Layout and Section of Bridge

Page 1
Data for Bridge Design

Wb ≔ 2.0 m Width of Bridge

Lb ≔ 3.85 m Bridge Span
kN kN kN
γconc ≔ 24 ⋅ ――3
γsoil ≔ 18 ⋅ ―― γwater ≔ 10 ⋅ ――
m m3 m3

Loading for Bridge

Vehicle Loading
Nominal knife edge load, KEL ≔ 120 ⋅ kN per notional lane (BS 5400-2: 6.2.2)
KEL kN
KELd ≔ ――= 60 ――
Wb m

Nominal uniformly distributed load (UDL).

The UDL shall be taken as 30 kN per linear metre of the notional lane for loaded lengths up to 30 m
(BS 5400-2: 6.2.1)

kN UDL kN
UDL ≔ 30 ―― UDLd ≔ ――= 15 ――
m Wb m2

Dead Loading
Self Weight
kN
Super Imposed Dead Load SDL ≔ 3 ――
m2
Load Combination
Combination 1.
For highway and foot/cycle track bridges, the loads to be considered are the permanent loads,
together with the appropriate primary live loads, and, for railway bridges, the permanent loads,
together with the appropriate primary and secondary live loads.

For Ultimate Limit State, γfL

Self Weight γfL_ULS_SW ≔ 1.15
Super Imposed Dead Load, γfL_ULS_SDL ≔ 1.75
HA, γfL_ULS_HA ≔ 1.5
parapet load, γfL_ULS_PARAPET ≔ 1.5
For Serviceability Limit State, γfL
Self Weight, γfL_SLS_SW ≔ 1.0
Super Imposed Dead Load, γfL_SLS_SDL ≔ 1.2
HA, γfL_SLS_HA ≔ 1.2
γfL_SLS_PARAPET ≔ 1.0

Design of Bridge Deck Slab

Assume 1m Width of Slab Deck
hDeck ≔ 250 mm

Case -1
kN
Page 2
 kN
UDLc1 ≔ γfL_ULS_SW ⋅ hDeck ⋅ γconc + γfL_ULS_SDL ⋅ SDL + γfL_ULS_HA ⋅ UDLd = 34.65 ――
m2

Case-2
UDL =1.15xSeff Weight+1.75x Supper Imposed Dead Load
UPL =1.5xKEL
kN
UDLc2 ≔ γfL_ULS_SW ⋅ hDeck ⋅ γconc + γfL_ULS_SDL ⋅ SDL = 12.15 ――
m2
1
UPLc2 ≔ γfL_ULS_SDL ⋅ KELd = 105 ―⋅ kN
m
Considering Case 1 & 2 Ultimate bending Moment & Shear Force
Mult ≔ 124 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
Vult ≔ 76 ⋅ kN

Reinforcement Design for Bridge Deck SLAB

Characteristic strength of concrete fcu ≔ 30 MPa
Yield strength of reinforcement fy ≔ 500. MPa
Clear Cover to reinforcement c ≔ 40. mm
Deck Slab Thickness h ≔ 250. mm
Main Rebar Diameter Φ ≔ 16. mm
Compression Bar Diameter Φ' ≔ 10. mm
Transvers Bar Diameter Φt ≔ 10. mm
Φ Φ'
Effective depth d ≔ h - c - ―= 202 mm d' ≔ h - c - ―= 0.21 m
2 2
Design For Flexure
Mult
K ≔ ―――――― = 0.1 K' ≔ 0.156
1000 ⋅ mm ⋅ d 2 ⋅ fcu
((d - z))
z ≔ ‖ if K ≤ K' = 176 mm x ≔ ――― = 58 mm
‖ ‖ 0.45
‖ ‖ ⎛ ⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
⎛ K ⎞⎞ ⎞
‖ ‖ min ⎜d ⋅ ⎜0.5 + ⎜0.25 - ―― ⎟ ⎟ , 0.95 ⋅ d⎟
‖ ‖ ⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 0.9 ⎠ ⎠ ⎠
‖ else if K > K'
‖ ‖ ⎛
‖ ‖ d ⋅ ⎜0.5 + ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ K' ⎞
0.25 - ―― ⎟
‖ ‖ ⎝ 0.9 ⎠
‖ ‖

As' ≔ ‖ if K ≤ K' = 0 mm 2
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ 0 mm 2
‖
‖ else if K > K'
‖ ‖ ((K - K')) ⋅ fcu ⋅ 1000 mm ⋅ d 2
‖ ‖ ―――――――――
‖ ‖‖ 0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ ((d - d'))
‖

As ≔ ‖ if K ≤ K' = 1621 mm 2
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ Mult
‖ ‖ ――――
‖ ‖ 0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ z
‖ else if K > K'
‖
Page 3
 ‖ ‖
‖ K' ⋅ fcu ⋅ 1000 mm ⋅ d 2
‖ ―――――――
‖ + As'
‖ 0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ z
‖‖ ‖

Area of Tension Reinforcement Provided

Tension Bars Spacing Provided S ≔ 100 mm

π ⋅ Φ 2 1000 mm
Asprov ≔ ―― ⋅ ―――― = 2011 mm 2
4 S

Check for Maximum & Minimum Reinforcement

100 ⋅ Asprov
―――― = 0.995
1000 mm ⋅ d
‖ 100 ⋅ Asprov
‖ if 0.13 < ―――― < 4 = “ OK”
‖ 1000 mm ⋅ d
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ return “ OK”
‖ else
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ return “'Not OK”

Check for Shear

Vult
v ≔ ―――― = 0.38 MPa γm ≔ 1.25
1000 mm ⋅ d
Check for Maximum Shear

‖ 1
―
‖ 2 ‾‾‾
‖ if v > 0.8 MPa ⋅ fcu = “Maxium Shear Safisfactory”
‖ ‖ return “Maxium Shear Fail”
‖ ‖ 1
‖ ―
‖ else if v < 0.8 MPa 2 ⋅ ‾‾‾
fcu
‖ ‖
‖‖ ‖ return “Maxium Shear Safisfactory”

‖ 100 ⋅ As 400 mm 1
vc ≔ ‖ 0.79 MPa ⋅ if ―――― > 3 ⋅ if ―――< 1 ⋅ if fcu > 40 MPa ⋅ ―― = 0.633 MPa
‖ 1000 mm ⋅ d d ‖ 1
γm
‖ ‖ 1 ‖ 1 ‖ ⎛ ⎞―
‖ ‖ 3 ―
‖ 4 ―
‖ ⎜―40 3
‖ ‖ 3 ‖ 1 ⎟
‖
‖ ⎝ 25 ⎠
‖ else else
‖ ‖ 1 ‖ 1
else
‖ ‖⎛ ―
‖ ― ‖ 1
‖ 100 ⋅ As ⎞ 3
‖ ⎜―――― ‖ ⎛ 400 mm ⎞ 4 ‖⎛ ―

‖ ⎟ ⎜―――⎟ ‖ ⎜――― fcu ⎞ 3

‖ ⎝ 1000 ⋅ ⎠ ‖ ⎝ ⎠
‖ ⎝ 40 MPa ⎟⎠
‖ mm d ‖ d
‖
‖ ‖
Page 4
 ‖ ‖⎝ ⎠

Since v < vc, No shear Reinforcements are required

Transvers Reinforcement
Transvers reinforcement Spacing Provided St ≔ 200 mm
π ⋅ Φt 2 1000 mm
Ast.prov ≔ ――― ⋅ ―――― = 393 mm 2
4 St
Check for Maximum & Minimum Reinforcement
‖ 100 ⋅ Ast.prov 100 ⋅ Ast.prov
‖ if 0.13 < ―――― < 4 = “ OK” ―――― = 0.194
‖ 1000 mm ⋅ d 1000 mm ⋅ d
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ return “ OK”
‖ else
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ return “'Not OK”

Check for Punching Shear

Bridge Deck Punchin Shear (6.2.5)

One 100 kN wheel, placed on the carriageway and uniformly distributed over a circular contact area assuming
an effective pressure of 1.1 N/mm2 (i.e. 340 mm diameter), shall be considered. Alternatively, a square contact
area may be assumed, using the same effective pressure (i.e. 300 mm side)
100 kN N
Punching Shear Stress, vpunchig ≔ ―――――― = 0.23 ――
d ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 340 ⋅ mm mm 2

Ast.prov + Asprov
Average As provided for punching Shear resistance Asprov.p ≔ ―――――= ⎛⎝1 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2
2
‖ 100 ⋅ Asprov.p 400 mm 1
vc.p ≔ ‖ 0.79 MPa ⋅ if ―――― > 3 ⋅ if ―――< 1 ⋅ if fcu > 40 MPa ⋅ ―― = 0.573 MPa
‖ 1000 mm ⋅ d d ‖ γm
1
‖ ‖ 1 ‖ 1 ‖ ⎛ ⎞―
‖ ‖ ― 3 ‖ ― 4 ‖ ⎜―40 3
‖ ‖ 3 ‖ 1 ⎟
‖
‖ ⎝ 25 ⎠
‖ else else
‖ ‖ 1 ‖ 1
else
‖ ‖⎛ ―
‖ ― ‖ 1
‖ 100 ⋅ Asprov.p ⎞ 3
‖ ⎜―――― ‖ ⎛ 400 mm ⎞ 4 ‖⎛ ―
⎜―――⎟ fcu ⎞ 3
‖ ‖ ⎝ 1000 mm ⋅ d ⎟⎠ ‖ ⎝ ⎠ ‖ ⎜―――
‖ ⎝ 40 MPa ⎟⎠
‖ ‖ d
‖
‖ ‖

Punching Shear Stress < Punching Shear Capacity , Hence the Punching Shear Check is satisfies

Page 5
Bearing Capacity check at Bridge Slab Support

kN
Bearing Capacity Assumed on 600 mm quarry dust filling under the Bridge support = 75 ――
m2

SLS Load Combination

kN
SLSc1 ≔ γfL_SLS_SW ⋅ hDeck ⋅ γconc + γfL_SLS_SDL ⋅ SDL + γfL_SLS_HA ⋅ UDLd = 27.6 ――
m2
SLSc1 ⋅ Wb ⋅ Lb
Support Reaction; R ≔ ――――― = 106 kN
2
⎛⎝350 mm ⋅ 250 mm ⋅ γconc + 850 mm ⋅ 400 mm ⋅ γconc⎞⎠ kN
weight of Base; wb ≔ ――――――――――――――――― = 12.07 ――
850 mm m2
R kN kN
Bearing Pressure at Base slab; q ≔ ――――――― + wb = 58 ―― < 75 ――
850 mm ⋅ 2750 mm m 2
m2
Hence the Bearing Capacity Verification is satisfactory (ignoring the Load transfer to the Steel
bearing Piles in calculations of Bearing pressure at soil)

Settlement Controll Measures

Controll of posibility of ecessive settlement due to the soft soil beneath the stream bed level,
additional steel bearing filles have been introduced as indicated in the Structural detail drawing.

Page 6
Design of Bridge Railing

Parapet Collision Load (6.8)

The nominal load shall be taken as 1.4 kN/m length, applied at a height of 1 m above the footway or cycle
track and acting horizontally (7.1.2)

Stem Spasing Sstem ≔ 0.5 m

kN
Rail Loading RL ≔ 1.4 ――
m
Rail Height hRail ≔ 1.2 m
γfL_ULS_PARAPET = 1.5

Ultimate Bending Moment at Base Plate M ≔ γfL_ULS_PARAPET ⋅ RL ⋅ Sstem ⋅ hRail = 1.26 kN ⋅ m

Ultimate Shear Force at Base Fh ≔ γfL_ULS_PARAPET ⋅ RL ⋅ Sstem = 1.05 kN
Plate connection
Stem Diameter ϕ ≔ 50 mm
thickness of Circular Holow Section t ≔ 4 mm
π⋅ϕ
Side length of Equivelent Squar Section leq ≔ ―― = 39 mm
4
M
Maximum Tensile force at Stem base T ≔ ―= 32 kN
leq

Check for Member Capacity

N
Yield strength of Steel Py ≔ 275 ――
Classification of Member mm 2
Section Diameter D ≔ ϕ = 50 mm
Section Thickness t = 4 mm
D
―= 12.5
t
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
⎛ N ⎞
⎜ 275 ⋅ ―― ⎟
⎜ mm 2 ⎟
ε≔ ――――= 1
⎜⎝ Py ⎟⎠
40 ⋅ ε 2 = 40
Hence the, section is Plastic

Area of Section A ≔ 5.57 cm 2

Shear Area Av ≔ 0.6 ⋅ A = 3.34 cm 2

Plastic Modulus for 50x4 mm CHS Spl ≔ 7.87 cm 3

Page 7
Plastic Modulus for 50x4 mm CHS Spl 7.87 cm

Shear Capacity Pv ≔ 0.6 ⋅ Py ⋅ Av = 55.14 kN > Fh

Hence the Shear capacity check is adequate
Moment Capacity check
Fv < 0.6 ⋅ Pv
Mc ≔ Py ⋅ Spl = 2.16 kN ⋅ m
Since Mc > M, the Moment Capacity check is satisfied

Design for Base Plate Connection

Welding Capacity Check

N
Design Strength of fillet welds, pw ≔ 220 ――
mm 2
Length of Smaler leg of Weld, Sl ≔ 6 mm
Throught Size, a ≔ 0.7 ⋅ Sl = 4.2 mm
1
Longitudnal Shear Capacity, PL ≔ pw ⋅ a = 924 ―⋅ kN
m

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1.5
θ ≔ 45 ° k≔ ――――― =1
1 + ((cos ((θ)))) 2

kN
Transvers Welding Capacity PT ≔ k ⋅ PL = 924 ――
m
T
Welding Length required at a equivelent Squar sections side leq.req ≔ ―― = 34.72 mm < leq
PT
Hence the Welding length provided is adequate

Check for Bolt Shear

Grade of Bolt =8.8
N
Shear Strength of Bolt ps ≔ 375 ――
mm 2
Bolt Diameter d ≔ 8 mm
d2
Page 8
 π ⋅ d2
A ≔ ――= 0.5 cm 2
4
At ≔ 0.8 ⋅ A = 0.4 cm 2
As ≔ At
Shear Capacity Ps ≔ ps ⋅ As = 15.08 kN

Fh
Since Ps > ― adequate in Bolt shear capacity
4

Check for Bolt Tension

N
Tension Strength of Bolt pt ≔ 560 ――
mm 2
Tensile Capacity Pt ≔ 0.8 ⋅ pt ⋅ At = 18.02 kN
M
―――
80 mm
Tensile force per Bolt Ft ≔ ―――= 7.88 kN
2
Pt < Ft, Bolt Tension Capacity is adequate

Check for Bearing Capacity of Bolt

nominal diameter of the bolt; d = 8 mm
N
bearing strength of the bolt, obtained from Table 31; pbb ≔ 1000 ――
mm 2
the thickness of the connected part, tp ≔ 10 mm
The bearing capacity of the bolt, Pbb ≔ d ⋅ tp ⋅ pbb = 80 kN
Fv
Since Pbb > ― ;Bolt Bearing Capacity check is satisfied
4

Check for the Bearing Capacity of the Connected Part

end distance e ≔ 22 mm
N
bearing strength of the connected part, see Table 32; pbs ≔ 460 ――
mm 2
for bolts in standard clearance holes; kbs ≔ 1

The bearing capacity Pbs of the connected part

Pbs ≔ min ⎛⎝kbs ⋅ d ⋅ tp ⋅ pbs , 0.5 ⋅ kbs ⋅ e ⋅ tp ⋅ pbs⎞⎠ = 36.8 kN

Fv
since Pbs > ― ; Bearing capacity check is satisfactory
4

Check for Base Plate Bending

Bending Moment at Plate; Mplt ≔ Fh ⋅ 20 mm = 0.02 kN ⋅ m

Page 9
 ⎛ tp ⎞
Mplt ⋅ ⎜―⎟
⎝2⎠ N
Maximum Stress at Plate; σplt ≔ ――――― = 10.08 ――
125 mm ⋅ tp 3 mm 2
―――――
12
N
Since σplt > 275 ―― Plate Bending Check is satisfactory
mm 2

Page 10