Remote Sensing

and GIS Application

Assistant Professor
Ruba Yousif Hussain

Third Year
2020 – 2021

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 Remote Sensing and GIS Application Assistant Professor
Third Year , 2020 – 2021 Ruba Yousif Hussain

Geographic Information System ( GIS )

Geographic Information System ( GIS )
A geographic information system ( GIS ) is a computerized system for
capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing, and
displaying data related to positions on the earthʼs surface.

Layers
Layers are the mechanism used to display geographic datasets in ArcMap,
ArcGlobe, and ArcScene. Each layer references a dataset and specifies how
that dataset is portrayed using symbols and text labels. When you add
a layer to a map, you specify its dataset and set its map symbols and labeling
properties.

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Remote Sensing and GIS Application Assistant Professor
Third Year , 2020 – 2021 Ruba Yousif Hussain

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 Remote Sensing and GIS Application Assistant Professor
Third Year , 2020 – 2021 Ruba Yousif Hussain

How do GIS and computer-assisted drafting / design (CAD) compare?

Both systems are computer-based, but CAD is often associated with higher precision
engineering design and surveying applications, and GIS is more often associated with
mapping and planning-activities requiring lower levels of precision . CAD is similar to
mapping because it is essentially an inventory of entered data and computed data that
can provide answers to the question , Where is it located ? GIS can model data and
provide answers to the spatial and temporal questions like, What occurred? What if?
Topology gives GIS the ability to determine spatial relationships , such as adjacency and
connectivity, between physical features or entities.

Typical subsets of geographic feature specific GIS include Land Information Systems
( LISs ) , which deal exclusively with parcel title description and registration;
Automated Mapping and Facility Management ( AM / FM ) , which models the
location of all utility / plant facilities; and Transportation design and management (
GIS-T ). This subset of GIS came into being because transportation represents a large
and unique sphere of GIS activity. State and provincial transportation agencies have long
collected data based on various Linear Reference Systems ( LRSs ).

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 Remote Sensing and GIS Application Assistant Professor
Third Year , 2020 – 2021 Ruba Yousif Hussain

GIS programs
1. ESRI ArcGIS
2. ArcView
3. QGIS
ESRI ( Environmental Systems Research Institute )
GIS Activities
1. Data collection and input.
2. Data storage and retrieval.
3. Data analysis.
4. Data output and display.
Components of a GIS
1- Computer
2- Data collection
3- Software
4- Hardware
Sources for GIS Data
1- Field surveying.
2- Remotely sensed images
3- Topographic maps, plans, and photos via digitizing and / or scanning.
4- Census data.

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 Remote Sensing and GIS Application Assistant Professor
Third Year , 2020 – 2021 Ruba Yousif Hussain

GIS data can be assembled from existing databases, digitized, or scanned from existing
maps and plans, or collected using conventional surveying techniques , including global
positioning system ( GPS ) surveying techniques.

Global Positioning System ( GPS )

A ground positioning ( Y , X , and Z ) technique based on the reception and analysis
of NAVSTAR satellite signals.
The U.S. Department of Defense ( DoD ) began development of the NAVigation
Satellite Timing and Ranging ( NAVSTAR ) Global Positioning System ( GPS ).

The global positioning system can be arbitrarily broken into three parts: ( a ) the
space segment , ( b ) the control segment, and ( c ) the user segment.
The space segment consists of 24 satellites ( plus spares ) operating in six orbital
planes spaced at 60° intervals around the equator. The orbital planes are inclined to
the equator at 55°. The satellites travel in near-circular orbits that have a mean
altitude of 20,200 km above the earth. The control segment consists of twelve
monitoring stations. The user segment consists of two categories of receivers that are
classified by their access to two services that the system provides. These services are
referred to as the Standard Position Service ( SPS ) and the Precise Positioning
Service ( PPS ).

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 Remote Sensing and GIS Application Assistant Professor
Third Year , 2020 – 2021 Ruba Yousif Hussain

Spatial Entities or Features

Spatial data have two characteristics location and descriptive attributes.
In GIS, entities are modeled as either points , lines, or areas ( polygons ).

Hardware
- Input ( Keyboard , mouse , light pen , digitizer , scanner , sound )
- Processing ( Central processing unit , CPU single / multiple )
- Storage ( Magnetic and optical media , hard disk , CD ROM )
- Output ( Screen , LCD projector , sound system , printer , plotter )

Software
- Operating system ( OS )
- Graphic software ( CAD )
- Database software ( dBASE )
- Statistical packages ( SPSS )
- Word Processing ( MS Word , Word Perfect )
- Image Processing ( IDRISI , ER Mapper , ERDAS )
- GIS Systems ( ArcInfo , ArcView , MapInfo )
- Presentation ( MS Power Point )