G.

PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KURNOOL

MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Magnetic moment (or) Magnetic dipole moment (µ m):
If ‘m’ is the magnetic pole strength and ‘2l’ is the length magnetic then magnetic moment is
m×2l. (or)
When an electric current I is passing through a circular wire and A is its area of cross-section
then magnetic moment µm = IA
Unit: Ampere-meter2
Magnetic Field (H):
It is the force experienced by unit north pole.
Unit: Ampere/meter
Magnetization (M):
Magnetic moment per unit volume is known as Magnetization.
Unit: Ampere/meter
Magnetic flux density (or) Magnetic induction (B):
Magnetic flux per unit area of cross-section is known as Magnetic flux density.
∅
𝐵=
𝐴
Unit: Weber/meter2 (or) Tesla
1 Weber/meter2=1 Tesla
1 Tesla = 10000 Gauss
Magnetic susceptibility (χ):
It is the ratio of magnetization (M) to the applied magnetic field (H).
𝑀
𝜒=
𝐻
Magnetic permeability (𝝁):
It is the ratio of magnetic flux density (B) to the applied magnetic field (H)
𝐵
𝜇=
𝐻
Magnetic permeability of free space (𝝁𝟎 ):
It is the ratio of magnetic flux density of free space (B0) to the applied magnetic field (H)
𝐵0
𝜇0 =
𝐻
Where 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻/𝑚

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 G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KURNOOL

Relative magnetic permeability (𝝁𝒓 ):

It is the ratio of magnetic permeability (𝜇) to the magnetic permeability of free space (𝜇0 ).
𝜇
𝜇𝑟 =
𝜇0
Derive the relation 𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 (𝑯 + 𝑴):

Derive the relation 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝝌

Origin of magnetic moment (or) Bohr magneton:

In an atom magnetic moment can arises due to the following
1. Orbital motion of the electron

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 G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KURNOOL

2. Spin of the electron

3. Spin of the nucleus
Magnetic moment due to orbital motion of the electron
Let consider an electron mass ‘m’, charge ‘e’ is revolving around the nucleus in a circular orbit
of radius ‘r’ in anti-clock direction.
Angular frequency of electron
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜗
𝜔 1
𝜗= =
2𝜋 𝑇
𝑒
The revolving electron generates current 𝐼 = 𝑇
𝑒𝜔
𝐼=
2𝜋
Magnetic moment due to orbital motion of electron
𝜇𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼𝐴
𝑒𝜔
𝜇𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
2𝜋
𝑒𝜔𝑟 2
𝜇𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ⋯ (1)
2
Agular momentum of orbital (L) = r × p
P = mv
L= r ×(mv) [ v = r ω]
L= r ×(m(rω))
𝐿 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔 ⋯ (2)
𝑒𝜔𝑟 2 𝑚
𝜇𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ×
2 𝑚
𝒆
𝝁𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 = ( )𝑳
𝟐𝒎
According to modern atomic theory 𝐿 = 𝑙ħ
𝑒
𝜇𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ( ) 𝑙ħ
2𝑚
𝑒 ℎ
𝜇𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ( )𝑙
2𝑚 2𝜋

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 G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KURNOOL

𝑒ℎ
𝜇𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ×𝑙
4𝜋𝑚
𝑒ℎ
Where 𝜇𝐵 = = 9.27 × 10−24 𝐴𝑚𝑝 − 𝑚2
4𝜋𝑚

Magnetic moment due to spin of the electron:

The spinning of electron around itself generates magnetic moment.
𝑒
𝜇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔 ( )𝑆
2𝑚
Where S is the spin angular momentum
g is the spin gyro magnetic ratio
S=sħ
Where ‘s’ is the spin of the electron (s = ½) and ħ = h/2π
𝑒 1 ℎ
𝜇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔 ( ) .
2𝑚 2 2𝜋
𝑒ℎ
𝜇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔 ( )
8𝜋𝑚
𝜇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛 = 9.4 × 10−24 𝐴𝑚𝑝 − 𝑚2

Magnetic moment due to spin of the nucleus:

In addition to electron contribution nucleus spin also generates magnetic moment.
𝑒
𝜇𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛 = ( )𝐼
2𝑚
Where ‘I’ is the nuclear spin angular momentum
I = Iħ
Where ‘I’ is the spin of the nucleus (I = 1) and ħ = h/2π
𝑒 ℎ
𝜇𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛 = ( ) 1.
2𝑚𝑝 2𝜋

𝜇𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛 = 5.05 × 10−27 𝐴𝑚𝑝 − 𝑚2

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 G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KURNOOL

Hysteresis of Ferromagnetic material (or) B-H curve:

• In a Ferro magnetic material as the field ‘H’ is varied ‘B’ doesn’t vary linearly with the
‘H’. The variation of ‘B’ with ‘H’ is known as B-H curve.
• When H = 0, B = 0.
• As the magnetic field is varies then magnetic flux density increases in the direction ‘oa’
and reached the point ‘a’.
• Now as the field is decreased then ‘B’ also decreases but is following another path ‘ab’,
it means ‘B’ doesn’t vary linearly with ‘H’.
• When H = 0, B doesn’t equal to zero and still it has some remaining magnetic flux
density and is equal to ‘ob’ and is known as “Retentivity”.
• Retentivity: The remaining magnetic flux density in the absence of magnetic field is
known as Retentivity.
• Now, as the field is increased in the negative direction, ‘Br’ decreases and becomes to
zero by the applied field is equal to ‘oc’ and is known as “coercivity”.
• Coercivity: The amount of negative magnetic field is required to remove remaining
magnetic flux density is known as coercivity.
• As the field is increased beyond the ‘oc’, ‘B’ increases in negative direction and reached
the point ‘d’.
• Now, by taking ‘H’ from negative to positive direction, B varies as ‘defa’.
• In the graph the points ‘b’ and ‘e’ represents retentivity and is indicating the
Ferromagnetic material is permanent magnetic material, because, it exhibits magnetism
even in the absence of magnetic field.

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 G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KURNOOL

• By this analysis we understand that ‘B’ is always lagging behind the ‘H’ and is known
as ‘Hysteresis’ and the curve ‘abcdefa’ is known as “B-H curve”.
Soft and Hard magnetic materials:
Based on the Hysteresis loop area magnetic materials are classified into two types. They are
1. Soft magnetic materials 2. Hard magnetic materials
Soft magnetic materials Hard magnetic materials
1. They are easily magnetized and de- 1. They are not easily magnetized and de-
magnetized. magnetized.
2. Less amount of magnetic field is required 2. High amount of magnetic field is required
to magnetize these materials. to magnetize these materials.
3. Hysteresis loop area is small 3. Hysteresis loop area is more
4. Retentivity and coercivity values are low Retentivity and coercivity values are high
5. Magnetic permeability and susceptibility 5. Magnetic permeability and susceptibility
values are high values are low.
6. These are used in transformers and electric 6. These are used in loud speakers and
motors. microphones.
Ex: 1. Iron-Silicon alloy Ex: 1. Carbon-steel alloy
2. Nickel-Iron alloy 2. Tungsten-Steel alloy
Applications of soft magnetic materials:
1. These are used in transformers
2. These are used in electric motors and sensors
3. These are used as microwave isolators
Applications of hard magnetic materials:
1. These are used in the preparation of permanent magnetic materials
2. These are used in loud speakers and micro phones
3. These are used in dc meter
4. These are used as speedo meter.

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 G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KURNOOL

Classification of magnetic materials:

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic Anti-ferro Ferri magnetic
material material material magnetic material
material
1. They do not 1. They have They have 1. They have They have
have permanent permanent enormous permanent enormous
dipole moment dipole moment permanent dipole moment permanent
dipole moment dipole moment
2. 2. 2. Magnetization 2. 2. Magnetization
Magnetization Magnetization is positive and Magnetization is positive and
is negative is positive and high is positive and high
low low
3. Susceptibility 3. Susceptibility 3. Susceptibility 3. Susceptibility 3. Susceptibility
is negative is positive and is positive and is positive and is positive and
low high low high
4.Relative 4.Relative 4.Relative 4.Relative 4.Relative
permeability permeability permeability permeability permeability
𝜇𝑟 < 1 𝜇𝑟 > 1 𝜇𝑟 >>> 1 𝜇𝑟 > 1 𝜇𝑟 >>> 1
5. In the 5. In the 5. In the 5. In the 5. In the
presence of presence of presence of presence of presence of
magnetic field it magnetic field magnetic field magnetic field magnetic field
doesn’t allow magnetic lines magnetic lines magnetic lines magnetic lines
the magnetic are attracted are strongly are attracted are strongly
lines. towards the attracted towards the attracted
center of the towards the center of the towards the
material. center of the material. center of the
material. material.
6. No spin 6. Spin 6. All spins are 6. All spins are 6. All spins are
alignment is alignment is aligned in a aligned in anti- aligned in anti-
present random. particular parallel parallel with
direction. direction. different
magnitudes.
↑↑↑↑↑↑↑ ↑↓↑↓↑↓↑
↑ꜜ↑ꜜ↑ꜜ↓ꜜ↑

7. Magnetic 𝐶
7. 𝜒 = 𝑇
𝐶
7. 𝜒 = 𝑇±𝑇
𝐶
7. 𝜒 = 𝑇±𝑇
𝐶
7. 𝜒 = 𝑇±𝑇
susceptibility is Which is known
𝑐 𝑁 𝑐
Which is known Where TN is the Which is known
independent of as Curie’s law. as Curie-Weiss Neel as Curie-Weiss
temperature. Where ‘C’ is the law. Where Tc is temperature law. Where Tc is
curie’s constant the Curie’s the Curie’s
temperature. temperature.

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8. 8. 8. 8. 8.

9. Ex: Organic Ex: Alkali Transition Salts of Ferrites

materials metals metals transition
elements

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 G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KURNOOL

DR. A.P. LINGASWAMY 10