Employment Skill

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EMPLOYMENT SKILLS REQUIREMENTS IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
IN CAMARINES SUR
Rebedin, Mayla Fe D.
Jabal Mechelle V.
Hiloma, Ma. Angelica
An Undergraduate Thesis Submitted to the
COLLEGE OF INTEGRATED ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Partido State University, Goa, Camarines Sur
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION
May 2024
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APPROVAL SHEET
The undergraduate thesis hereto attached is titled, Employment Skills
Requirements in the Radio Industry in Camarines Sur, prepared and submitted by
Mayla Fe D. Rebedin, Mechelle V. Jabal, and Ma. Angelica Hiloma in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Arts in Communication
hereby accepted.
SHERRY A. COMBIS LEEMAR C. SERRANO
Member Member
_____________________ _______________________
Date Signed Date Signed
MARIEL R. ESTRELLA, Ph.D.
Chairman
______________________
Date Signed
Respectfully submitted to the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences for Approval.
LEEMAR C. SERRANO
Adviser
___________________
Date Signed
Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Arts in Communication.
MARIEL R. ESTRELLA, Ph.D
Dean
_____________
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Date Signed
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the undergraduate thesis titled, Employment Skills
Requirements in the Radio Industry in Camarines Sur, prepared and submitted by
Mayla Fe D. Rebedin, Mechelle V. Jabal, and Ma. Angelica Hiloma has been
examined, edited, and found to be in accordance with the suggestions and
recommendations made by the panel of evaluators.
LEEMAR C. SERRANO
Adviser / Editor
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AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
She was born on October 30, 1996, currently residing at Zone 3, Salvacion,
Tinambac Camarines Sur, and the youngest among the eight children of Mr. Fernando A.
Rebedin and Mrs. Milagros D. Rebedin. She graduated from Union Elementary School
and finished Junior/Senior High School at Don Servillano Platon Memorial National
High School. She received an award with High Honor when she was in Senior high and
was once awarded as Dean’s Lister this recent academic year 2023-2024. She is not a
loquacious but an open-minded person. She is always open to new opportunities and
learning new things. However, there were times when she faced difficulties in life that
seemed to be unbearable for her, yet those difficulties never halted her from continuing
pursuit of her real purpose in life, and her desire to find happiness throughout her
journey, despite life’s adversity.

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MECHELLE V. JABAL was born on September 3, 2000, and the second
daughter among seven children of Mr. Felizardo A. Jabal Jr and Mrs. Mabel V. Jabal of
Barangay Minoro, San Jose Camarines Sur. She finished her Grade School at Kinalansan
Elementary School and pursued her secondary at Vivencio-Obias Kinalansan National
High School and her Senior Years at San Jose National High School where she was
awarded as with honor during the years. She is currently enrolled at Partido State
University taking a Bachelor of Arts in Communication.
Those battles sometimes make her crumple and cry, but it does not stop her from
doing things that she loves. She also loves to sing and she is addicted to any relaxing
music. She believed in herself and stopped listening to people that wanted to ruin her.
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MA. ANGELICA HILOMA was born on September 13, 2001, and is currently
living in Zone 3, Mabalodbalod Tigaon, Camarines Sur. She is the daughter of Mr.
Renato B. Alcantara and Ms. Milagros G. Hiloma. She graduated elementary at Villa
Grande Elementary School and spent her high school at Partido Agro-Industrial National
High School. She followed her path in college and took a Bachelor of Arts in
Communication at Partido State University and was once awarded an academic
excellence award.
She dedicated her will and ambitions while she conquered many silent battles in
life. But she believes in the saying “Believe in yourself, believe you can and you will”. It
motivated her to continue her studies despite the things she was going through in life, and
it became a bridge for her to work harder in her life and do everything she could for her
family.
ABSTRACT
This study focused on the employment skills requirements in the industry in

Camarines Sur. The researchers aimed to determine the (1) profile of the employers in the
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industry encompassing their no. of broadcast employees in the stations, type of ownership
of radio stations, fund source, and broadcast modulation. Specifically, it aimed to
determine the most valuable skills and knowledge needed in the radio industry in
Camarines Sur. This study used a quantitative approach hence the researchers used a
convenience sampling method. A survey questionnaire was also used to get the needed data
for the demographics of the employers in the radio industry in Camarines Sur, such as the
number of broadcast employees in the stations, type of ownership of the stations, fund
source, and broadcast modulation. The study employed percentage, frequency, a 5-point
scale, and weighted mean as statistics to measure the valuable skills and knowledge needed
in the radio industry in Camarines Sur. It is therefore seen that all the employment skills
requirements that were valuable and give knowledge in the radio industry in
Camarines Sur that are present in this study are highly needed and can be essential
through their employment and employers agree that they need these kinds of skills
in their radio stations based from the result of the data. All these employment skills
should be applied in the employment and employers must be more critical in
determining the skills of their applicants.
Keywords: Employment, Skills, Requirements, Radio, Industry
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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The Researcher would like to extend her sincere gratitude to the following who
served as her motivation, inspiration, and driving force in achieving the success of this
paper;
To the Almighty God, for giving her strength, courage, wisdom, and hope to
make this research success, as well as for giving her grace to work under pressure and
letting the Holy Spirit dwell in her throughout this journey;
To the dean of College of Arts and Humanities Mariel R. Estrella, Ph.D. for
letting us to conduct and administer our research paper to BACOM students and
instructors, our sincere thank you, Ma'am!
To Miss Sherry A. Combis, the researcher’s thesis instructor, for sharing her
knowledge and expertise in the field of research, likewise, for her guidance and help to
overcome the difficulties encountered during the conduct of this study;
To her loving, compassionate, and ever supportive Parents, for giving her their
moral, emotional, and financial support, time, inspiration, and motivation that made the
researcher determined, driven, and hopeful to finish this study;
To the Panel Committee Members, who provided encouraging and constructive
criticism and valuable comments and suggestions in developing the study;
To Mr. Lemmar C. Serrano, the researcher’s thesis adviser, for his support,
patience, and consideration in sharing his knowledge and concrete ideas that helped the
researcher finish this study;

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To our thesis statistician, Mr. Emmanuel A. Onsay, for his patience giving and
guiding us on the right statistical tools to be employed in our study;
To the friends of the researchers for their moral support and words of
encouragement throughout the research journey;
Finally, to the BA COM Batch 2024 for the love, patience, and understanding.
You are all unforgettable. Thank you for Everything!
The Researchers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET i
CERTIFICATION ii
AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY iii
ABSTRACT vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS x
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction 1
Objectives of the Study 2
Assumptions 3
Significance 3
Scope and delimitations 6
Locale of the Study 6
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
Related Literature 8
Related Studies 13
Synthesis of the Art 22
Gap Bridge by the Study 23
Theoretical Framework 24
Conceptual Framework 27
Definitions of Terms 29
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Research Design 30
Informants 30
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Data Gathering Procedure 31

Instrument 31
Data Analysis 32
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Background of Harana Festival 33
Choices of Music 39
Choices of Design 44
Choices of Performance 49
Cultural Preservation 53
Tourism Development 56
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND CONCLUSIONS
Summary 60
Objective No. 1 60
Findings 60
Tentative Conclusions 61
Recommendations 61
Objective No. 2 62
Findings 62
Recommendations 63
Objective No. 3 63
Findings 63
Recommendations 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY 65
APPENDICES 70
DOCUMENTATION 139
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Map of Municipality of San Jose 7

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm 26
Figure 3. Theoretical Paradigm 28
Figure 4. Displayed Large Guitar on Stage 45
Figure 5. Float Parade 46
Figure 6. Binibining Harana 2023 48
Figure 7. Performances during the Float Parade 50
LIST OF TABLES
Figure 1. Map of Municipality of San Jose 7

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm 26
Figure 3. Theoretical Paradigm 28
Figure 4. Displayed Large Guitar on Stage 45
Figure 5. Float Parade 46
Figure 6. Binibining Harana 2023 48
Figure 7. Performances during the Float Parade 50
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
In an era where streaming services and podcasts vie for attention, radio
remains a resilient and dynamic medium, offering unique opportunities for seasoned
professionals and aspiring talents. However, navigating the complexities of the radio
industry requires more than just a passion for broadcasting. Success in this field hinges
upon a diverse set of employment skills that encompass technical proficiency, creative
flair, journalistic integrity, and effective communication. Whether aspiring to be on-air
talent, producers, engineers, or managers, individuals seeking to thrive in the radio
industry must possess a versatile toolkit of competencies tailored to the demands of this
multifaceted sector.
Radio broadcasting has played a significant role in fostering human
connection and exchanging knowledge, information, and cultural practices. Despite
numerous challenges and changes, especially in consumer demand and technological
information, this industry has managed to endure, showcasing an amazing capacity for
adaptation and relevance also some skilled, managerial, and creative jobs in the industry
are crucial for local communities as well as sectors like news, music, entertainment, and
sports. Working in radio often allows people to use their creativity, entertain listeners, and
share knowledge with a large audience all of which contribute to job satisfaction.
Pursuing a degree in journalism, communications, or broadcasting can provide you with

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the necessary knowledge and skills to excel in this field. Several renowned institutions,
such as New York University (NYU) and its Tisch School of the Arts, offer programs
specifically tailored to aspiring journalists and broadcasters (Yellowbrick, 2023).
The radio industry in Camarines Sur, Philippines has recorded considerable
growth over the years, giving rise to employment opportunities for various positions like
disc jockeys, radio announcers, producers, and engineers. Nevertheless, there is limited
research on specific job skills that are necessary for success in this industry hence causing
an impediment in knowledge and competencies for both job seekers and employees. We
can gain a better understanding of the requirements and expectations of the industry by
investigating the skills that Camarines Sur employers looking for prospective radio
workers.
Previous studies have focused on the radio industry in general, but there is a
lack of research specifically on the employment skills required in the radio industry in
Camarines Sur. This knowledge gap is significant because the radio industry in
Camarines Sur is unique and has its own set of challenges and requirements. By
exploring the skills that employers in Camarines Sur value and seek in potential radio
personnel, we can better understand the demands and expectations of the industry.
Students’ involvement in school is not sufficient without their real experiences on the job
as Mandella (2018) revealed that partnership experiences are more valuable than
classroom education.
The researchers are looking into the employment skills needed in the radio
industry in Camarines Sur for two reasons. Firstly, the radio industry provides a lot of
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jobs in the province, and knowing what skills are necessary for success in this field can
help job seekers and employees better prepare for the job market. Lastly, the researchers
aim to pinpoint the most valuable skills and knowledge needed in the radio industry in
Camarines Sur.
Objectives
Generally, this study aimed to find out the employment skills requirements in
the radio industry in Camarines Sur.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. determine the profile of the employers in the radio industry, such as:
a. no. of broadcast employees in the stations,
b. type of ownership of radio stations,
c. fund source,
d. broadcast modulation; and
2. determine the most valuable skills and knowledge needed in the radio industry in
Camarines Sur, along with:
a. communication skills,
b. digital literary skills
c. problem-solving skills
d. research and inquiry skills
e. objectivity and reasoning skills
f. broadcast skills
g. newsgathering skills
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Assumptions
1. There is important data from the profile of the employers in the radio industry that should
be known by future applicants.
2. There are some valuable knowledge and skills required in the radio industry in Camarines
Sur.
Significance of the Study
This research is important and valuable to the following:
BA Communication/AB Communication. This study will serve as a guide and
basis for the student's career choice.
Faculty of Instructions. Teachers may use this study as their reference in teaching
communication and other related subjects. The result of this study will also serve as an
assessment tool.
Radio Industry. This study would help them to be more objective in the standard
they are looking for their would-be employees.
Other Students. The result of this study will provide knowledge that will help
them explore their ability to communicate.

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Researchers. This study would help the researchers to determine the employer
perspective in terms of the employment skills needed by the broadcast applicants.
Future Researchers. This could serve as their guide and reference for their
research and gain important and useful information needed for their research related to
this study.
Scope and Delimitation
This study is focused on the employment skills requirements by the radio industries
in Camarines Sur. Both AM and FM stations are considered from the different
municipalities in the province of Camarines Sur, namely, Naga, Goa, Baao, Iriga, Nabua,
and Bula. The respondents of the study comprised the Radio Station Managers, Human
Resources (HR) Officers, and all other employees who were directly hired by the
company, regular, casual, or contractual, or jobbers, except those employees who
belonged to agencies, like the security and janitorial services.
The study was conducted from October 2023 to March 2024.

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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes a comprehensive evaluation of related literature and studies
along with the theories and conceptual relationships between the variables that underpin
the research. This chapter also illustrates how the research done thus far compares and
differs from it.
Related Literature
Employment Skills In Terms of Communication. Effective communication skills
are essential in the modern workplace, playing a crucial role in professional success and
career advancement. In today's fast-paced and interconnected world, employers
increasingly value candidates who possess strong communication skills. Whether it's
verbal, written, or nonverbal communication, the ability to convey information, ideas,
and emotions clearly and effectively is highly sought. This is proven by the study of
Clockie (2016), which emphasizes the importance of communication in the employability
of broadcast applicants is preferred by most employers and that it is the most highly
valued skill. However, Bögenhold and Fachinger (2013), posited that in the last decades,
working conditions have changed because of new technologies, increasing demands for
flexibilization, new and rapidly changing market situations, and globalization and
worldwide dynamics. In this context, journalists can be seen as protagonists at the
forefront of changing work conditions, as their work is massively influenced by those
developments
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Digital Literacy Skills. Literacy skills are fundamental abilities that enable
individuals to read, write, comprehend, and communicate effectively. These skills form
the foundation of lifelong learning, enabling individuals to access information, participate
in society, and achieve personal and professional success. In the digital age, technology
has become an integral part of our lives. According to Tymon (2013), the majority of
higher education institutions include the development of employability skills in their
courses despite ongoing disagreement about whether they can and should. Employers,
however, continue to claim that graduates lack some of the most fundamental skills
necessary for successful employment and are not prepared for the workforce. Numerous
viewpoints from the government, employers, higher education institutions, and alumni
have been studied to determine why this might be. It's interesting to note that nothing is
known about the opinions of the undergraduates who received this employability
development. It is a challenge to future graduates to continue fostering digital literacy
skills for a more digitally empowered world.
Grasping Power Skills. This refers to the cognitive ability or intellectual capacity
of a concept and may be measured by an individual. It is important to note that cognitive
ability is a multifaceted concept and can be measured and assessed through various
cognitive tests and assessments.
Meanwhile, Dollar's (2006) results show that the grasping system, even with three
positioning degrees of freedom and extremely simple hand control, can grasp a wide
range of target objects in the presence of large positioning.

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Research and Inquiry Skills.The field of the radio industry is highly valued in the
employment sector as it contributes to problem-solving, innovation, and career
advancement. Wilmore and Wilson (2016) in their qualitative interview demonstrated a
broad agreement regarding the value of research skills for media employment. However,
there were divergent opinions about the need to articulate research skills explicitly and
the value of media-specific skills for current employment situations. Interviewees also
indicated varying levels of awareness regarding the relevance research skills have across
different employment contexts. Therefore, media educators must understand how their
students' differing career destinations immediately after graduation influence formal and
informal evaluations of the quality of their course.
Employability relates to the ability to be in employment, and, in particular. The key
factor for getting into a job today depends upon the additional skills as emphasized by
Dasgupta (2020) apart from the subject-specific skills. Employers today seek employees
with the right combination of generic, technical, and job-specific skills and ensure that
they can transfer skills from one context to another. Employers are more interested in
recruiting a „right‟ candidate with multi-dimensional skills rather than a graduate with
very high academic knowledge but poor interpersonal skills. The change has taken place
gradually but very steadily. With the gaining importance of employability skills, higher
education institutions are also looking into these factors seriously and are trying to
include these skills as a part of their curriculum so that the students can readily adapt
them during their study tenure and remain in the competition. The purpose of this study is
to perform an in-depth study of employability skills necessary for graduates to achieve
employment in different fields.

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However, Alabe, et. al. (2022) found that the fourth industrial revolution brought
extensive changes in work. While automation is likely to displace workers, new
occupations will be created. Emerging occupations are likely to be disproportionately
concentrated in the nonroutine and cognitive category, and require skills that cannot be
easily automated. Likewise, meeting the skill demands of the fourth industrial revolution
requires strengthening learnability – the willingness and ability to learn, unlearn, and
relearn – among the current and future workforce; thus, for the graduates, one must
consider research skills as important in the job, particularly in the radio industry.
However, technology-driven productivity growth may increase disposable income,
stimulating a demand-induced expansion of employment. Moreover, they found that the
labor-displacing effect of technology appears to be more than offset by compensating
mechanisms that create or reinstate labor. This holds for most types of technology,
suggesting that previous anxieties over widespread technology-driven unemployment
lack an empirical base, at least so far. Nevertheless, low-skill, production, and
manufacturing workers have been adversely affected by technological change, and
effective up- and reskilling strategies should remain at the forefront of policymaking
along with targeted social support systems.
Problem-Solving Skills. One of the problems in the radio industry is to look for
personalities who can solve problems. Employability as emphasized by Daniel Ashton
(2011) elaborates on "employability" by discussing their studio experience and "identity
work" in terms of notions related to creativity and professionalism that are unique to the
media industry. Concerns about future professional practice were also expressed,
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indicating the possible benefit of a Career Studies method that provides a forum for
openly discussing employment conditions as issues that are personally significant.
Another problem is the arrival of the new media that is the internet challenged
conventional radio and television media in every aspect in an unprecedented manner. For
instance, the continuously falling profit, the compressed recipient market and advertising
space, the dramatic talent loss, and a reduced ability to sway public opinion all placed
conventional media under tremendous pressure, which means conventional media must
become fully aware of the urgency of the situation, Duan (2020).
Meanwhile, the OECD (2017) as cited by Brunello, (2021) skills shortages and
mismatch significantly affect a particular job, occupation, or sector (technical skills).
Objectivity and Logical Reasoning Skills. According to the Studies of (Omidi et
al., 2022) Media professionals have a crucial part in forming societal memories, customs,
and belief systems since their work shapes culture and influences how people perceive
the world. Even while research on the factors influencing the type of job in the media
industry has grown dramatically in recent years, there is still a great deal of fragmentation
in this field. To provide a thorough overview of the literature and its methodologies, this
paper conducts an extensive evaluation of 36 scholarly papers published in major journals
between (2006) and (2020) This marks the beginning of addressing that deficit. By
classifying prior research into five subthemes—commonalities, contested terrain,
gendered profession, developing practices, and influencing factors—this study expands
on the idea of the media world.

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Broadcast Skills. In the field of journalism, several competencies and skills
essential in the radio industry as stated by Jina Mao and Yan Shen (2020) in their study,
they identified three patterns of work – display work, authenticity work, and personation
work– that create professionals use to harness identity as career capital to enhance their
employability. The authors find that both the demand for authenticity and the existence of
social inequalities in the creative industries present challenges for the acquisition.
News-Gathering Skills. As explained by John Wiley & Sons, (2020), a growing
area of media studies is the study of media industries, particularly in news gathering. It
already includes a wide range of intriguing issues and subjects, a rich intellectual past,
and numerous theoretical and methodological. Examples from a wide range of media
industries, including games, movies, TV shows, journalism, music, and cinema, are
included, along with recent research on the industrial settings of social and internet-
distributed media. Media Industry Studies provides an overview of the theoretical
frameworks and methods that have shaped the discipline up to this point, making it a vital
tool for advanced students.
Economics of the Contemporary Radio Industry. By Albarran (2003) the
economic characteristics of the modern radio broadcasting industry are examined in this
chapter. Since its modest origins in the early 20th century, the radio industry which is the
oldest type of electronic media has seen tremendous transformation. It was not until 1922
that radio proved to be a profitable medium with the introduction of advertising. Before
television, radio was the primary source of information and entertainment. However, with
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the introduction of television in the 1940s, radio underwent a transformation that has
persisted to the present day.
Digital Broadcasting. As stated by Hintz (2010), community radio services require
access to broadcast infrastructure; nevertheless, the transition from analog to digital, as
envisioned by European policymakers, presents difficulties for these stations. This article
will outline the overall context of the shift to digital, provide an overview of the current
status of the digital migration discussion, point out potential challenges facing
community radio, and also highlight potential opportunities presented by digital
technologies. One of the challenges is that European policymakers have historically
prioritized the needs of larger commercial and public service broadcasters above smaller
local and non-profit media. This has led to the promotion of platforms like DAB, which
are not intended to support smaller media outlets. Moreover, the diversity of jurisdiction-
specific strategies for the digital transition in Europe raises questions about the new
technological and regulatory landscape.
Technology, Employment, and Skills. As per Cirillio (2016), this article examines
the connections between employment and technological advancement while taking into
account the characteristics of four significant professional groups that are characterized
according to ISCO classes: managers, clerks, craftspeople, and manual laborers. The
objective is to uncover the structural factors that influence changes in employment and to
go beyond task- and skill-biased perspectives on how technical advancements affect
skills. This model explains how changes in wages, the importance of product and process
innovation, changes in total domestic and foreign demand, and the role of global
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production fragmentation affect changes in jobs. The manufacturing and service sectors
of the main European nations are the subject of the empirical analysis, which was done
between 2000 and 2014. The findings demonstrate that when one shifts focus from the
dynamics of aggregate employment to those of professional groups, significant
differences arise. For example, managers stand to gain the most from new product
innovations, while clerks, artisans, and manual laborers suffer when new procedures are
implemented.
Measuring the Relationship between Digital Skills and Employability. In line
with Pirzada (2013) Digital abilities including computer, communication, internet, and
advanced digital skills are expected to offer potential employees a substantial edge in
securing their positions and also protecting relatively high-paying professions in the
developing economies of Pakistan and other countries. Digital talents have stages and
ranges; they are not monolithic. A multitude of international organizations are working to
increase people's employability. To determine whatever degree of digital skills is
sufficient to civilize employment, I need more information about the relationship between
employability and digital skills. Using a comparative analysis between Paf-Kiet
University and National Foods Limited, I examine the relationship between digital skills
and employability in this study. Results showed that while digital abilities might be a
good indicator of a job, the level of proficiency required to succeed in these positions is
more than one might think. From the standpoint of emerging economies, digital skills are
associated with high-status employment primarily in conjunction with other factors like
more schooling. Based on the study's findings, an implementation strategy that will
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increase employability is suggested, suggesting that the education policy be revised and
that training initiatives concentrate on digital skills.
Digital Literacy and Its Impact on the Job Market and Society. In keeping with
Rauth (2023) having a basic understanding of digital literacy has become essential in
today's digital environment to succeed in daily life. The capacity to use technology for
information access, evaluation, and communication is known as digital literacy. Knowing
how to send emails and use the internet is no longer sufficient. Digital literacy is
necessary to make an impression on potential employers, learn new life and professional
skills, and adjust to the rapidly evolving digital landscape. We'll talk about the effects of
digital literacy on society and the labor market in this blog post, as well as how
economics may have an impact. We'll also cover the importance of investing in digital
literacy. By giving people the ability to access and use online resources, digital literacy
promotes success in the workforce. Candidates who are proficient with digital tools,
internet navigation, and social media platforms for marketing and communication are
sought after by employers. Inadequate knowledge of digital literacy can hinder job
applicants' chances to advance in their jobs, have an impact on their pay, and lower their
general output at work. Not only is digital literacy crucial for job searchers, but it is also
necessary for employees. Digital competency is necessary in today's workplace for jobs
including communication, project management, and data analysis.
Broadcast Announcing Worktext. In the study of Stephenson (2013), one may
enter this fiercely competitive industry of broadcast performance with the skills, tactics,
and processes that the Broadcast Announcing Worktext equips you with. Among the
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many subjects discussed are television and radio studio surroundings, the duties and
specializations of announcers, and crafting a broadcast delivery style. Concise, digestible
modules containing factual material are supplemented with self-study questions and
assignments. Key concepts in the material can be used practically and hands-on through
the projects, and the self-study offers an instant assessment of what you have learned.
The format of the work text integrates traditional instructional methods with real-world
experiences.
Related Studies
As stated by Jackson (2023), global economic events have impacted enterprises and
the labor pool significantly. The labor market needs to be increasingly skilled and
sophisticated, and those with postsecondary degrees are better protected from unstable
economic conditions. As a result of an increase in internationally mobile students, there is
a growing need for higher education globally. Return on investment is crucial, though,
and curricula that improve employability and present employment chances are what
inspire international students to choose their courses of study.
Job satisfaction has a big impact on how an employee performs his job. Both
elements have an impact on job safety and employee perception as Dziuba, (2020)
revealed that a satisfied employee devotes himself to work, performs orders better, and
cares for others and himself. He feels safe in the enterprise. The employees defined their
job satisfaction by referring to 20 statements describing the satisfaction and evaluating
three factors that were used to compute the satisfaction index. Moreover, the survey
allowed for an indication of the general level of employee satisfaction.

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Based on the existing literature indicates that job characteristics, job satisfaction,
organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior are very important
for effective organizational functioning, the present study has predicted the job
satisfaction level of the general radio station employees through job characteristics by
investigating a complete relationship between five job characteristics as antecedent of job
satisfaction. The primary data was collected through the job diagnostic survey originally
developed by Hackman & Oldham (2011) that employees and from different sections,
with the help of Regression Analysis by using SPSS we have found a positive and
significant relationship among various job characteristics and job satisfaction and
revealed that job characteristics has been significantly affecting job satisfaction.
Likewise, in Pakistan, the study of Memon (2023) results, showed that all of the
models have a high ability to compute the increase in employee performance criteria via
the predicting variables. The overall models are significant because a value less than 0.05
indicates what and who they are. Moreover, the study’s findings also assist practitioners
in understanding the critical criteria to show increased employer satisfaction and improve
performance in their later careers.
In the radio industry, there are challenges faced like in the work of Hallett (2021)
on the developments in digital broadcasting, that the increasing consumption of audio via
internet protocol, and the arrival of the smart speaker are all major factors impacting the
future of radio broadcasting. Equally important, change is also being driven by external
factors and by wider societal pressures. Arguably, today, radio faces greater levels of
challenge and competition than at any time in its century, or so, long He emphasizes that
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any process of change creates both winners and losers. In the medium term, which side of
that equation radio broadcasting finds itself on will be determined by its response to the
changes, challenges, and opportunities encountered in the future.
Additionally, Joseph Turow Routledge (2019) in his seventh edition of Joseph
Turow’s pathbreaking media textbook uses convergence as a lens that puts students at the
center of the profound changes in the 21st-century media world. It teaches students to
think critically about the role of media, and what these changes mean for their lives. The
book’s media systems approach helps students to look carefully at how media content is
created, distributed, and exhibited in the new world that the digital revolution has created.
The first part examines the media world as a whole, while the second delves deep into
key media industries, such as the movie, book, and video game industries. This new
edition includes critical expanded coverage of social media, as well as updated figures,
tables, and pedagogy, including key terms and further activities. Media Today is an
excellent introduction to the world of media in the digital age. From news media to video
games and social networking to mobile platforms,
Moreover, challenges might occur as one of the challenges in the radio industry.
According to Katie Ellis Springer (2016), while the media industry has changed
significantly as a result of digital and participatory media, discriminatory attitudes around
fear and pity continue to impact whether people with disability find work in the media
assigned primary importance to competencies ensuring present performance; at the same
time, the aspect of competencies enabling future performance also emerged as relevant. It
18
was also analyzed in the study to what extent the companies surveyed had different
requirements for economic and technical graduates.
In the work of Afshin, O.et al., (2022) elaborated on the concept of media work by
organizing previous efforts into five subthemes, including commonalities, contested
terrain, gendered profession, emerging practices, and influencing factors. Previous
research has emphasized that media workers’ subjective experiences need to be explored
further and more in-depth; however, if we wish to depict a more holistic but realistic
picture, those experiences should be contextualized and thus linked with the specific
organizational configurations and macro structures in which media work is embedded.
According to Hacker (2016), This article examines how a system of strategic
influence and worldwide involvement can be created by combining public diplomacy,
social media networking, international governmental broadcasting, and strategic
communication. A contrasting approach to different perspectives on public diplomacy or
strategic communication is provided by the analysis, which treats partial parts of national
persuasion as comprehensive representations of government communication to foreign
audiences and favors one type of governmental influence over others. Since social media
is emphasized in a large portion of today's literature on public diplomacy, it is important
to ascertain how particular instruments of influence, such as international broadcasting,
might be employed in ways that align with evolving new media ecologies and public
diplomacy theory.
This article examines how a system of strategic influence and worldwide
involvement can be created by combining public diplomacy, social media networking,

19
international governmental broadcasting, and strategic communication. A contrasting
approach to different perspectives on public diplomacy or strategic communication is
provided by the analysis, which treats partial parts of national persuasion as
comprehensive representations of government communication to foreign audiences and
favors one type of governmental influence over others. Since social media is emphasized
in a large portion of today's literature on public diplomacy, it is important to ascertain
how particular instruments of influence, such as international broadcasting,
There is evidence from experiments with manipulated participants, spider phobics,
and people with exam anxiety. This study explores the connection between emotional
states and logical reasoning. It investigates the impact of mood induction on logical
reasoning and examines logical reasoning where it is of great societal importance and, as
stressed by the twenty-first-century skills framework, is also seen as a key aspect for the
development of critical thinking. This study aims to explore secondary school students'
logical reasoning strategies in formal reasoning and everyday reasoning tasks. With task-
based interviews among 4 16- and 17-year-old pre-university students, we explored their
reasoning strategies and the reasoning difficulties they encounter.
According to Bronkhorst (2020) results from linear ordering tasks, tasks with
invalid syllogisms, and a task with implicit reasoning in a newspaper article. The linear
ordering tasks and the tasks with invalid syllogisms are presented formally (with
symbols) and non-formally in ordinary language (without symbols). In tasks that were
familiar to our students, they used rule-based reasoning strategies and provided correct
answers although their initial interpretation differed. In tasks that were unfamiliar to our
20
students, they almost always used informal interpretations, and their answers were
influenced by their knowledge. When working on the newspaper article task, the students
did not use strong formal schemes, which could have provided a clear overview. At the
end of the article, we present a scheme showing which reasoning strategies are used by
students in different types of tasks. This scheme might increase teachers' awareness of the
variety of reasoning strategies and can guide classroom discourse during courses on
logical reasoning. We suggest that using suitable formalizations and visualizations might
structure and improve students' reasoning as well.
As mentioned Hebron (2022) revealed that the level of performance of student
trainees such as personal characteristics, attitudes toward their jobs, competence, job
performance, and obedience to company policies and procedures and their genders and
ages, and the degree of significance of the problems in the implementation of the on-the-
job training program encountered by the student-trainees, OJT advisers, and college
deans involvement in the implementation of the on-the-job training program in
compliance of their characteristics, attitude towards the job, job performance,
competencies and obedience to school policies, and finally, problems encountered in the
implementation of on-the-job training program by the student-trainees, college deans, and
OJT advisers.
Further showed that there is a significant difference in the perception of the
foresighted solution to the level of agreement with the problems being met by the
informants in the implementation of the on-the-job training program. The hypothesis
stating OJT problems negatively affect the intention to enhance the on-the-job training
21
program cannot be supported. Moreover, concluded that the most student-trainees were
very much willing to share their on-the-job training experience and exposure to their
schoolmates who will be taking up their on-the-job training in succeeding years. The
insights and learnings of student-trainees on the problems encountered in the on-the-job
training revealed that most of them believed that the on-the-job training was not helpful
in monitoring and elevating their skills and capabilities and did not contribute to a large
extent in enhancing their confidence, competency, and commitment. Verbal comments
like “the university should have more updated and appropriate equipment”, “most tasks
are very labor-intensive”, and "give the student-trainees the chance to handle equipment
and machinery" among others were somewhat negatively stated, but can also be
identified as relevant suggestions for the enhancement of the on-the-job training program.
On the other hand, most student trainees also discovered that joint training programs
developed students’ social skills. Those student-trainees who participated in on-the-job
training programs gained higher levels of self-esteem and practical knowledge while
improving their skills and increasing their job prospects. This study also found out that
the students doing internships developed skills that enabled them to adapt to change and
gave them leadership and financial management skills. They also demonstrated more
realistic career plans
As stated by Bonini (2014) This paper will concentrate on the changes that radio
audiences have experienced in the final phase of this "history of distance," since they
began to use social media, particularly Facebook: changes in the publicness of audiences;
changes in the value of audiences (as audiences are now involved in the production
process); changes in the relationship between speakers and listeners (as a new form of
22
intimacy becomes more prevalent); changes in the role and ethics of radio producers
(which are becoming more curatorial and less productive). To accomplish this, I will
need to combine two distinct academic disciplines: the history of radio studies and the
more recent social media studies.
As explained by Andrews et al (2010) Increasingly, scholars have come to see the
news media as playing a pivotal role in shaping whether social movements can bring
about broader social change. By drawing attention to movements’ issues, claims, and
supporters, the news media can shape the public agenda by influencing public opinion,
authorities, and elites. Why are some social movement organizations more successful
than others at gaining media coverage? Specifically, what organizational, tactical, and
issue characteristics enhance media attention? We combine detailed organizational
survey data from a representative sample of 187 local environmental organizations in
North Carolina with complete news coverage of those organizations in 11 major daily
newspapers in the two years following the survey (2,095 articles). Our analyses reveal
that local news media favor professional and formalized groups that employ routine
advocacy tactics, mobilize large numbers of people, and work on issues that overlap with
newspapers’ focus on local economic growth and well-being. Groups that are
confrontational, volunteer-led, or advocate on behalf of novel issues do not garner as
much attention in local media outlets. These findings have important implications and
challenge widely held claims about the pathways by which movement actors shape the
public agenda through the news media.

23
As demonstrated by Sellas (2019) The radio industry has experimented with novel
manufacturing, distribution, and commercialization techniques as a result of the
development of the Internet and the effects of digitalization. Midway through the 1990s,
radio broadcasters in Spain started playing podcasts on the Internet. A few years later, in
2005, they added podcasting. They have been using podcasts as a distribution technique
for more than 10 years, but they have also begun to use podcasting to offer fresh content
in recent years. With the introduction of the Podium Podcast in June 2016, PRISA—one
of the major Spanish media groups—went one step further. It's a fresh platform and brand
that offers a selection of native podcasts that are produced and distributed with podcast
listeners in mind. While Podium Podcast is a component of PRISA's digital strategy, it
also takes a fresh tack.
Per Kurniawan (2019) The purpose of this project is to improve students'
experiential skills by creating a learning design around student broadcasting. It offers a
different approach to teaching Indonesian history and culture to lecturers by utilizing
information technology, particularly video broadcasting to acquire learning exercises and
experiences. The learning design product was found to be feasible to incorporate into a
learning product and provide students with some soft skills in news reporting, public
speaking, video editing, and other experimental skills, based on some validations and
implementation tests conducted during the process. Additionally, it provided fieldwork to
enhance the students.
As maintained by Allysen (2020) Journalists have long considered news gathering
to be an enormous, intricate, and frequently messy task that is best learned by trial and
24
error and is irretrievably idiosyncratic. On the other hand, advanced reporting adopts a
different strategy, emphasizing reporting as a triangulation process built around three
fundamental tasks: document analysis, observation, and interviewing.
Despite the rise of audio streaming services and changing listening preferences,
broadcast radio remains a widely used medium that is a significant part of the media
consumption mix of modern users. Although the shared live experience that radio has
historically fostered has been the foundation of its appeal, radio shows today encompass
much more than just a linear broadcast feed; they are about user engagement and
interaction across a variety of communication channels. Thus, comprehending and
indexing a broad range of multimedia content—not just audio data—is necessary for
economically producing interactive radio programs (but also e.g., text, user-generated
content, web resources). This position paper addresses several unresolved issues and
prospects regarding the use of multimedia analytics in interactive radio production that
must be. Thus, learning via Internet radio appears, offering a virtual environment and a
collection of technological interfaces through which educators can share their research
findings, recommend books, encourage discourse on discipline-related topics (forum
discussions), provide information notes, reviews, interviews with invited local experts,
promote academic events (congresses, seminars, lectures, conferences, or meetings), and
provide lessons via podcasts, which go beyond the possibilities of synchronous network
communication through email, blogs, Facebook, forums, messenger, chat, MySpace,
Twitter, and other channels.

25
The employability of graduates has emerged as a major motivator for Australian
and UK universities. Universities have implemented a variety of generic skill-based
learning outcomes in response to mounting pressure from government agencies and
employer groups. These outcomes, when integrated into degree programs, are anticipated
to boost graduate employability and consequently enhance graduate employment
outcomes. To improve graduate employment prospects, many universities are also now
incorporating work placements, internships, and foreign study into their curricula. Some
important factors are overlooked by this somewhat instrumental approach to graduate
employability. This article builds a framework that includes six important dimensions—
human capital, social capital, individual attributes, individual behaviors, perceived
employability, and labor market factors—drawing on the larger employability literature
to help explore.
Journalism Education in an Era of Digital Audio Storytelling
As indicated by Wake (2016) In light of the purported podcasting revolution that is
raising awareness of audio among educators and businesses, this article aims to map the
existing place of audio in journalism curricula at Australian and New Zealand
institutions. Since 2004, the popularity of internet radio and podcasts has increased
dramatically. According to Markman and Sawyer (2014), there are an estimated 35
million monthly listeners of podcasts globally. Traditional broadcasting companies,
internet newspapers, and non-media companies or individuals all offer podcasts.
However, journalism education has not yet responded to this shift comprehensively, even
while the competitive market in which journalism graduates seek employment may have
26
changed due to the development of digital content (Carey 2000; Hirst and Treadwell
2011). It is known that there is a dearth of long-form.
Examining Newsroom Roles and Skills in the Digital Age
According to Kiberenge (2020) this study, digital disruption has led to new roles
being filled in Kenyan newsrooms by both journalists and non-journalists. Journalists
have also been forced to retrain and retool in response to the disruption, and those who do
not adapt will eventually be fired from their positions. According to the study, media
outlets and media colleges only play a little part in the new skills that journalists acquire;
most of them pick up on their own. This is true even though the study discovered that it is
the responsibility of individual journalists, media outlets, and journalism schools to
guarantee that journalists receive fresh training. Ultimately, the research revealed that
although disruption has previously occurred in Kenyan media, digital disruption is
distinct.
Data Journalism
Based on the study of Appelgren (2014) Investigative journalism is morphing into
data journalism. This type of journalism has been referred to as precision, computational,
database, data-driven, and computer-assisted reporting in earlier studies and handbooks
on the subject. Data journalism is still relatively rare in Sweden. This article uses action
research techniques to give a broad perspective of how data journalism has evolved at
seven traditional media companies in Sweden. This paper's information is derived from
in-depth interviews conducted with editors at these participating companies as well as an

27
online survey of journalists. The findings show that there is a consensus definition of data
journalism based on the interviewees' current perceptions of this profession.
Beyond Powerful Radio
According to Geller (2012), A comprehensive manual on being an effective
broadcast communicator on the radio or internet is available in Beyond Powerful Radio!
For broadcasters looking to advance in their art, this cookbook offers step-by-step
instructions. This useful and simple-to-read book, chock with bullet points, provides
methods for learning how to do anything from creating and hosting a show to gathering
news, covering breaking news and investigative pieces, creating and delivering
commercial copy, and negotiating airtime. Beyond Powerful Radio, which features
contributions from more than 100 leading authorities in all facets of broadcasting,
provides strategies, counsel, and insights for creating original content for news, talk
shows, producers, citizen journalism, copywriting, sales, commercials, promotions,
production, research, and more.
Synthesis of the Art
The literature and studies herein on employment skills in the radio industry
focused on first the employment, likewise different skills that an applicant should possess
to become a potential radio personnel as stated by Clokie (2016) that most employers
value skillful applicants. Another very important skill that the radio industry looks for is
the ability to use the camera in video production. Similarities were presented in the
findings of Bogenhold (2013). However, in every aspect of knowledge and skills, there is
28
always a challenge, most especially in newsgathering where media men experienced
killings and kidnapped, however, an important emphasis was the study of Odeba (2022)
who studied the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or Unmanned Aircraft
System (UAS) in covering the unnamed vehicle in covering the news., this will somehow
protect the media men from killings and any danger. Aside from the said risk, Zhang
(2021) revealed that another danger of radio broadcasts is the advent of artificial
intelligence where humans have the risk of losing jobs in the marketplace.
Gap Bridge of the Study
While numerous studies have examined the employability of applicants in the radio
industry as well as the skills needed for them to become potentially important in the field,
there remains a significant research gap regarding the challenges of professional radio
personalities that influence this relationship. Existing research is primarily focused on -
skills such as and communication skills, the ability to grasp and understand ideas and
information, however, there is a lack of in-depth understanding of the dangers of media
men particularly in the province of Camarines Sur where the scope is being focused.
Furthermore, understanding these outcomes will give perspectives among diverse
populations. This is the gap that this study wants to bridge.
Theoretical Framework
29
Job Demands-Resources Theory by Bakker & Demerouti (2006), Trait and Factor
Theory by Parsons (1909), and Human Resource Theory by Nobel Becker, including the
Researcher’s Theory on Psychological Contract Theory.
Job Demands- Resources (JD-R) Theory
(JD-R) theory Bakker & Demerouti in 2006 stated that when job demands are high
and job resources/positives are low, stress and burnout increase. In contrast, the benefits
of having a high number of work requirements can outweigh their downsides.
Researchers used the JD-R model to investigate the effects of resources and job demands
on workers' well-being, including factors like job satisfaction and engagement. This
theory is highly relevant to the present study because of the job demands and resources
that provide a framework for understanding the impact of job characteristics on employee
well-being, motivation, and performance.
Trait and Factor Theory
Parsons' (1909), theory focused on identifying characteristics of individuals (traits)
and the environment or job requirements. Parson; 's process of matching and individuals,
traits with occupational factors included a component of self-knowledge. This theory is
also used as a framework for researchers to guide this study.
To connect this theory to the present study, the researchers will get the data about
the employment skills needed by broadcast applicants and determine the skills and
competencies that will mold the knowledge of the students in the said industry and for
them to be ready when it comes to their employment.

30
Human Capital Theory
This theory was theorized by the economist Nobel Becker, an American economist
and Nobel laureate who introduced human capital in his book "Human Capital". This is
connected to the present study because it deals with understanding the relationship
between education, training, and skills development and their impact on an individual's
productivity, learning potential, and career outcomes.
“EMPLOYMENT SKILLS REQUIREMENTS IN RADIO INDUSTRY IN CAMARINES

SUR”
31
Job Demands- Human Capital

Trait and Factor
Resources (JD-R) Theory
Theory
Theory
Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm
Conceptual Framework
32
Input-Output (IPO) Model. The IPO model is largely used to isolate factors or
major variables that cause the problem/phenomenon under investigation. The concept
implies the flow in the research titled "Employment Skills Required in Radio Industry in
Camarines Sur.
Input. The input stage involves the profile of the respondents particularly the 36
radio stations randomly selected within Camarines Sur.
Process. In this stage, it involves transforming the input gathered in the previous
stage into tangible or intangible output. In the context of creating a pamphlet with
guidelines for the broadcast industry, the process stage encompasses the steps involved in
designing and developing the content of the pamphlet.
Output. The output serves as a valuable resource for individuals in the broadcast
industry, providing essential guidelines and information to navigate the industry
effectively.
Feedback. The feedback stage plays a crucial role in incorporating stakeholder
input and continuously improving the output based on their feedback. Feedback serves as
valuable insights that help refine and enhance the output to better meet the needs and
expectations of stakeholders.
33
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
OUTPUT
“EMPLOYMENT SKILLS
REQUIRED IN RADIO
INDUSTRY IN
CAMARINES SUR”
Pamphlet consisting of
1-Respondents’ Profile guidelines most
Assessment of the profile broadcast industry
2. Employment skills of respondents requires and skills that
needed of broadcast
Level of knowledge and will contribute to the
applicants
skills possessed by professional
broadcast applicants. development and
success of individuals in
the dynamic field.
FEEDBACK
Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

34
Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study used a quantitative approach hence the researchers used a convenience
sampling survey method. This is being used to attain the objectives of the study and
determine the respondents. A survey questionnaire also is used to get the needed data for
the demographics of the employers in the radio industry in Camarines Sur, such as the
number of broadcast employees in the stations, type of ownership of the stations, fund
source, and the broadcast modulation.
The Respondents
The respondents of the study were the station managers, human resource officers,
and other employees directly employed by the company, either permanent or not
permanent status. Researchers used convenience sampling to get the total number of
respondents from the selected 28 radio stations in the different municipalities in
Camarines Sur namely, Naga, Goa Baao, Iriga Nabua, and Bula.
Data Gathering Procedures
To attain the goal of the study, the researchers gathered information about the
number of radio stations in Camarines Sur and created a letter of approval to the station
manager from every radio station in conducting the study. Then, the researchers created a
35
draft of the questionnaire checked by the adviser and when it was approved, the
researchers proceeded to data gathering.
Data Gathering Instruments
To gather the accurate data that are essential in the study, the researchers used the
survey questionnaire as their instrument that attained the information needed in the study.
The questionnaire contains two (2) parts, the first part deals with the profile of the
employers in the radio industry which includes the number of broadcast employees, type
of ownership of the stations, fund source, and broadcast modulation. The second part is
also a checklist method composed of employment skills needed by broadcast applicants.
Statistical Tools
The researchers used different techniques and interpretations of the data gathering.
The data tabulated were analyzed statistically.
Percentage Technique. To obtain the needed data and quantity of the tabulated
number of respondents, a frequency count was made and the quotient was multiplied by
one hundred (100) to find the percentage. This was used to find out the number of data
gathered in connection with the question number.
The formula used was:
R
P= x 100 %
N
Where:
36
P- is the percentage
R- is the number of responses
N- is the number of respondents
Weighted Mean. The average is computed by weighing the employment skills
needed by broadcast applicants in the rating scale method. The researchers used a five (5)
point rating scale and the formula was:
Where:
wx̄ - Weighted Mean
∑fx- Summation of the products of the frequency with weights
f- Frequency of scores
x-Weight of scores
n- Sample size
Where:
Interval boundary
Highest value
Verbal
Scale Range Interpretation

37
5 4.20 - 5.00 Highly Needed
4 3.40 – 4.19 Moderately Needed
3 2.60 – 3.39 Needed
2 1.80 – 2.59 Fairly Needed
1 1.00 - 1.79 Not Needed
Grand Mean = General Weighted Mean
Where:
Grand Mean = General Weighted Mean
n = total number of parameters

38
Chapter 4
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
The data gathered is thoroughly discussed in this chapter. To address the issues
covered in previous chapters, data analysis and interpretation were carried out.
Demographic profile of the Respondent
Table 1. Profile of the Respondents
Number of Employees Frequency Percentage
1-5 31 21.13
5-10 123 79.87
Total 154 100
Type of Ownership Frequency Percentage
Private 127 82.47
Public 27 17.53
Total 154 100
Fund Source Frequency Percentage
Owned 127 82.47
Sponsored 27 17.53
Total 154 100
Broadcast Modulation Frequency Percentage
Amplitude Modulation 105 31.82

39
Frequency Modulation 49 68.18
Total 154 100
Table 1 presents the demographic profile of the respondents. The number of
broadcast employees of the stations. 5-10 has a frequency of 123 which is 79.87% of 154
respondents, while 1-5 has a total frequency of 31 which is 21.13%. The employees
answered that most of the broadcast employees in the radio stations belong to the total
number of 5-10, which implies that broadcast employees are still important in the radio
industry, and are still considered essential contributors to the media landscape. With more
employees, radio broadcasting can produce a greater variety of content, including news,
talk shows, music, and entertainment programs. This can lead to a more diverse and
engaging listening experience for audiences (Kumar, 2018). Also, a larger workforce can
lead to increased competition among broadcasting companies, driving innovation and
improvement in the quality of their content and services (Pew Research Center, 20190.
In terms of the type of ownership of the radio stations, 127 which is 82.47% of the total
respondents indicated that the ownership of the stations is private, while 17.53% or 27 are
public. The result shows that most of the radio stations are privately owned in Camarines
Sur. The dominance of private ownership in radio stations suggests that there may be a
concentration of media power in the hands of a few individuals or organizations. This
raises questions about media diversity, plurality, and the potential influence of private
interests on the content and programming of these radio stations. These can potentially
lead to biased reporting or selective agenda-setting. The owners of these stations may
40
have their own political, social, or economic interests that could influence the information
and perspectives presented to the listeners. Also, the reliance of radio stations on
advertising and other revenue-generating activities to sustain their operations may
influence the type and amount of content produced, as stations may prioritize
programming that attracts advertisers or generates higher revenue. Favorably, the
prevalence of privately owned radio stations suggests a competitive media landscape in
Camarines Sur. This can provide listeners with a range of choices and perspectives, as
stations vie for audience attention and loyalty. However, it is important to ensure that
competition does not compromise journalistic integrity or ethical standards.
These implications highlight the need for media consumers to be discerning,
critical, and well-informed. Johnson and Thompson (2020) highlight this need for media
consumers, especially young individuals, to critically evaluate and analyze media
messages, sources, and claims. They emphasized in their study that media literacy
education equips individuals with the necessary tools to identify misinformation, bias,
and manipulation in media, enabling them to make well-informed decisions and
judgments.
Also, these implications underscore the importance of promoting media plurality,
transparency, and ethical practices in the media industry. Rodriguez and Gomez (2019)
highlight the significance of promoting diverse voices and perspectives in the media
landscape, ensuring transparency in media ownership and decision-making processes,
and upholding ethical standards in journalism. They argued that these factors are crucial
for a healthy and democratic media environment, as they foster public trust, enhance
media credibility, and provide citizens with a wide range of information and viewpoints.
41
The fund source of the radio stations is indicated in the table above and it shows
that 127 or 82.47% of the stations are owned. Then, 27, or 17.53 % are sponsored. The
result indicated that expenditures of most of the radio stations in Camarines Sur come
from the company owners. Some of their funds come from corporate advertising. The fact
that the company owners are primarily funding the expenditures of these radio stations
suggests that they have a significant financial stake in their operations. This financial
stability can provide a level of independence and sustainability for the stations, as they
are not solely reliant on external sources of funding. With company owners also being the
primary source of funding, there is a possibility that their financial contributions may
influence the content and programming decisions of these radio stations. It is important to
critically evaluate whether this financial influence compromises journalistic integrity,
objectivity, or the diversity of perspectives presented to listeners. To some extent,
reliance on company owners for funding could limit the diversification and variety of
content offered by these radio stations. There may be a tendency to prioritize content that
aligns with the interests or priorities of the owners, potentially leading to a narrower
range of programming and perspectives. Worse, if the majority of expenditures come
from company owners, it may raise concerns about potential bias in the coverage of
certain topics or issues. Listeners should be aware of the potential influence of the owners
on the content and exercise critical thinking skills to evaluate the information they
receive.
Lee & Johnson (2018) emphasized the importance of media literacy education in
developing critical thinking skills among media consumers. They pointed out that media
literacy education can help individuals effectively navigate the complex media landscape
42
and make informed decisions about the information they consume. Their study found that
media literacy education significantly improved critical thinking skills, particularly in the
areas of analyzing media messages and evaluating sources. The authors also found that
media literacy education increased the use of cognitive processes such as analyzing,
evaluating, and creating media messages. They concluded that media literacy education is
essential for empowering media consumers to make informed decisions and to resist the
negative impacts of media on society.
The broadcast modulation of every radio station that operated in Camarines Sur,
with the highest response from the respondents 105 or 31.82% is the frequency
modulation followed by amplitude modulation which is 49 or 61.18%. It revealed that
most of the radio stations used frequency modulation in their broadcast. Though AM and
FM are both a transmitter of information through electromagnetic waves.
The result implies that many of the radio stations used frequency as their way of
having a connection to their audience. FM radio stations generally outperformed AM
stations in terms of signal clarity, coverage range, and overall listener satisfaction. FM
stations also attracted higher advertising revenue and market share compared to their AM
counterparts (Oluwakemi et al., 2015).
In addition, audiences are more entertained by FM because of the quality it offers
and it usually carries the most programs that the community needs today. This preference
could stem from factors such as better sound quality, clearer reception, or a wider range
of available stations.
43
Table 2 illustrates the different valuable skills and knowledge needed in the radio
industry in Camarines Sur. Newsgathering skills was the first skill with a high weighted
mean of 4.90 which is highly needed, the data in this skill shows how employer valued
this skill in connection to the employment skill thst need by the industry.second is the
broadcasting skill that have a high weighted mean of 4.89 which is highly needed, this
means that these skills are the most valuable skills and knowledge in the radio industry in
Camarines Sur. The result revealed that respondents' responses agree that broadcasting
and Newsgathering skills are essential for employment and in need in the radio industry.
Kungu (2017) stated that broadcasting skills are pertinent in enhancing competencies
needed in communication it also indicated that innovation among staff also maximizes
potential by creative culture. In putting the main body of the news, the public can better
understand the answers to relevant issues that they are concerned about, Meng (2020). It
implies that broadcast applicants must have these skills in terms of newsgathering skills
because this is what an employer is looking which is concluded by the result of the data.
Table 2. Valuable Skills and Knowledge Needed in the Radio Industry in
Camarines Sur
Indicators Weighted Verbal Interpretation
Mean
Communication Skills 4.85 Highly Needed
Digital Literacy Skills 4.76 Highly Needed
Grasping-power Skills 4.73 Highly Needed
Problem-Solving Skills 4.78 Highly Needed
Research and Inquiry Skills 4.84 Highly Needed
Objectivity and Reasoning Skills 4.74 Highly Needed

44
Broadcast Skills 4.89 Highly Needed
Newsgathering Skills 4.90 Highly Needed
Average Weighted Mean 4.81 Highly Needed

Legend: 4.21-5.00= Highly Needed, 3.41-4.20= Moderately Needed, 2.61-3.40= Needed, 1.81-2.60= Fairly Needed, and 1.00-1.80=
Not Needed.
Furthermore, communication skills with a 4.85 weighted mean are also highly
needed in terms of skills needed. According to the USC Annenberg School for
Communication and Journalism (2023), strong communication skills or effective
communication improves clarity in the exchange of concepts, knowledge, and ideas while
reducing ambiguity or misunderstanding. This article, also stated that it is important to
career success because leaders who build a culture of positive communication can help a
business reach its goals. Therefore, the result implies that communication skills are
highly needed for employment and its vital to career success which shows that employers
in the radio industry need this skill. Research and inquiry skills got also a 4.84 which is
highly needed, it implies that this skill is also highly needed because it shows how the
employee takes pride in writing, the accuracy is free from errors appears more
professional and credible. Furthermore, problem-solving skills also highly needed with a
weighted mean of 4.78, which shows that these skills are also valuable skills needed for
employment. However, even if this skill is not part of the job description, the ability to
solve problems is an essential part of any employee’s skill set. Lewis (2023) stated that
the best problem solvers actively anticipate potential future problems and act to prevent
them or mitigate their effects. In addition, as part also of the skills needed. digital literacy
skill got a 4.76 weighted mean and a highly needed also. The result implies that
45
applicants must be knowledgeable enough about using digital technologies, especially
nowadays as technologies are evolving rapidly. According to Muncaster (2019),
businesses should consider cultivating digital literacy in the workplace so that employees
can successfully adapt to the new tools, systems, and processes that are essential to
business productivity and growth. When employees become more digitally resilient, they
will be able to more effectively support and potentially even champion digital
transformation efforts that benefit the entire organization. With a 4.74 weighted mean and
a highly needed also which is objectivity and reasoning skills. Tripathy (2020) concludes
that critical thinking is relevant to personal development and workplace management as it
determines our actions, decisions, and choices we make. Critical thinking governs our
automatic thinking and gives us the power to learn, explore, and defend against biases,
fallacies, influences, and errors. Lastly, grasping-power skills, this skill also got a high
weighted mean of 4.73 weighted mean which is highly needed, from the respondents’
responses it implies that within the radio industry, grasping-power skills are essential for
their future employees to have this skill. (Skagerlund et., 2021), stated that competence in
making decisions is a talent linked to many favorable life outcomes. In addition, from the
general weighted mean of 4.81 of all the skills mentioned above, it shows how the
employer in the industry critic their applicants in terms of their employment skills
requirements. With the demands of the modern workplace becoming increasingly fast-
paced, well-developed cognitive skills are now vital Murray (2022).

46
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted primarily to determine the employment skills needed by
broadcast applicants in the radio industry in Camarines Sur and it comprises five (5)
47
municipalities namely, Goa, Naga, Baao, Iriga, and Bula. However, several radio stations
are not operating these days. Specifically, it sought to answer the following objectives:
determine the demographic profile of employers in the radio industry based on the
number of broadcast employees in the stations, type of ownership, fund source, and
broadcast modulation, and the most valuable skills and knowledge needed in the radio
industry in Camarines Sur. The convenience sampling survey method was used to obtain
realistic information concerning the extent of respondents' profiles and employment
valuable skills needed in the radio industry. This technique was used in determining the
sample size of the respondents. Those who have been employed in the radio industry
were identified as respondents. The researchers made use of percentage, frequency, and
weighted mean as statistical tools for the study.
Objective No.1 Determine the demographic profile of the respondents.
Findings. In terms of the number of broadcast employees in the stations, the data
showed that the highest number of broadcast employees belongs to the number 5-10
which has a total of 123(79.87%), and 1-5 employees are 31(20.13%) which means that
there are 5-10 number of broadcast employees in every radio station in Camarines Sur.
On the type of ownership, it revealed that private ownership has the highest number of
responses from the respondents with 127(82.47%), and public ownership with 27(17.53)
which means that more radio stations in Camarines Sur are operated privately than
public. When it comes to the fund source of every radio station which is connected to the
type of ownership, it showed that it was owned by 127(82.47%) and sponsored by 27
(17.53%). Broadcast modulation has Amplitude and Frequency modulation where the
48
result shows that more FM is used by radio stations with 105(68.18%) and AM which has
49(31.82%).
Conclusion. It is therefore concluded that most of the number of employees in
radio stations belongs to 5-10 members which is 79.87% of the respondents higher than
the percentage of the number of broadcast employees 1-5. Almost all of the radio stations
in terms of ownership in Camarines Sur are operated privately with the highest
percentage of 82.47% higher than public ownership. Then most of the fund sources of the
radio stations are owned with a higher total percentage of 82.47% than sponsored. The
FM broadcast modulation of radio stations in Camarines Sur has the highest percentage
of 68.18%, so most of the radio stations used a Frequency Modulation in their programs.
Recommendations. Since the majority of the radio stations in broadcast
modulation are Frequency modulation (FM), the researchers recommend introducing
Amplitude modulation (AM) and its program to everyone so that it would also have a
large number of audiences.
Objective No. 2. Determine the most valuable skills and knowledge needed in the
radio industry in Camarines Sur
Findings. There are different skills required when it comes to the employment in
radio industry specifically in Camarines Sur. The first skills that have a high response
from the respondents are the newsgathering skills with 4.90 in weighted mean and
broadcast skills with 4.89 which is both highly needed in terms of the skills. Followed by
communication skills which has a 4.85 result that shows how communication is
49
important in the said industry. Then, research and inquiry skills also got a highly needed
result with 4.84 in the weighted mean. Research and inquiry skills are also essential in
terms of the valuable skills that were sought by the employer that show in the result and
are also highly needed. Another skill presented in this study is problem-solving skills, the
result of this study shows that even though this skill is not seen in the job description it is
given a high result with a weighted mean of 4.78 and is highly needed from the response
of the respondents. Ana d, it is followed by digital literacy skills with a 4.76 weighted
mean and also a highly needed then the objectivity and reasoning skills with a 4.74
weighted mean, and lastly grasping-power skills with 4.73 and highly needed. While the
radio broadcasting industry is certainly resilient, the changes underway are affecting its
workforce, often leading to a decline in employment levels, in addition to shifts in
occupational structure and most likely, in the task content of occupations and the
underlying working conditions and types of contracts, International Labour Organization
(2024).
Conclusion. The researchers therefore see that all the employment skills
requirements that were valuable and give knowledge in the radio industry in Camarines
Sur that are present in this study are highly needed and can be essential through their
employment and employers agree that they need these kinds of skills in their radio
stations based from the result of the data.
Recommendations. All these employment skills should be applied in the
employment of broadcast applicants and employers must be more critical in determining
the skills of their applicants.

50
Summary
This study was conducted primarily to determine the employment skills needed by
broadcast applicants in the radio industry in Camarines Sur and it comprises five (5)
municipalities namely, Goa, Naga, Baao, Iriga, and Bula. However, several radio stations
are not operating these days. Specifically, it sought to answer the following objectives:
51
determine the demographic profile of employers in the radio industry based on the
number of broadcast employees in the stations, type of ownership, fund source, and
broadcast modulation, and the most valuable skills and knowledge needed in the radio
industry in Camarines Sur. The convenience sampling survey method was used to obtain
realistic information concerning the extent of respondents' profiles and employment
valuable skills needed in the radio industry. This technique was used in determining the
sample size of the respondents. Those who have been employed in the radio industry
were identified as respondents. The researchers made use of percentage, frequency, and
weighted mean as statistical tools for the study.
Objective No.1 Determine the demographic profile of the respondents.
Findings. In terms of the number of broadcast employees in the stations, the data
showed that the highest number of broadcast employees belongs to the number 5-10
which has a total of 123(79.87%), and 1-5 employees are 31(20.13%) which means that
there are 5-10 number of broadcast employees in every radio station in Camarines Sur.
On the type of ownership, it revealed that private ownership has the highest number of
responses from the respondents with 127(82.47%), and public ownership with 27(17.53)
which means that more radio stations in Camarines Sur are operated privately than
public. When it comes to the fund source of every radio station which is connected to the
type of ownership, it showed that it was owned by 127(82.47%) and sponsored by 27
(17.53%). Broadcast modulation has Amplitude and Frequency modulation where the
result shows that more FM is used by radio stations with 105(68.18%) and AM which has
49(31.82%).
52
Conclusion. It is therefore concluded that most of the number of employees in
radio stations belongs to 5-10 members which is 79.87% of the respondents higher than
the percentage of the number of broadcast employees 1-5. Almost all of the radio stations
in terms of ownership in Camarines Sur are operated privately with the highest
percentage of 82.47% higher than public ownership. Then most of the fund sources of the
radio stations are owned with a higher total percentage of 82.47% than sponsored. The
FM broadcast modulation of radio stations in Camarines Sur has the highest percentage
of 68.18%, so most of the radio stations used a Frequency Modulation in their programs.
Recommendations. Since the majority of the radio stations in broadcast
modulation are Frequency modulation (FM), the researchers recommend introducing
Amplitude modulation (AM) and its program to everyone so that it would also have a
large number of audiences.
Objective No. 2. Determine the most valuable skills and knowledge needed in the
radio industry in Camarines Sur
Findings. There are different skills required when it comes to the employment in
radio industry specifically in Camarines Sur. The first skills that have a high response
from the respondents are the newsgathering skills with 4.90 in weighted mean and
broadcast skills with 4.89 which is both highly needed in terms of the skills. Followed by
communication skills which has a 4.85 result that shows how communication is
important in the said industry. Then, research and inquiry skills also got a highly needed
result with 4.84 in the weighted mean. Research and inquiry skills are also essential in
terms of the valuable skills that were sought by the employer that show in the result and
53
are also highly needed. Another skill presented in this study is problem-solving skills, the
result of this study shows that even though this skill is not seen in the job description it is
given a high result with a weighted mean of 4.78 and is highly needed from the response
of the respondents. Ana d, it is followed by digital literacy skills with a 4.76 weighted
mean and also a highly needed then the objectivity and reasoning skills with a 4.74
weighted mean, and lastly grasping-power skills with 4.73 and highly needed. While the
radio broadcasting industry is certainly resilient, the changes underway are affecting its
workforce, often leading to a decline in employment levels, in addition to shifts in
occupational structure and most likely, in the task content of occupations and the
underlying working conditions and types of contracts, International Labour Organization
(2024).
Conclusion. The researchers therefore see that all the employment skills
requirements that were valuable and give knowledge in the radio industry in Camarines
Sur that are present in this study are highly needed and can be essential through their
employment and employers agree that they need these kinds of skills in their radio
stations based from the result of the data.
Recommendations. All these employment skills should be applied in the
employment of broadcast applicants and employers must be more critical in determining
the skills of their applicants.

54
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60
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Letter to Adviser
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EMPLOYMENT SKILLS REQUIREMENTS IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

Hiloma, Ma. Angelica

An Undergraduate Thesis Submitted to the

COLLEGE OF INTEGRATED ARTS AND HUMANITIES

Partido State University, Goa, Camarines Sur

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION

The undergraduate thesis hereto attached is titled, Employment Skills

Requirements in the Radio Industry in Camarines Sur, prepared and submitted by

Mayla Fe D. Rebedin, Mechelle V. Jabal, and Ma. Angelica Hiloma in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Arts in Communication

SHERRY A. COMBIS LEEMAR C. SERRANO

Date Signed Date Signed

MARIEL R. ESTRELLA, Ph.D.

MARIEL R. ESTRELLA, Ph.D

This is to certify that the undergraduate thesis titled, Employment Skills

Requirements in the Radio Industry in Camarines Sur, prepared and submitted by

examined, edited, and found to be in accordance with the suggestions and

recommendations made by the panel of evaluators.

journey, despite life’s adversity.

MECHELLE V. JABAL was born on September 3, 2000, and the second

Elementary School and pursued her secondary at Vivencio-Obias Kinalansan National

University taking a Bachelor of Arts in Communication.

Communication at Partido State University and was once awarded an academic

This study focused on the employment skills requirements in the industry in

Keywords: Employment, Skills, Requirements, Radio, Industry

letting the Holy Spirit dwell in her throughout this journey;

instructors, our sincere thank you, Ma'am!

overcome the difficulties encountered during the conduct of this study;

researcher determined, driven, and hopeful to finish this study;

To the Panel Committee Members, who provided encouraging and constructive

criticism and valuable comments and suggestions in developing the study;

researcher finish this study;

guiding us on the right statistical tools to be employed in our study;

encouragement throughout the research journey;

You are all unforgettable. Thank you for Everything!

TITLE PAGE PAGE

Data Gathering Procedure 31

Figure 1. Map of Municipality of San Jose 7

Figure 1. Map of Municipality of San Jose 7

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

flair, journalistic integrity, and effective communication. Whether aspiring to be on-air

talent, producers, engineers, or managers, individuals seeking to thrive in the radio

Radio broadcasting has played a significant role in fostering human

connection and exchanging knowledge, information, and cultural practices. Despite

numerous challenges and changes, especially in consumer demand and technological

Pursuing a degree in journalism, communications, or broadcasting can provide you with

specifically tailored to aspiring journalists and broadcasters (Yellowbrick, 2023).

The radio industry in Camarines Sur, Philippines has recorded considerable

the radio industry in Camarines Sur.

Specifically, it aimed to:

a. no. of broadcast employees in the stations,

b. type of ownership of radio stations,

d. broadcast modulation; and

Camarines Sur, along with:

b. digital literary skills

d. research and inquiry skills