Part A:

1. (i) Uncertainty in measurement refers to the level of doubt or degree of imprecision associated
with a measurement or value obtained from a measurement. It is a measure of how much the
measurement and its result may deviate from the "true" value due to limitations or errors in the
measurement process.

(ii) Measurement is the process of quantifying or assigning a numerical value to a physical quantity.
It involves comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit of measurement, and the result is
typically expressed in terms of a numerical value and a unit of measurement.

2. The types of uncertainties in measurement are systematic uncertainty and random uncertainty.
Examples of systematic uncertainty are calibration errors, equipment errors, and environmental
conditions. Examples of random uncertainty are human errors, measurement repeatability, and
measurement resolution.

3. The sources of systematic uncertainty may include equipment limitations, lack of precision in
measurements, and changes in environmental conditions. The sources of random uncertainty may
include human error, the influence of other variables, and the limitations of measurement
instruments.

4. One can minimize uncertainties in measurement by performing regular calibration checks on

equipment, improving measurement techniques, and using higher-precision instruments.
Additionally, using appropriate statistical methods to analyze the measurements can help to
minimize uncertainties.

5. The laboratory apparatus that can be used to measure physical quantities include;

- Length: Vernier Calipers, Ruler, Tape measure

- Mass: Electronic Balances, Triple Beam Balance

- Time: Stop watches, clocks

- Temperature: Thermometer, Bimetallic strip thermometer

Part B:
6. To conduct an experiment on measuring the mass of small quantities of scientific things, the aim
would be to determine the weight of an object with the greatest possible accuracy and precision.
The procedures would include taking multiple measurements using an electronic balance, recording
the measurements in a table, and then calculating the average weight and standard deviation. This
process should be repeated several times to increase the precision of the results.

7. The instrument that can be used to conduct the experiment in question 6 is an electronic balance,
also known as a digital scale or weighing scale.