G.C.E. ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION Explore the World with a New Vision....

PHYSICS Unit - 11
Part - IV
mod¾: yd úlsrK
MATTER & RADIATION ieliqu (- iñ; r;akdhl

úlsrKYS, CIhùu ( Radioactive decay )

wia:dhs mrudKql kHIaáka iajhxisoaOj úlsrK msg lrñka ia:dhs ;;ajhg m;a ùu úlsrKYs, CIh ùu fyj;a
mD:lalrKh ( disintegration ) f,i ye¢kafõ' yd CIh ùï j,§ kj uq, øjH iEfoa'
úlsrKYS, CIh ùu iajdNdúl yd lD;su hk fohdldrhlska isÿúh yelsh'

• úlsrKYS, CIhùu kHIaál l%shdj,shla neúka ta u; WIaK;ajh" mSvkh yd mßir ;;a;aj n, fkdmdhs'

CIh ksh;h ( Decay constant )

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Samitha Ratnayake -1- Innovative Physics

 w¾O Ôj ld,h ( T½ )
( Half-life )

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Note

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il%sh;dj ( Activity )

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SI tallh fnlr,a ( Bq ) fõ'
1 Bq = ;;amrhg mD:lalrK tlla
SI tallhg fmr il%sh;dj uksk ,oafoa lshqß ( Ci ) tallfhks'
1 Ci = ;;amrhg mD:lalrK 3.7 × 1010
1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 Bq = 37 GBq
• il%sh;dj uq,a w.fhka yß wvla ùug .;jk ld,ho w¾O wdhq ld,hls'

Samitha Ratnayake -2- Innovative Physics

 úlsrKYS,;djfha Ndú; ( Uses of radioactivity )

01' úlsrKYS, Ñls;i

a dj ( (In medicine )

• 60
27
Co , 226
88
Ra , 137
55
Cs ms<sld ffi, úkdY lsÍug fhdod .kq ,efí'

• ;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓfha widudkH l%shdldÍ;ajhka y÷kd .ekSug 13153I fhdod .kS'

• fud<fha yg.kakd —áhqur˜ iE§ we;s ia:dkh b;d ksjerÈj fidhd .ekSug 7233As fhdod .kS'
• reêr ixirKh wOHhkh lsÍug 2411Na fhdod .kS'

• ffjoH WmlrK ÔjdkqyrKh lsÍu i|yd  lsrK fhdod .kS'

02' ldnka ( 146C ) Èkehqu fyj;a ld,ks¾Kh ( Carbon dating )

fuh fm!rdKsl jia;+kaf.a ld, ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; jk l%uhls'

• ldnkaj, nyq,u iuia:dkslh 126C fõ' tfy;a jdhqf.da,fha úlsrKYs,S 14
6
C iuia:dkslho iq¿ m%;sY;hla
mj;S'
• mDÓúhg msg;ska meñfKk wka;ÍCI lsrK ^fldiañla lsrK& by< jdhqf.da,fha we;s mrudKq iuÕ wka;¾
l%shd fldg idok n, jdhqf.da,Sh 147N iuÕ .eà ksrka;rfhkau 146C idohs'
1 14 14 1
0
n + 7
N 6
C + 1
P

• úlsrKYS,S CIh ùu ksid wvqjk 146C m%udKh jdhqf.da,h ;=, ksrka;rfhka iEfok 146C u.ska wdikak
jYfhka ix;=,kh flfrk ksid jdhqf.da,fha 14C / 12C wkqmd;h ksh;j mj;S'

• iÔú YdL u.ska m%NdixYaf,aIKfha§ ,nd .kakd CO2 jdhqfõo fuu wkqmd;h ksh;j mj;S' YdL wdydrhg
.kakd i;ajhka ;=<o" YdL yd i;=ka wdydrhg .kakd i;ajhka ;=<o fuu wkqmd;h ksh;j mj;S'

• tfy;a YdLh fyda i;ajhd u< miq ldnka mßfNdackh k;r jk ksid 14C CIh ùu fya;=fjka uereKq Ôúhd
;=, 14C / 12C wkqmd;h ld,h iuÕ wvq fõ'
• 14C CIh jkafka"
14
6
C 14
7
N + 0–1 + e iólrKhg wkqjh

• C ys w¾O wdhq ld,h jir 5730 la muK jk w;r fm!rdKsl YdL fyda i;aj fldgil 14C / 12C
14
6
wkqmd;h iÔù YdLhl fyda i;ajhl=f.a tu wkqmd;h yd iei£fuka tys jhi ks¾Kh l, yelsh'

* b;du;a merKs jia;=jl wvx.= 14C m%udKh b;d l=vd ksid tys il%h
s ;dj mÍCIKd;aulj uekSu wmyiq fõ'
tu ksid C Èkehqfuka jhi ksudKh l, yelafla wjqreÿ 30"000 ;rï jhila we;s jia;=j, muKs'
14

03' wdydr ÔjdkqyrKh ( Food pasteurizing )

md,kh lrk ,o ud;%djla iys; lsrKj,g Ndckh lsÍfuka w," ÆKq yd OdkH j¾. jeä l,la krla fkdù
;nd .; yelsh' ukao tuÕska nelaàßhd j¾. myiqfjka úkdYl, yels neúks'

04' lDIsl¾ufha§ ( In agriculture )

• úlsrKYs,s 3215P iuia:dkslh Ndú;fhka tla tla YdL j¾. jvd fyd¢ka wjfYdaIKh lrk fmdfydr
j¾.;a" ta ta YdL fldgia tajd wjfYdaIKh lrk wdldrh;a wOHhkh l, yelsh'

Samitha Ratnayake -3- Innovative Physics

 • m<sfndaO kdYl j, l%shdldÍ;ajhka wOHhkh lsÍug 35
S iuia:dkslh fhdod .kq ,efí'

• - lsrK Ndú;fhka me<Eá yd i;ajhkaf.a cdk úm¾hdi we;s fldg kj m%fNaok ^M,odj jeä $ frda.j,g
Tfrd;a;= Èh yels& ìys lrkq ,efí'

05' l¾udka;" bxðfkare yd wfkl=;a lafIa;%j,§ ( In industry and other fields )

• jdyk yd fjk;a hka;% iq;% tkaðkaj, f.ù hdï b;d ixfõ§ f,i úlsrKYS,s iuia:dksl u.ska ueksh yel'
• frÈ fidaok l=vq yd oshrj, ld¾hCIu;dj fiùug 32P fhdod .kq ,efí'
• f,day ;yvq ksIamdokfha§ tajdfha >klu b;d ksjerÈj úlsrK u.ska uek.; yel'

• N+.; c, k,j,ska c,h ldxÿjk ia:dk fidhd .ekSug meh lsym

s hl w¾O wdhq ld,hla we;s úlsrKYs,s øjH
iaj,amhla fhdod .kq ,efí'
• c,dYj, mßudj ks¾Kh lsÍuo úlsrKYs,S øjH iaj,amhla ^ T½ wvq& c,dYhg tla lsÍfuka l, yelsh'

úlsrK wkdjrKh lsÍu ( Detecting radiation )

.hs.¾ .Klh - ( Giger counter )

wefkdavh Wia fjda,à

a h;d m%Njh

ùÿre mn¿j jdhqj mqrjk

ngh b;d úYd, m%;sfrdaOh

wEÿï Odß;%lh

úlsrK

j¾Olh yd
.Klhg
uhsld mg,h
lef;davh

.hs.¾ .Klfha úlsrK wkdjrKh lsÍfï uq, O¾uh jkafka úlsrK u.ska we;s lrk whKslrK l%shdj,shhs'

.hs.¾ .Klfha ngh wvq mSvkhlska hq;a ye,ck ( Cl2 / Br2 ) jdIam ñY%s; wd.ka jdhqfjka mqrjd we;'

.hs.¾ .Klfha f,day ngh N+.; lr we;s w;r wefkdavh Wia Ok úNjhl ( + 1000 V ) mj;ajd .kq ,efí'
wefkdavfha fl<jr f,day mn¿jla we;af;a lïìfha fl<jr we;sjk by< úoaHq;a lafIa;% ksid tu fl<jr yd
lef;davh w;r úoaH;
q a mq<sÕ= mekSu kej;aùu i|ydh'

úlsrKhla uhsld ljq¿fjka we;=¿ jQ úg tu.ska wd.ka mrudKq whKslrKh ù e yd Ok wdfrdams; wd.ka whk we;s
fõ' iDK wdfrdams; e fõ.fhka wefkdavh lrd wefok w;r ialkaOfhka jeä wd.ka whk fiñka lef;davh fj;
.uka lrhs' e wefkdavhg iñmj;au jeä jeäfhka ;ajrKh ùu ksid fõ. jeäfõ' fuu wêfõ.S e u.ska ^.eàfuka&
;j;a jdhq mrudKq whKSlrKh fõ' fuúg e iuqyhla tl jr wefkdavhg ,Õd jk w;r tajd wefkdavhg meñKs úg
tuÕska úoaH;
q a Odrd iamkaokhla ndysr mßm:hg ,nd foa' fuh tla úlsrKhlg wh;a .sku
S la ( count ) f,i ie,fla'

Samitha Ratnayake -4- Innovative Physics

 úlsrK uekSu - ud;%d uekSu
(Measurement of radiation - Dosimetry)

úlsrKfha ud;%dj ^hï øjHhla fyda Ôj jia;=jla u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,nk úlsrK m%udKh& uekSfï SI tallh
f.%a (Gy) fõ'

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1 Gy = 1 J kg–1

f.%a tallhg fmr ud;%dj uekSu i|yd Ndú; jQfha rad (radiation dose hkak flá lr ±laùuls& keue;s tallhhs'

øjH 1 kg la úlsrK u.ska wjfYdaIKh lr .kq ,nk Yla;sh 10–2 J kï th 1 rad ud;%djls'

1 rad = 10–2 J kg–1 1 Gy = 100 rad

• wjfYdaIl ud;%dj (rad fyda Gy) idudkHfhka m%ldY lrkq ,nkafka ñksfil=f.a iïmQ¾K isrer i|yd .Kkh
l, idudkH w.hla fyda isref¾ hïlsis wjhjhla i|yd .Kkh l, idudkH w.hla f,ih'

úlsrKfha fi!LH wjodku (Health hazard of radiation)

úlsrK u.ska we;s l, yels Ôj úoHd;aul ydksh ^fi!LH wjodku&" ud;%dj u; muKla fkdj úlsrK j¾.h yd
úlsrK wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,nk wjhjh u;;a r|d mj;S' fuu lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k úlsrKfha fi!LH wjodku
uekSug Ndú; jk iM, ud;%dj" iSj¾Ü (Sv) keue;s SI tallh u.ska ukskq ,efí'

Sv tallhg fmr fï i|yd Ndú; jQfha rem (rad equivalent in man hkak flá lr ±laùuls & keue;s tallhhs'

1 Sv = 100 rem

iM, ud;%dj Sv fyda rem j,ska ,nd .ekSu i|yd wod, Gy fyda rad j,ska we;s ud;%dj —.=K idOlhlska˜ (quality
factor-QF) jeä l, hq;=h' .=K idOlh" —idfmaCI Ôj úoHd;aul iM,;d idOlh˜ ( Relative Biological Effective-
ness Factor - RBE idOlh& f,io ye¢kafõ'
iM, ud;%dj ( Sv j,ska & } ud;%dj (Gy j,sk)a × QF
iM, ud;%dj (rem j,ska & } ud;%dj (rad j,sk)a × QF

QF w.hhkao wod< úlsrKfha Yla;sh u; r|d mj;sk w;r my; olajd we;af;a tajdfha wdikak idfmaCI w.hhkah'

j¾.h QF

x,  - lsrK ~1
 ^bf,lafg%dk a & ~2
,eis (slow) kshf q g%dak ~5
wêfõ.S kshf q g%dak yd fm%df
a gdak ~10
 - wxY= yd ner whk ~20

Samitha Ratnayake -5- Innovative Physics

• úlsrK j, fi!LH wjodku m%ldY lrk úg fyda hï mqoa.,fhl= ksrdjrKh jQ ud;%djla m%ldY lrk úg hï
Sv fyda Gy m%udKhla wjfYdaIKh jQjd hehs mejiSu m%udKj;a fkdfõ' tu ud;%djg ksrdjrKh jQ ld,ho
hful=g úlsrKj,ska we;sjk wjodku ;lafiare lsÍfï§ jeo.;a neúks' tneúka lsishï ud;%djla fyda iM,
ud;%djla ,enqfka fldmuK ld,hlgo hkak i|yka l, hq;=h'

wdrCIl mQ¾fjdamdhka (Safety precautions)

úlsrK úYd, ud;%djlg (  1 Sv ) flá ld,hla ( < meh lsysmhla & ;=, ksrdjrKh jqjfyd;a iu r;a meye .ekSu" iqÿ
reêrdKq ffi, wvqùu" lEu wreÑh" lrleú,a," jukh" úvdj" w;Sidrh" WK jeks frda. ,CIK we;s úh yelsh'
l,lg miq j|Ndjh" wefia iqo" ms<sld we;sùu' m%;sYla;sh wvqùu" r;= reêrdKq wvq ùu jeks oE isÿ úh yelsh' tneúka
úlsrKYS,s øjH Ndú;fha§ iEu úgu wdrCIl mQ¾fjdamdhhka wkq.ukh l, hq;=h'

1' úlsrKYS,s m%Njh lsis úfgl;a w;ska iam¾Y fkdl< hq;=h' mßyrKfha§ iEu úgu veys w~qjla (forceps) Ndú;
l, hq;=h'

2' úlsrKYS,s m%Nj fyd¢ka ksÍCIKh lsÍfï wruqKk

s a wei fyda kdih iómhg f.k tau fkdl, hq;=h'

3' mÍCIKd.drh ;=, wdydr mdk .ekSu fkdl< hq;h

= '

4' úlsrK m%Nj mßyrKfhka miq inka .d fyd¢ka w;a fidaod .; hq;=h' ^mßyrKfha§ ma,diaála fyda rn¾j,ska iEÿ
wiajeiqï Ndú; lsÍu jvd WÑ;h'&

5' úlsrKYS,s m%Nj wvx.= Ndck ksjerÈj kï fldg wdrCIl wdjrK ^Bhï$fldkal%SÜ& ;=, .nvd l, hq;=h'

• úlsrKYs,s m%Nj .nvd lr we;s ia:dk yd úlsrK Ndú; lrk mÍCIKd.dr yd x - lsrK hka;% we;s ia:dkj,
úlsrKYS,s;dj ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd my; ±lafjk wka;¾cd;sl ixfla;h Ndú; flf¾'

Samitha Ratnayake -6- Innovative Physics

 kHIaál Yla;sh
( NUCLEAR ENERGY )

talSlD; mrudKql ialkaO tallh

(Unified atomic mass unit - U)

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kHIaál nkaOk Yla;sh (Nuclear binding energy)

ia:dhs kHIaáhl ialkaOh th iE§ we;s fm%dafgdak yd kshf

q g%dakj, iuia: ksi,;d ialkaOj, tl;=jg jvd iEu úgu
wvqh' fuu ialkaO fjkig wkqrEm Yla;sh ( E = mc2 wkqj & kHIaáfha nkaOk Yla;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'
fï wkqj kshqfgdak yd fm%dafgdak tl;= ù ia:dhs kHIaáhla iEfok úg by; nkaOk Yla;shg iudk Yla;shla ksoyia
flf¾' wfkla w;g ia:dhs kHIaáhla th iE§ we;s kshqfg%dakj,g yd fm%dafgdakj,g fjka lsÍug iemhsh hq;= wju
Yla;hs o nkaOk Yla;hs g iudk fõ'
• jvd ia:dhs kHIaáhl ialkaOh" th iE§ we;s kshlq a,sfhdakj, iuia: ialkaOhg jvd fnfyúka wvqh' tksid
ia:dhs;dj wvq ialkaOfhka jeä kHIaáhla" ia:dhs;dj jeä ialkaOfhka wvq kHIaáhla njg m;ajk úg wkqrEm
ialkaO fjkig wod<j Yla;sh ksoyia fõ'
• mrudKql bf,lafg%dakj, nkaOk Yla;sh hkq fjka fjka jYfhka .;a kHIaáfha yd bf,lafg%dk
a j, ialkaOh;a
mrudKqfõ ialkaOh;a w;r we;s ialkaO fjkig wkqrEm Yla;shhs'
• kHIaáfha kshlq ,
a f
s hdakhlg wkqrEm nkaOk Yla;h s MeV m%udKfha mj;sk w;r tla mrudKql bf,lafg%dakhlg
wkqrEm nkaOk Yla;sh eV m%udKfha mj;S' fï wkqj kHIaál m%;l s %shdjl§ tla kHIaáhlska MeV m%udKfha
Yla;shla ,nd.; yels w;r ridhksl m%;slh %s djl§ ^ridhksl m%;l
s sh
% dj,g kHIaáh iyNd.s fkdjk w;r iyNd.s
jkafka ndysr ljpj, we;s bf,lafg%dk a muKs'& tla mrudKqjlska ,nd.; yelafla eV lsysmhl Yla;h s la muKs'
Wod ( tla óf;ka wKqjla oykfha§ uqod yßkafka 9 eV Yla;shls' tla 235
U kHIaáhla úLKavkfha§ 200 MeV
Yla;shla uqod yÍ'

Samitha Ratnayake -7- Innovative Physics

• tla kshqla,f
s hdakhlg wkqrEm nkaOk Yla;h
s (B/A) iEu ia:dhs kHIaáhlu ialkaO wxlh (A) iuÕ úp,kh
jkafka my; m%ia:drfha ±lafjk mßÈh'

tla kshqla,sfhdakhlg nkaOk Yla;sh

(B/A - MeV)

ialkaO l%udxlh (A)

fuu jl%h 8.8 MeV ;rï jk Wmßuhla lrd <.dù ( 6228Ni g wod<j ) B<.g l%ufhka iaj,am jYfhka wvq fõ' 23892U
§ fuh 7.6 MeV muK fõ' kHIaáhl wvx.= kshl
q a,sfhdak A m%udKhlska tlla" wfkl=;a ish¨u (A-1) m%udKhla jk

a sfhdak ixLHdjla iu. kHIaál nkaOk we;s lr .kafka kï iEÈh hq;= nkaOk ixLHdj A (A-1) la fõ' tfia
kshql,
2
(A-1)
jQfha kï kHIaáhl nkaOk Yla;sh (B), A 2 g iudkqmd;sl úh hq;=h' tkï B ,A g iudkqmd;sl úh hq;=h'
A

kuq;a by; rEmfhka ±lafjkafka A = 30 isg bÈßhg B/A ys w.h idudkHfhka t;rï fjkia fkdjk njhs' fuhska
wmg ks.ukh l< yelafla kshqla,sfhdak wka;¾ in|;d mj;ajd .kafka ióm kshqla,sfhdak iuÕ muKla njhs'
fuhg fya;= jkafka kshqla,sfhdak tlg ne| ;nd .kakd kHIaál n,h flá ÿrl§ muKla l%shd;aul jk (ukao
mrdi - short range) n,hla ùuhs'

kHIaál úLKavkh ( Nuclear fission )

nkaOk Yla;shg wkqrEm m%i:a drfhka fmkS hkafka A w.h jeä kHIaá ì| oud uOHia: A w.hla we;s kHIaá iEÈh
yels kï tu.ska Yla;h
s uqla; jk njhs'

hï wxY=jla fyda ;j;a kHIaáhla fyda u.ska myr§ mrudKql kHIaáhla fldgia lsym
s hlg leãu kHIaál úLKavkhhs'

235 1 236 141 92 1

Wod (- 01' U + n U Ba + Kr + 3 n + Yla;sh
92 0 92 56 36 0

235 1 236 140 94 1

02' U + n U Xe + Sr + 2 n + Yla;sh
92 0 92 54 38 0

235 1 236 141 93 1

03' U + n U Cs + Rb + 2 n + Yla;sh
92 0 92 55 37 0

Samitha Ratnayake -8- Innovative Physics

• úLKavkh i|yd fndfydaúg n fhdod .kafka th wkdfrdams; ksid l+f,daï úl¾IKhlska f;drj myiqfjka
kHIaáhg <Õdúh yels neúks'

• úLKavkfha§ iEfok fndfyda kshqfg%dak idïm,fhka bj;g hhs' tfy;a idïm,fha ialkaOh lsishï wju
ialkaOhlg ( wjê ialkaOh - critical mass ) jvd jeä kï msgjk kshqfg%dak u.ska ;j;a kHIaá úLKavkh
flfrk neúka fuh iajhxOr odu m%;sl%shdjla (self-sustaining chain reaction) f,i mj;ajd .; yelsh'

• md,kh fkdl, odu m%;sl%shdjla mrudKq fndaïnhla f,i ye¢kafõ'

• fndafrdaka" hlv" leâñhï jeks kshqfg%dk

a wjfYdaIl øjH u.ska úLKav m%;slsh % djla md,khlska hqla;j isÿ l,
yelsh' kHIaál Yla;f s hka úÿ,sn,h W;amdokh lrk kHIaál CIu;d m%;l s h
%s dldrlhla (nuclear power reactor)
;=, isÿjkafka md,kh l< kHIaál m%;slh %s djlska uql;
a jk Yla;f
s hka wêl WIaK;ajhla yd wêl mSvkhlska hq;=
yqud,h ksmojd tu.ska g¾nhsk lrleùfuka úÿ,sh ksIamdokh lsÍuhs'

kHIaál ú,hkh (Nuclear fusion)

nkaOk Yla;shg wkqrEm m%ia:drfhka fmkS hkafka ieye,a¨ kHIaákaf.a tla kshqla,sfhdakhlg wkqrEm nkaOk
Yla;sh" uOHia: kHIaákaf.a (A = 50 isg 100) wkqrEm w.hg jvd l=vd njhs' tu ksid ieye,a¨ kHIaá tl;= ù úYd,
kHIaá idok úg tu ieye,a¨ kHIaákaf.a ialkaOj, tl;=j" iEfok úYd, kHIaáfha ialkaOhg jvd jeä neúka tu
ialkaO fjkig wkqrEmj Yla;sh úfudapkh fõ' ieye,a¨ kHIaá tla ù úYd, kHIaá ^ner kHIaá& iE§u kHIaál
ú,hkhhs'

kHIaá folla ú,hkh ùug kï tajd w;r we;s l+f,daï úl¾IKh uev meje;aúh hq;=h' fï i|yd b;d wêl
WIaK;ajhla (108 K muK& wjYH fõ'

iQ¾hhdf.ka Yla;sh ksmofjk kHIaál ú,hk m%;slsh

% d my; olajd we;'

1
1
H + 11H 2
1
H + e+ + ve + 0.42 MeV ................... (1)

m%:ufhka yhsv%cka mrudKq folla ú,hkh ù ähqàßhï (21H) mrudKqjla idohs' tfia iEfok 21H mrudKqj ;j;a
1
1
H mrudKqjla iuÕ ú,hkh ù 32He mrudKqjla idohs'

2
1
H + 11H 3
2
He + + 5.49 MeV ................... (2)

kej; 32He mrudKq 2la ú,hkh ù 42He idohs'

3
2
H + 32He 4
2
He + 11H+ 11H + 12.86 MeV ............... (3)

fuh fm%dafgdak-fm%dafgdak jl%h (proton-proton cycle) f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu wkql%ufha (sequence) iM,
M,h (net effect) jkafka yhsv%cka mrudKq i;rla ú,hkh ù yS,shï mrudKqjla" fmdisfg%dak folla" kshqá%fkda
folla yd .eud lsrK folla iE§uh'

1 4
4 1
H 2
He + 2e+ + 2ve + 2  + 24.7 MeV

^1& iólrKh yd ^2& jk iólrKh foflka .=K lr tajdys ftlHh" ^3& iólrKh iuÕ tl;= lsÍfuka by; iM,
m%;slsh
% dj ,nd .; yel'

Samitha Ratnayake -9- Innovative Physics

iEfok fmdisfg%dak bf,lafg%dak iuÕ tl;=ù uq¿ ialkaOhu jekiS Yla;sh njg m;a fõ' fujeks l%h s doduhla hq.au
WÉfþokh (pair annihilation) f,iska ye¢kafõ' wxY= yd m%;s wxY= tla jQ úg uq¿ ialkaOhu Yla;sh njg yerfõ' e+ la
yd e– la tl;= ù jekiqKq úg 1.02 MeV Yla;shla ,efí' fï bf,lafg%dakfha yd fmdisfg%dakfha ialkaO tl;=jg
^bf,lafg%dakhl ialkaOh fuka fo.=Khla& wkqrEm Yla;s w.hh hs'

by; m%;sl%shdfõ fmdisfg%dak folla iEfok ksid tajd hq.au WÉfþokh ù ,efnk Yla;sh 2.04 MeV (2×1.02) fõ'
tneúka by; ú,hk m%;slsh % dfjka ,efnk uq¿ Yla;sh 26.7 MeV muK fõ'

wmf.a iQ¾hhdf.a uOH WIaK;ajhg;a jvd jeä WIaK;ajhla we;s ;rejl kHIaál ú,hkh 42He j,ska fkdkj;S'
yS,shï kHIaá folla w;r mj;sk l+f,daï úl¾IKh wNsnjd hEug ;rï WIaK;ajhla we;akï my; m%;sl%shd isÿfõ'
4
2
He + 42 He 8
4
Be + 

4
2
He + 84 Be 12
6
C+

;j ;j;a WIaK;ajh wêl jqjfyd;a my; § we;s ú,hkho isÿ fõ'

4
2
He + 126 C 16
8
O+

16
8
O + 168 O 28
14
Si + 42 He

ú,hk m%;sl%shdjla isÿ l< yels kï thska ,efnk Yla;sfhka úÿ,sh ksIamdokh l< yel' úLKavk m%;sl%shdjl§
fuka wk;=reodhl úlsrKYS,s øjH lsisjla ú,hkfha§ fkdiEfoa' ,efnk yS,hs ï úlsrKYS,s fkdjk ksIalh %S jdhqjls'
idudkHfhka wm Yla;sh ,nd .kakd ãi,a" .,a wÕ=re oykfha§ uql;
a jk CO2, CO, SO2 jeks jdhq yd fkd±jqkq ldnka
ú,hkfha§ we;s fkdfjhs' tu ksid ksHIaál ú,hkh mßir ñ;=re (enviourment friendly) m%;sl%shdjls' ;jo § we;s
ialkaOhlg ú,hkfhka ,efnk Yla;sh úLKavkfhka ,nd .; yels Yla;shg jvd úYd, fõ' 235U úLKavkfha§

200
tla mrudKql ialkaO tallhlg ,efnkafka MeV Yla;shla kuq;a
236
27
ú,hkfha§ tla mrudKql ialkaO tallhlg MeV Yla;shla ,efí' ^yhsv%cka mrudKq 4la iyNd.S jk ksid&
4

Samitha Ratnayake - 10 - Innovative Physics

 wNHdi

01. Time target : 2 minutes

1978 § mÍCIKd.drhl w¾O Ôj ld,h wjqreÿ 2 la jq úlsrKYS,S iuia:dkslhl 2 g ;snqKs' fuh m<uqj
ñ,g .kakd ,oafoa 1970 § kï ñ,§ .kakd ,o m%udKh fldmuKo @

02. Time target : 2 minutes

Èk 5 l§ úlsrKYS,S øjHhlska 50] la CIh fõ' Èk 20 l§ b;sß ù mj;sk úlsrKYS,s øjH m%udKfha m%;sY;h
fidhkak'

03. Time target : 2 minutes

úlsrKYS,S øjHhl w¾O Ôj ld,h wjqreÿ 1600 ls' fok ,o idïm,hl il%Sh;dj tys uq,a w.fhka 1$8 l
ùug .; jk ld,h fidhkak'

04. Time target : 2 minutes

úlsrKYS,s iuia:dkhla jk X, wjqreÿ 1.37 × 109 w¾O wdhq ld,hlska hq;=j ia:dhS Y uQ,øjH njg CIh fõ'
tla;rd idïm,hl X yd Y uQ, øjH mrudKq w;r wkqmd;h 1 : 7 úh' idïm,fha jhi .Kkh lrkak'

05. Time target : 2 minutes

úlsrKYS,s iuia:dkslhla CIh ùfï§ mehl ld,hlg miq tys uq,a úlsrKYS,s kHIaá ixLHdfjka 1$8 la
b;sß úh' iuia:dkslfha w¾O Ôj ld,h fidhkak'

06. Time target : 3 minutes

X yd Y úlsrKYS,s ksheÈ foll wdrïNfha § iudk kHIaá m%udK mej;=K's X ys w¾O Ôj ld,h mehla jk
w;r Y ys th meh folls' meh follg miq X ys il%sh;dj Y ys ils%h;djg ork wkqmd;h fidhkak'

07. Time target : 2 minutes

X yd Y kï" ia:dhs CIh M, ,nd fok úlsrKYS,s iuia:dksl foll idïm,j, wdrïNfha§ ;snqKq úlsrKYS,S
mrudKq ixLHd w;r wkqmd;h 2 ( 1 úh' X ys w¾O whq ld,h 2 t yd Y ys w¾O wdhqld,h 3 t kï X yd Y ys
iudk mrudKq .Kkla mj;skqfha fldmuK ld,hlg miq±hs fidhkak'

08. Time target : 3 minutes

úlsrKYS,S iuia:dkslj, w¾O Ôj ld,h wOHkh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd wkdjrlhla ;=< wyïfnka /§
we;s úlsrKYS,S uQ,øjHhla fya;= fldg f.k yeu úgu l=vd ksh; mdGdxlhla ,nd foa' fuu WmlrKh
Ndú; lr tla;rd úlsrKYS,S iuia:dkslhla i|yd ,nd .;a mdGdxlh 15 la úh' tu iuia:dkslfha w¾O Ôj
ld,hg iudk ld,hlg miq mdGdxlh 9 olajd wvq úh' fuu wjia:dfõ isg ;j;a w¾O Ôj ld,hlg iudk
ld,hg miq mdGdxlh fldmuKo @

09. Time target : 3 minutes

 lsrK msglrK ,CISh m%Njhl w¾O wdhq ld,h ñks;a;= 30 fõ' wdrïNfha§ .hs.¾ .Klh 2.0 m ÿßka
we;súg iamkaO 360 s–1 ,enqKs' miqj .hs.¾ .Klhg m%Njfha isg we;s ÿr fjkialr meh 1'5 miqj ,nd.;a
iamkaO .Kk 5 s–1 úh' fuúg ,CISh m%Njfha isg .hs.¾ .Klh ;nd we;s ÿr fldmuKo@

Samitha Ratnayake - 11 - Innovative Physics

10. Time target : 4 minutes
wod< úlsrKYS,S M,h B;,h u; igyka lrñka my; ±lafjk m%;sl%shd iïmQ¾K lrkak'

238 234 234 234

i. 92
U 90
Th 91
Pa 92
U

211 211 207 207

ii. 82 Pb 83 Bi 81 Tl 82 Pb

232 228 228 238

iii. 90 Th 88 Ra 89 Ac 90 Th

214 214 213 210 210 210 206

iv. 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 82
Pb

11. Time target : 2 minutes

my; ±lafjk úlsrKYS,S fY%aKsfha B, C, D yd E hk uQ, øjHj, mrudKql l%udxl yd ialkaO l%udxlh ,shd
olajkak'

238
   +
90
A B C D E

12. Time target : 4 minutes

9 2 U iuia:dkslh  wxY= 8 la yd bf,lafg%dak 6 la úfudapkh lrñka Pb njg CIh fõ' 1u = 931.5 MeV kï
238

yd my; o;a; Tng imhd ;sfí kï fuys§ uqla; jQ Yla;sh fidhkak'

M ( 238 U ) = 238.050786 u
M ( Pb ) = 205.9744550 u
M() = 4.002603 u
M(e) = 5.486 × 10–4 u

13. Time target : 6 minutes

my; ±lafjk CIhùï isÿúh yels±hs fya;= iys;j fmkajd fokak'

232 231 1
i. U U + n

232 231 1
ii. U Pa + p

239 235 4
iii. Pu U + He

M ( 239 Pu ) = 239.052158 u M ( 235 U ) = 235.043925 u

M ( 231 U ) = 231.036270 u M ( 231 Pa ) = 231.035880 u
M ( 4 He ) = 4.002603 u M ( 1n ) = 1.008665 u
M(P) = 1.007825 u M ( 232 u ) = 232.037156 u

14. Time target : 3 minutes

232
Th iuia:dkslfha 10 g l il%Sh;dj fldmuKo @ 232
Th ys CIh ksh;h 1.58 × 10–18 s–1 fõ'

15. Time target : 3 minutes

ialkaO l%udxlh 214 jQ úlsrKYS,S idïm,hl il%sh;dj 1 Ci kï tu idïm,fha ialkaOh fidhkak' w¾O Ôj
ld,h 26.8 min f,i .kak'

Samitha Ratnayake - 12 - Innovative Physics

16. Time target : 4 minutes
238
92U iuia:dksl w¾O wdhq ld,h wjqreÿ 4.5 × 109 jk  CIhùï j,g ,lafõ' 238
92
U idïm,hl ialkaOh
1 kg la kï tys il%sh;dj .Kkh lrkak'

17. Time target : 4 minutes

100 kg ialkaOfhka hq;a ñksfil=f.a foay ialkaOfhka 0.35 % la fmdgEishï (K) wvx.= nj;a bka 0.012% l
m%;sY;hla w¾O Ôj ld,h wjqreÿ 1.31 × 109 jQ úlsrKYS,S 40K wvx.= nj;a i,ld ñksidf.a YÍrfha il%sh;dj
fidhkak'

18. Time target : 3 minutes

,eka;kï uq, øjHfha iuia:dksl folla ;sfí' 139 La ia:dhs jk w;r 138 La úlsrKYs,s fõ' ia:dhs
,eka;kï idïm,hla ;=, úlsrKYs,s ,eka;kï we;af;a 0.1 % m%;sY;hla muKs' 1kg l ialkaOfhka hq;a
139
Laidïm,hl il%h
s ;dj fidhkak' úlsrKYS,s ,eka;kïj, w¾O wdhq ld,h wjqreÿ 1.1 × 1010 fõ'

19. Time target : 3 minutes

úlsrKYS,s fmdiamria 32 P idïm,hl fï fudfydf;a ils%h;dj 50 Ci hehs i,ld i;s yhlg miq tys
ils%h;dj .Kkh lrkak' CIh ksh;h 0.0495 d –1 fõ' (e – 2.079 = 0.125 )

20. Time target : 3 minutes

w¾O wdhq ld,h wjqreÿ 1600 la jq úlsrKYs,s uQ,øjHhl 1mg l idïm,hla wjqreÿ 2000 la ;enq úg CIh jk
ialkaOh fldmuKo @ (e 0.8663 = 2.378 )

21. Time target : 5 minutes

tla;rd úlsrKYs,s uq,øjHhl il%Sh;dj tys wdrïNl w.fhka 15 % la olajd wvq ùug Èk 10 la .; fõ kï
tys w¾O wdhq ld,h fidhkak' (loge 6.6667 = 1.8971)

22. Time target : 5 minutes

wdrïNfhaÈ úlsrKYS,S 234 U idïm,hl ialkaOh 3mg la kï wjqreÿ 150 000 lg miq b;sß ù we;s úlsrKYS,s
øjH ialkaOh fidhkak' fï jk úg tys il%Sh;dj fldmuKo @ w¾O wdhq ld,h wjqreÿ 2.5 × 105 fõ'
(e – 0.41586 = 0.65977)

23. Time target : 5 minutes

i. 10 kg ialkaOhlska hq;a jia;=jla 50 mGy ud;%djlg ,la úh' jia;=j u.ska wjfYdaIKh l, úlsrK
Yla;sh fldmuKo@
ii. ,eis (slow) kshqfg%dakj,g ksrdjrKh ùu ksid 60 kg ialkaOfhka hq;a mqoa.,fhl= 25 Sv iM,
ud;%djlg ,la úh' mqoa.,hd úiska wjfYdaIKh l, úlsrK Yla;sh fldmuKo@ ^,eis kshqfg%dakj,
.=K idOlh 5 ls&
iii. ñks;a;=jl ld,hla wxY=j,g ksrdjrKh ùu ksid mqoa.,fhl= 0.2 mGy ud;%djlg ,la úh' Tyq ,la
jQ iM, ud;%d iS>%;dj Sv hr1 tallfhka fidhkak' ^wxY=j, .=K idOlh 2 ls&

24. Time target : 4 minutes

x - lsrK mÍCIdjl§ levqkq mdohl 1.2 kg ialkaOhla 0.4 mSv l iM, ud;%djlg ,la úh'
i. by; ud;%dj ñ,S frï (mrem) tallfhka fldmuKo @
ii. wjfYdaIl ud;%dj mrad yd mGy tallj,ska fidhkak'
iii. x - lsrK fmdafgdakhl Yla;sh 50 keV kï wjfYdaIKh l< x - lsrK fmdafgdak .Kk lSho @

Samitha Ratnayake - 13 - Innovative Physics

25. Time target : 4 minutes
56
26 Fe iuia:dkslfha"
i. nkaOk Yla;h s
ii. tla kshl
q ,
a f
s hdakhlg wkqrEm nkaOk Yla;sh
.Kkh lrkak'
M ( 56
2 6 Fe ) = 55.934939 u M(P) = 1.007825 u
M(n) = 1.008665 u 1u = 931.5 MeV

26. Time target : 4 minutes

12
6 C kHIaáhla  wxY= ;=klg ì| fy,Sug wjYH Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'

M ( 126 C) = 12 u M() = 4.0026 u 1u = 931.5 MeV

27. Time target : 4 minutes

my; ±lafjk ú,hk m%;sl%shdfõ§ uqodyefrk Yla;sh MeV j,ska fidhkak'
2 3 4

1
H + 1H 2
He + 10 n
2 3
1
H – 3.345 × 10–27 kg 1
H – 5.008 × 10–27 kg
4 1
2
He – 6.647 × 10–27 kg 0
n – 1.675 × 10–27 kg

28. Time target : 4 minutes

235
U fhdod .kakd kHIaál n,d.drhla 3000 MW l Odß;djhlska hqla;h' tla mrudKqjla i|yd uqod yßk
Yla;sh 200 MeV f,i i,ld n,d.drh i|yd Èklg wjYH hqf¾kshï ialkaOh .Kkh lrkak'
235
U mrudKqjl ialkaOh 3.9×10–25 kg fõ'

29. Time target : 15 minutes

my; i|yka fþoh mßiaifuka lshjd wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

ish¨u mrudKqj, kHIaàka ia:dhs fkdfõ' wia:dhs kHIaá wxY=k"a  wxY=ka iy lsrKhka iajhxúfudapkh
lsÍu u.ska fjk;a kHIaàka njg mßj¾;kh fõ' fujeks wia:dhs kHIaàka úlsrKYS,s kHIaá f,i y÷kajkq
,efí' fuu ixisoaêh 1896 § fidhd .kakd ,oafoa m%xY cd;sl úoHd{hl= jk fykaß fnlr,a úisks'

§ we;s úlsrKYS, kshe¢hl laIhùfï YS>%;dj tys il%sh;dj (A)f,i y÷kajkq ,nk w;r th" tys we;s
wia:dhs kHIaàka ixLHdj (N) g wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl fõ' fuu úlsrKYS,;d kshuh A = N hk
wdldrfhka m%ldY l< yels fõ' fuys  = ( 0.693/T ) hkq laIh ksh;h jk w;r T hkq w¾O wdhq ld,h fõ'
fmdis,hkaf.a jhi ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk ;dlaIKsl l%uhla jk úlsrKYS, ldnka ld,
ks¾Khkh" úlsrKYS,;djfha tla jeo.;a fhÿuls'

jd;fha we;s 147N khsg%cka mrudKqjla iy wka;ÍlaI lsrKj, we;s kshqfg%dk a hla" fm%dafgdakhla ksl;
= a lrñka
isÿjk kHIaál m%;slh %s dfõ m%;sM,hla jYfhka ika;;sl f,i mDÓú jdhqf.da,h ;=< úlsrKYS, ldnka
14
6
C ksm ofõ' wk;=
r ej fuu 146C mrudKqjla wjqreÿ 5730 (= 1.8 × 1011 s) l w¾O wdhqld,hla iys;j 
wxY=jla úfudapkh lrñka khsg%cka njg laIhfõ' fï l%shdj,s fol ksid jdhqf.da,h ;=< 146C ksmojk
YS>; % djh iy laIh jk YS>; % djh w;r iu;=,;
s ;djhla mj;S' miq.h
s oyia jir lsym s h ;=< mDÓú jdhqf.da,fha
ixhq;sh iy wka;ÍlaI lsrK i%djfha ie,lsh hq;= fjkila isÿfkdjq ksid jdhqf.da,Sh ldnkavfhdlaihsâ

Samitha Ratnayake - 14 - Innovative Physics

 14
6
C mrudKq ixLHdj
(CO2) ys mj;sk 10–12 jk wkqmd;h tu ld,h ;=< ksh;j mej;S hehs ie,lsh yelsh'
12
6
C mrudKq ixLHdj

iÔù Ydl iy i;=ka jdhqf.da,fhka ldnka ,nd.kakd neúka Tjqka Ôj;a jk ;dla l,a Tjqka ;=< we;s 146C
m%;sY;h ksh;j mj;S' Ydl iy i;=ka ñh .sh miq 146C ;jÿrg;a kej; ,nd.ekSulska f;drj laIh fõ' fï
fya;f= jka 146C m%;sY;h ld,h iuÕ wvq fõ'

úlsrKYS, ldnka ld, ks¾Khkfha§" § we;s WIaK;ajhl iy mSvkhl mj;sk jdhqf.da,Sh CO2 ksh;
mßudjla hïlsis ld,dka;rhl§ msg lrkq ,nk wxY= ixLHdj wxY= .Kskhla (counter) Ndú;fhka m<uqj
uek .kq ,efí' t khska jdhqf.da,h
S CO2 mßudfõ we;s 146C ys il%Sh;dj .Kkh l< yelsh' miqj" fmdis,fha
l=vd fldgila oykh lr by; i|yka iudk ;;ajh hgf;a iudk CO2 mßudjla idod .kq ,efí' tu
mßudfjka ksl;
= ajk  wxY= ixLHdj uek .ekSfuka tu fmdis, idïm,fha 146C ys il%h
s ;djh .Kkh l<
yelsh' by; o;a; Ndú;fhka fmdis,fha jhi ks¾Kh l< yelsh'

i. il%sh;djfha SI tallh l=ulao @

ii. úlsrKYS,;d kshuh jpkj,ska ,shkak'
iii. úlsrKYS, ksheÈhl w¾O-wdhq ld,h w¾: olajkak'
iv. iuyr kHIaàka úlsrKYS, laIhùug fya;=j l=ulao @
v. jdhqf.da,fha 146C ksmoùug wkqrEm kHIaál m%;sl%shdj ,shd olajkak'
vi. 14
6
C laIh ùfï m%;slh
%s dj ,shd olajkak'
vii.  yd  wxY= hkq fudkjdo @ wxY=jla hkq l=ulao @
viii. jdhqf.da,fha we;s 146C m%;Y s ;h ksh; j mj;skafka flfia ±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
ix. 14
6
C j, laIh ksh;h fidhkak'
x. ldnka 1g ;=< 126C mrudKq 5.0 × 1022 la we;' iÔù Ydlhl ldnka 1 g lska msglrkq ,nk ish¨u
 wxY= ixLHdj .Kskq ,nhs kï mehla ;=< § tl;= jk .sKSï (counts) ixLHdj fldmuKo @
xi. fmdis, lene,a,l jhi fidhd .ekSu i|yd úlsrKYS, ldnka ld, ks¾Khkh Ndú; lrk ,§' tys
ldnka 1g m%udKhlska mehla ;=< § ,enqk .sKSï ixLHdj 347 la nj fidhd.kakd ,§' fmdis,
lene,af,a jhi fidhkak' (2003 A/L)

30. Time target : 20 minutes

i. X lsrK k<hl o< igykla rEmfha § we;' tu

rEmh msgm;a lr b,lalh" iq;%sldj iy
wêfjda,aàh;d iemhqu ksjerÈ O%eùh;d fmkajñka
kï lrkak'
ii. k<h ;=, bf,lafg%dak ksmojkqfha flfia±hs
ieflúka i|yka lrkak'
iii. X lsrK k<h f¾pkh l< hq;af;a wehs @
iv. Wmßu Yla;h s 100 keV jq X lsrK ksmoùu i|yd wjYH iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj fldmuKo @
v. 100 keV X - lsrKj, ;rx. wdhduh A0 j,ska fidhkak'
vi. ñksia mgl fyda wiaÓ ;=<ska X - lsrK .uka lrk úg tajd wjfYdaIKh jkqfha m%Odk jYfhka m%ldY
úoaH;
q a wdprKh u.sks' X - lsrKj,ska Ôúkag we;s n,mEu ^iM, ud;%dj effective dose & rod mj;skf
q ha
mglj, fyda wiaÓj, tall ialkaOhla u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,nk X - lsrK Yla;s m%udKh u;hs'
th ukskq ,nkafka iSj¾Ü (sievert - Sv) kï jq tallh u.sks' 1 Sv = 1 J kg–1 úlsrK lghq;=j,
kshe,s fkdisák mqoa.,hska i|yd jirl § ,efnk uq¿ iM, ud;%dj 1 mSv g jvd jeäkï th
wka;rdhldÍ f,i i,lkq ,efí' ^fkdje,elaúh yels miqìï úlsrK (background radiation) u.ska
we;sjk iM, ud;%dj fuhg wh;a fkdfõ&
a) miqìï úlsrK ksid jirl§ ,efnk uq¿ iM, ud;%dj 2 mSv kï Sv hr–1 tallh u.ska iM,
ud;%dfõ iS>%;dj ( effective dose rate) .Kkh lrkak'

Samitha Ratnayake - 15 - Innovative Physics

 b) X - lsrK mÍCIKd.drhl fiajh lrk úlsrK fiajlfhl= ( radiation worker ) i|yd wjir
Èh yels Wmßu jd¾Isl iM, ud;%dj 20 mSv fõ' Tyq i;shlg meh 40 ne.ska jirlg i;s
40 la fiajh lrhs kï Tyqg wjodkï rys;j fiajh lsßu i|yd X - lsrK mÍCIKd.drh ;=<
;sìh yels Wmßu idudkH iM, ud;%d iS>%;dj Sv hr–1 j,ska fldmuKo @
c) idudkHfhka X - lsrK loïnhl ;Sj%;dj I f,i i,lkq ,nkqfha tall j¾.M,hla yryd
tall ld,hl§ .uka lrk fmdafgdak ixLHdjhs' ;Sj%;dj I jk X - lsrK loïnhlg
ksrdjrKh l< úg ñksia mgl ,nd .kakd iM, ud;%d iS>; % dj H = 0.57 IEa Sv hr–1 u.ska fokq
,nhs' fuys E hkq X - lsrK fmdafgdakhl Yla;sh MeV j,ska o a hkq mglj, ialkaO
wjfYdaIK ix.=Klh cm2 g–1 j,skao I hkq loïn ;Sj%;dj cm–2 s–1 j,skao fõ'
^1& mmqfõ X - lsrK PdhdrEmhla .ekSug .;jk ld,h 0.1 s fõ' I = 9.4 × 108 fmdafgdak
cm–2 s–1 o a = 0.027 cm2 g–1 o E = 100 keV o kï mmqfõ X - lsrK PdhdrEmhla .ekSfï§
mgl u.ska ,nd.kakd iM, ud;%dj ks¾Kh lrkak'
^2& by; ud;%dj ,enqfha ialkaOh 5 kg jq foay mgl u.ska hehs Wml,amkh lr" mgl u.ska
wjfYdaIKh lr.kq ,enq X - lsrK fmdafgdak ixLHdj .Kkh lrkak'
ma,dxla ksh;h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js
wdf,dalfha fõ.h = 3.0 × 108 ms–1
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J (2005A/L)

31. Time target : 20 minutes

i. ksYap,j mj;sk úlsrKYS,s 210Po ^fmdf,dakshï& mrudKqjla" 206Pb ^Bhï& ÿys;D mrudKqjlg iy
4
- wxY=jlg laIh ùu i,lkak'
210
Po  206 Pb + 4+ Yla;sh (E)
fuys E hkq laIh ùfï§ uqodyßk Yla;h s fõ'
210
Po iy 206Pb ys mrudKql ialkaO ms<f
s j,ska 348.571554×10–27 kg iy 341.917595×10–27 kg o" 
wxY=fõ ialkaOh 6.644625×10–27 kg iy wdf,dalfha fõ.h (c) 3.0×108 m s–1 o fõ'
a) 206
Pb mrudKqfõ iy  wxY=fõ ialkaOj, tl;=j .Kkh lrkak'
b) laIhùfï§ ydks jQ ialkaOh (m)fidhkak'
c) E hkq laIhùfï§ ydks jQ ialkaOh (m) ksid ks¾udKh jk Yla;h s hs' E .Kkh lrkak'
(E = mc2 f,i .kak'&
d)  wxY=j x ÈYdj Tiafia p kï .uH;djhlska úfudapkh fõ kï ÿys;D mrudKqfõ .uH;djfha
úYd,;ajh iy ÈYdj l=ulao @
my; fldgiaj, .Kkhka i|yd ,>Q .Kl j.= Ndú; l< yelsh'
Ad
e) úfudapkh jQ - wxY=fõ pd,l Yla;sh K, fokq ,nkafka K = A +A E u.sks' fuys Ad iy
d 

A hkq ms<sfj<ska ÿys;D mrudKqfõ iy  wxY=fõ ialkaO wxl fõ' K fidhkak'

ii. úlsrKYS,s idïm,hl fmdf,dakshï (210Po) 1 g m%udKhla we;' by; (i) ys laIh ùu i|yd 210Po ys
laIh ksh;h = 5.6×10–8 s–1 fõ'
my; i|yka oE fidhkak'
a) idïm,fha wdrïNl 210Po mrudKq ixLHdj (N) ^wej.dâfrda ksh;h = 6×1023 ujq,–1 f,i
.kak'&
b) idïm,fha wdrïNl il%Sh;dj (A) (A = N)
c) wdrïNfha§  wxY= úfudapkh jk iS>%;dj
d) idïm,fhka Yla;sh uqodyeÍfï wdrïNl iS>%;dj
e) ^1& 210
Po ys w¾O wdhq ld,h T Èkj,ska
0.7
(T = iy 1 s = 1.16×10–5 Èk f,i .kak'&

^2& § we;s 210Po idïm,hl il%Sh;dj jir 2 la ;=<§ wdikak jYfhka ljr Nd.hlska wvq
fõo @ (2006A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 16 - Innovative Physics

32. Time target : 20 minutes

ñksia isref¾ reêr mßudj uekSfï tla l%uhla reêrhg tla lrkq ,nk úlsrKYS,S uQ,øjHhl il%Sh;dj
uekSu u; mdol fõ' fuu l%ufha§ okakd mßudjlska hq;= reêr idïm,hla isrefrka ,nd .kakd w;r l,ska
ksYaph lrk ,o úlsrKYS,s uQ,øjH m%udKhla thg tla lrkq ,efí' ±ka fuu idïm,h kej;;a ñksia isrer
;=,g tkak;a lrkq ,efí' úlsrKYS,s øjHh reêr mßudj ;=< taldldrj jHdma; ùug m%udKj;a lsishï
ld,hlg miqj fojk reêr idïm,hla ,ndf.k tys úlsrKYS,s;dj ukskq ,efí' ksÍlaIs; il%Sh;djfha
wvqùu u.ska reêr mßudj .Kkh lsÍug yelsh'

Cr, fuu l%h

51
s dms<sfjf,a § nyq,j Ndú; lrk úlsrKYS,S uQ,øjHhla jk w;r tys my; i|yka .=Kdx. we;'
mrudKql wxlh = 24, w¾O wdhq ld,h = 28 d ^Èk 28&

úYsIag il%h
s ;dj ^tkï talSh ialkaOhl il%h
s ;dj& = 3.5×1015 Bq g–1, ujq,l
s ialkaOh = 51 g mol–1
Tng my; ±lafjk ksh;h iy iólrK o § we;'
0.7
wej.dâfrda wxlh = 6×1023 mol–1; T1/2 = ; A(t) = n(t)


fuys T1/2 w¾O wdhq ld,h" = laIh ksh;h" N(t) = ld,h t jk úg mj;sk úlsrKYS,S kHIaá ixLHdj" A(t)
ld,h t jk úg il%sh;dj

a. 51
Cr kHIaáfha we;s fm%df
a gdak ixLHdj iy kshqfgdak ixLHdj ,shkak'

b. 51
Cr ys laIh ksh;h d–1 ^Èklg& tallfhka fidhkak'

c. 70 kg l ialkaOhlska hq;a frda.shl=f.a reêr mßudj ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd isÿ lrkq ,enQ mÍlaIKhl§
frda.shdf.ka 10 ml l reêr idïm,hla ,nd .;a w;r thg 51Cr tla lrk ,§' fuu 51Cr tla lrk
,o reêr idïm,h kej;;a frda.shdg tkak;a l< miqj frda.h s d ;=< il%sh;dj YÍr ialkaOfha
lsf,da.a?uhlg 6.0×10 Bq w.hg iSud l< hq;= kï 10 ml reêr idïm,hg tla l< yels Wmßu 51Cr
4

ialkaOh .Kkh lrkak'

d. Cr ys 1.53×10–10 g ialkaOhla 10 ml reêr idïm,hg tla lrk ,§' idïm,hg tla lrk ,o
51

Cr kHIaá ixLHdj iy idïm,fha il%sh;dj Bq j,ska .Kkh lrkak' ^Tfí .Kkh lsÍï i|yd
51

1 day = 9×104 s f,i .kak'&

e. by; (d) fldgfia úia;r lrk ,o reêr idïm,h kej;;a frda.shdg tkak;a lrk ,§' m%udKj;a
ld,hla .;ùfuka miqj 10 ml l ;j;a reêr idïm,hla ,nd .; w;r tu idïm,fha uksk ,o
il%sh;dj 1000 Bq nj fidhd.kakd ,§' reêr idïm,hg tla lrk ,o 51Cr frda.shdf.a reêr mßudj
;=< taldldr f,i jHdma; jkafka hehs Wml,amkh lrñka iy fuu ld,h ;=< laIh jk 51Cr kHIaá
ixLHdj fkdi,ld yßñka frda.shdf.a YÍrfha reêr mßudj .Kkh lrkak'

f. Cr ys laIh ùu fkdi,ld fkdyeßhfyd;a by; (e) ys .Kkh lrk ,o reêr mßudj ienE reêr
51

mßudjg jvd iq¿ jYfhka jeä jkafkao @ ke;fyd;a wvq jkafkao @ Tfí ms<;
s =r meyeÈ,s lrkak'
1
g. frda.shd ;=< 51Cr ys il%sh;dj tys uq,a w.fhka la ùu i|yd .;jk ld,h fidhkak'
64

h. w¾O wdhqld,h 10 s jk úlsrKYS,S uQ, øjHhla fuu l%h

s d ms<sfj, i|yd iqÿiq ke;af;a uka±hs meyeÈ,s
lrkak' (2008 A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 17 - Innovative Physics

33. Time target : 20 minutes

my; i|yka fþoh lshjd wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

mDÓúfha mj;sk ish¨u Ôj wjia:d mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd wjYH Yla;sh imhk iQ¾hhd wmf.a ukaodlsKsfha
we;s ;drldjls' j¾;udkfha§" ialkaOh wkqj iQ¾hhdf.a 74] la yhsârckao" 24] la yS,shïo jk w;r b;sß 2]
ys" jvd nßka hq;= iuyr uQ,øjH wvx.= fõ' fuu ish¨ uQ,øjH ma,diaud wjia:djla f,io ye¢kafjk"
iïmQ¾Kfhka whkSlrKh jQ jdhq wjia:dfõ we;' ia:r ;=klska iukaú; iQ¾hhdf.a jdhqf.da,fha my;u
ia:rh m%ldY f.da,h jk w;r thg lDIaK jia;= j¾Kdj,shla we;' iQ¾hhdf.ka jeäu oDYH wdf,dalh
meñfKkafka idfmalaIj l=vd >klula we;s fuu m%ldY f.da,fhks' m%ldY f.da,hg <Õsku a by<ska we;af;a
wvq ;Sj;
% djla iys; j¾Kf.da,h f,i ye¢kafj" >k;ajfhka wvq jdhq ia:rhls' iQ¾h jdhq f.da,fha msg;skau
we;s m%foaYh jk /ia j<,a, ^fldfrdakdj& j¾Kf.da,fha isg lsf,daógr ñ,shk lsysmhla ÿrg me;sf¾' /ia
j<,a, iQ¾hhdf.a jdhqf.da,fha msysá iQ¾h mDIaGhg wE;skau msysá m%foaYh ksid tu m%foaYfha WIaK;ajh wvqu
úh hq;= hehs wfmaCId flf¾' kuq;a 1.5×106 K muK jk iQ¾h jdhq f.da,fha jeäu WIaK;ajh /ia j<,a,
m%foaYfha we;s nj fidhdf.k we;' /ia j<,af,a fuu wkfmaCIs; WIaK;ajfha jeä ùu" iQ¾hhdf.a mj;sk
ixlS¾K pqïNl lafIa;% u.ska iQ¾hhdf.a wNHka;rfhka Yla;sh f.k f.dia uqod yeÍu ksid isÿjk njg
;drld fN!;sl úoHd{hka úiska fhdackd lr we;'

m%ldY f.da,hg my<ska we;s m%foaYh iQ¾hhdf.a wNHka;rh f,i ie,flk w;r thg iQ¾h wrh f,i i,lk
R0 = 7×108 m l wrhlao" M0 = 2×1030 kg jk ialkaOhlao we;' iQ¾hhdf.a flakaøhg wdikak" WIaK;ajh yd
mSvkh b;d wêl m%foaYh iQ¾hhdf.a uOHh f,i ye¢kafõ' b;d wêl WIaK;ajh yd mSvkh ksid iQ¾hhdf.a
uOHfha§ yhsârcka kHIaá ú,hkh ùu isÿfõ' fuu yhsârcka ú,hk m%;sl%shdj my; ±lafjk f,i ,súh
yelsh'
4H He + 2e+ + kshqá%fkda + Yla;sh
fuf,i ckkh jk Yla;sh iQ¾h mDIaGh lrd .uka lr iQ¾h mDIaGhka uqod yef¾'

my; m%Yk
a j,g ms<s;=re iemhSfï§ ùka ksh;h 3×10–3 m K f,i .kak'
a. mod¾:fha ma,diaud wjia:dj hkqfjka woyia flfrkafka l=ulao @
b. iQ¾h jdhq f.da,fha mj;sk l,dm ;=k fudkjdo @
c. jeäu WIaK;ajhla we;af;a iQ¾h jdhq f.da,fha l=uk l,dmhgo @ tu l,dmh jeäu WIaK;ajhlska
mej;Sug fya;j = la fokak'
d. /ia j<,af,ka ksl; = a flfrk úlsrKfha Wmßu ;Sj;% djg wod< ;rx. wdhduh .Kkh lrkak' fuu
úlsrKh úoHq;a pqïNl j¾Kdj,sfha l=uk fmfoilg wh;ao @
e. m%ldY f.da,fhka ksl=;a flfrk wdf,dalfha Wmßu ;Sj%;djhg wkqrEm ;rx. wdhduh 500 nm kï
m%ldY f.da,fha ^tkï iQ¾hhdf.a mDIaGfha& WIaK;ajh l=ulao @
f. iQ¾hhdf.a §ma;h s f,io ye+¢kafjk" iQ¾h mDIaGfhka ;;amrhl§ uqod yßkq ,nk Yla;sh L0 fidhkak'
iafg*dka ksh;h  = 10–8 W m–2 K–4 iy iQ¾h mDIaGfha úfudapl;dj 1 f,i .kak'
g. i. yhsârcka kHIaáhl ialkaOh 1.67×10–27 kg iy yS,h s ï kHIaáhl ialkaOh 6.65×10–27 kg kï
yhsârcka kHIaá y;rla iy yS,shï kHIaáhla w;r ialkaO fjki (m) .Kkh lrkak'
tkhska tla ú,hk m%;l s h
%s djl§ ksl; = a flfrk Yla;sh E = (m)c2 Ndú;fhka .Kkh
lrkak' fmdisfg%dak (e ) iy kshá
+
q f
% kdaj,g fkdi,ld yeßh yels ialkaO we;s nj Wml,amkh
lrkak' fuys c = 3×108 ms–1
ii. Tn by; (f) ys ,nd .kakd ,o iQ¾h §ma;shg iQ¾hhdf.a uOHfha§ ksl=;a lrk ,o Yla;sh
iïmQ¾Kfhakau odhl jkafka kï" ;;amrhl§ iQ¾hhdf.a udOHfha§ yS,shï njg yrjkq ,nk
yhsârcka kHIaá ixLHdj .Kkh lrkak'
iii. j¾;udkfha we;s YS>%;djfhkau yhsârcka yS,h s ï njg m;ajkafka hehs Wml,amkh l< úg
iQ¾hhd ;=< we;s iïmQ¾K yhsârcka ialkaOh yS,shï njg m;a ùug fldmuK ld,hla
.;fõo @
^m%Yk
a fha fuu fldgi i|yd yhsârcka kHIaáhl ialkaOh 2×10–27 kg f,i .kak'&
(2009 A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 18 - Innovative Physics

34. Time target : 20 minutes

fmdisfg%dak úfudapk fgdfuda.%e*s (Positron Emission Tomograpy - PET) kï jQ ffjoH m%;sìïn Ys,amSh
l%ufha§ frda.shdg fmdisfg%dak (+ fyda e+) úfudapkh lrñka laIh jk úlsrKYS,S iuia:dkslhla reêr
kd,hlg tkak;a lrkq ,efí' bkamiq" frda.shd jgd ;nk ,o wkdjrl u.ska YÍrfhka msg;g meñfKk
úlsrK wkdjrKh lr.kq ,efí' fuu f;dr;=re Ndú; lr" YÍrfha fjkia m%foaYj, tu iuia:dkslfha
idkaøKh fmkajk m%;ì s ïnhla mß.Klhla u.ska ks¾udKh lrkq ,efí'

frda.sfhl=g 15O - c,h (16O - mrudKq" fjkqjg 15O mrudKq fhdod ieliQ c,h& msflda .%Eï 20 la tkak;a
lrk ,oafoa

( )
hehs is;kak' 15O mrudKq" ñks;a;= 2 l w¾O wdhq ld,hla T 12 iys;j fmdisfg%dak úfudapkh lrñka laIh
fõ'
^msflda .%Eï 1 = .%Eï 10–12)
0.7 N
a. i. mrudKq N .Kkla we;s úlsrKYS,S ksheÈhl il%Sh;dj A = hk iólrKh u.ska fokq
T1
,efí' 2

tkak;a lrk ,o 15O - c, m%udKfha tkak;a l< wjia:dfõ§ il%Sh;dj (Bq j,sk&a .Kkh
lrkak' ^tla 15O - c, wKqjl ialkaOh 2.8×10–26 kg f,i .kak'&

ii. tkak;a lsÍfuka ñks;a;= 2 lg miq fud<h ;=< 15O laIh ùu ksid jQ il%Sh;dj (Bq j,ska&
.Kkh lrkak' ^tkak;a lrk ,o c,fhka 10] la tu ld,h ;=<§ frda.shdf.a fud<hg <Õd
fõ hehs Wml,amkh lrkak'&

iii. iajdNdúlj YÍrfha we;s úlsrKYS,S iuia:dksl (14C jeks& ksid idudkH mqoa.,hl=f.a YÍrh
;=< 104 Bq muK il%sh;djla mj;shs' by; tkak; §fuka ñks;; a = 40 lg miq" frda.h
s df.a YÍrh
;=< O laIh ùu ksid jQ il%Sh;dj" iajNdúlj mj;sk il%sh;djg jvd wvqjk nj fmkajkak'
15

(220 = 106 f,i .kak'&

iv. b;d l=vd w¾O wdhq ld,hla we;s iuia:dkslhla Ndú; lsÍfï jdish l=ulao @

b. YÍrh ;=<§ laIh jk 15O - mrudKq u.ska úfudapkh jk fmdisfg%dak" YÍrfha we;s bf,lafg%dak iu.
wka;¾ l%shd lr e+ + e–  2 m%;sl%shdjg wkqj .eud lsrK folla idohs' YÍrhg msg;ska ;nk ,o
wkdjrl u.ska fuu .eud lsrK wkdjrKh lr.; yel'
i. fmdisfg%dak (+) úfudapl iuia:dkslhla fjkqjg bf,lafg%dak (–) úfudapl iuia:dkslhla
Ndú; l< fyd;a frda.shdf.a YÍrfhka msg;g úlsrK fkdmeñfKkq we;af;a wehs±Zhs meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
ii. .eud lsrKhlg E Yla;shla we;akï" tys .uHd;djfha p úYd,;ajh p = E/c u.ska fokq ,efí'
fuys c hkq wdf,dalfha fõ.hhs' .uH;d ixiaÓ;s kshuh Ndú; lr" by; m%;sl%shdfõ .eud
lsrK folgu tlu Yla;h s la we;s nj;a" tajd m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g .uka lrkq we;s nj;a
fmkajkak'
^e+ iy e– foflysu .uH;d Y=kH heZhs Wml,amkh lrkak'&
iii. e+ iy e– folgu tlu ialkaOhla we;' Yla;s tallj,ska tu ialkaOh 511 keV fõ' by;
m%;sl%shdfõ tla .eud lsrKhl Yla;sh flduKo @

c. frda.sfhl=g 15O - c,h tkak;lska ,eìh yels Wmßu úlsrK ud;%dj" ksmojkq ,nk .eud lsrK
ish,a, frda.hs df.a YÍrh u.ska wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd nj Wml,amkh lsÍfuka .Kkh l< yelsh'
by; i|yka frda.h s df.a nr 51.1 kg kï" Tyqg 20 msflda .%Eï 15O tkakf;ka ,eîug bv we;s fuu
Wmßu úlsrK ud;%dj Gy j,ska ^YÍrh mqrd .;a idudkHhla f,i& .Kkh lrkak'
( 1 keV = 1.6 × 10–16 J iy 1 Gy = 1 J kg–1 ) (2011 A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 19 - Innovative Physics

35. Time target : 20 minutes

(2015 A/L)

36. Time target : 20 minutes

wNHjldY hdkd" pkaøsld wdÈfhys úÿ,sh ksmoùu i|yd úlsrKYS,s iuia:dksl ;dm úoaH; q a ckl
(Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs)) Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' RTG hla WmmoaO;s follska iukaú;h'
1. ;dm m%Njh (
fuh we,a*d wxY= msg lrk úlsrKYS,s m%Njhla wvx.= Ndckhls' msg lrkq ,nk ish¨u we,a*d wxY=ka
u.ska ksmojk pd,l Yla;sh ;dm Yla;sh njg fmr<kq ,nk w;r th Ndckh u.ska wjfYdaIKh
lr .kq ,efí'

2. Yla;s mßj¾;k moaO;sh (

fuh" Ndckh wjfYdaIKh l< ;dm Yla;sh úoaHq;a Yla;sh njg fmr<k ;dm úoaHq;a cklhls'

Pu, maÆfgdakshï Tlaihsâ (PuO2) wdldrhg úlsrKYS,s m%Njhla f,i Ndú; lrk tla;rd wNHjldY
238

hdkhla i;= RTG hla i,lkak' wNHdjldY hdkfha .uk wdrïNfha § úlsrKYS,s m%Njfhys PuO2
2.38 kg la wvx.= jk w;r PuO2 ys Nd.hla f,i 238Pu we;af;a 0.9 ls' tla 238Pu úlsrKYS,s laIhùul

Samitha Ratnayake - 20 - Innovative Physics

 § Ndckh wjfYdaIKh lrk ;dm Yla;sh 5.5 MeV fõ' 238Pu ys w¾O wdhq ld,h jir 87.7 jk w;r
Bg wkqrEm laIh ksh;h 0.0079 y–1 (= 2.5 × 10–10 s–1) fõ' wej.dfv%da wxlh ujq,hlg mrudKq
6.0 × 1023 fõ'
i. wNHjldY hdkh .uk wdrïNfha § úlsrKYS,s m%Njfhys wdrïNl il%sh;dj Bq j,ska
fidhkak'
ii. ;dm cjh" úoaHq;a cjh njg mßj¾;kh lsßfï ld¾hlaIu;dj 7 % kï" wNHjldY hdkfha
.uk wdrïNfha § RTG ys úoaH; q a cjh fidhkak' (1 MeV = 1.6 × 10–13 J)
iii. jir 10 lg miq wNHjldY hdkh .uka wjika lrk úg úlsrKYS,s iuia:dksl m%Njfha
il%sh;dj fidhkak' (e–0.079 = 0.92 f,i .kak')
iv. .uk wjidkfha § RTG ckkh lrk úoaH; q a cjh fidhkak'
v. .uk wjidkfha § úoaHq;a cjh wvq ùfï m%;sY;h fidhkak'
vi. wNHjldY hdkdj, RTG Ndú; lsÍfï tla jdishla fidhkak' (2016 A/L)

37. Time target : 20 minutes

a (i) (1) rEmfha oS we;af;a" X - lsrK k<hl o<

igykls' A iy B f,i ,l=Kq lr we;s
fldgia kï lrkak'
(ii) rEmfha i,l=Kq lr we;s D fldgi kï
lr th Ndú; lsÍfï wruqK myokak'
(iii) rEmfha i,l=Kq lr we;s C fldgi kï
lr th Ndú; lsÍfï wruqK myokak'
(iv) X - lsrK ksmofjkafka flfia oehs meyeos,s lrkak'
(v) ßla;kh lrk ,o k<hla Ndú; lsÍug fya;=jla fokak'

(b) X - lsrK k<hl iemhqï fjda,à a h;dj 100 000 V fõ'

(i) A fj; <`.d jk bf,lafg%dakhl Wmßu pd,l Yla;sh keV tallj,ska .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) by; (b) (i) ys .Kkh l< Wmßu Yla;sh /.;a bf,lafg%dakhla tys Yla;sfhka w¾Ohla jeh
fldg X - lsrK f*dafgdakhla ksmojk w;r b;sß Yla;sh iïmq¾Kfhka u wjfYdaIKh lr
.kS' wjfYdaIKh lrk Yla;shg l=ula isÿ fõ oehs meyeos,s lrkak'
(iii) by; (b) (ii) fldgfia ksmojk X - lsrK f*dafgdakfha ;rx. wdhduh .Kkh lrkak'
[ h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s , c = 3 × 108 ms–1 iy IeV = 1.6 × 10–19 J ]

(c) hï øjHhla yryd  - lsrK .uka lsÍfï oS tu øjHh u`.ska  - lsrK

f*dafgdakhkaf.ka tla;rd Nd.hla wjfYdaIKh lr .kS' ^2& rEmfha
oelafjk mßos hï øjHhl >klu t jq ;yvqjla u;g ,ïnlj
m;kh jk" ;Sj;% dj I0 jk  lsrK loïnhla i,lkak' wjfYdaIKh
úfï m%;sM,hla f,i iïfm%aIKh jq  lsrKj, ;Sj%;dj wvq jk
w;r" th I u.ska oelafõ'

I0 yd I w;r iïnkaO;dj log ( II ) = 0.434 t u.ska fokq ,nk

0


w;r" fuys  hkak" § we;s Yla;sfha § wod<  - lsrK i`oyd § we;s øjHhg ksh;hla fõ' my; § we;s
ish¨ u o;a; 2 MeV  - lsrK i`oyd fõ' 2 MeV  - lsrKj,g Bhï i`oyd  ys w.h 51.8 m–1 f,i
.kak'
(i) by;  - lsrKj, ;Sj%;dj w¾Ohlska wvq lsÍu i`oyd wjYH jk Bhïj, >klu .Kkh
lrkak'

Samitha Ratnayake - 21 - Innovative Physics

 (ii) úlsrK fiajlhl= i`oyd Wmßu wkqo;a ud;%dj (permissible does) jirlg 20 mSv fõ' mqo.
a ,hl=
;Sj%;dj 10 m s jk by;  - lsrK loïnhlg ksrdjrKh jq úg ,efnk ud;%dj jirlg
10 –2 –1

2.5 × 106 mSv fõ' Wmßu wkqo;a ud;%dj blaujd fkdhk mßos úlsrK fiajlhl=g ksrdjrKh
úh yels" by;  lsrK loïnfha Wmßu ;Sj%;dj ks¾Kh lrkak'

(iii) frday,l frda.Skag m%;sldr lsÍu i`oyd 2 MeV  - lsrK m%Njhla ia:dms; lr we;s úlsrK
Ñls;ail ldurhla i,lkak' úlsrK fiajlfhda hdno ldurfha jev lghq;= lr;s' ldur fol
Bhï ì;a;shlska fjka lr we;' hï fyhlska m%Njfhys úlsrK ldkaÿùula we;s jqjfyd;a Bhï
ì;a;shg ,ïnlj m;kh jk  - lsrKj, Wmßu ;Sj%;dj 2.56 × 106 m–2 s–1 fõ' úlsrK
fiajlhkag ldurh ;=< wdrlaIs; j jev lsÍu i`oyd Bhï ì;a;shg ;sìh hq;= wju >klu
ks¾Kh lrkak' (2017 A/L)

Samitha Ratnayake - 22 - Innovative Physics

 MCQ - Past Papers
Time target : 15 minutes

01. úlsrKYS,s kshe¢hl wvx.= A uq,øjHhl kHIaá ia:dhs B uq,øjHhl kHIaá njg laIh fõ' ld,h
(t) iuÕ iEfok B ys mrudKq ixLHdfõ (N) úp,kh jvd;a u fyd¢ka ksrEmKh jkafka"

1' 2' 3' 4' 5'

(1998 - AL)

02. .hs.¾ .Klh (Geiger Counter) Ndú; lsÍfuka"

(A)wxY= wkdjrKh l< yel' (B) lsrK wkdjrKh l< yel'
(C) kshqfg%dak wkdjrKh l, yel'

by; m%ldYj,ska"
1' A muKla i;H fõ' 2' B muKla i;H fõ'
3' C muKla i;H fõ' 4' A iy B muKla i;H fõ'
5' A , B iy C hk ish,a, u i;H fõ' (2000 - AL)

03. ldnka - 14 Èkehqu wdOdrfhka fmdis,hl jhi wjqreÿ 72000 nj fidhd .kakd ,È' 14 C ys w¾O - wdhq ld,h
wjqreÿ 6000 kï"
14
fmdis,fha wvx.= jk C m%udKh
hk wkqmd;h iudk jkqfha"
14
Ôj;ajk mglhkaf.a mj;sk C m%udKh
1' 1 2' 1 3' 1 4' 1 5' 1
2 23 25 2 12 2 16
(2001 - AL)

04. úlsrKYS, idïm,hl ialkaOh fo.=K l<fyd;a my; i|yka tajdhska l=ula" tys il%sh;dj iy w¾O-wdhq
ld,h iïnkaOfhka i;H fõo @

il%sh;dj w¾O-wdhq ld,h

1' jeä fõ' jeä fõ'
2' jeä fõ' wvq fõ'
3' jeä fõ' fkdfjkiaj mj;s
4' fkdfjkia j mj;s fkdfjkiaj mj;s
5' fkdfjkiaj mj;s wvq fõ' (2003 - AL)

05. mqrdúoHd{hl= úiska merKs ,S wdhqOhlska ldnka 100 mg ksiaidrKh lrk ,o w;r" th iÔú .ilska
ksiia drKh lrk ,o ldnka 100 mg fuka ¼ la úlsrKYS,s nj fidhd.kakd ,§ ldnka-14 ys w¾O -wdhq ld,h
wjqreÿ 5730 ls' ,S wdhqOh fldmuK
merKs o @
1' wjqreÿ 1432'5 2' wjqreÿ 5730 3' wjqreÿ 10162'5 4' wjqreÿ 11460 5' wjqreÿ 22920
(2007 - AL)

Samitha Ratnayake - 23 - Innovative Physics

06. úlsrKYS,S uQ,øjHhl —il%h
s ;dj˜ys SI tallh jkafka"
1' Bq 2' C i 3' Gy 4' Sv 5' rad
(2009 - AL)

07. úlsrKYS,s øjHhlg ñks;a;= 60 l w¾O wdhq ld,hla we;' meh 3 l ld,hla ;=< øjHfha laIh jQ Nd.h
m%;Y
s ;hla jYfhka"
1' 8'75] la fõ' 2' 12'5] la fõ' 3' 66'6] la fõ' 4' 78'3] la fõ' 5' 87'5] la fõ'
(2014 - AL)

08. kHIaá lsysmhl n|k Yla;Ska my; ±lafjk j.=fjka fmkakqï lrhs'
4 20 40 60 23 8
kHIaáh He Ne Ca Ni 92
U
2 10 20 28

n|k Yla;sh (MeV) 28.3 160.6 342.1 526.81802.0

by; i|yka kHIaáj,ska jvd;au ia:dhs kHIaáh l=ulao@

20 40 60 23 8
1' 4 He 2' Ne 3' Ca 4' Ni 5' 92
U
2 10 20 28
(2015 - AL)

09. úlsrKYS,s m%Njhl il%sh;dj uekSug Ndú;d lrkq ,nk SI tallh jkqfha"
1' Bq 2' Gy 3' J Bq1 4' Bq1 5' Sv
(2016 - AL)

Samitha Ratnayake - 24 - Innovative Physics

 MCQ
Time target : 20 minutes

01. fm%dafgdakhl yd  wxY=jl ã-fn%da.a,S ;rx. wdhdu w;r wkqmd;h 1 : 2 ls' tajdfha"
1' pd,l Yla;s w;r wkqmd;h 1 : 8 ls' 2' pd,l Yla;s w;r wkqmd;h 8 : 1 ls'
3' m%fõ. w;r wkqmd;h 1 : 8 ls' 4' m%fõ. w;r wkqmd;h 8 : 1 ls'
5' m%fõ. w;r wkqmd;h 1 : 4 ls'

02. bf,lafg%dak wkaùlaIhla iïnkaOfhka my; ±lafjk lreKq i,ld n,kak'

A. bf,lafg%dak loïnfha ;rx. wdhduh oDYH wdf,dalfha ;rx. wdhduhg jvd b;du;a l=vd neúka oDIH
wdf,dalh Ndú; lrk idudkH wkaùlaIhlg jvd bf,lafg%dak wkaùlaIhg jeä úfNaol n,hla mj;S'
B. bf,lafg%dak wkaùlaIhl bf,lafg%dak loïnh kdNs .; lsÍu i|yd idudkH ùÿre ldp jvd iqÿiq fõ'
C. bf,lafg%dka loïnh ;ajrKhg ,la lrkq ,nk úNj wka;rh úYd,j;au bf,lafg%dak loïnfhys ;rx.
wdhduh l=vd fõ'
ñka ksjerÈ jkafka"
1' A muKs' 2' A yd B muKs' 3' B yd C muKs' 4' C yd A muKs'
5' A, B yd C hk ish,a,u'

03. X - lsrK k,hlska uqod yßk X - lsrK j, wju ;rx. wdhduh r|d mj;skafka"
1' iQ;s%ldj ;=<ska .,k úÿ,s Odrdj u;' 2' k,hg fhdokq ,nk úNj wka;rh u;'
3' k,h ;=< jQ jdhqfõ iajNdjh u;' 4' b,lal f,i fhdok uQ, øjHfha mrudKql l%udxlh u;
5' by; lsisjla u; fkdfõ'

04. X - lsrK k,hla 20000 V úNj wka;rhlska l%shd lrhs' X - lsrK j¾Kdj,sfha" my; l=uk ;rx. wdhduh
±lsh fkdyelso @
1' 0.50 A 2' 0.750 A 3' 10 A 4' 1.50 A 5' 20 A

05.  iy  hk wxY= iy lsrK iïnkaOfhka my; l=uk j.ka;sh ksjerÈ fõo@
1'  wxY=jl wdfrdamKh"  wxY=jl wdfrdamKh fuka fo.=Khls'
2'  wxY=jl whkSldrl yelshdj"  wxY=jl whkSldrl yelshdjg jvd wvqh'
3'  wxY= j,g"  lsrK j,g jvd jeä úksúohdfï yelshdjla we;'
4'  lsrK j,g  wxY= j,g jvd wvq fõ.hla we;'
5'  wxY= j, idudkH fõ.h"  wxY= j, idudkH fõ.hg jvd wvqh'

06. my; ±lafjk úlsrKYS,s l%shdj,sfha wkqms<sfj,ska úfudapkh jk úlsrK jkafka"

A A A–4 A–4
Z
X Z+1
Y Z–1
L Z–1
L

1'  2'  3'  4'  5' 
23 2 20 8
07. 90
Th laIhùfï§ ,efnk wjidk M,h 82
Pb fõ' fuys§ uqodyeß  yd  wxY= ixLHd ms<sfj,ska"

1' 3 , 3 2' 6 , 4 3' 6 , 0 4' 4 , 6 5' 6,3

08. lsishï uQ,øjH kHIaáhl nkaOk Yla;sh E jk w;r kHIaáh" kshqla,sfhdak u.ska ks¾udKh ùfï§ isÿ jk
ialkaO ydksh m fõ' ksoyia wjldYh ;=< úoaHq;a pqïnl ;rx. j, fõ.h ,efnkafka my; i|yka l=ulskao @
1' Em 2' E/m 3' Em2 4' (E/m)2 5' (E/m)1/2

Samitha Ratnayake - 25 - Innovative Physics

 235
09. U úLKavkhg Ndckh ùfï§ tys ialkaOfhka 0.1% la Yla;sh njg fmrf,a'
92
235
U, 1kg ialkaOhla
úLKavkfha§ uqodyßk Yla;h
s (C = 3 × 108 ms–1)
1' 3 × 101 J 2' 9 × 1010 J 3' 9 × 1011 J 4' 9 × 1012 J 5' 3 × 1013 J

10. úlsrKYS,s øjH folla jk A yd B ys w¾O wdhq ld, ms<sfj,ska T yd 2T fõ' wdrïNfha§ fuu øjH fofla
idïm, foll iudk kHIaá ixLHdjla wka;¾.; fõ' 4T ld,hlg miq A yd B ys b;sß kHIaá ixLHd w;r
wkqmd;h jkafka"
1' 1 : 1 2' 1 : 4 3' 1 : 2 4' 2 : 1 5' 4 : 1

ms<s;=re

01. 32 g 02. 6.25 % 03. 4800 Y 04. 4.11 × 109 Y

05. ñks;a;= 20 06. 1 07. 6 t 08. 6
4
09. 6 m 12. 48.6 MeV 14. 4.1 × 10 Bq 15. 3.05 × 10–8 g
16. 1.236 × 107 Bq 17. 1.061 × 104 Bq 18. 8600 s –1 19. 6.25 Ci
20. 0.5795 mg 21. 3.65 d 22. 1.979 mg , 448 272 Bq
23. i. 0.5 J ii. 3 × 104 J iii. 24000 Sv hr 1
24. i. 40 mrem ii. 40 mrad, 0.40 mGy iii. 6×10 10
25. i. 492.29 MeV ii. 8.79 MeV 26. 7.2657 MeV 27. 7.16 MeV
28. 3.2 kg

29. vii.  – wxY= wêfõ.S bf,lafg%dak fõ'

i. fnrl,a fyda Bq – – – 01  + wxY= wêfõ.S fm%disfg%dak $ m%;s bf,lafg%dak fõ'
ke;sk ï
ii. § we;s úlsrKYS, ksheÈhl CIh ùfï YS>%;djh $  + wxY= hkq bf,lafg%dakj,g iudk tfy;a Ok
il%Sh;djh $ A, tu ksheÈfha wvx.= wia:dhS $ wdfrdamKhla orK wxY= fõ' ke;skï bf,lafg%dakfha
úlsrKYS,S kHIaá (N) ixLHdjg ^wkqf,dauj& m%;s - wxY=j fõ'
iudkqmd;slh' – – – 01
^folgu& – – – 01

iii. § we;s úlsrKYS, ksheÈhl wvx.= úlsrKYS,s

 wxY=jla hkq yS,shï kHIaáhls' ^fyda He++)
kHIaá$mrudKq ^fyda wia:dhS kHIaá& ixLHdj ^fyda – – – 01
il%sh;dj& tys uq,a $ mj;sk $ ;sfnk w.fhka yß 14 14
viii. 6 C ys CIh ùfï YS>%;djh ^il%Sh;djh& 6C iE§fï
wvla ùug .;jk ld,h' – – – 01
YS>%;djhg iudk ùu ksidh'

iv. tu kHIaá ^fyda mrudKq& wia:dhs jk ksid – – – 01 ^iE§u yd CIhùfï YS>%;d w;r iu;=,s;;djla ;sîu
ksid hkakg ,l=Kq ke;'& – – – 01
14 14
v. 7
N+n 6
C+p – – – 01
14
ix. 6
C ys w¾O wdhq ld,h (T) = 1.8×1011 s
14 14 1
^fyda 7
N+n 6
C+ 1
H
0.693
14 1 14 1 CIh ksh;h () = s–1
fyda 7
N + 0n  6
C + 1 H) 1.8×1011

14 14 = 3.85×10–12 s–1
vi. C N +  – + e – – – 01 – – – 02
6 7 (3.8–3.9)
^tla ,l=Kla tallh i|ydh&
e i|yka lsÍu wjYH ke;'  – i|yd –1
0
 fyda e–
Ndú; l< yel'&

Samitha Ratnayake - 26 - Innovative Physics

 14
[ 6
C ys w¾O wdhq ld,h (T) = 5730 y 30. .

14 0.693
C ys CIh ksh;h () = y–1
6 5730

= 1.2×10 –4 y–1
– – – 02
^tla ,l=Kla tallh i|ydh&]

b,lalh" iQ;%sldj yd wê fjda,aàh;d iemhqu

x. Ôj;ajk Ydlhl ldnka 1 g wvx.= 14C kHIaá $
^ksjerÈ O%eùh;d iu.& ,l=Kq lsÍu i|yd
mrudKq ixLHdj
^ish,a, ksjerÈ kï – – 02 folla ksjerÈ
= (5.0×1022) × (10–12) kï – – 01)
= 5.0 × 1010 – – – 01
ii. iQ;l
s% dj r;a l< úg f,dayh ;=< we;s bf,lafg%dk
a
ksheÈfha ils%h;djh (A) ;dmc úfudapkh ksid bj;a fõ'
= (3.85×10–12) × (5.0×1010) Bq fyda
= 0.1925 Bq iQ;%sldj r;a lsÍu u.ska $ ;dmh iemhSfuka
– – – 01

tla mehla ;=<§ tl;= jk .sKSï ixLHdj iii. m%lsrKh j<lajd .ekSu $ wju lr.ekSu i|yd
= 0.1925×60×60 fyda
.egqï j<lajd .ekSu $ wju lr.ekSu
= 693 .sKSï – – – 01
fyda
(680–700)
bf,lafg%dak b,lalh lrd ,Õd lrùu i|yd
fyda
xi. fmdis,fha 1 g la mehl§ .sKSï 347 ,nd fok ksid
bf,lafg%dakj, Yla;s ydksh j<lajd .ekSu $
fmdis, ksheÈfha il%sh;djh Ôj;ajk Ydlhl we;s wju lr.ekSu i|yd
il%sh;djfhka yß wvlg ^wdikakj& iudkh' fyda
– – – 01
jdhq wKq whkSlrKh ùu je<elaùu i|yd
– – – 01
il%h
s ;dj hï w.hhlska yß wvla ùug .;jk ld,h
w¾O wdhq ld,hg iudk ksid iv. iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj = 100 kV
fmdis,fha jhi = 5730 wjqreÿ – – – 01 ^tallh jerÈ kï ,l=K ke;&
hc
693
^fuu ,l=K ,nd.ekSug 347 = nj ta;a;= v. ;rx. wdhduh"  = E – – – 01
2
f.dia ;sìh hq;=h'& (6.6×10–34)×(3×10 8)
 =
100×103×1.6×10–19

= 0.12×10–10 m = 0.12
– – – 01
vi. a. jd¾Isl iM, miqìï ud;%dj = 2 mSv

tuksid iM, miqìï ud;%d iS>%;dj

2×10 3
= – – – 01
365×24

= 0.228 Sv hr–1

b. wjir ,nd§ we;s jd¾Isl iM, ud;%dfõ

Wmßuh
= 20 mSv

Samitha Ratnayake - 27 - Innovative Physics

 úlsrK iu. lghq;= lrkakd jev lrk meh fmdafgdak m%udKh
.Kk 2×10 –4
= 40×40 hr =
1.6×10 –14
mÍlaIKd.drh ;=< ksrdjrKh úh yels
Wmßu iM, ud;%d iS>%;djh = 1.25×1010 fmdafgdak
20×103 (1.19–1.31)
– – – 01
= 40×40

= 12.5 Sv hr–1 – – – 01

31.
c. ^1& X lsrK u.ska we;sjk iM, ud;%d i. a. ialkaOj, tl;=j
iS>%;djh = (341.917595 + 6.644625)×10–27 kg
= 0.57 I E a Sv hr–1 = 348.562220 × 10–27 kg – – – 01

= 0.57×(9.4×108)×(0.1)×(0.027)Sv hr–1
– – – 01 b. ydks jQ ialkaOh (m)
8 –1
= 1.45×10 Sv hr = 348.571554×10–27 – 348.562220×10–27
= 0.009334 × 10–27 kg – – – 01
X lsrK ksid ,nd.kakd ud;%dj
c. ks¾udKh jQ Yla;sh (E)
= 1.45×106 Sv = (0.009334×10–27) × (3.0×108)2
0.1
3600 – – – 01 = 8.4×10–13 J – – – 01
= 40 Sv
(38–42)
d. úYd,;ajh = p iy ÈYdj –x fyda –p)
– – – 01
^2& 1 kg ialkaOhla u.ska ,nd.kakd ud;%dj Ad
= 40 Sv e. K = A + A E
d 
= 40×10–6 Sv 206
= × (8.4×10–13) – – – 01
206+4
1 kg ialkaOhla u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrk E i|yd jerÈ w.hla (i) (c) j,§ ,enqko fuu
Yla;hs ,l=K fokak'
= 40×10–6 J = 8.2×10–13 (8.2 – 8.3)10–13 J – – – 01
– – – 01
^fuu ,l=K ,efnkafka Sv, Jkg–1 j,g
Ad
yerùu i|ydh' jerÈ ixLHd;aul w.hhka fyda [K=A + A E
iys; jQjdg lula ke;'& d 

341.917595
5 kg ialkaOhla u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrk = × (8.4×10–13)
Yla;hs – – – 01 341.917595+6.644625 – – – 01
–6
= 5×40×10 J = 8.2×10–13 J – – – 01]
^fuu ,l=K ,efnkafka ialkaOfhka .=K
lsÍu i|ydh'& 6.0×1023
ii. a. N =
= 2.0×10–4 J 210
= 2.86×1021 (2.8 – 2.9)×1021 – – – 01
X lsrK fmdafgdakhl Yla;sh
= 100 keV
b. A = n
= 100×103×1.6×10–19 J – – – 01  (2.86×1021) × (5.6×10–8)
= 1.6×10–14 J
= (1.6×1014 Bq) (1.5 – 1.7)×1014 Bq
– – – 02
tuksid wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,nk X lsrK
^jerÈ tall i|yd fyda tall fkdue;s ms<s;=re i|yd
,l=Kq 1 la wvq lrkak'&

Samitha Ratnayake - 28 - Innovative Physics

 c. wxY= úfudapkh ùfï iS>%;djh = 1.6×1014 fyda d. idïm,hg tlal< 15
Cr kHIaá ^mrudKq& ixLHdj
(1.5– 1.7) ×10 ^;;a' tlg wxY=&
14
– – – 01
6.0×10 23×1.53×10 –10 – – – 01
fyda (ii) (b) j,§ ,nd.;a w.hu = N0 =
51

d. Yla;sh uqodyeÍfï iS>%;djh = 1.8×1012 – – – 01

14 –13 – – – 01
= (1.6×10 ) × (8.4×10 )
fyda (ii) (c) j,§ ,nd.;a ´kEu w.hla x E fyda idïm,fha il%Sh;djh = N 0
K i|yd ,nd.;a ´kEu w.hla
0.025
= 134.4 W (123–143) W – – – 01 = ( 9×10 ) (1.8×10 )
4
12

– – – 01

e. i. w¾O Ôj ld,h (T) = 5

5.0×10 Bq – – – 01
úl,am l%uh
0.7
= ×(1.16×10–5)
5.6×10–8
d. idïm,fha il%sh;djh = úlsrKYS,s uQ, øjHfha
= 145 Èk – – – 01 ialkaOh × úYsIag il%sh;dj

ii. jir 02 l§ miq lrk w¾O wdhq ld,hka = 1.53×10–10×3.5×10 15

.Kk = 5.36×105 Bq (5.3–5.4) 105 Bq
2×365
= idïm,hg tl;= l< 15Cr kHIaá ^mrudKq& ixLHdj
145
~5 (5.034 – 5.035) – – – 01 il%sh;dj 5.36×105
= =
 (0.025/9 × 104)
jir 02 l§ wvqjk Nd.h
= 1.93×1012(1.90–1.94) 1012
= 1–
1
25 (1– 1
25.034 ) fyda 1– 321 fyda e.
wdrïNl il%sh;dj
=
reêr mßudj
– – – 01
wjidk il%sh;dj 10
31
fyda (0.96–0.97) – – – 01
32 fyda
5.0×105
reêr mßudj = × 10 ml
32. a. fm%dafgdak ixLHdj = 24 – – – 01 1000
kshqfg%dak ixLHdj = 51 – 24 – – – 01
= 5000 ml
= 27 – – – 01

0.7 by; l%ufhka d fldgi úi÷fjd;a

b. t 1/2 =
 5.36×105
0.7 0.7 reêr mßudj = × 10 ml
1000
 = = d–1
t 1/2 28 (5.3–5.4)
fyda = 105×10 ml
–1
1000
= 0.025 d – – – 01

reêr mßudj = 5360 ml (5000–5400) ml

c. frda.shd ;=< mej;sh yels Wmßu il%sh;dj
= (6.0×104) 70 f. (e) ys .Kkh l< reêr mßudj i;H w.hg jvd
= 4.2×106 Bq – – – 01 u|la jeäh'
reêr mßudj .Kkh lsÍfïÈ 15Cr mrudKq iïmQ¾K
 10 ml reêr idïm,hg tla l< yels Wmßu Cr 15
m%udKh fjkia fkdù mj;sk nj Wml,amkh lrk
ialkaO h ,È' kuq;a ksjerÈ ms,s;=r ,nd .ekSu i|yd by; (e)
4.2×106
– – – 01
= 15 ys wdfoaY l< hq;af;a uksk ,o il%sh;d w.hg
3.5×10
(1000 Bq) jvd jeä w.hlah'
= 1.2×10–9 g – – – 01 ke;fyd;a (e) ys wdfoaY l< uksk ,o il%sh;d w.h
= (1.2×10–12kg)

Samitha Ratnayake - 29 - Innovative Physics

 .Kkh i|yd fhdod .; hq;= i;H w.hg jvd l=vdh' = 4.8×1026 W – – – 01
ke;fyd;a úlsrKYS,s Cr reêrh mqrd ñY% ùug
15
(4.50 – 4.90) × 10 W 26

.;jk ld,h ;=<§ CIh jk ksid uksk ,o il%h

s ;dj
i;H w.hg jvd wvqh' g. i. yhsv%cka mrudKq y;rl ialkaOh
ke;fyd;a úlsrKYS,s kHIaá CIh jk ksid .Kkh = 1.67×4×10–27 kg = 6.68×10–27 kg
i|yd fhdod .;a wdrïNl il%sh;dj i;H w.hg
jvd u|la jeäh' – – – 01 yS,Shï mrudKqjl ialkaOh
= 6.65×10–27 kg
g. .;jk ld,h = 6 × w¾O wdhq ld,h
^fyda ´kEu ksjerÈ m%ldYkhla& ialkaO fjki
= 6×28 Èk = 0.03×10–27 kg = 3×10–29 kg
= 168 Èk – – – 01
h. isrer ;=< we;s reêr mßudj yd tl;= ùug;a fmr tuksid tla ú,hk m%;sl%shdjl§ uqod yefrk
fndfyda mrudKq CIh fõ' ke;skï w¾O wdhq ld,h Yla;sh
b;d l=vdh'
– – – 01
= 0.03×10–27 × 3×108)2
= 2.7×10–12 J – – – 01
33. a.^iïmQ¾Kfhkau& whkSlrKh jQ mod¾:fha wjia:djla
ma,diaud wjia:djla f,i ye¢kafõ' – – – 01
ii. ;;amrhl§ ke;sjk yhsv%cka kHIaá m%udKh

b. m%ldY f.da,h" j¾Kf.da,h yd fldfrdakdj 4.8×1026×4

– – – 01 =
2.7×10 –12
c. fldfrdak dfjysh' – – – 01
= 7.1×1038 s–1 – – – 01
iQ¾hhdf.a mj;sk ixlS¾K pqïnl fCIa;% u.ska
(6.6–7.3)×1038 s–1
iQ¾hhdf.a wNHka;rfhka Yla;sh f.kf.dia
fldfrdakdjg uqodyeÍu ksid – – – 01
iii. iQ¾hhdf.a mj;sk H kHIaá ixLHdj

d. ùkaf.a úia;dmk kshufhka" 30 2×10 30

3×10 –3 3×10 –3
= (100
74
) 2×10
2×10
–27
fyda
74
(100 ) 1.67×10 –27

max = = – – – 01
T 1.5×106 = 7.4×1056 fyda 8.86×1056
ish¨u H kHIaá ú,hkh ùug .;jk ld,h
= 2×10–9 m = 2nm – – – 01

7.4×1056 8.86×1056
;rx. wdhduh wê Yla;s mdrcïnq, fmfoig fyda = s fyda = s
7.1×10 38 7.1×1038 – – – 01
wvq Yla;s X lsrK fmfoig – – – 01
= 1.04×10 s fyda = 1.25×10 s
18 18
– – – 01
e. ùkaf.a úia;dmk kshufhka (1.0–1.4) × 1018 s

3×10 –3 3×10 –3
T = = g (iii) i|yd úl,am l%uh
max 500×10–9

= 6000 K – – – 01 iQ¾hhdf.a wvx.= yhsv%cka uq¨ ialkaOh

f. iafg*dka kshufhka = (10074 ) × 2× 10 30

kg – – – 01

L0 = T4 × 4R02 = 1.48×1030 kg

– – – 01

22
= 6×10–8 ×(6×103)4 × 4× × (7×108)2
7

Samitha Ratnayake - 30 - Innovative Physics

 yhsv%cka ialkaOh ydks jk YS>%;dj ii.  lsrK fofla .uH;d P1 yd P2 f,i i,luq'
= 7.1×10 ×2×10 38 –27
wdrïNl .uH;dj = 0
fyda wjidk .uH;dj = P1 + P2
= 7.1×10 ×1.67×10 38 –27
– – – 01 .uH;d ixiaÓ;s uQ, O¾uh u.ska
0 = P1 + P2
H kHIaá ish,a, ú,hkh ùug .;jk ld,h P1 = – P2
tu ksid ÈYd m%;súreoaO fõ'
1.48×1030 1.48×1030
= fyda .uH;dj, úYd,;aj iudk ksid Yla;Skao
1.42×1012 1.19×1012
iudkfõ'
– – – 01
= 1.04×10 s fyda 1.25×10 s
18 18 – – – 01

(1.0–1.4) ×1018 s iii. Yla;s ixiaÓ;s kshufhka

fmdisfg%dakfha ialkaOh + bf,lafg%dakfha
20 × 10–12 10 12 ialkaOh = 2 ×  lsrKhl Yla;sh – – – 01
34. i. N= = – – – 01
2.8 × 10–26 × 103 1.4
^fyda fuu woyi m%ldYhla wdldrfhka ,sùu
0.7 10 12 i|yd&
A= × – – – 01
120 1.4
tu ksid  lsrKhl Yla;sh E= 511 keV
= 4.2 × 109 Bq – – – 01
– – – 01
( 4.16 – 4.2 ) × 109
c. uqla; jk uq¿ Yla;sh

ii. tkak;a lsÍfuka ñks;a;= 2 lg miq fud<h ;=< 10 12

= 2NEr = 2 × × 511 × 1.6 × 10–16
il%sh;dj = 4.2 × 109 × 0.1 × 0.5 – – – 02 1.4 – – – 01

wjfYdaIl ud;%dj
( 10% .ekSu i|yd 01 ; yß w¾Ohla .ekSu i|yd
01 ) = 2.1 × 108 Bq 10 12 1
8
= 2× × 511 × 1.6 × 10–16 ×
( 2.08 – 2.10 ) × 10 – – – 01 1.4 51.1
– – – 01
^51'1 fn§ui|yd&
iii. 40 ñks;a;= } 20 w¾O Ôj ld,
= 2.3 × 10–6 Gy
tu ksid ñks;a;= 40 lg miq il%sh;dj
( 2.28 – 2.30 ) – – – 01
9
A 4.2 × 10
= = 35.
2 20 10 6
a. 1 u g ;=,H Yla;sh = (1.66×10–27) × (3×108)2
3
= 4.2 × 10 Bq = 1.494 × 10–10 J – – – 01
fuh iajNdúl il%sh;dj jk 10 Bq g jvd 4

1.494×10–10
wvqh' =
1.6×10 –13

iv. b;d blaukska iEfyk úlsrKYS,s;djhla = 933.7 MeV (933 MeV – 934 MeV)
YÍrfhka bj;a fõ' – – – 01
fyda b. i. m%;sl%shdjg fmr ialkaOh
l=vd úlsrKYS,s øjH m%udKhlska YÍrfhka b;d = 1.0087 + 235.0440 u = 236.0527 u
by, il%sh;djla ,nd .ekSug yelshdj we;' m%;sl%shdjg miq ialkaOh
– – – 01
= 95.9343+137.9110+2×1.0087u = 235.8625 u
b. i. YÍr mglj,ska   lsrK wjfYdaIKh fõ'
fyda ialkaO ydksh
  lsrKj,g  lsrK ^fyda fjk;a úlsrK& = (1.0087+235.0440 u) – (95.9343 + 137.9110
YÍrh ;=< ksmoùfï yelshdjla ke;' – – – 01 + 2×1.0087 u) – – – 01
ialkaO ydksh = 0.19 u – – – 01

Samitha Ratnayake - 31 - Innovative Physics

 ii. uqodyßkq ,nk Yla;sh = (0.19×934) 36.
= 177.5 MeV (177.2–177.5) – – – 01 a. úlsrKYs,s m%Njfhys wvx.= 238
Pu m%udKh
= 2380 × 0.9 g – – – 01
1000
c. i. ld¾hlaIu;dj = × 100 úlsrKYs,s m%Njfhys wvx.= 238
Pu mrudKq ixLHdj
3200
2380 × 0.9 × 6.0 × 1023
N0 = – – – 01
= 31.25% – – – 01 238

N0 = 5.4 × 1024 mrudKq – – – 01

ii. ;;amrhla ;=<§ ksmo jQ ;dm Yla;sh
hdkh .uk wdrïNfha § úlsrKYS,s m%Njfhys
= 3200 × 106 J
il%Sh;dj A0 = N 0 – – – 01
ksmojkq ,nk ;dm Yla;sfha idudkH w.h tla
24 –10
= 5.4 × 10 × 2.5 × 10 – – – 01
úLKavkhlg (200) × (1.6×10–13) – – – 01
= 1.35 × 1015 Bq – – – 01
= 3.2 × 10–11 J

3200×106 ii. RTG ys wdrïNl úoHq;a cjh = A0 E – – – 01

;;amrhg úLKavk ixLHdj=
3.2×10 –11 fuys E hkq úlsrKYs,s CIhùul § Ndckh
wjfYdaIKh lrk Yla;sh fõ'
= 10 20 – – – 01
A0 E = 1.35 × 1015 × 5.5 × 1.6 × 10–13 – – – 01
235 = 1188 W
iii. 235
U mrudKqjl ialkaOh =
6.0×1023 .uk wdrïNfha § ksmofjk úoHq;a cjh
– – – 01
7
= 39.2×10–23 g = 39.2×10–26 kg = 1188 × – – – 01
100
235
U mßfNdack YS>%;dj = 83.2 W (83.1 W – 83.2 W) – – – 01
= (1×1020) × (39.2×10–26) – – – 01 iii. jir 10 lg miq wNHjldY hdkh .uka wjika lrk
= 3.92×10–5 kg s–1 úg úlsrKYS,s iuia:dkslfha il%Sh;dj (A) kï
A = A0e–l
jd¾Isl 235
U mßfNdackh = 1.35 × 1015 × e– 0.0079 × 10
–5
= (3.92×10 ) × (3600×24×365) ^m%ldYkh ,sùug fyda wdfoaYhg& – – – 01
= 1.24 × 103 kg y–1 – – – 01 = 1.35 × 10 × 0.92 15

= 1.24 × 1015 Bq – – – 01
d. wjYH 2% iqfmdaIs; hqf¾kshï bkaOk m%udKh
= (1.24×103) / 2% iv. .uka wjidkfha § RTG uÕska ksmojk cjh
–1
= 62,000 kg y – – – 01 7
= 1.24 × 1015 × (5.5 × 1.6 × 10–13) ×
100
e. ldnka mrudKqjla oykfhka ksmojk Yla;sh A 83.2 × 1.24 × 1015
fyda 83.2 = – – – 01
= 4 eV = 4 × (1.6×10–19) A0 135 × 1015
= 6.4 × 10–19 J
= 76.4 W (76.3 – 76.5) W – – – 01
ldnka mßfNdack YS>%;dj
= 3200×106 / 6.4×10–19 – – – 01 v. .uka wjidkfha oS cjh wvq ùfï m%;sY;h
27 –1
= 5.0×10 atoms s
83.2 – 76.4
= × 100
12 83.2
ldnka mrudKqjl ialkaOh =
6.0×1023 = 8% (8% – 8.2%) – – – 01
– – – 01
= 2.0×10–23 g = 2.0 × 10–26 kg
vi. 1' iQ¾hdf,dalh fkdmj;sk wjia:djl RTG Ndú;
l< yels h'
jd¾Isl ldnka mßfNdackh
2' wfkl=;a úoHq;a m%Nj iu`. iei`ÿ úg È.= ld,
= (5.0×1027) × (2.0×10–26) × (3600×24×365)
mrdihla ;=< úÿ,s cjh ,nd.; yel'
= 3.2 × 109 kg y–1 – – – 01
3' kv;a;= lsÍulska f;drj Ndú; l< yel'
by; ´kEu tlla – – – 01
Samitha Ratnayake - 32 - Innovative Physics
37. log(2)
a. (i) A - wefkdavh $ b,lalh t =
0.434×51.8
B - lef;davh $ iQ;%sldj $ ;dmlh
(A, B folu ksjerÈ kï& – – – 01
t = 1.339×10–2 m
[(1.33 – 1.34) × 10–2 ] m

(ii) D - iQ;%sldjg $ ;dmlhg cj iemhqu – – – 01

wruqK ( ;¾uhk úfudapkh u.ska bf,lafg%dak 1010 m–2 s–1

ksmoùug (folu ksjerÈ kï& – – – 01
(ii) loïnfha ;Sj%;djh = × 20 mSv
2.5 × 106 mSv

(iii) C - wê fjda,aàh;d (dc) cj iemhqu = 8 × 104 m–2 s–1 – – – 01

wruqK ( lef;davh iy wefkdavh w;r

bf,lafg%dak ;ajrKh lsÍu fyda bf,lafg%dakj, (iii) log ( 2.56×106
8×10 4
) = 0.434 (51.8) t'
(ksjerÈ wdfoaYhg& – – – 01
Yla;sh jeä lsÍug
(folu ksjerÈ kï& – – – 01 log (32) log (25)
t' = = =
0.434 × 51.8 0.434 × 51.8
(iv) ;ajrKh l, $ wêYla;s bf,lafg%dak wekdavh $ log (2)
b,lalh u; .efgk úg X lsrK ksmojhs' 5 [ 0.434 × 51.8 ] = 5t

– – – 01
t' = 6.70 × 10 –2 m [(6.69 – 6.70) × 10–2] m

(v) bf,lafg%dak j,g lef;davh iy wefkdavh w;r – – – 01

jdhq wKq iu. .egqulska $ tajdfha Yla;sh

wvqùulska f;drj .uka lsÍug yelsh' fyda X úl,am l%uh
lsrK ksmoùfï ld¾hCIu;djh jeä lsÍug I0 2.56×106 I0
– – – 01 = = 32  I = – – – 01
I 8×10 4
32
(ksjerÈ ;¾l iys; iDKd;aul ms<s;=re i|ydo fuu
,l=K fokak'&

b. (i) Wmßu pd,l Yla;sh"

E = eV = e (100 000V) by; ;¾lh Ndú; lsÍfuka"
E = 100 (keV) – – – 01 t' = 5t
= 6.70 × 10–2 m [(6.69 – 6.70) × 10–2] m
(ii) ;dmh f,i ydksfõ fyda wefkdavh $ b,lalh – – – 01
r;a lrhs – – – 01

hc
(iii) E' = (´kEu wdldrhlg ksjerÈ

iólrKhla& fyda

6.6×10 –34×3×10 8
 = – – – 01
50×103×1.6×10 –19

 = 2.48 × 10–11 m
[(2.47 – 2.48) × 10–11] m – – – 01

I0
c. (i) I =
2
– – – 01
log ( )
I0
I0/2
= 0.434 (51.8) t
(ksjerÈ wdfoaYhg& – – – 01

Samitha Ratnayake - 33 - Innovative Physics

 MCQ - Past Papers

01. 2 02. 4/5 03. 4 04. 3 05. 4

06. 1 07. 5 08. 4 09. 1

MCQ

01. 4 02. 4 03. 2 04. 1 05. 2

06. 4 07. 2 08. 5 09. 5 10. 2

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