country energy poverty which simultaneously being more dependent on importing the resources in turn

increasing the taxation of every product. So, the possible solution to eradicate energy crisis is to move

towards reliable resources Bu it has few hard-core drawbacks, so that can be overcome shifting to the

best solution resource recovery program. Resource recovery also provides a benefit for energy supply

since.

Essential and commercial refuse can be used oil is obtained in large quality by routinely change

engine oil, used cooking oil, waste hydraulic oil. This rejected product has certain properties similar to

petroleum distillates and is a non-renewable energy source. Managing the waste has a better

understanding of the economic benefits and technological advances that makes used oil as a dependable

source. Heat in a eco-friendly way to attract with one of the industries major pollution. By switching a

used product into a valuable fuel it helps to consume national energy source and protect water and soil

resources from oil pollution unchecked your research goal for this study.

The "Kalan de Use Oil" emerges as a pioneering solution in the realm of alternative cooking

stoves, introducing an innovative approach to address both environmental sustainability and economic

efficiency. This improvised stove is ingeniously designed to utilize used cooking oil as its primary fuel

source, effectively repurposing a common waste product. Its portable and adaptable features make it a

versatile option for various cooking needs, while its potential to reduce waste, lower energy costs, and

foster community engagement underscores its significance. As we explore the "Kalan de Use Oil" in

greater detail, it becomes evident that this eco-friendly cooking stove has the potential to reshape culinary

practices, offering a practical and sustainable solution for households and communities a like
 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Materials
Using scrap metal that will serve -Kalan de used oil as
alternative cooking stove.
A short introduction as the burner, we weld a 9-cm-long tube
here - weld a 9-cm-long tube
1.stove plate burner to the plate that will act as the burner's air

channel. Next, we add another tube to

2.12v power supply
serve as the burner's oil channel. Finally,
3.leveling bolts
we attach the oil reservoir and placed the
4.scrapping tools
stove plate on top of the burner. Simply
5.oil reservoir with control
turn the oil reservoir opening to switch on
Value
the stove. To regulate the fire, use the

blower power adjusting to control the

amount of air that makes the fire stronger

or weaker. To extinguish the fire, use an

iron that fits the burner and stoke the

flame until it goes out.

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. The primary aim of this study was to find out the improvised “Kalan de use oil’’
as alternative cooking stove
2. What is the level of cooking time of kalan de use oil as alternative cooking stove with
regards to heat level in terms of :

1.1 Low level - 333.3 RPM

1.2 Medium level - 606 RPM

1.3 High level - 1000 RPM

3. What is the level of energy consumption of kalan de use oil in terms of heat level?

2.1 Low level - 25 ML

2.2 Medium level - 65 ML

2.3 high level - 100 ML

4. What is the level of energy consumption of kalan di use oil in terms of heat level?

4.1 Low level - 12V DC 2DAYS

4.2 Medium level - 12V DC 1DAYS

4.3 high level - 12V DC 12 hours

5. Is this a signfiim difference on the streety on the colly time use portable cona ni kalan de
use oil is ten of hent level?

5.1 low level - 12V 100 ML

5.2 Medium level - 12V 300 ML

5.3 high level - 12V 600 ML

6. Is this a signfiim difference in the level of energy consumption of kalan de use oil us
energy oil battery in tum of hent level?

6.1 low level - 12V 200 RPM

6.2 Medium level 12V 300 RPM

6.3 high level - 12V 600 RPM

Hypotheses of the Study

There is no possible output that effect of Kalan de used oil on Mokulele street in Victoria

Laguna.

Significance of the Study

This page describes who will benefit from this research and how significant this study

will be to them.

Students. The primary beneficiaries of this study are the leaners. It holds significant

implications for the students, particularly “Kalan de use oil’’ as alternative cooking stove.

Investigating the acceptability of scrap metal as a clothing material aligns with growing concerns

about sustainability and eco-friendly practices. Understanding whether students are open to using

recycled materials in their clothing can provide insights into the potential adoption of sustainable

fashion practices

Teachers. This study is crucial in recognizing “Kalan de use oil’’ as alternative cooking stove . The

findings can help teachers create a supportive classroom environment, promote meaningful

interaction, and facilitate active learning, ultimately leading to improved language proficiency

and academic achievement among students.

Parents. This study is suitable for helping parents as they can collaborate with teachers to

reinforce these skills both at home and in the classroom, ensuring that their children receive a

holistic learning experience and have the best opportunity for success in their English language

development.

Future Researchers. This study might inspire researchers in the future to often focus on
“Kalan de use oil’’ as alternative cooking stove. Future researchers are likely to play a role in shaping

future trends and innovations. Understanding their acceptability of scrap metal clothing provides

insights into potential shifts in fashion preferences and the adoption of unconventional materials

in the future

Scope and Limitations

This study focused on the residents of Makulele street the improvised “Kalan de use oil’’

as alternative cooking stove at Victoria Senior High School and how this affected their academic

behaviour. The study was conducted during the school year 2023–2024.

Operational Definition of Terms

The words and terms are defined based on their function in the foregoing research study.

Stove Plate Burner. A stove plate burner refers to a component on a stove that generates

heat for cooking. It can be an electric coil, a gas flame, or an induction element, depending on

the type of stove.

12V Power Supply. A 12V power supply refers to an electrical system or device that

provides a voltage output of 12 volts. In various applications, a 12V power supply is commonly

used, such as in automotive systems, electronic devices, or appliances that operate on a 12V DC

(Direct Current) power source.

Levelling Tools. Levelling tools are instruments or devices used to determine or achieve

a horizontal or vertical level. Common level ling tools include spirit levels, bubble levels, or

electronic levelling devices. These tools are essential for ensuring that surfaces, structures, or

objects are balanced and aligned.

Oil Reservoir with Control Valve. An oil reservoir with a control valve refers to a

container or tank designed to store oil, often used in mechanical systems. The control valve
allows for the regulation of the oil flow, providing a means to manage the amount of oil

dispensed. This setup is common in various machinery and hydraulic systems where controlled

oil flow is essential.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, focus is on the various researches on

Improvised “Kalan De Use Oil’’ As Alternative Cooking
Stove
Related Literature

In all cases, the properties of the obtained diesel were determined to analyse the

possibility of using it in a diesel engine [21]. Other experiment which is done co-hydrotreating of

algae and used engine oil for the direct production of gasoline and diesel fuels or blending

components. As Bing Wang and et al [22] expresses co-hydrotreating of microalgae and UEO

(used engine oil) was examined for the direct production of gasoline and diesel fuels or blending

components. The addition of the noble metal catalysts promoted the cracking and in situ

hydrogenation of liquid products (oils) and was beneficial for the production of liquid products.

A synergistic effect existed during the co-hydrotreating of the UEO and microalgae,

which not only favored the production of liquid products but also promoted in situation of

denitrogenating and deoxygenation. cohydrotreating produced upgraded oil with fuel properties

(e.g. density, calorific value) comparable to traditional liquid transportation fuels derived from

fossil fuel. Besides, as Navid Zandi-Atashbar, Ali Asghar Ensafi, and Amir Hooshmand Ahoo

experiment express, the produced fuel that they found was effectively modeled against the

international parameters by the corresponded correlation coefficients more than 90%. Also, the

maximum fuel,
60.7 wt%, was resulted in the conditions of the pyrolysis temperature of 553.9 oC, Ar flow rate

of 128.3 mL min-1 and the nano-CeO2/SiO2 amount of 8.8 wt%. This prepared fuel was

comparable with the commercial ones since the cetane number, density, viscosity, and flash point

were 42, 872 kg m-3 , 3.1 mm2 s -1 and 49 oC, respectively. As a result of this work, it can say

that presentation of the nano-catalyst was also efficient to remove sulfur content from 0.9 to 0.02

wt% with too low inorganic deposit as ash.

Accordingly, this pyrolytic fuel can be proposed as a replacement for the available diesel

fuels, [4]. The research of Sadeek and et al [23] indicates that, Hydrotreating of waste lube oil by

rejuvenated spent hydrotreating catalyst can be one of the way to recycle waste lubricating oil.

Hydrotreating catalysts consist of critical metals such as Mo, Co, and Ni, as active metals and are

generally supported by alumina or silica alumina and are usually used in hydrotreating of

petroleum. These catalysts deactivate with time, and partial or complete regeneration can be

carried out depending on the severity of the processes due to carbon or sulfide deposition. In the

long term, the regeneration of these catalysts will become impossible due to irreversible.

deactivation, and spent catalysts would discard as solid wastes. Catalysts gradually lose activity

through deactivation with time and the spent catalysts were usually discarded as solid waste. On

the other hand, waste lube oil contains heavy metals coming from undergirded base oil and

additives, these metals have carcinogenic effect and cause serious environmental problems.

Studies are conducted on the reclamation of metals, rejuvenation and reuse of the spent

hydrotreating catalyst (Mo–Ni/Al) which has been used in re-refining of waste lube oil at

Alexandria Petroleum Company. Three leaching solvents were used: oxidized oxalic acid,

benzoic acid and boric acid at different concentrations (4%, 8% and 16%), different oxidizing

agents
(H2O2 and Fe(NO3)3) and different modes of addition of oxidizing agents (batch and

continuous). The results indicated that 4% oxalic acid + 5% Fe(NO3)3 at continuous addition of

oxidizing agents was the most efficient leaching solvent to facilitate metal removal and

rejuvenate catalyst. The fresh catalyst was applied for re-refining of waste lube oil under

different reaction temperatures (320–410)0C in order to compare the hydrodesulphurization

(HDS) activity with both the fresh, treated and spent catalysts.

The results indicated that the rejuvenation techniques introduce a catalyst have HDS

activity nearly approach to that the fresh of the same type. Alternative fuel oil (AFO) required

preheating up to 70 °C owing to its higher viscosity value, which is considerably higher than the

allowed by the ISO 8217 standard for distillate fuels. Therefore, a heating module was installed

on board the vessel to ensure optimal performance with the AFO. The fuel consumption was

slightly lower for the AFO; however, owing to its higher low-heating value, the engine efficiency

was higher when using distilled fuel oil (DFO). The AFO presented lower combustion pressure

than the DFO and a longer combustion period; however, its ignition process occurred earlier.

The results suggested that the AFO contained light components which caused the early

ignition of the fuel, as well as heavy components, which delayed the end of the combustion. The

NOX emissions were considerably reduced with the AFO by 15%; the CO2 emissions were

slightly reduced as well; however, CO emissions were higher for the AFO by 15%. By operating

under the usual conditions while burning the AFO throughout a year, the vessel would consume

8 t of fuel less, and would emit 21 t of greenhouse gases less. The vessel burnt a total of 40,000 L

of AFO, for approximately 300 h, without any operational issue. The results demonstrate that the
distillate fuel obtained from lubricating oil is suitable for marine medium-speed engines and

enables satisfactory performance, [24]. Electronic copy available at: https://ssr

Utilizing a novel blend of solvent extraction and activated alumina adsorbent can be used

refine lubricating oils from waste lubricating oil. The activity of these solvent extraction blends

{toluene, butanol and methanol (A)}, {toluene, butanol and ethanol (B)} and {toluene, butanol

and isopropanol (C)} was evaluated experimentally, oil to solvent proportions from 1:1 to 1:3

were analyzed for mixture blend (C). The results confirm solvent mixture (A) gave good

efficiency with the highest percent sludge removal. The maximum percent of sludge removal

improves with the increase of solvent to oil ratios. The physical properties of the recycle oil were

measured. The results show the change in the properties of recycling oil and have good efficient

fuel, [25].

Several impact assessment of poor used engine oil disposal system has been done. Some

of them are referred as follows. Used lubricating oils (ULOs) represent a serious problem for

environment and human health due to the presence of highly harmful contaminants, being

mandatory an adequate management based on efficient collection sys- tems and treatment

processes. Within this work, the environmental and energy performance of a re-refining process

for ULOs upgrading is evaluated. The proposed regeneration process is based on the extraction

of organic contaminants with liquid propane followed by a cascade of three consecutive

distillation stages (two under atmospheric conditions and an additional one under vacuum). This

process operates at plan scale in Spain recovering base oil for reuse.

All the operations were simulated using Aspen Plus 8.6 and environmental issues and

performance was determined by LCA, considering global warming potential, cumulative energy

demand, acidification and toxicity as impacts categories. Results show that the whole upgrading
process generates up to 363 kg CO2 per ton base oil (mainly associated with distillations heating

requirements) and it consumes 6144 MJ per ton base oil. Vacuum distillation is the most

important contributor to acidification and toxicity, due to heating and electricity requirements of

the column. These parameters were compared for upgraded base oil and refinery lubricant oil,

and results suggested that great environmental impacts can be reduced by recycling oil. Finally,

different LCA scenarios were considered by partitioning impacts among base oil and plant by-

pro- ducts, using mass flow and economic criteria. Regardless the impacts allocation method,

results clearly indicate that manufacturing base oil by ULOs recycling is a more environmental

friendly option than the conventional refinery [26].

The impact assessment reflects potential, rather than actual, impacts and takes no account

of the local receiving environment. As a result, the actual impacts could be very different from

the values presented and there remains significant uncertainty associated with these. LCIA

results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category endpoints, the exceeding

of thresholds, safety margins or risks [5]. Original equipment manufacturers specifications for

lubricant performance will continue to drive changes in formulations, with particular focus on

lubricants’ contribution to meeting fuel economy and emissions regulations leading to increased

demands placed on related lubricant characteristics. Environmental concerns will continue to

play a major role in lubricant formulation and use. Reduction of elements such as chlorine,

phosphorus, sulfur, and metals has proceeded at a rapid pace over the past decade, particularly in

automotive lubricants. Use of more environmentally friendly fuels, including renewable fuels, in

both automotive and industrial engines will also drive changes in lubricant formulation and

additive demand. For example, expanding use of biodiesel in the motor vehicle fuel pool will

require better oxidation and corrosion protection from lubricants.

 In contrast, falling sulfur content in marine fuel oil may reduce the need for deter- gents

in marine engine lubricants, [11]. Supporting used oil recycling industry has been an important

issue in the industrialized countries for the world's energy strategy, German enacted special law

for used oils management in 2002 and the used oil must be treated by professional recycling

companies and had the priority for the treatment and classification. They also had the detailed

requirements for sampling, inspection and custody for the used oil. The producer responsibility,

taxation and environmental protection methods were utilized to guide and encourage the used oil

recycling industry [27]. But in Ethiopia there is no policies and action which encourage recycling

the used oil. There are several benefits from recycling of used oil, like reduce carbon footprint;

save money; increase GDP; increase number of entrepreneurs; reduce emission of greenhouse

gases; avoid heavy metal emission; contribute to reduce health issue which resulted by disposal

of oil on the ground. One of the products of recycling used oil is fuel.

Parabolic Dish; This is also known as a point focus type collector; a practical application

of a parabolic dish is a flashlight lens, which is used to transform a point source of light into a

parallel beam. Since sunlight radiation is essentially parallel it may be concentrated at the focal

point of the lens. As a matter of fact, a tiny flashlight lens may be used as a cigarette lighter by

substituting a cigarette for the bulb and by pointing the lens in the direction of the sun. A type of

solar reflector dish concentrator may also be made by lining the inside of a cardboard box with

aluminum foil. Higher temperatures can be achieved with a parabolic dish as they focus the

entire solar capture area to a point i.e. 1500C. Microwave radio antennas also use a parabolic

dish to concentrate the incoming radio beam to a point to recover the diffused signal. The dish

itself is not frequency selective but the "pick-up" at the focus is.
 Parabolic dishes develop solar concentrating factor of around 600 – 2000, depending on

its size and The solar dish is a point-focusing concentrator with a very high focus [28].

concentration ratio extending from hundreds to thousands. Experimental assessment and

optimization methods are necessary to assemble solar dishes with satisfying concentration ratios

and flux density distributions, which is very important for the overall solar thermal systems to

achieve high efficiency. A solar dish usually consists of many mirror facets installed on a

supporting structure with a dual-axis tracking system. Small mirror facets are easy to

manufacture, but the alignment of many mirror facets is very challenging [29]. The outcome of

solar dish design features and factors such as material of the reflector concentrators, the shape of

the reflector concentrators and the receiver, solar radiation at the concentrator, diameter of the

parabolic dish concentrator, sizing the aperture area of concentrator, focal Length of the

parabolic dish, the focal point diameter, sizing the aperture area of receiver, geometric

concentration ratio, and rim angle have been studied. The study provides a theoretical guidance

for designing and operating solar parabolic dish Stirling engines system.

We can conclude that where the best time for heating the fluid and fasting the processing,

the time required to heat the receiver to reach the minimum temperature for operating the

Solarpowered Stirling engine for different heat transfer fluids; this will lead to more economic

solar dish systems The parabolic dish systems consists of a parabolic reflector in the form of a

dish with a supporting structure, Stirling engine mounted in the focus of the parabolic dish to

receive solar radiation [30].

The stove, used in this project was bought from nearby market. It is actually an AC stove.

These are mainly used in the hostels for cooking, using AC connection. First target was to run

the stove with DC source. The stove is of 1000W. It was determined to reduce the wattage rating
to 500W. So, to achieve that, it was tested with different voltage and currents. Measuring wattage

the performance was verified. At the same time it was tested for AC source but reducing wattage

to 500W by enforcing additional resistance. Hopefully it was found that the performance was

better for DC source than AC. The performance was determined on the basis of time

consumption of boiling the same amount of water with all other conditions remaining constant.

Fig 4.3 clarifies more about the experiment. On the other hand, it was also experimented with the

normal gas stove. Time consumption found similar there too. Having all this experiments it was

decided that, 500W DC powered stove can cook effectively and efficiently than AC stove or

other electric cooker available in the market. Finally it is 132.3V and 3.79A are the ratings of

voltage and current respectively for the system. This gives the wattage ratings of 501.417W.

Performance test was carefully executed to show the similarities between redesigned

stove data and previous data. It was found similar. That permitted to go further with that stove

and continue experimenting in the real field.

Although the system is established to provide 10A of current but in practical it does not

reach to that mark. Internal loss of the system and line loss may have caused that problem. That

caused the load power to be less than 500W. It affects the timing to finish cooking in desired

time by little. Improvement in reducing losses is needed to solve this problem.

The load is design to have 48v and 10.5A of current rating. Though the sunlight alone

will not always be sufficient for cooking, it needs to have battery as back up. Now including

batteries in the system brings additional attention to the safety of the system. The system was

designed to have 4, 12V batteries in series as a battery bank.

To find the specifications, first the batteries were fully charged. Then the system was

assembled again, but without the panels. After that, batteries were discharged through the load.
Monitoring the multi-meters was required to check over discharging. The method, applied to

determine over discharging is, calculating total Ah of the battery bank. Each battery was rated for

20Ah. As it is restricted, not to discharge more than 80% of its stored energy, to be on the safe

side 75% was considered as the cut off point for the system. The state of charge is determined

by reading either terminal voltage or the specific gravity of the electrolyte. The density or

specific gravity of the sulphuric acid electrolyte of lead acid battery varies with the state of

charge. 12 V lead acid battery state of charge (SOC) vs Voltage while under discharge is given

below.[8]

The controller had five ports. +12V, +48V, -48V, +P, -P. A push button is used to switch

the controller on or off. To switch on the controller 12V needs to be supplied to its specified

terminal. It will be supplying constant voltage which is 48V and almost constant current 10A to

have constant load power. It will balance the load share of panel’s contribution and battery’s

contribution. If the panels provide more energy, needed for cooking or when the load is off

energy will be stored to the battery to the extent that it is not over charged. On the other hand

when the load is on and panels are not providing sufficient energy, battery will be discharged to

the extent that it is not over discharged. Only then national grid will provide necessary energy to

the load.

Though the connection of national grid will be manual it is not shown in the controller
installation.

One of the attractive features in this research is the introduction of effective heating

technology. Though in the project, proper application of the technology was not included, in fact

that can be another topic of research. Still the importance and usefulness of the technology can

be found in this paper. This technology is very simple to understand, how much energy can be

wasted during cooking, without the technology. In this project a box with two faces was used to
minimize the heat loss as much as possible. Inside the box, a thin layer of aluminium foil is used

to concentrate heat more to the pan or any other cooking tools. These were done to emphasize

the opportunity of manufacturing such product depending on its experimental advantage. Several

tests with different positioning of the foil indicate the efficiency, as long as the required time for

cooking is concerned. Best case occurred with both the upper and lower sides were covered by

the box and the whole stove, by foil. (Fig 4.3).

Panels are one of the main components of the system. The system was designed to have

48V and 10A. It is not possible to have that much of current, using a single panel. Therefore in

the system 2 panels, having 5A (5.6A to be exact) was connected in series to increase the current

rating. Since those panels were providing less than 48V, it needed another set of similar

arrangement but connected in parallel. Thus the system reached desired ratings for voltage and

current.

To ensure 48V from the battery backup, the system used 4, 12V batteries of 20Ah. 20Ah

battery was chosen, as achieving higher Ah from the panel during the solar hour is not possible.

Hence, battery will not be fully charged. During discharging that will hamper providing desired

voltage level. The batteries were connected in series to make it a battery bank.

The main focus of this article is to present a comprehensive overview of the current

engine oil recycling methods in use around the world, including a description of their

technological flow and the enterprises that apply them. In addition, the benefits of employing

these technologies will be discussed from both an ecological and an economic standpoint. 2.

Literature review The increase in attention to the recycling of used engine oils is mainly due to

environmental problems that have arisen with increasing pollution levels and the need to

conserve natural resources. Also, the recent technological development and the accentuation of
the recovery of waste have led to the emergence of technologies that facilitate recycling

processes. In some countries with a high degree of technological innovation, up to 50% of used

engine oils come from recycled oils.

However, in the European Union, for example, only 13% of the amount of base oils

required on the market is produced from used engine oil that has undergone a refining process

[5]. The oldest way of treating used engine oil, being at the same time the method that generated

the best results until the development of advanced recycling technologies [18], is the treatment

with acid and clay. The process is based on treating the used oil with different acids (sulfuric,

acetic, formic) to remove pollutants and then using different types of clay (such as bentonite) to

neutralize the resulting product [6]. Activated carbon can also be used for neutralization [7]. The

process is not currently encouraged, however, due to the low degree of sustainability (the

resulting acidic sludge is considered a hazardous waste and without ecological potential for

recovery). Vacuum distillation and clay treatment is another process that allows the removal of

impurities from used engine oil to transform it into base oil. In the first stage, that of atmospheric

distillation, the separation of water and light compounds takes place. Subsequently, vacuum

distillation (TDA column – Thermal de-asphalting) and fractionation are carried out: at this

stage, the organometallic compounds and asphalt minerals are separated and three quantities of

used oil are fractionated. TCT (thermal clay treatment) follows: this is when the characteristics of

the three fractions of waste oil separated in the previous phase are improved. The last step is

pressure filtration [6]. Vacuum distillation and hydrogenation is a technology in which clay has

been replaced by hydrogenation, for reasons of efficiency and sustainability. The oil is

dehydrated at atmospheric pressure, in order to remove light hydrocarbons and water. Vacuum

distillation is then applied at a temperature of 250 °C, using a conventional vacuum tube or a thin
film evaporator to separate the diesel fuel. Materials such as residue, heavy metals, additive

degradation products, etc. a flow of capitalization of asphalt products follows.

The last step is the hydrogenation of the distilled product, to remove toxic nitrogen and

sulfur compounds, as well as other oxides present in the chemical composition of the used oil.

The spent catalyst resulting from the hydrogenation process is disposed of outside the company.

Also during this stage, the Odors from the oxidation of some chemical elements are eliminated

and the color of the final product is improved [8]. During the vacuum treatment process, the

hydrogenated oil is subsequently separated into fractions used for engine, industrial or hydraulic

oils. The residue resulting from the vacuum distillation process is used for the production of

bitumen and other asphalt products [9]. One method that involves the use of chemical solvents to

recycle used engine oil is solvent extraction. It consists in dissolving the aromatic components

that affect the properties of the oils, but keeping the desired components, such as saturated

hydrocarbons [10]. Before treatment, the used oil is filtered to remove solids. Then the oil is

treated with solvent, mixing a predetermined amount of oil and solvent for one hour, then letting

the solution settle for 24 hours. The oil separated from the sludge is transferred to a vaporizer to

facilitate the separation of the solvents from the recycled oil. Subsequently, the oil is mixed with

active alumina to remove dark color and specific odors [11]. Solvents that can be used to treat

waste oils include 1-butanol, methanol, ethanol, propane, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone,

and so on [12]

A number of methods and techniques for recycling used engine oils have been developed,

applied differently in various parts of the world. These technologies depend mainly on the nature

of the base oil (mineral or synthetic) as well as the nature and amount of contaminants. 3.

Recycling methods and technologies applied on a global scale for used engine oil Recycling used
engine oil is not only a benefit for the environment but also a way to reduce pollution. This

process also brings with it strong economic benefits and financial gains for companies that have

developed or implemented recycling processes and technologies for this type of waste.

For this reason, the recycling of used engine oil is practiced, through various processes

and techniques, in factories around the world, belonging to already well-known companies or to

some that are in full development. Next, seven examples of such currently applied technologies

on a global scale will be presented. 3.1. HyLube technology – Puraglobe Direct Contact

Hydrogenation (DCH) is the technical principle of HyLube technology. The procedure (as shown

in figure 1) consists of several phases, the first of which is combining used engine oil with

heated hydrogen. Following that, the mixture is transferred into a separating flash, where some

of the impurities (such as metals, solid particles, and a trace of hydrocarbons) are separated. The

oil is transferred from the separator to a catalytic reactor, which removes the residual soluble

metals, and then to the hydroprocessing (HPS) stage (both hot and cold), which ensures the

reactions that lead to the refining of used oil. Desulfurization, dechlorination, oxygenate

conversion, denitrification, aromatic saturation, and mild hydrocracking are the most common of

these reactions [9]. The last stage is the separation of water and gases from the oil fraction,

which is then collected and transferred to the additive section to be improved and reintroduced

into the automotive circuit.

The HyLube technology is the first used engine oil recycling method in which the

lubricant is treated in a pressurized hydrogen environment without any pretreatment. The

technique is implemented by the corporation PURAGLOBE Holding GmbH, which is

headquartered in the Chemical and Industrial Park Zeitz in Germany [13].

 Technological flow chart of the Revivoil process [14]. Filtered spent oil from storage

tanks is pre-heated and blended with additives to reduce fouling. The mixture is heated to 140 °C

before being transferred to a preflash column. The blend of water and light hydrocarbons is then

condensed with the separation of components after being removed from the top of the separation

column. The dehydrated oil from the preflash unit is sent to the Thermal De-Asphalting unit

(TDA), where it is split from the compounds that can cause fouling in an intermediate tank; the

oil is heated to 350°C and fractionated in the TDA distillation column under vacuum (15 Torr),

with separation of the diesel fraction from the top of the column and the asphalt fraction from the

bottom of the column. The cuts are stripped and cooled in the stripping column. Oil cuts

following TDA are finished by contact with hydrogen over the catalyst, which permits the

elimination of metals and metalloids, organic acids, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds,

and enhancing the color and thermal stability of the oil [14]. This technique is used in Viscolube

factories across Europe. Viscolube, founded in 1963, manufactures lubricating base oil whose

characteristics are said to be superior to those of virgin base oils already on the market.

Viscolube is present in Italy with two production facilities and has the capacity to treat more than

190 000 tons of waste oil per year, thus producing more than 110 000 t/y of re-refined base oil

and 20 000 tons/year of bitumen [15]. 3.3. Mohawk technology – Southern Oil This technology

(depicted in figure 3) consists of two main methods: vacuum distillation and hydrofinishing. In

the first step, used oil is chemically processed to prevent impurities from precipitating and

causing corrosion and fouling of the equipment. Pre-treated used oil is then distilled for the first

time to separate water and light hydrocarbons. Water is filtered before being sent to a waste

water treatment station. Light hydrocarbons are utilized as a fuel in plants or delivered as a

product. High vacuum distillation of free-of-water oil in a thin film evaporator separates diesel
fuel, which may be utilized in the facility or sold as fuel; heavy particles such as residue, metals,

additive degradation products, and so on are transferred to a heavy asphalt flux stream [9

Technological flow chart of the Mohawk process [16]. One of the enterprises that have

implemented this method of treating used engine oil is Southern Oil. The goal of this company,

as defined by them, is keeping lube oil in productive use, delivering improved oil security

through avoided imports and a lower carbon footprint compared to the production of imported

crude. The process recovers 99% of the lube oil component of the waste oil, creating a near

perpetual cycle of use and re-use of a diminishing and finite resource. Southern Oil has the

capacity to re-refine

38% of Australia’s annual waste / used lube oil production through its Wagga Wagga plant in

New South Wales and Northern Oil Refinery near Gladstone in central Queensland [16]. 3.4.

Safety Kleen technology – Clean Harbors Inc. The essential stages of the Safety Kleen process,

as seen in figure 4, are thin film evaporation and hydrogenation. Following atmospheric

dehydration, the elimination of light ends takes place, a stage that improves thermal stability,

color and odor while reducing polynuclear aromatics and removing higher-boiling halogenates

and polar compounds.

The waste oils are distilled again under a higher vacuum, and the lubricating oil base

stock/fractions are recovered. The residues generated as a byproduct of the process can be

utilized in industrial applications such as asphalt extenders. Vacuum distillation debris is utilized

as an asphalt extender or as fuel in blast furnaces with pollution controls. The used catalyst from

the hydro treatment phase can be regenerated.

Technological flow chart of the Safety Kleen process [9]. Safety Kleen is North

America’s largest re-refiner of used oil. Along with its parent company, Clean Harbors, it offers a
full range of used oil products collection and recycling services, among which the recycling of

used engine oil is an important branch. Used engine oil recycling plants owned by Clean Harbors

Inc., which use Kleen Safety technology, can be found throughout the United States as well as in

Canada [17]. 3.5. Bechtel MP extraction – Bechtel Bechtel technology (shown in Figure 5) is

based on the solvent extraction process, which uses chemicals (in this case, n-methyl-2-

pyrolidone) to ensure optimal treatment of contaminated oil and recovery of the base oil.

N-methyl-2-pyrolidone (MP) was selected because of its ability to specifically eliminate

unwanted aromatic (PCBs) and hetero-components (oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulphur-containing

compounds). In the extraction tower, used oil and solvent come into contact with each other at

the right pressure and temperature. The raffinate and the majority of the solvent are taken from

the column's top and directed to a solvent recovery section. The extract section is taken from the

tower's bottom and sent to the solvent recovery section. MP is then removed from the bottom

fraction (extract oil) in the solvent recovery section by multiple-effect evaporation at varying

pressures, followed by flash separation and steam stripping under vacuum [9]. Bechtel's activity

in recycling used engine oil takes place in the United States. It has been found that this process

improves the viscosity index (VI), thermal stability, oxygen stability, and color of the base oil

resulting from recycling. Also, the solvent used is recirculated and refreshed, which adds

sustainability to the technological process [19]. 3.6. STP technology – Afriquia SMDC STP

technology (figure 6) recycles used engine oil into base oil by vacuum distillation and chemical

treatment (for API group I oils) or hydrofinishing (for API group II oils). Initially, the used oil is

preheated and passed through a drum flash to remove water and light hydrocarbons. The product

thus treated is subjected to the stripping process, thus eliminating the rest of the gas oil. The oil is

then highvacuum distilled in a thin-film evaporator to isolate heavy impurities such as metals,
heavy polymers, carbon, and dust that deposit heavy residue at the bottom of the evaporator. The

final fractionation of vacuum distillate enhances product quality and generates treated gas oil as

well as two lubricant fractions, a light cut (SN-150) and a heavy cut (SN-500). The

hydrofinishing process improves the quality of the treated oil [14].

One of the companies that applies STP technology (the hydrofinishing variant) for used

oil recycling is Afriquia SMDC (with its subsidiary Afrilub), located in Morocco. With a

production of over 40,000 tons of recycled oil per year and a strategic partnership with Chevron,

the company offers the possibility of recycling for waste oils from the northwest region of Africa

[20]. 3.7. Lwart technology – Lwart Lubrificantes The process of recycling used engine oil

applied by Lwart Lubrificantes (illustrated in Figure 7) involves as main methods of treatment

TDA (Thermal De-Asphalting) and solvent extraction. AITS 2021 IOP Conf. Series: Materials

Science and Engineering 1220 (2022) 012034 IOP Publishing

doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1220/1/012034 8 Used engine oil is initially subjected to the process of

atmospheric dehydration, thus eliminating the additional amount of water. Subsequently, flash

distillation is applied, where the removal of light hydrocarbons takes place. The thermal de-

asphalting process removes heavy contaminants

(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals), and the solvent treatment achieves an
additional purification, as well as the neutralization of the finished product [21]

Used engine oil is initially subjected to the process of atmospheric dehydration, thus

eliminating the additional amount of water. Subsequently, flash distillation is applied, where the

removal of light hydrocarbons takes place. The thermal de-asphalting process removes heavy

contaminants (polycyclic

Lwart Lubrificantes is a company based in Brazil, which has 15 collection centers and a

recycling plant for used engine oil. The recycling plant processes approx. 140,000 tons of used
oil/year, thus avoiding its burning as fuel, as well as the import of base oil [22]. 4. Advantages of

implementing the presented recycling technologies The process of recycling used engine oil has

a number of advantages common to all technologies applied worldwide. Depending on the

specifics of the field to which the analysis of these advantages refers, they can be both ecological

and economic. In this form, they can be found in Table 1.

aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals), and the solvent treatment achieves an additional

purification, as well as the neutralization of the finished product [21].

Due to the high content of contaminants, many of which (heavy metals, acids, PAHs,

PCBs) have a major negative impact on the environment, used engine oil is classified as

hazardous waste. Improper storage or disposal can lead to soil and groundwater pollution, an

increased risk of animal death and, in essence, to the degradation of ecosystems. Used engine oil

also poses risks to human health, as some of the pollutants (such as PAHs and PCBs) have been

classified as carcinogenic. Other types of adverse health effects (immunological, reproductive,

fetotoxic and genotoxic) have also been reported, and oil vapors are toxic, affecting the

respiratory and digestive systems [23]. Thus, a special management strategy is required for this

type of waste. From an ecological point of view, as well as for economic reasons, the recycling

of used engine oil is encouraged as the first option for its management. This article exemplifies a

number of seven such used engine oil recycling technologies currently applied in different parts

of the world. Both economically and ecologically, they are an example of responsible

management of used oils, avoiding their discharge into the environment, thus contributing to the

protection of the environment and the development of a more sustainable society. The

technologies presented (as well as other methods of recycling used engine oil) are in a permanent
process of improvement, to maximize the amount of recycled oil, as well as the efficiency of the

recycling process.

Related Studies

In this study, used cooking oil was utilized as an alternative cooking fuel resource. A

survey was conducted to selected major food chains and restaurant in Cagayan de Oro City,

Philippines. Survey results revealed that generation of used cooking oil in these selected

establishments on a weekly basis is considerably huge in volume. Modifications have been made

to a commercially available pressurized kerosene stove taking into consideration the

characteristics of the used cooking oil. The cooking performance of the modified stove using

used cooking oil as fuel was then investigated. Keywords: used cooking oil, alternative cooking

fuel, pressurized kerosene stove.

Used cooking oil, also known as waste cooking oil, results from cooking of foods by food

cookers, food manufacturers and catering establishments such as fast food chains, restaurants and

industrial kitchens. This waste is an important waste management concern since it poses some

disposal problems and possible contamination of water and land resources (Arjun et al, 2008). As

large amounts of waste cooking oils are illegally dumped into rivers and landfills, causing

environmental pollution, proper collection and putting them into productive use offers significant

advantages not only towards waste minimization or reduction in environmental pollution but also

in extending the finite natural resources thru waste recycling. With the mushrooming of fast food

chains and restaurants in the country, it is expected that considerable amounts of used-frying oils

will be discarded into the drains, posing hazards to our environment. Aside from the potential

hazards and effects due to improper disposal of waste cooking oil, one pressing concern is the
health hazards of re-using cooking oil more that once. The use of cooking oil more than once

poses threats to the health of the community.

A toxic compound 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) normally accumulates over time in

some vegetable oils (e.g. corn, soybean, canola, sunflower oils) and this will react with amino

acids, DNA and other biomolecules in the human body. HNE consumption can lead to diseases

such as heart diseases, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, liver and other diseases

(Morrison, 2006). When cooking oils (e.g. sunflower, oil, palm oil, coconut oil, etc.) are heated

for an extended time (abuse), they undergo oxidation (degradation) and give rise to oxides. Many

of these such as hydroperoxides, epoxides and polymeric substances have shown adverse

health/biological effects such as growth retardation, increase in liver and kidney size as well as

cellular damage to different organs when fed to laboratory animals (Potgieter et al, 2004; Riera et

al, 2000). In other countries, waste cooking oils are recycled and utilized as alternative

ingredients or materials. The main use of recycled WCO is in the production of animal feeds and

in a much smaller proportion in the manufacture of soaps and biodegradable lubricants. Some

health risks can be traced from the use of recycled cooking oils in animal feeding, such as

undesirable levels of contaminants, particularly PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), PCBs

(Polychlorinated biphenyls), dioxins and dioxin related substances (Riera et al, 2000). By

consumptions of animal origin foodstuffs like milk, meats, poultry and other products, these

undesirable contaminants enter the human body and cause serious long term health hazards.

As these contaminants are liposoluble, they accumulate in organic lipids and finally in the

body, and thereby their concentration increases gradually over the years. In other words, the

body is exposed not only to a single acute action, but also to a chronic action of bioaccumulation

of these hazardous compounds over the years (Rieraet.al, 2000). Hence utilizing the recycled
WCO in any way is not advisable from health standpoint. Besides the ill health effects of these

WCO

(abused oils), their disposable could also have a large environmental implication, because of high

COD (chemical oxygen demand) (Rieraet.al, 2000).

Aside from the above-mentioned application of recycling used cooking oil, used cooking

oil utilized as an alternate feedstock in biodiesel production. Several researches along this

direction have been conducted around the globe (Arjun et al, 2008; Canakci, 2007; Khalisanni et

al, 2008; Zhang et al, 2003; Sudhir et al, 2007). In this study, the viability of utilizing used

cooking oil as an alternative cooking fuel resource will be evaluated. The chemical structure of

plant or vegetable oils is different from that of kerosene, thus, they have distinct physical and

chemical properties and have different combustion characteristics (Andrews and Mkapi, 1996;

Kammen, 1995; Stumpf and Muhlbauer, 2002). For example, the flash point and viscosity of

plant oils are very much higher than that of kerosene.

There are two types of stoves: the wick stove and the high pressure pump stove. Previous

studies on utilization of plant oil as cooking fuel found out that plant oils cannot be used in wick

stoves (Stumpf and Muhlbauer, 2002). Due to their high viscosity, the flow velocity of plant oils

in those wicks is very low; hence, the wicks cannot maintain the oil supply and the flame

extinguished consequently. Since the thermal efficiency of wick stoves is very low when

compared with the high-pressure stoves, the high-pressure stove will be utilized in this study.

Owing to the properties of cooking oil, the commercially available pressurized cooking stove

will be utilized with revisions or modifications of the nozzle, burner and pipeline. After the

pressurized stove is modified or revised, performance evaluation was thenconducted utilizing

kerosene and used cooking oil. This proposed study will provide a significant contribution in
easing the problem brought about by the skyrocketing cost of cooking fuels such as kerosene.

This will greatly help the small-scale entrepreneurs engaged in foods and catering services as

well as households.

Besides, the potential environmental hazards brought about by this waste will be addressed.

Finally, the dependence on imported kerosene can be reduced and sustained availability can be

ensured.

Survey on the generation, utilization and disposal of used cooking oil in the selected

major food chains and restaurants in the city of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines A survey has been

conducted to assess the generation of used cooking oil in the selected major food chains and

restaurant in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Moreover, the utilization and disposal practices

of these establishments have also been surveyed. The survey instrument to evaluate the

generation and disposal of the used cooking oil as well as the list of major food chains and

restaurants in Cagayan de Oro City is presented in the Appendices A& B, respectively.

Collection and filtering of used cooking oil Used cooking oil was collected from major

food chains and restaurants in the city. Collection of the used cooking oil depends on the way the

establishments disposed their waste as there are establishments who will sell the waste oil to

contracted buyers only. The used cooking oil was filtered to remove solid residues. Filtering was

conducted by using coarse to fine layer nylon wire mesh as filter to remove any contaminants

and residues. The used cooking oil must be thoroughly filtered to prevent the fuel lines and

nozzle from clogging. Revision and modification on the commercially available pressurized

cooking stove taking into consideration the properties of used cooking oil Design Since the

commercially available pressurized cooking stove is intended for kerosene fuel, revisions and

modifications in the nozzle and vaporizer has been conducted. This is due to the difference in the
properties of cooking oil as compared to kerosene. As the oil tank is pressurized, the fuel flows

through the oil line which can be regulated with a valve provided in the line. Flame

The image of the front view of stove frame. single hole but there is an additional

fabricated accessory which is in the form of a castle. Equally divided holes were rounded along

the cylindrical corner. At the top, there is a cone- shaped brass metal that functions for spreading

the flame. The nozzle is connected to a flared union which is attached to a vaporizer and

connected to a flared nut for easy disassembling during cleaning.

After the fabrication, the performance of the modified parts was then tested. Before

starting the test, all fittings were installed correctly and properly. They were properly tightened to

prevent from leakage and losses of fuel and pressure.

After the pressurized stove is modified or revised, a series of experiments has been

performed to evaluate the performance of the modified pressurized stove. The experiments were

conducted at constant pressure of 30 psi. Different blending ratios of kerosene and used cooking

oil (100:0, 50:50, 20:80 and 0:100) were used in the experiments. The time needed to boil (100

degree Celsius)one and a half (1.5) liters of water at different blending ratio were recorded. The

experiments were repeated for three trials and average value will be taken. The appearance of

flame at each blending ratio was also observed.

A survey was conducted to determine the generation, utilization and disposal of used

cooking oil in selected major food chains and restaurants in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines.

From more than 40 food chains and restaurants identified as respondents for the survey (as

attached in Appendix A), there were only 23 food chains and restaurants positively participated

in the survey (55 percent retrieval rate). Table-1 shows the list of establishments participated in

the survey. The categories of these respondents are presented in Figure-5. Details of the
respondents are presented in Appendix. Table-1 shows also the volume (in liter) of waste cooking

oil (WCO) generated in a week by the respondents (restaurants and food chains in Cagayan de

Oro City, Philippines) in this study. Though the number of respondents is quite small as

compared to the existing restaurants and food chains in the city, the total volume of WCO

generation on weekly basis as determined in the survey conducted is quite large (2,521.716

liters / week).

Hence, it can be deduced that the actual volume of used cooking oil generation of major

restaurants and food chains in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines is very enormous. This is not to

mention the used cooking oil generated in the household level which is also a potent source of

this waste.

Distribution of the respondents participated in the survey. Figure-6 shows the different

ways employed by the establishments under study in determining that the cooking oil should not

be used anymore and should be disposed. As shown in the figure, around 83% (19

establishments) are basing on the number of times the cooking oil is used in determining that the

oil should not be used anymore. The number of times used varies with establishments and ranges

from 1 time to 7 times. A small scale food eatery reported that they used the cooking oil

continuously for one (1) day. On the other hand, around 57% (13 establishments) are basing on

the color of the oil if it should not be used anymore. The color ranges from golden yellow, dark

brown to black depending on the establishment.

Performance evaluation of the modified pressurized stove Table-3 shows the time needed

to boil one and a half liters of water in different blending ratio at constant pressure of 30 psi.

Results show that that the performance of waste cooking oil in terms of time to boil a given

volume of water is comparable to that of the kerosene. Figures-11 shows the flame appearance at
different blending ratios 100:0, 50:50, 20:80, 0:100, respectively. From these pictures, it can be

observed that the flames emitted by the two blends differ in color. The colors observed are

yellowish, reddish to orange or combination of orange-red or orange-blue. During the

experiment, the regulator was only half open. The kerosene flame color is a combination of

orange and blue while that of the waste cooking oil is a combination of three colors, namely

bluish in the bottom, orange and reddish in the upper portion. Based on the color of flames

emitted, there is still a need to improve the design of the vaporizer and nozzle to enhance the

performance efficiency of the modified stove.

A study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of used cooking oil as an alternative

cooking fuel resource. A survey conducted to selected major food chains and restaurant in

Cagayan de Oro City revealed that a considerable volume of used cooking oil is generated. It is

also revealed that majority of the establishments under survey are basing on the number of times

the cooking oil is used in determining that the oil should not be used anymore and should be

disposed. Further, majority of the respondents sell the WCO generated to contracted/interested

buyers. A modified pressurize cooking stove was then

The appearance of flame at different kerosene to WCO blending ratio. developed taking

into consideration the characteristics of the WCO. Evaluation of the modified stove revealed that

the performance of waste cooking oil in terms of time to boil a given volume of water is

comparable to that of the kerosene. For further studies, a better design of the vaporizer/ burner

for better heat transfer and enhanced efficiency and performance of the stove is strongly

suggested. A rebounding plate should be incorporated such that atomized gas will be spread prior

to producing the flame.

Despite widespread global efforts to promote clean cookstoves to achieve improvements

in air and forest quality, and to reduce global climate change, surprisingly little is known about

the degree to which these actually reduce biomass fuel consumption in real-world settings.

These findings of substantial savings are robust to the use of estimators with varying

levels of control for selection, and to alternative data obtained from household self-reports. Our

results support the idea that efforts to promote clean stoves among poor rural households can

reduce solid fuel use and cooking time, and that rebound effects toward greater amounts of

cooking on multiple stoves are not sufficient to eliminate these gains. We also find, however, that

households who have greater wealth, fewer members, are in less marginalized groups, and

practice other health-averting behaviors, are more likely to use these cleaner stoves, which

suggests that socio-economic status plays an important role in determining who benefits from

such technologies. Future efforts to capture social benefits must therefore consider how to

promote the use of alternative technologies by poor households, given that these households are

least likely to own clean stoves.

Nearly 40% of the world's population relies on solid biomass fuel for cooking purposes

(Bonjour and Adair-Rohani, 2013) while in India as much as 70% of the population cooks with

biomass fuels (Government of India, 2011). Traditional cooking with solids fuels and inefficient

stoves contributes to numerous health problems (Adrianzen, 2013), releases climate-warming

greenhouse gases and black carbon emissions (Bond, 2004, Ramanathan and Carmichael, 2008),

and exacerbates local air quality and other environmental problems. In particular, unsustainable

harvesting of fuelwood for cooking can lead to local forest degradation and accelerate

deforestation, especially in densely-populated areas (Geist and Lambin, 2002, Ghilardi et al.,

2009, Heltberg, 2004).

 Cleaner and more efficient cookstoves have the potential to address these negative

impacts of traditional cooking if they allow more efficient combustion of biomass fuel or use

cleanerburning fuel, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). 2 Yet surprisingly little is known, and

empirical evidence is mixed, about whether such improved technologies actually deliver their

purported benefits, in health, time savings, and air quality and forest stock under real-world

conditions (Jeuland et al., 2015, Sambandam et al., 2015). Low rates of adoption and use of

improved stoves, as well as stove and fuel stacking, imply that adopting a new stove may not

reduce overall consumption of biomass fuel or alleviate the adverse effects of traditional cooking

as much as would be suggested by simple engineering estimates using relative stove efficiencies.

This paper contributes to a relatively sparse literature that examines how the use of

nontraditional stoves is linked to lower reliance on traditional stoves and biomass fuels. Our

analysis uses data from rural households in two states of northern India: Uttar Pradesh (UP) and

Uttarakhand (UK), and mainly considers the effects of LPG use, since 94% of non-traditional

stove owners in our sample have gas stoves. We hypothesize that using such improved stoves is

negatively associated with each of three key outcomes ⿿ (1) daily consumption of biomass fuel,

(2) cooking time on traditional stoves, and (3) time spent collecting biomass fuels ⿿ and

quantify the extent of these reductions. Because households that choose to purchase and use an

alternative cookstove may be systematically different from those that do not in ways that also

affect these outcomes (Pattanayak, 2009), our preferred estimates of the impacts of clean stoves

are derived from a Heckman two-step estimator that aims to correct for differential selection into

improved stove ownership. We compare the results obtained from this Heckman model with

those obtained using propensity score matching (PSM), which also aims to adjust for selection,
and simple Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation, which does not, and discuss differences

across these specifications.

Also unique for this literature, we assess the sensitivity of our results to measurement error
by relying on data collected using different methods. Our preferred outcome variables are based

on measures derived using objective measurements (24-h fuel weighing) or corresponding to

shorter recall periods (reporting for the past 24 h, rather than ⿿average⿿ use). On the one hand,

self-reported measures are subject to recall error and respondents ⿿ lack of understanding of

questions (Blum and Feachem, 1983), while recall periods even as short as a week can challenge

respondent memory (Byass and Hanlon, 1994, Feikin et al., 2010, Zafar et al., 2010). On the

other, more frequent and intrusive measures may be more subject to Hawthorne or survey effects,

if these serve as a reminder to engage in behavior change or lead to temporary changes in

behavior that are perceived as socially desirable (Levitt and List, 2011, Zwane et al., 2011). In

this case, we obtain similar results using both survey and weighed measures of fuel consumption,

suggesting that Hawthorne effects are not likely to bias our results.

Our preferred (Heckman) models indicate that using non-traditional stoves lowers

biomass fuel use (by 4.5 kg/day), and time spent (a) cooking on traditional stoves (by about 160

min/day) and (b) collecting biomass fuels (by 105 min/day). The data also provide clear evidence

of stove stacking. Our results therefore support the idea that greater use of non-traditional stoves

among rural households, and LPG stoves in particular, could lead to significant reductions in

solid fuel use and time spent cooking on traditional stoves, even in places where access to clean

fuels is somewhat limited. And though our study was not designed to measure general

improvements to air quality and the environment, back-of-the-envelope calculations using an

existing model of costs and benefits (Jeuland and Pattanayak, 2012) suggests that such gains
would be worth at least $1.8/household-month (or $1.0/hh-month if fuel harvesting is fully

sustainable).

To better explore the question of how much biomass fuel households with non-traditional

stoves actually save, we draw on a household production framework that links household

consumption and production decisions in the domain of fuel use (Chen et al., 2006, Edwards and

Langpap, 2005, Heltberg, 2004, Heltberg, 2005, Heltberg et al., 2000, Pattanayak et al., 2004).

This framework is useful because it accommodates two important realities of the household

cooking problem: first, the fact that many

For the majority of our analyses, we utilize data from a 24-h fuel measurement exercise

conducted with 1234 households in Uttarakhand (UK) (N = 460) and Uttar Pradesh (UP) (N =

774) in India during the summer of 2012, which comprises a randomly selected sub-sample of a

group included in a larger baseline survey (N = 2120) on cooking practices (see below). The fuel

measurement survey contains information about household cooking practices, and stove and fuel

use during a 24-h monitoring period.

This study was funded primarily by the United States Agency for International

Development under Translating Research into Action, Cooperative Agreement No. GHS-A-

0009-00015-00. This article is made possible by the support of the American People through the

United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this article are

the sole responsibility of the co-authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the

United States Government. Additional financial other studies also proved that industrial vapor

made from wood-based diesel fuel using Philippine Calatrava blend with coal-diesel oil

(CDOM) is used as an alternative fuel. This is strengthened by the results of the

study that economical biodiesel fuel from castor oil using impregnated shellfish catalysts gives

extraordinary results and it can be used again and considered for fuel synthesis (Nurdin et al.

2015)

Chapter lll

Methodology
 Research design

A Qualitative research

Introduction

This chapter describes the research approach that was employed for the

investigation. The demographic and sample, the study design, and the used oil stove

where the study was done are all mentioned. The data collection tool and the

procedures used to ensure the validity and dependability of the tool are detailed.

Research study

This study employs an exploratory qualitative research methodology.

Therefore, all that can be learned is predicated on their comprehension. Additionally,

because this study aims to determine the experiences of Maculele St. regarding the

high price of (LPG) gas and the extent of the current situation in their daily expenses,

we picked phenomenology as our research design.

Contrary to what some authors have written, "phenomenology is a research

strategy of inquiry in which the researcher identifies the essence of human experiences

about a phenomenon as described by participants." It ignores everything but

appearances and instead offers a sobering perspective on the lived experience of

human existence.
 As a result, as the study's researchers, we tried to accurately characterize the

phenomenon while staying true to the facts as seen by the participants. Similarly,

phenomenology concentrated on the subjectivity of reality and consistently emphasized

the significance of comprehending how people see themselves and the world around

them. The phenomenon is not restricted to linear time frames or historical occurrences.

A situation that is shared can also be a shared phenomenon.

Furthermore, this research was also.

Population and sampling techniques

Delimitation of the study

in this study, the maculele St. the one we chose to respond to our question about

the alternative stove we are studying, we surveyed 8 people to test the durability and if it

is effective.
 based on the answers we received from maculele St and VSHS

students

Inquiring about maculele St. The answers they gave to us were almost the

same as the 17 people we interviewed, it's good and very helpful and not only for

daily expenses, it also helps to prevent the widespread increase in the price of

LPG gas is more relevant in economic aspects such as supply and demand,

geopolitical issues, and changes in the price of oil, although climate change may

have an impact on long-term economic dynamics, it does not directly cause an

increase in the price of LPG gas.

Population of the study

in this study we are trying to get the response of the people of maculele St. in our

research regarding the increase in gas prices.

the implementation of the "used oil stove" as an alternative stove, we will try to

find out if the alternative stove is effective to reduce daily expense

convenience sampling

Using respondents who are "convenient" for the researcher is known as

convenience sampling. There is absolutely no pattern in how these respondents are

found; they might be found by simply asking folks you see on the street, in a public

space, or at work.

in our limited time gathering information about alternative stove personnel needs.

the used oil stove will meet the needs of daily cooking, due to the continuous increase

in the price of (LPG) GAS.

Research procedure

Due to the continuous increase in the price of oil in our country, the alternative stove is

the answer or it will meet the needs of our people who have a simple life, because of

this the used oil that is just thrown away or stored will be of great benefit to our people.

We analyze Maculele St. In order to be correspondents who will answer our

question in our experiment, the 17 students from Victoria senior high will be the second

to answer our analysis and test its durability and importance.

a result of our survey tested its durability and value in society and based on our

investigation we proved that it is important in daily cooking and it can be tipped in daily

expenses.

Research instrument
 The European framework for Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu)

will serve as the basis for the survey questionnaire that the researcher will create.

Additionally, utilize it to collect data and information in order to ascertain how the high

cost of (LPG) gas affects the everyday costs of the residents of Maculele Street and the

students of VSHS.

The questionnaire will be used by the researcher in this investigation. A

questionnaire is a collection of well crafted, well-organized questions meant to be

completed by a group of individuals in order to gather data and facts. Utilizing an old oil

stove as a substitute stove is covered in the first section of the questionnaire. The

questions that the respondent must answer make up the second section. Convenience

sampling was employed in survey questions to ascertain the degree of agreement

between respondents and the proposition.

This is the data of our research and questions regarding the use of kalan
de used oil:

The result.

3.2

8.2

Blue8.2: Cooking methods

Orange3.2:Tipped in oil
 Chapter 4:
The Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of data
The Presentation of Data

This section of the study presents the data in a tabular format (table) that has been
analysis using statistics. arranged such that it makes a meaningful presentation. These
Tabulated data sets are intended to match the sequence and order of the study's
particular problem.

Basic mechanics govern how tabular data sets are presented; the TABLE
The table title should be right below the number, which should be printed above the
tabulated data set. When a figure is displayed, the image or diagram with its related
name should be placed beneath the worst FIGURE.

The analysis of the data

The process of identifying data sets or values that are important for providing context for
the tabular form is known as analysis once the data has been presented. Finding the
top and lowest values from the tabular form is typically how this is accomplished. These
will offer a noteworthy and divergent interpretation to the research under investigation.

The Interpretation of data

Following the presentation and analysis of the data sets, the interpretation provides the
importance of the selected numerical values along with a vocal description of the data
sets' meaning. In order to give readers a narrative interpretation of the tabulated
numerical results, it provides a brief description of the consequences and significance
for the data sets.

These data interpretations should always be based and anchored to what the numeric
value supports avoiding unsolicited and biased inferences.
Over time, people continue to look for innovative ways to save money and be more
efficient in their daily lives. By examining the potential of used oil as a cooking
innovation, the goal of This research explores the importance and impact of the
improvised stove using used oil as a change to the traditional kitchen.

3.2

8.2

Blue8.2: Cooking methods

Orange3.2:Tipped in oil

Sop

5.table
In response to the growing need for sustainable and affordable cooking

methods, the exploration of alternative fuel sources for traditional stoves

like the 'Kalan de' has gained momentum. One such innovative approach

involves repurposing used cooking oil as a viable fuel source. This

narrative interpretation delves into the feasibility and implications of using

improvised 'Kalan de' with used oil as an alternative cooking stove.

Narrative:

As we navigate the complexities of modern living, the quest for sustainable

and affordable solutions becomes increasingly imperative. In our pursuit of

environmentally conscious practices, one area often overlooked is our

culinary habits. Traditional cooking methods, while deeply ingrained in our

cultural heritage, often come at a cost to both our wallets and the

environment.