GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA

DEPARTMENT OF COLLEGIATE AND TECHNICAL

EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
K.R.PET MANDYA-
571426

INTERNSHIP TRAINING REPORT ON

CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL

AND
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
CARRIED OUT AT “ABHIVRIDDHI INFRATECH, MYSURU”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DIPLOMA IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

AAFFJHKLLLLLL
REG NO
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
UMESHA K M
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering
2022-2023
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, K.R.PET
 Government Polytechnic, K.R.Pet

2022-2023
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, K.R.PET
 GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
DEPARTMENT OF COLLEGIATE AND TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
K.R.PET MANDYA-
571426

INTERNSHIP TRAINING REPORT ON

CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL

AND
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
CARRIED OUT AT “ABHIVRIDDHI INFRATECH, MYSURU”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DIPLOMA IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

AAFFJHKLLLLLL
REG NO
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
UMESHA K M
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering
2022-2023
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, K.R.PET
 Government Polytechnic, K.R.Pet

2022-2023
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, K.R.PET
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this internship report entitled “Construction of Retaining

Wall and Flexible Pavement” which is being submitted by Mr.
KANTHARAJU. M, Reg. No:116CE20028 a bonafide student of
GOVT POLYTECHNIC K.R.PET in partial fulfilment for the award of
Diploma in Civil Engineering during the year 2022-2023 is record of students
own work carried out under my/our guidance. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal Assessment have been incorporated
in the Report and one copy of it being deposited in the polytechnic library.

The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of Project work prescribed for the said diploma.
It is further understood that by this certificate the undersigned do not endorse or
approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there in but
approve the project only for the purpose for which it is submitted.

Training supervisor Cohort owner HOD Principal

Umesha K M Nagesh S Nagaraju H S

Name of the Examiners

Signature with Date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank almighty and my family members
for their tremendous support throughout my educational career. I would also like
to thank them for the immense faiths that have kept in me.

I express my sincere thanks to the Managing Director, Company name, for

providing me an opportunity to carry out internship training at your esteemed
organization.

I would also like to thank the training supervisor and the staff of Company
name for imparting the practical knowledge and helping me in the successful
completion of training

I indebted to our guide Mr. Umesha K M, Lecturer, Department of Civil

Engineering, for providing constant inputs and giving feed backs without which it
would not have been possible to complete this internship successfully.

I express my sincere thanks to Mr. Nagesh S, Head of Department,

Department of Civil Engineering for his constant motivation.

I express my respect and gratitude to our honorable Principal

Mr. Nagaraju H S, Government polytechnic K R Pet, for his moral support in my
academic endeavors.

I render my heart full thanks to all the faculty and staff members and my
friends for their valuable suggestions and encouragement during the course of this
internship.

Student Name
[Reg No]

i
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I carried out internship at Abhivriddhi Infratech, Mysuru. During the

internship training at Abhivriddhi Infratech Mysuru, initially I learnt about when
the company was established, the organization structure, vision, mission and the
construction works carried out by the company. Abhivriddhi Infratech is a Civil
Engineering Consultancy Company registered in India, provides world class
consultancy services, including Highway Design, Cost Estimation, Detailed
Project Report Preparations, surveying, field investigation and laboratory testing
in almost all major fields of Civil Engineering.

During the on job training-1, I learnt about construction of retaining wall

and road side drain at Hootagalli. The retaining wall structure is constructed to
resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground
elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.
Initially Excavation of earth was done from the ground level, then the ground was
compacted and a M15 grade concrete PCC bed, over that reinforcement was
provided. Finally wall Shuttering and Concreting was done.

During the on job training-2, I involved in the construction of the new road
in Hootagalli. The road was 2500m length, 6.5 m width. The road was constructed
by laying the Granular sub base course of 250mm thickness, over which a DBM
of 65 mm loose thickness was laid and compacted to 50mm. over this layer, a BC
of 55 mm loose thickness was laid and compacted to 40mm.

From this internship training I gained the practical knowledge of

constructing a retaining wall, road side drainage and also bituminous roads.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment…................................................................................................i
Executive summary................................................................................................ii
List of figures…....................................................................................................viii
.......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 About Company........................................................................................1

1.2 Vision and Mission of the Organization....................................................2

1.2.1 Vision.................................................................................................2

1.2.2 Mission...............................................................................................2

1.3 Objective of Company...............................................................................2

1.4 Technical Staff..........................................................................................2

1.5 Organization Structure..............................................................................3

1.6 Key Personnel Experiences.......................................................................4

1.7 Projects Associated with Abhivriddhi Infratech.......................................4

.......................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................6

2.2 Classification of the Retaining wall..........................................................6

2.2.1 According to Method of Construction...............................................6

2.2.2 According to System Rigidity............................................................7

2.2.3 In General...........................................................................................7

2.3 Types of Retaining Walls..........................................................................7

2.4 Design of Retaining Wall........................................................................10

2.4.1 Proportioning Retaining Walls (The dimension of the wall)...........10

2.5 Forces acting on Retaining wall..............................................................11

2.6 Retaining Wall Construction...................................................................11

2.6.1 Retaining wall construction procedure............................................12

2.7 Construction of Road Side Drainage.......................................................15

i
 2.7.1 Introduction......................................................................................15

2.8 Importance of Drain Inspection...............................................................15

2.9 Major Causes of Drainage Blockages.....................................................16

2.10 Effective Tips to Prevent Drainage Blockage.........................................17

2.11 Drainage construction procedure.............................................................18

........................................................................................................ 22

3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................22

3.1.1 Characteristics of Flexible Pavement...............................................22

3.1.2 Advantages of Flexible Pavement....................................................22

3.1.3 Bitumen Used in Road Construction...............................................23

3.2 Construction of Flexible Pavements........................................................23

3.2.1 Requirements of Bitumen Mixes.....................................................23

3.2.2 Advantages of Bituminous Road Construction................................24

3.2.3 Disadvantages of Bituminous Pavement..........................................25

3.2.4 Project details...................................................................................25

3.2.5 Earthwork Excavation......................................................................25

3.2.6 Preparation of Soil Subgrade...........................................................26

3.2.7 Preparation of Granular Sub Base....................................................26

3.2.8 Preparation of Aggregate Base Course............................................27

3.2.9 Watering and Rolling with Vibration...............................................27

3.2.10 Wet Mix Macadam...........................................................................28

3.2.11 Cleaning of Surface Layer...............................................................29

3.2.12 Applying of Primary Coat................................................................29

3.2.13 Dense Bitumen Macadam (DBM)...................................................30

3.2.14 Bituminous Concrete........................................................................31

3.2.15 Cambering Board.............................................................................33

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 ........................................................................................................ 34

4.1 Use Case 1...............................................................................................34

4.2 Use Case 2...............................................................................................35

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Retaining wall.........................................................................................6
Figure 2.2 Proportion retaining wall......................................................................10
Figure 2.3 Forces acting on the retaining wall.......................................................11
Figure 2.5 Retaining wall.......................................................................................12
Figure 2.6 Excavation of earth for Retaining wall construction............................12
Figure 2.7 PCC Concreting....................................................................................13
Figure 2.8 Reinforcement work............................................................................13
Figure 2.9 Shuttering work....................................................................................14
Figure 2.10 Supports given to Form work.............................................................14
Figure 2.11 Backfilling done on one side of Retaining wall.................................15
Figure 2.12 Excavation..........................................................................................18
Figure 2.14 PCC bed concreting............................................................................19
Figure 2.15 Reinforcement work...........................................................................19
Figure 2.16 Shuttering work..................................................................................20
Figure 2.17 Concreting work.................................................................................20
Figure 2.19 Weep holes in the drain......................................................................21
Figure 3.1Earthwork Excavation..........................................................................26
Figure 3.2 Soil Sub base........................................................................................26
Figure 3.3 Base Course..........................................................................................27
Figure 3.4 Watering done on GSB layer................................................................27
Figure 3.5 Rolling on GSB layer...........................................................................28
Figure 3.6 Wet mix macadam................................................................................28
Figure 3.7 Wet mix after rolling............................................................................29
Figure 3.8 Cleaning road surface...........................................................................29
Figure 3.9 Prime coat applying..............................................................................30
Figure 3.10Temperature test..................................................................................30

v
Figure 3.11 DBM laid over prime coat..................................................................31
Figure 3.12 Three pass rolling...............................................................................31
Figure 3.14 BC temperature checking...................................................................32
Figure 3.13 laying of BC over DBM.....................................................................32
Figure 3.15 Three pass rolling done on BC...........................................................32
Figure 3.16 Camber board checking......................................................................33

v
 COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 About Company

Abhivriddhi Infratech is a Civil Engineering Consultancy Company

registered in India, provides world class consultancy services, including Highway
Design, Cost Estimation, Detailed Project Report Preparations, surveying, field
investigation and laboratory testing in almost all major fields of Civil
Engineering.
One of our key experiences in area of Highways is to carryout Audits on
Road Safety. Our professional’s individual experience is an asset to clients in
delivering quality road safety audits. The key professional has international
exposure both as a road safety auditor and as a Team leader in Highway projects.
We are the team of experienced Civil Engineers with backgrounds in the
civil engineering, Highway Engineering and construction industry. The company
aims to offer a service where quality, efficiency and value are key fundamentals.
Abhivriddhi Infratech also has an array of support facilities, such as,
 A fully equipped Material testing laboratory with all staff gone under
NABL Certified Trainings
 Geological equipment and surveying instruments
 Functional computer center
 Well-equipped and spacious design room
 Computer-aided design and drafting programs, represent the most
advanced technology

1
 The scope of major services provided by Abhivriddhi Infratech can be listed as;
 All Kinds of Civil Engineering Design and Construction Supervision
 Geological Investigation, Highway &Structural material tests including
Testing of Soil, Aggregate, Bitumen, Cement, Concrete, Building Materials
& NDT Testing
 Topographic Surveying Including Survey for Land & Building and
Submitting Environmental Impact Assess

1.2 Vision and Mission of the Organization

1.2.1 Vision
To continually deliver excellent value and innovative construction
solutions to meet our client’s requirements.
1.2.2 Mission
To become the customers most preferred choice by attaining excellence in
quality and timely completed value added projects.

1.3 Objective of Company

 To perform professional services to both local and international standard
 use of state of technology and latest methods of construction are used to
ensure safety of the client
 To provide the most cost-effective solution to our client

1.4 Technical Staff

1. Anil S –Proprietor cum Design Director Qualifications:
B.E in Civil Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological University.
M.Tech in Highway Technology from Visvesvaraya Technological
University
2. Darshan H.V-Team Leader cum Road Safety Engineer Qualifications:
B.E in Civil Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological University.

2
 M.Tech in Transportation Engineering & Management from Visvesvaraya
Technological University.
3. Nandan N -Quality Control Engineer Qualifications:
Bachelors in Civil Engineering from VisvesvarayaTechnological
University.
M.Tech in Transportation Engineering from VisvesvarayaTechnological
University.
4. Rajanikanth B C –Highway cum Structural Design Engineer
Bachelors in Civil Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological
University.
M.Tech in Structures from Visvesvaraya Technological University

1.5 Organization Structure

Table 1-1 Organization chart

3
1.6 Key Personnel Experiences
 Preparation of DPR’s for the PWD, SHDP & PMGSY Departments.
 Submitted Road Safety Review reports for SHDP & PMGSY Roads.
 Served as a PMC for Mysore Outer ring road project, NH Sub division,
Mysuru
 Conducting QC tests for MUDA, Mysore, MCC Mysore &NirmithiKendra
Mysore & PWD Mysuru, Mandya&ChamarajanagarDivision.
 Designed Structures such as:
 Substructure of Highway Road, Culverts & Minor Bridges as per IRC
Standards
 Conducted NDT Testing for Private & Govt. Buildings.

1.7 Projects Associated with Abhivriddhi Infratech

Sl.
Project Client
No.
Providing Consultancy Services for the Preparation
of Detailed Project Reports (DPR's) for SHDP M/s IIIE Ltd,
1
Phase-IV works in Mysore District, Karnataka. Bangalore
Appointment as DPR Consultant.
Providing Road Safety Review (RSR) for the SHDP M/s Cadd Station
Phase-III works (P-231, P-232, P-233, P-241 & P- Technologies Pvt.
2
242), in Mysore Circle, Karnataka. Appointment as Ltd,
RoadSafety Consultant. Mysuru
Providing Road Safety Review (RSR) for the
M/s Samudyatha
PMGSY Phase-III works in Mysore &
3 Consultants,
Chamarajanagar District,Karnataka. Appointment as
Mysuru
Road Safety Consultant.
PMC Services for Strengthening & Improvements M/s Ganapathi
fromKm.10.000 to 41.535 along with service road of Stone
4
NH-275K (Mysuru Ring Road) under EPC mode in Crushers,
the State of Karnataka” (Job No. NH-275K-KNT- Bangalore

4
 2020-21-908)Appointment as PMC Consultant.
PMC Services for "Periodical Renewals to Road
M/s
From Km 199.250 To Km 211.250 Of NH-275
Annapoorneshwari
5 Bantwala-Bengaluru Section In The State Of
Constructions,
Karnataka." (Job no:NH-275-KNT-PR-2019-20/24)
Mysuru
Appointment as PMC Consultant.

5
 RETAINING WALLS
2.1 Introduction
Structures that are built to retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or
any other material are called retaining walls. Retaining walls may retain water
also. The earth retained may be natural soil or fill. Some of the purposes for which
retaining walls are used are shown in figure

Figure 2.1 Retaining wall

2.2 Classification of the Retaining wall

Retaining wall can be classified according to the following:
2.2.1 According to Method of Construction
Retaining wall according to method of construction can be classified as
follow:
1. Fill wall construction
2. Cut wall construction

6
2.2.2 According to System Rigidity
Retaining wall according to System Rigidity Can be classified as follow:
1. Rigid wall
2. Flexible wall, Sheet pile walls are more flexible than the other
types
2.2.3 In General
In general retaining walls can be divided into two major categories:
1. Conventional retaining walls
2. Mechanically stabilized earth walls (MSE).

2.3 Types of Retaining Walls

1. Gravity Retaining Wall
2. Crib Retaining Wall
3. Gabion Retaining Walls
4. Cantilever Retaining Wall
5. Counter-fort / Buttressed Retaining Wall
6. Anchored Retaining Wall
7. Piled Retaining Wall
8. Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining wall
9. Hybrid Systems
1. Gravity Retaining Wall
 Gravity retaining wall depends on its self weight only to resist lateral
earth pressure.
 Commonly, gravity retaining wall is massive because it requires
significant gravity load to counter act soil pressure.
 Sliding, overturning, and bearing forces shall be taken into
consideration while this type of retaining wall structure is designed.
 It can be constructed from different materials such as concrete, stone,
and masonry units.
 It is economical for a height up to 3m.
 Crib retaining wall, gabions, and bin retaining wall are also type of
gravity retaining walls

7
2. Crib Retaining Wall
 Crib retaining walls are a form of gravity wall.
 They are constructed of interlocking individual boxes made from
timber or pre-cast concrete.
 Then, the boxes are filled with crushed stone or other coarse granular
materials to create a free draining structure.
 Basic types of crib retaining walls include reinforced precast, and
timber retaining walls.
 It is suited to support planter areas, but it is not recommended for
support of slopes or structures
3. Gabion Retaining Walls
 Gabion retaining wall walls are multi-celled, rectangular wire mesh
boxes, which are filled with rocks or other suitable materials.
 It is employed for construction of erosion control structures.
 It is also used to stabilize steep slopes.
4. Cantilever Retaining Wall
 Cantilever retaining wall composed of stem and base slab
 It is constructed from reinforced concrete, precast concrete, or
prestress concrete.
 Cantilever retaining wall is the most common type used as retaining
walls.
 Cantilever retaining wall is either constructed on site or prefabricated
offsite i.e. precast.
 The portion of the base slab beneath backfill material is termed as
heel, and the other part is called toe.
 Cantilever retaining wall is economical up to height of 10m.
 It requires smaller quantity of concrete compare with gravity wall but
its design and construction shall be executed carefully.
 Similar to gravity wall, sliding, overturning, and bearing pressure shall
be taken into consideration during its design

8
5. Counter-fort / Buttressed Retaining Wall
 It is a cantilever retaining wall but strengthened with counter forts
monolithic with the back of the wall slab and base slab.
 Counter fort spacing is equal or slightly larger than half of the
counter- fort height.
 Counter-fort wall height ranges from 8-12m.
6. Anchored Retaining Wall
 This type of retaining wall is employed when the space is limited or
thin retaining wall is required.
 Anchored retaining wall is suitable for loose soil over rocks.
 Considerably high retaining wall can be constructed using this type of
retaining wall structure system.
 deep cable rods or wires are driven deep sideways into the earth, then
the ends are filled with concrete to provide anchor.
 Anchors (tiebacks) acts against overturning and sliding pressure.
7. Piled Retaining Wall
 Pile retaining wall are constructed by driving reinforced concrete piles
adjacent to each other as shown in the Fig.
 Piles are forced into a depth that is sufficient to counter the force
which tries to push over the wall.
 It is employed in both temporary and permanent works.
 Piled walls offer high stiffness retaining elements which are able to
hold lateral pressure in large excavation depths with almost no
disturbance to surrounding structures or properties.
 Sheet pile walls are built using steel sheets into a slope or excavations
up to a required depth, but it cannot withstand very high pressure
 Sheet pile retaining wall economical till height of 6m
8. Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining wall
 It is among the most economical and most commonly constructed
retaining walls.

9
  Mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall is supported by selected
fills (granular) and held together by reinforcements, which can be
either metallic strips or plastic meshes
 Types of MSE retaining wall include panel, concrete block, and
temporary earth retaining walls.
9. Hybrid Systems
 Retaining walls that use both mass and reinforcement for stability are
termed as Hybrid or Composite retaining wall systems.

2.4 Design of Retaining Wall

1. Determine the dimension of the wall (Empirical dimension)
2. Estimate the forces acting on retaining wall
3. Study the stability of the retaining wall.
2.4.1 Proportioning Retaining Walls (The dimension of the wall)
shows the common dimensions used for the various types of retaining
walls

Figure 2.2 Proportion retaining wall

1
2.5 Forces acting on Retaining wall
1. Lateral earth pressure (Active and passive earth pressure)
2. Self weight of retaining wall
3. Weight of soil above the base slab
4. Surcharge, i.e. forces due to loads on earth surface.
5. Soil reaction below base slab
6. Frictional force at the bottom of base slab

Figure 2.3 Forces acting on the retaining wall

2.6 Retaining Wall Construction

1
 Figure 2.4 Retaining wall

A retaining wall is designed to hold in place a mass of earth or the like,

such as the edge of a terrace or excavation. The structure is constructed to resist
the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation that
exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.
2.6.1 Retaining wall construction procedure
Step 1 : First excavation of 1.5m depth of earth from ground level and it is
well compacted via mechanical means and with sprinkling of adequate water

Figure 2.5 Excavation of earth for Retaining wall construction

1
 Step 2 : PCC bed of M15 grade concrete 150mm thick was laid over
compacted ground to give a flat and level surface. This PCC acts as a base for the
retaining wall. This also protects the formation and stops any contamination of the
reinforcement.

Figure 2.6 PCC Concreting

Step 3: Reinforcement of main bars of 12mm dia @ 125mm c/c spacing

and distribution bars @ 10mm dia @125mm c/c spacing is tied shown in fig 2.
and shuttering is paced for concreting as per required shape of the wall. Before
erection of shuttering they are properly oiled for smooth surface. The
reinforcement type and size will depend on the size of the structure and the
design.

Figure 2.7 Reinforcement work

1
 Step 4: Wall Shuttering and Concreting: After Completion of Shuttering
Concreting is done. Concrete is then poured into shuttering with proper vibration.
Normally M-25 or higher grade of concrete is used for Construction of retaining
walls. During Concreting construction and expansion joints are provided for
avoiding cracks in Construction Joints. Then the concrete is properly cured.

Figure 2.8 Shuttering work

Figure 2.9 Supports given to Form work

1
 Step 5: Backfilling - The final activity in construction of a retaining wall
is backfilling of the wall. During backfilling it is to be ensured that there is no
void in any layer of filling. Compaction checks in every layer of filling is to be
checked.

Figure 2.10 Backfilling done on one side of Retaining wall

2.7 Construction of Road Side Drainage

2.7.1 Introduction
Drainage is a fundamental part of construction, essential in roads and the
urban environment to remove surface and sub-surface water. This must be
factored into any type planning by the project team of civil engineers,
construction managers

2.8 Importance of Drain Inspection

Drain inspections are vital to help businesses prevent potential risks such
as leaks, floods, and other public health and safety issues. Proper execution of
drain inspections can:
 Detect early problems to eliminate expensive repairs;
 Prevent the hassle of slow water drainage and waste clogs;

 Mitigate the risk of damaged pipelines and drainages systems; and

 Increase and promote environmental safety.

1
 2.9 Major Causes of Drainage Blockages
Maintaining your drainage systems can save your business from severe
damages caused by unfiltered chemicals, drain line leaks, and odor-inducing
problems. Below are the major causes of drainage blockage that you can attend to
mitigate the risks:
1. Sanitary Wastes
Sanitary waste such as hair strands, tissues, and feminine hygiene products
are the most common causes of toilet drain blockage. Unable to control the
disposal of sanitary waste can cause your business fines and penalty under the
Environmental Protection Act 1990.
2. Industrial Wastes
Industrial wastes are toxic materials produced by manufacturing
industries. Flushing off unfiltered chemical wastes generated during the
processing of products can cause drainage and sewage blockage that may lead to
major environmental pollution.
3. Liquid Wastes
Wastewater, oil, fats, or grease that are washed down the sink can cling to
the pipes and eventually build up to where no liquid can pass through.
Unmanaged liquid wastes can potentially harm human health due to disgusting
odour.
4. Food Wastes
Food wastes are a global problem and the most common rubbish present in
hospitality industries. Throwing dishes directly to kitchen sinks without separating
and filtering food wastes can cause blockage to pipelines that may lead to
business operation downtimes and delays.
5. Plant Matter
Root trees, shrubs, dirt, and leaves can cause issues to water drains
depending on weather conditions. Root trees can grow inside water pipes which
cause obstruction to water flow and pipeline damage. Furthermore, this may also
lead to extensive and costly repairs.

1
2.10 Effective Tips to Prevent Drainage Blockage
Drainage system maintenance is necessary to prevent blocked or dammed
channels causing overbank flooding, unexpected erosion, and sedimentation. Poor
drainage maintenance may result in a negative impact on your business which can
cost you expensive repair on damages, environmental penalties, or worse property
loss. You can avoid these hassles by performing regular drain survey and
implement the following preventive tips to eliminate drain blockages:

 Do not flush napkins, toilet paper, or any non-biodegradable materials to

your toilet drains.
 Install mesh screens over your drains to filter hair strands and other solid
wastes.

 Install a water softener to prevent mineral build up.

 Use a fat trap to dispose of waste oils and fats.

 Do not try to dispose of unused medicines through water drains, these can
harm groundwater and be toxic to the environment.

 Do not treat your drains like a trash bin, dispose of your rubbish in
designated areas.

 When washing mops and other cleaning tools, rinse the dirt and mud off
before you scrub it on the sink.

 If a solid item accidentally falls off on your drain systems report it

immediately.

 Cover your drain opening with grills to filter plant matters.

 If you are experiencing a slow water drain contact your facilities team to
investigate as soon as possible.

 If there are sudden formation of sheet ice, excavate out the ice formation
to ensure water can flow away from the road area.

 Be aware of the property structure and perform regular drain maintenance.

1
2.11 Drainage construction procedure
The Removal of rain water and waste water from surface of the road throw
the Drainage system
Excavation
Excavation of earth more than 1m depth and 1m width from ground level was
carried out. This can be done by labour-based technology or machine-intensive
application. Utilization of machines/equipment like excavators or backhoes can
increase the work rate productivity and accuracy

Figure 2.11 Excavation

Compaction
The formation bed of the drainage structure needs to be leveled and compacted
properly to the required relative degree of compaction. This can be to 90 -95%
Maximum Dry Density as per AASHTO or the selected specification standard in

1
use. Common equipment like jumper compactor and hand rollers can be used in
areas with little working space. For heavy work with enough working space, a
vibrating roller and water bowser can be deployed too.
Pouring PCC
Upon bed levelling and compaction, PCC is done to remove irregularities and
offer a good bed for the placement of concrete while minimizing differential
settlement. The PCC 100mm thickness of M15 grade concrete was laid

Figure 2.12 PCC bed concreting

Reinforcement work
Reinforcement must be fixed in the correct position and care must be taken to
keep it in the correct position while concrete is being placed and compacted. A U-
shaped main bars of 10mm at 250mm c/c & 8mm dia distribution bar @ 300mm
c/c was laid.

Figure 2.13 Reinforcement work

1
Form work
Formwork retains concrete until it has set and produces the desired shapes and
sometimes, desired surface finishes. Formwork must be supported on false work
of adequate strength and sufficient rigidity to keep deflections within acceptable
limits. The forms too must be strong and rigid to meet dimensional tolerances.

Figure 2.14 Shuttering work

Concreting
After completing the form work, the next activity will be the casting. M20
grade concrete was used for raft and wall structure. The concrete should have
good workability so that it is easy to place and compact with the available
equipment. It should also fulfil the requirements for strength and durability. The
weep holes are provided on the wall for the drainage purpose.
After concreting, leave the drain for one day to set then remove the shuttering.
The drain was cured to achieve the full strength.

Figure 2.15 Concreting work

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Figure 2.16 Weep holes in the drain

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 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
3.1 Introduction
Flexible pavements or roads are areas of asphalt that “bend” or “deflect”
due to traffic loads, making them less susceptible to damage and requiring fewer
repairs over time. A flexible pavement structure is composed of several layers of
different materials which together enable the road to accommodate this flexing.
Highways make one of the basic elements of the economy of any nation.
For Russia, which has the largest territory in the world, the development of road
infrastructure is of key importance. However, it is in Russia, due to seasonal
temperature differences that can be up to 70 degrees or more and the constantly
increasing traffic load, where there are serious problems with the adequacy of the
existing road network. These problems are largely caused by the use of binders for
asphalt concrete that do not meet the strict requirements imposed on them during
operation.
The most effective way to improve the quality of binders for road asphalt
mixes is their which significantly increases the adhesion, strength and
deformation characteristics of asphalt concrete, and thus the road surface as a
whole.
3.1.1 Characteristics of Flexible Pavement
A flexible pavement structure is typically composed of several layers of
material with better quality materials usually placed on top where the intensity of
stress from traffic loads is high and lower quality materials at the bottom where
the stress intensity is low.
3.1.2 Advantages of Flexible Pavement
Flexible pavement is applied in extremely thick layers, which gives it the
ability to withstand heavy and more frequent traffic flows, which makes it the
ideal choice for major roadways and highways. Since regular maintenance is
required for this type of pavement, repair work is fairly easy.

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3.1.3 Bitumen Used in Road Construction
Bitumen is used in road construction due to various properties and
advantages it has over other pavement construction materials. Bitumen gain
certain unique properties that are inbuilt in it during its manufacture. The bitumen
as a raw material in flexible road construction and bitumen as a mix (composing
other materials i.e. aggregates/ pozzolans) serves certain advantages, that prompt
to use bitumen widely in road construction

3.2 Construction of Flexible Pavements

The construction of flexible pavements involves the following steps:
1. Preparation of Subgrade: The subgrade is prepared by grading and
compacting the soil. This is done to achieve the required strength and
stability.
2. Base Course: The base course is laid on the subgrade. It is made up of
aggregate and is designed to distribute the load from the pavement to the
subgrade.
3. Binder Course: The binder course is the layer that binds the surface
course to the base course. It is made up of asphalt and is designed to resist
deformation.
4. Surface Course: The surface course is the topmost layer of the pavement.
It is made up of asphalt and is designed to provide a smooth and durable
riding surface.
3.2.1 Requirements of Bitumen Mixes
An overall bitumen mix is used in the construction of flexible pavement to
serve the following needs.
 Strength
 Surface Drainage
 Surface Friction
Structural Strength of Bituminous Placement
 Bituminous surface or wearing course
 Bituminous binder course
 Bituminous base course

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 The primary purpose of these bitumen mixes is structural strength
provision. This involves even load dispersion throughout the layers of the
pavement. The loads involved are dynamic or static loads, which is transferred to
the base sub grade through the aggregate course.
A granular base with a bituminous surface course is only provided for
roads of low traffic. It is just sufficient and economical.
The rebounding effect of bitumen upper layers helps in having resistance
against high dynamic effect due to the heavy traffic. Rebounding property is
reflected by the stiffness and the flexibility characteristics of the bitumen top
layers. When looking from bottom to top, the flexibility characteristics should
increase.
Studies have shown that the above-mentioned characteristics of aggregates
are attained using densely graded bitumen mixes. This mix should make use of
nominal maximum size aggregate (NMAS) that must decrease from the base
course- binder course – surface course.
The nominal maximum size aggregate (NMAS) = One sieve larger than
first sieve-to retain more than 10% of combined aggregate.

There is a higher amount of bitumen content in the wearing course that

makes the layer more flexible. This would help in increasing the durability.
3.2.2 Advantages of Bituminous Road Construction
1. A smooth Ride Surface
It does not make use of any joints; Hence provide a smooth surface to ride.
It also gives less sound emission when compared with concrete pavements. The
wear and tear are less in the bituminous pavement, thus maintaining the
smoothness.
2. Gradual Failure
The deformation and the failure in the bituminous pavement is a gradual
process. The concrete pavement shows brittle failures.
3. Quick Repair:
They have an option to be repaired to be quick. They don’t consume time
in reverting the path for traffic; as they set fast.

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 4. Life Cost is less
The initial cost and overall maintenance cost of bituminous pavement are
less compared to concrete pavement
5. Temperature Resistant
They act resistant against high temperature from melting and are not
affected by de-icing materials
3.2.3 Disadvantages of Bituminous Pavement
1. Bituminous pavements are less durable
2. Low tensile strength compared to concrete pavement
3. Bitumen with impurities can cause pollution to soil, hence ground
water by their melting. These may have hydrocarbons in small
amounts.
4. Clogging of pores and drainage path during construction and service
life
3.2.4 Project details
 Road Name: Hootagalli Service Road Mysore
 Length of the Road: 2500M
 Width of the Road: 6.5 m
 Location of the Road: Hootagalli NH-ROAD Mysore
3.2.5 Earthwork Excavation
• Earthwork excavation done for 100 up to 550mm below the ground level.
Compaction of earth done using roller to increase load-bearing capacity,
Prevents soil settlement and frost damage, Provides stability, Reduces
water seepage, swelling and contraction and Reduces settling of soil.
• During rolling, the grade and cross fall (camber) shall be checked and any
high spots or depressions, which become apparent, corrected by removing
or adding fresh material.

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 Figure 3.1Earthwork Excavation

3.2.6 Preparation of Soil Subgrade

The subgrade shall be prepared in lengths of not less than 100 metres at
any one time, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. Subgrade material shall
be scarified to a depth of 150 mm until the soil is fully loosened. The foundation
of the pavement is known as soil sub grade. It helps to give adequate support to
the pavement. Sub grade consists of all operations before the pavement structure
is placed over it and compacted.

Figure 3.2 Soil Sub base

3.2.7 Preparation of Granular Sub Base

GSB which obtained naturally or artificially created material used as a sub
Base layer on the road. It is laid above the sub grade and below the Crust material.
Thickness of GSB: 200 mm

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3.2.8 Preparation of Aggregate Base Course
It helps to distribute the load from the pavement surface to the sub grade.
It lays under the surface layer consisting of the wearing course and sometime an
extra binder course. The base course is a layer of material in an asphalt roadway.
Its located under the surface layer consisting of the wearing course and sometimes
an extra binder

Figure 3.3 Base Course

3.2.9 Watering and Rolling with Vibration

Over the Base course, Sprinkle the water and compacted the base course
with 3 pass roller with vibration having 7 ton capacity.

Figure 3.4 Watering done over GSB layer

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 Figure 3.5 Rolling over GSB layer

3.2.10 Wet Mix Macadam

 It consists of laying, spreading and compacting clean, crushed, well-
graded granular materials on a prepared and approved granular sub base.
 The material is well mixed with water and rolled to a dense mass.
 The size aggregate consists of 40mm, 20mm, 12mm aggregates and dust
with the assistance of water 20mm down size.
 Grading of Wet Mix macadam of 25% of
cambering. WMM Load dumped in the site.
Depth of WMM shall not be less than 75mm.

Figure 3.6 Wet mix macadam

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 Figure 3.7 Wet mix macadam after rolling

3.2.11 Cleaning of Surface Layer

 Cleaning and rubbing of compacted wet mix

Figure 3.8 Cleaning road surface

3.2.12 Applying of Primary Coat

Asphalt is a binder material for the Base course to the surface course. A
prime coat is an application of a low viscosity asphalt to a granular base in
preparation for an initial layer (or surface course layer) of asphalt.

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 Figure 3.9 Primary coat applying

3.2.13 Dense Bitumen Macadam (DBM)

 Over the primary coat, 65mm of loose DBM was applied to a width of
5.5m with the temperature held at 150°C and compacted by to 50mm.
 Three pass Rolling was done using vibrating roller to compact the layer.
 After laying the DBM layer, the temperature should be maintained at
120°C.

Figure 3.10Temperature test

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 Figure 3.11 DBM laid over prime coat

Figure 3.12 Three pass rolling

3.2.14 Bituminous Concrete

BC is the intermediate layer between base course and surface layer. The
minimum thickness of the BC is 50 mm to 100 mm. The Bituminous concert mix
temperature of laying should not be less than 120°C.

Temperatures should be tested and kept at 160°C before placing. loosely applied
50mm BC (Bituminous Concrete) over DBM, and they should be at temperature
120°C after laying. Compaction was done using three pass roller with vibration.
After compaction the thickness of BC was 40mm.

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 Figure 3.13 BC temperature checking

Figure 3.14 laying of BC over DBM

Figure 3.15 Three pass rolling done on BC

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3.2.15 Cambering Board
Camber is defined as the slope provided to the cross-section of the road. It
expressed as the ratio of the crown height to half the horizontal width of the
carriageway for example if the camber is 1 in 45 it means for every horizontal
length of 45 m measured from the Center of the road towards its edge the rise is of
the crown is 1 m it is also expressed as percentage a chamber of 2% means 2 m
rise of the crown for 100 m horizontal length of the road in other words 2%
camber =2/100 i.e. 1 in 50 it is expressed as the slope of line or the line ration C :
b/2 it is also expressed as a percentage.

Figure 3.16 Camber board checking

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4.1 Use Case 1
Construction of a retaining wall and drain on the sides of highway
A city's transportation department has identified a section of the road
susceptible to soil erosion, especially during the rainy season. The department has
decided to construct a retaining wall and roadside drains to mitigate erosion and
provide a safe and stable roadway for motorists.
The project employs a team of contractors to excavate the site, prepare the
foundation, lay drainage pipes, and construct the retaining wall, following best
practices to minimize environmental impact.
The study includes a detailed analysis of the various materials used, such
as concrete, steel reinforcement, and gravel. The retaining wall and drainage
system are designed to prevent soil erosion and provide stability to the road
surface. The drainage system will direct water away from the road, reducing the
risk of accidents and improving the safety of motorists.
In conclusion, the construction of a retaining wall and roadside drains is
essential for the safety and stability of the roadway. The project highlights the
importance of careful planning and execution to ensure optimal performance and
minimal environmental impact. The study provides useful insights for
policymakers and contractors seeking to improve road safety and infrastructure.

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4.2 Use Case 2
Construction of a bituminous road in a rural area.
1. Situation: A rural area lacks proper road infrastructure, making it difficult
for people to commute, transport goods, and access essential services.
2. Problem: The existing roads are mostly unpaved and prone to damage due
to environmental factors such as rain and heavy traffic. Unpaved roads
also increase vehicle maintenance costs, reduce fuel efficiency, and cause
accidents.
3. Solution: Construct a new road using bituminous material since it is cost-
effective, durable, and can withstand extreme weather conditions. A
bituminous road construction can also be completed within a short time
frame.
4. Implementation: The first step of the bituminous road construction
process is to prepare the base by compacting the existing soil. Next, a
layer of aggregate is laid on top of the base and compacted. The
bituminous material, which is a combination of aggregates and bitumen, is
then laid on top of the aggregate layer and finally compacted.
5. Benefits: A bituminous road construction has several benefits, such as
providing a smoother ride, reducing maintenance costs, increasing vehicle
fuel efficiency, and improving road safety.
6. Maintenance: Regular maintenance such as crack sealing and pothole
patching may be required to ensure the longevity of the bituminous road
construction. With proper maintenance, a bituminous road can last up to
20 years