Master in Migration Studies

Political and Social Sciences Department

Immigration Governance

2023-2024 First Term

Schedule: Fridays – 15:00 – 18:00
(except 3rd and 17th November
Double sessions on the 10th and 24th november)
Room: 20:237

Professor
Dirk Gebhardt
Dirk.gebhardt@upf.edu
Contenido
Session 1 – Introduction (29/09/2023).................................................................................................3
Session 2 – A collective governance case study: the international framework for guaranteeing
migrant rights (06/10/2023)..................................................................................................................8
Session 3 – Introduction to the EU and its role in migration governance (13/10/2023)....................17
Session 4 – Migration management and its externalisation (20/10/2023).........................................51
Session 5 – Governance of labor migration (27/10/2023).................................................................79
Double Session 5 and 6 - Citizenship and integration governance (10/11/2023)........................94
Double Session 7 and 8 - Local immigration / integration governance (24/11/2023).......................97

OBJECTIVES

- Understanding present-day migration and integration governance

- Thematic scope: both about migration and post-migration (settlement, integration,
citizenship etc.).
- Collectively developing a common state of knowledge about the governance of migration
and integration policies
- Applying this knowledge on different types of practical cases of immigration governance
- 2 red threads: themes & scale (supranational to local) levels
- Introduction and 1-2 practical case studies per session presented by students
- Geographical focus (or bias): EU, Spain, Barcelona, but not excluding other examples
- Drawing on policy & research literature/sources

Case studies presented by students

- Each student selects one case study to present during one of the sessions of the course on a
specific problem, conflict or actor of immigration governance – suggestions are provided.
- Case studies are meant to illustrate the specific element of immigration governance that is
the subject of the respective class - problem focus.
- Presentation of 15 minutes (plus discussion)
- You are encouraged to use creative, interactive and meaningful didactic material to
stimulate learning among their colleagues on the given topic.
- Draw on a wide set of sources, including policy and academic literature. As a starting point,
at least one (usually academic) article is provided for each theme, but you are expected to
do your own bibliographic research to include further academic and non-academic sources
to prepare your intervention.
- It is mandatory that you discuss your ideas at the latest one session before with the lecturer.

Tasks and assessment criteria

Final grade: 30% Active participation

 - 1 anonymous review on presentation by another student (10%) - from session 3 (deadline
one week after the presentation) - you will be allocated to a presentation by lecturer.
- 1 summary of a mandatory reading (10%) – from session 2 (to be handed in the day before
the session).
- Overall participation (10%).
- 30% Presentation case study in class
- 40% Final test
o Checking whether you have understood the content we are discussing in class
o mostly mixture of multiple choice and short response

Session 1 – Introduction (29/09/2023)

Introduction to the course and to immigration governance

This session provides an introduction to the course and its working methods (including online
collaboration and teaching).

1. It will provide a basic understanding of the context, the background and main elements of the
concept of governance, and by then introducing to immigration governance.

 The governance perspective and its political and institutional context: actors, scales,
networks

 Immigration and the state

 Immigration as politicized and “wicked” problem

 The “migration management” paradigm

 Multi-level governance and Europeanisation

 Policy gaps, contradictions in the field of immigration

 The role of evidence in immigration policy design

From government to governance

- Government: the governing institution

- Governance: governing as action, involving a variety of actors and mechanisms

… always has been a central element of a democratic polity…(and) is as old as government. …

used to highlight the changing nature of policy making in recent decades. …

focuses on ‘the ever-increasing variety of terrains and actors involved in the making of public
policy. Thus, it demands that we consider all the actors and locations beyond the “core executive”
involved in the policy making process’ (Richards and Smith 2002: 3).

“The essence of governance is its focus on governing mechanisms – grants, contracts, agreements –
that do not rest solely on the authority and sanctions of government” (Milward and Provan 1999, 3)
New forms of governance:

- networks
- partnerships
- public- private joint ventures
- the inclusion of the voluntary sector in service delivery, and so on—should be assessed in
relation to traditional models … such as hierarchies (Peters & Pierre 1998, 231)

The Governance includes action, involving a variety of activities and mechanisms. Is a changing
native of policy making.

Multi-level governance: How the different governments work with, for example, civil society, in a
non hierarchy way.

…like other theories of governance, questions the continued existence of the unitary, autonomous,
sovereign state, yet it does so by drawing special attention to the relevance that territorial
jurisdictions enjoy within contemporary rule (Piattoni 2010, 10)

> Beyond hierarchy?

> Governance conflicts?

> Moving up or down from the state?

Levels of governance
Why is governance so interesting right now?

- Economic globalisation increasing the impact of economic actors on political decisions –

Big transnational corporations
- Regionalisation, devolution and territorial disarticulation since World War II (Piattoni
2010) - down-scaling of governance to ‘local’ practices and arrangements that create
greater local differentiation
- Increased importance of international political environment - up-scaling of governance
whereby the national state increasingly delegates regulatory and other tasks to other and
higher scales or levels of governance (such as the EU, IMF, WTO and the like)
(Swyngedouw 2005)
- Ideology of neoliberalism and weakening of the welfare state - externalisation of state
functions through privatisation and deregulation, entrepreneurial individual, new public
management and governance through projects

Characteristics of a governance perspective

• Focus on who governs (in particular non-state actors)

• on how of governing
• on relationships between actors, hierarchisation, networked governance etc.
• on effects of governance on subjects e.g. migrants
• On how new forms of governance change their object – migration & integration?

PROBLEMS

Accountability: if powers are delegated, who is in the end responsible?

 • Control: How to control in a network of actors that everybody plays by the
democratic rules? (e.g. migrant detention; readmission agreements with non-EU
states)
• Efficiency: What works best? Who is best placed to do the job? (e.g. Common
European Asylum System)
• How to weigh central control and accountability against presumably greater
freedom and innovativeness of networked design? (e.g. cities pushing for
devolution of competences)
• Critique of “How not to be governed”
• « comment ne pas être gouverné comme cela, par cela, au nom de ces principes-ci,
en vue de tels objectifs et par le moyen de tels procédés, pas comme ça, pas pour
ça, pas par eux » (Michel Foucault, Qu’est-ce que la critique).

The governance perspective & immigration Specificities of the area of immigration

• Relatively new object of government control and governance

• Increasing will to control bodies and their movement (biopolitics)
• Borders, visa and passports = touches the core foundation of modern statehood
• Involves states with different interests (e.g. remittances, brain drain)
• Role of international bodies and agreements that limit state power at least in
principle, e.g. Geneva Convention
• “wicked problem” where different perceptions prevail across groups of actors
(economy, levels of government,…)
• Increasing politicisation and instrumentalisation of migration

Politicisation of immigration
2. An interview with Francois Crépeau, who worked for UNHCR, gives us an insight from a
practitioner on the limits of immigration governance.

 What is the difference in terms of how borders worked between the labor migration of the
1960s and today?
The problem we're facing today, what we call a crisis, is because we invented — about 400 to 500
years ago — borders. We implemented borders in the second half of the 19th century when we
invented the passport. So for the past 200 years, we've had this idea that we should stop people at
borders, but 200 years is very little as compared to 250,000 years.

 Is a moral responsibility to take in migrants the main factor motivating migration policies?

I don't think it's a question of moral responsibility. It's a question of facing the facts. Migrants are
going to come. Migrations occur because of push and pull factors. We very often discuss the push
factors — environmental catastrophes, violence, war, economic deprivation. We never talk about
the pull factors. The main pull factor for countries in the global north is that we have huge labour
markets that need those migrants. The undocumented migrants we have in Canada and Europe
and the U.S., they all work. They all perform economic functions and there are millions of
employers ready to employ them

 How feasible is a policy of keeping people out according to Crépeau?

It's been said to be one of the attributes of state sovereignty, but it's never happened. All borders
are porous and democratic borders are more porous than others. Even the Soviet Union had
porous borders. At that time, the people we called the smugglers and we present as terrible
criminals today were actually helping people getting out of USSR, and we called them heroes

I think states have to accept that borders are not meant to stop everyone they would like to stop.
Borders may mean knowing who enters and stays in the country. In order to get that knowledge,
you have to have people come to border guards so that they can be identified, numbered, etc. In
order to do that you have to provide them with papers. If you try to stop everyone you don't like, the
only thing you do is you create underground markets for smugglers

 What analogies are made with policies for gender equality and the role of women 100 years
ago?

t's only when they started coming out and saying publicly, "we're not going to take it anymore," that
politicians started changing their tune and stopping doing sexist jokes — well, they still do sexist
jokes, but in much less quantity than when I was young. This is not going to happen anytime soon
for migrants. They don't vote. They have no influence on politicians whatsoever, and they don't
participate in the public debates. Normally you would make policies with the people concerned. Try
to imagine policies about women made by committees of men, as it was done 100 years ago. Today
it would sound ludicrous. Well, migration policies are made by people who are not migrants and
have no idea what migration means in most countries.

 Which comparison does he use when people talk about the cultural differences between
migrants and hosts societies?

That's often heard. It's not supported by social science. The biggest changes in our culture are
linked to generational changes.. For my grandparents, divorce was unthinkable. My parents'
generation did that. For my parents' generation, gay marriage was unthinkable. My generation did
that. For my generation, more open borders is probably unthinkable. The next generation will do
that. Changes in values are much more important because of the passage of time — because we
react to what our parents did — than by people coming in. We haven't seen a change in democratic
values because we had millions of people coming from undemocratic countries

 Based on Crépeau, which objective/s of migration governance would you define? -

Mandatory Reading: Crépeau (2017)

I think states have to accept that borders are not meant to stop everyone they would like to stop –
BORDERS.

If you try to stop [migration], the only thing you're creating is an underground market for criminals
- CRIMINALIZATION

The main pull factor for countries in the global north is that we have huge labour markets that need
those migrants. The undocumented migrants we have in Canada and Europe and the U.S., they all
work. They all perform economic functions and there are millions of employers ready to employ
them -LABOUR MARKET

Changes in values are much more important because of the passage of time — because we react to
what our parents did — than by people coming in. – CULTURAL CHANGE

Migration policy, stopping everyone at the border, it doesn't give [them] any information on the
precise person who poses a danger. To identify a person who poses danger, this is intelligence, and
intelligence means groundwork with communities. Most terrorist attacks in the global north have
been done by people who were either born or integrated in those countries. – TERRORISM

Session 2 – A collective governance case study: the international

framework for guaranteeing migrant rights (06/10/2023)
During this session, we will jointly develop (in group work) what case studies on migration
governance in this course might look like, drawing on the topic of the international framework for
guaranteeing human rights for migrants . This shall provide us with inspiration on how to look at
immigration governance problems in this class.

A collective governance study:

 Key actors, laws, initiatives

 Conflicts
 Trends
 Effects
 Problematise this governance framework
 What needs to be done

What is the law and the effects in practice

 Soft law – Difference with the blinding instruments

 ECHR – Facculties among the EU states

Students will be allocated to the following groups:

 What are human rights and how were they codified and institutionalised after the 2nd
World War at international and macro-regional level? (Anne, Franziska, Roberk)

Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that are considered inherent to all
individuals by virtue of their humanity. They are meant to protect and promote the dignity,
equality, and well-being of every person, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, religion,
or other characteristics. Human rights encompass a wide range of principles, including civil and
political rights (such as the right to life, freedom of speech, and the right to a fair trial) and
economic, social, and cultural rights (such as the right to education, health, and work).

After World War II, there was a strong international commitment to preventing the atrocities
and human rights abuses that occurred during the war. This led to the codification and
institutionalization of human rights at both the international and macro-regional levels.

 United Nations (International Level):

o Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly on December 10, 1948, the UDHR is a landmark document that
lays out a comprehensive list of human rights and fundamental freedoms. It serves
as a common standard for all nations and has been influential in shaping
international law and policy.
o International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR): These two binding
treaties were adopted by the United Nations in 1966 and entered into force in 1976.
They expanded on the rights and freedoms outlined in the UDHR and established
legal obligations for states parties to respect, protect, and fulfill these rights.
o Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR):
This office was established in 1993 to promote and protect human rights globally. It
monitors human rights situations, provides technical assistance and capacity-
building to states, and raises awareness about human rights issues.
 Regional Organizations (Macro-Regional Level):
o European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR): The Council of Europe,
established in 1949, developed the ECHR in 1950. It created the European Court of
Human Rights (ECtHR) to hear cases related to violations of the ECHR. The
ECHR and ECtHR have played a significant role in protecting human rights in
Europe.
o American Convention on Human Rights: The Organization of American States
(OAS) adopted this convention in 1969, which established the Inter-American
Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. It
protects human rights in the Americas.
o African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: The Organization of African Unity
(now the African Union) adopted this charter in 1981. It created the African
Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the African Court on Human and
Peoples' Rights to protect human rights on the African continent.

These regional organizations and conventions, along with the United Nations system, have
played a crucial role in the protection and promotion of human rights at the macro-regional
 level. They provide mechanisms for individuals to bring complaints about human rights
violations and hold governments accountable for their obligations. The codification and
institutionalization of human rights have been important steps in the ongoing global effort to
ensure the rights and dignity of all individuals.

 How have migrant rights been addressed in this framework? (e.g. Geneva Convention,
Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers, Global Compacts) (Juan, Barbara, Lara,
Ines)

Migrant rights have been addressed in the international legal framework through a combination of
treaties, conventions, and declarations that establish standards and principles to protect the rights of
migrants. While there isn't a single comprehensive treaty specifically focused on migrant rights,
several international instruments touch upon various aspects of migrant rights. Here are some key
elements of how migrant rights have been addressed in the international legal framework:

- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): The UDHR, adopted in 1948, includes
provisions that apply to all individuals, regardless of their status. Migrants are entitled to
the rights enshrined in the UDHR, such as the right to life, liberty, security of person, and
freedom from discrimination.
- International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of Their Families (ICRMW): Adopted by the United Nations in 1990, this treaty
provides a comprehensive framework for the protection of the rights of migrant workers
and their families. It covers a wide range of rights, including labor rights, social security,
access to justice, and family reunification. While the ICRMW has been ratified by some
countries, it has not achieved universal acceptance.
- International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions: The ILO has adopted several
conventions addressing labor rights and standards for migrant workers. These conventions
cover issues such as labor conditions, recruitment, and labor inspection. Notable ILO
conventions in this regard include Convention No. 97 (Migration for Employment
Convention) and Convention No. 143 (Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions)
Convention).
- Refugee Rights: While refugees are a distinct category from migrants, the 1951 Refugee
Convention and its 1967 Protocol establish rights and protection measures for refugees who
have fled their home countries due to a well-founded fear of persecution. These instruments
have been influential in shaping international refugee law.
- Regional Agreements: Various regional organizations have adopted agreements and
mechanisms to protect the rights of migrants. For example, the Council of Europe and the
Organization of American States have developed conventions and protocols addressing
migrant rights.
- Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: In 2018, the United Nations
adopted the Global Compact for Migration, which is a non-binding, cooperative framework
aimed at addressing the challenges and opportunities of international migration. The
Compact sets out 23 objectives, one of which is to enhance the protection of migrants'
human rights.
- International Human Rights Mechanisms: International human rights bodies, such as the
United Nations Human Rights Council and various treaty bodies (e.g., the Committee on
 the Rights of Migrant Workers), review and assess state compliance with international
human rights obligations, which includes the treatment of migrants.

It's important to note that while these international legal instruments provide a foundation for the
protection of migrant rights, the effectiveness of these rights often depends on the willingness of
states to ratify and implement them. Migrant rights continue to be a complex and evolving issue,
and the protection of these rights remains a subject of ongoing international discussions and
negotiations.

 According to activists, scholars and human rights institutions - what are the main deficits in
guaranteeing migrant rights? (Malu, Noa, Anna, Julian)

Activists, scholars, and human rights institutions have identified several key deficits and challenges
in guaranteeing migrant rights at the international, national, and regional levels. These deficits
highlight areas where improvements are needed to protect the rights and well-being of migrants.
Some of the main deficits include:

 Inadequate Legal Protections: Migrants often face gaps in legal protections, as

many countries may not have ratified or implemented international and regional
treaties that safeguard migrant rights. For example, the International Convention on
the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their
Families (ICRMW) has not been widely ratified.

 Discrimination and Xenophobia: Migrants frequently experience discrimination

and xenophobia in host countries, which can manifest in various forms, such as
hate crimes, racial profiling, and social exclusion. Negative public attitudes and
political rhetoric can exacerbate these issues.

 Detention and Deportation: Many countries detain migrants, including asylum

seekers and children, in often substandard conditions. Mass deportations and forced
returns can lead to human rights abuses, including the separation of families.

 Access to Services: Migrants may encounter difficulties in accessing essential

services, such as healthcare, education, and legal representation. Language barriers,
lack of documentation, and administrative hurdles can limit their access to these
services.

 Labor Exploitation: Migrant workers are susceptible to labor exploitation, including

low wages, hazardous working conditions, and the withholding of wages. Abuses
are especially common in sectors with a high demand for cheap labor, such as
agriculture and domestic work.

 Human Trafficking and Smuggling: Migrants are vulnerable to human trafficking

and smuggling, which involve serious human rights abuses. These practices can
lead to migrants being subjected to forced labor, sexual exploitation, and violence.
 Lack of Regularization: Many migrants live in irregular or undocumented status,
making them more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Legal pathways for
regularization are often limited, leading to precarious situations.

 Family Separation: Policies and practices that lead to family separation, whether
through deportation or detention, can have severe emotional and psychological
impacts on migrants and their families.

 Access to Justice: Migrants may face barriers to accessing the justice system due to
language, economic, or cultural factors. They may not be aware of their legal rights
or fear retaliation if they seek redress.

 Limited Political Participation: Migrants often have limited opportunities for

political participation in their host countries, even though policies and decisions
affect their lives.

 Lack of Consistency: There can be inconsistencies in the treatment of migrants

within and between countries, as well as a lack of harmonization in migration
policies, which can lead to confusion and insecurity.

 Environmental Displacement: Climate change and environmental factors are

increasingly causing displacement. International frameworks for addressing the
rights of environmentally displaced persons are still underdeveloped.

 Border Enforcement Policies: Strict border enforcement policies, such as the

construction of physical barriers and the use of excessive force by border security
personnel, can result in harm to migrants and violations of their rights.

 Addressing these deficits requires a coordinated effort involving governments, civil

society, international organizations, and other stakeholders. It involves the
promotion of human rights, the development of comprehensive migration policies,
efforts to combat discrimination and xenophobia, and international cooperation to
ensure the rights and dignity of migrants are upheld.

 Lack of Universal Ratification of International Instruments: One of the primary

issues is the incomplete ratification of international treaties related to migrant
rights. Not all countries have ratified key instruments like the International
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members
of Their Families, which means that some migrants are not protected by these
agreements.

 Irregular and Unauthorized Migration: Migrants who are in irregular or

unauthorized status often face greater vulnerability to exploitation and abuse, as
they fear detection and deportation. This status often limits their access to legal
protections and essential services.
 Detention and Deportation Practices: The detention of migrants, including children,
and the practices related to deportation, such as deportations without due process
and the separation of families, have been widely criticized. These practices can lead
to human rights abuses and are often not in line with international standards.

 Discrimination and Xenophobia: Migrants, particularly those from certain countries

or regions, frequently face discrimination, xenophobia, and racism. This
discrimination can manifest in various forms, including hate crimes, social
exclusion, and unequal treatment in employment, housing, and education.
 Labor Exploitation: Many migrant workers, especially those in low-skilled jobs,
face labor exploitation, including wage theft, poor working conditions, and a lack
of legal recourse. Migrants often lack effective means to protect their labor rights
and seek redress.

 Access to Healthcare and Education: Migrant children may encounter barriers in

accessing education, and migrants may face challenges in obtaining essential
healthcare services, which is especially significant during times of crisis, such as
the COVID-19 pandemic.

 Lack of Legal Pathways for Migration: Many migrants resort to irregular migration
due to the absence of legal pathways for migration. The lack of opportunities for
safe and legal migration can increase vulnerability and the risk of human rights
abuses.

 Arbitrary Arrest and Detention: Migrants, including asylum seekers and refugees,
are sometimes arbitrarily arrested and detained. Detention conditions can be
substandard, and individuals may be held for extended periods without due process.

 Exploitative Recruitment Practices: Migrant workers often fall victim to

exploitative recruitment practices, including excessive fees charged by recruiters
and false promises of employment, leading to debt bondage and forced labor
situations.

 Inadequate Legal Protections for Vulnerable Groups: Vulnerable migrant groups,

such as women, children, LGBTQ+ individuals, and refugees, may face additional
and unique challenges that require specific legal protections and support.

 Lack of Data and Monitoring: Inadequate data collection and monitoring can hinder
efforts to understand and address the rights and needs of migrants, making it
difficult to develop effective policies and strategies.

 Nationalism and Anti-Migrant Policies: In some countries, the rise of nationalism

and anti-immigrant sentiment has led to the adoption of restrictive immigration
policies that can undermine migrant rights and make it more challenging for
migrants to access protections and opportunities.
  Addressing these deficits in guaranteeing migrant rights requires concerted efforts
at the national, regional, and international levels, including policy changes, legal
reforms, awareness campaigns, and the promotion of tolerance and inclusivity.
Human rights institutions and civil society organizations play a crucial role in
advocating for the protection of migrant rights and holding governments
accountable for their obligations.

 What are Human Rights Cities, what is their role in this framework and what do they do?
(Ben, Sabrina, Gaia, Javier)

Human Rights Cities are municipalities or local communities that have committed to the promotion
and protection of human rights within their jurisdictions. The concept of Human Rights Cities has
gained prominence as a grassroots movement and a bottom-up approach to advancing human rights
at the local level. These cities recognize that the protection of human rights is not limited to the
national or international level but can also be implemented effectively at the community level.

The role of Human Rights Cities in the framework of human rights is to serve as catalysts for
positive change by focusing on the following aspects:

 Human Rights Education: Human Rights Cities promote human rights education within
their communities. This can involve training programs, workshops, and awareness
campaigns to ensure that residents are aware of their rights and responsibilities.

 Inclusion and Non-Discrimination: These cities work to eliminate discrimination and

promote inclusion, ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their background, are treated
with dignity and respect.

 Policy Development: Human Rights Cities develop and implement local policies and
initiatives that prioritize human rights. This can include policies related to housing,
employment, education, and other key areas that impact people's lives.

 Social and Economic Justice: They often focus on addressing social and economic
inequalities within their communities, seeking to ensure that everyone has access to basic
services, a decent standard of living, and economic opportunities.

 Community Engagement: Human Rights Cities encourage active community participation

in decision-making processes. This means that local residents are involved in shaping
policies and programs that affect their lives.

 Accountability and Monitoring: These cities establish mechanisms to hold local authorities
accountable for their human rights obligations. This can include human rights commissions
or ombudsman offices that investigate complaints and ensure that rights are protected.

 Networking and Collaboration: Human Rights Cities often collaborate with other cities,
organizations, and networks to share best practices, experiences, and resources. This allows
for the exchange of ideas and strategies to advance human rights.
  Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights: They aim to create a culture in which human
rights are ingrained in the local community's values and norms, influencing not only
policies but also everyday behaviors.

 Protection of Vulnerable Groups: Human Rights Cities pay particular attention to the rights
of vulnerable and marginalized groups, such as migrants, refugees, people with disabilities,
and LGBTQ+ individuals.

 Celebration and Commemoration: Many Human Rights Cities organize events and
activities to celebrate international human rights days and promote human rights awareness.

The specific activities and initiatives of Human Rights Cities can vary widely, depending on local
circumstances, priorities, and resources. Some cities establish dedicated human rights commissions
or departments to oversee these efforts, while others incorporate human rights principles into
existing structures. The Human Rights Cities movement is a grassroots approach that complements
national and international human rights frameworks, helping to ensure that the principles and values
of human rights are realized at the local level and in the daily lives of community members.

Examples: Barcelona, Utrecht, Rosario (La primera ciudad en convertirse en una HRC en 1997)

 Local governments rising organizations

 Worn and promote HR on the local level
 Conscius about HR
 Empowering citizens to be aware of their human rights
 Informal declaration vs Formal declaration of Human right city
o Exchanging
o Trends of HR Cities
o Networking
 Knowledge
 Dialogue
 Discourses
 Sustainable practices
 Challenges
o Non-international minimum of standards or criteria
o Theorical commitment
 Benefits
o Councils
o Implementation of HR
o Connected alies
 Study Case (Nurnberg) – Institutions in order to protect HR and migrants HR-

By analysing our case from different perspectives in group work we will try to answer the following
questions:
  Which are the key actors, laws, initiatives etc. that characterise the international migrant
rights framework?

 Which conflicts exist between different actors?

 Which trends can you identify - in time and space?

 Which effects does it have on migrants?

 How would you problematise this governance framework? (e.g. is it legal? Does it work?)

 What needs to be done to make it work better?

PHILOSOPHIES OF GLOBAL MIGRATION FOVERNANCE

Session 3 – Introduction to the EU and its role in migration

governance (13/10/2023)
This session starts by introducing the EU as actor in migration governance. We will look at the
structure of the European Union and its institutions and the competencies they have in areas
relevant for immigration.

Mandatory Reading: Geddes & Hadj-Abdou (2022)

EU AND IMMIGRATION/ASYLUM
- Intra-EU mobility
- Immigration & asylum
LISBON TREATY
CEASs
We will start with the first governance case studies by students on this topic.

 Proposals for addressing the failure of the Common European Asylum System - and how
different rationales of member states undermine them (with particular focus on 2015
refugee reception crisis) (Lara+Juan)
DUBLIN SYSTEM
CURRENT PROPOSAL REFORM
 Managing reception of refugees from Ukraine under the EU's Temporary Protection
Directive - what is different from ordinary refugee reception and can it provide new
momentum for the CEAS? (Franziska)
CEAS
REFUGEE CRISIS
Session 4 – Migration management and its externalisation
(20/10/2023)
This session explores the concept of migration management (as discourse, actor relationship etc.)
and then applies this concept on the externalisation of migration management.
MIGRATION INDUSTRIESt
EXTERNALISATION
SAFE-THIRD COUNTRY
PROBLEMS WITH EXTERNALISATION
Potential governance case studies:

 Country or regional case study of externalisation of migration control (Morocco, Turkey,

Tunesia, Libya, Niger...) (Sabrina)
 Instrumentalisation of migrants and rent-seeking states (e.g. Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey)
(Inés)
Mandatory reading: Geiger & Pécoud 2010

Session 5 – Governance of labor migration (27/10/2023)

Mandatory Reading: Hooper 2019

This session takes a closer look at the relationship between the labor market and immigration and
integration, discuss different systems of recruiting and for fostering labor market integration of
immigrants.

 Economic needs as a key driver of migration

 National economies and immigration: the case of Spain

 Point-based systems (UK, Canada)

 demand-driven (Germany), supply-driven (Canadá) and mixed models (Australia)

 Employer-driven circular and temporary migration: a win-win-policy or new guest

workers?

BLUE CARD: The "Blue Card directive" is a European Union (EU) directive that regulates the
conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly skilled
employment in the European Union. The official name of this directive is the "Directive
2009/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2009 on the conditions of
entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment." It
was implemented in 2009 and aimed to attract highly skilled workers from non-EU countries to
work in EU member states.
  Economic factors

Algunos estudios hechos en Países Bajos y Alemania muestran que con el incremento de la
migración también incrementa el GDP.
Hay muchas teorías que tratan de explicar por qué las personas migran y más alá de eso, los factores
económicos. Hay algunas teorías que entienden esto a nivel macro, bajo una teoría neoclásica, así
como otras teorías acerca de la teoría dual del mercado laboral (los trabajos no son lo mismo a
través dela economía, con diferentes instituciones, hay sectores que no son atractivos para los
migrantes. Trata de explicar que algunos sectores dela economía les falta fuerza laboral y pueden
tomarla de los migrantes). Son teorías muy simplistas, porque también tienen una idea simple de
como la economía funciona, como el mercado se regula solo que tienen acceso a la información y
que toman decisiones razonables.

Por otra parte, a meso level reconoce que esto no es así y trata de poner el foco más en la toma de
decisiones. Si es algo que no existe, no en el caso de la migración forzada, pero cuando pueden
tomar decisiones voluntarias. Todas son importantes para entender la migración (información
objetiva acerca de salarios y oportunidades – macro level), pero al final también se trata de entender
el proceso de la información (a nivel meso, por ejemplo entendiendo como los grupos forman los
comportamientos de los migrantes -network theory-)

Hay un desarrollo de teorías en el área de la migración y se puede intentar combinar estas

perspectivas para entender la relevancia.

 Economy and migration

España durante un gran periodo de tiempo ha sido un país de migración económica, y algunos
académicos han estudiado la migración mediterránea (España, Italia, Francia), tienen muchos más
migrantes que personas pidiendo asilo.
- Economy and migration policies

Los intereses económicos son importantes cuando se trata de explicar un modelo neoliberal de
política pública. En muchas veces se presentan estas paradojas de ser permisivos con las ppoliticas
para dejar que las personas lleguen, pero luego está la presión de partidos extremistas y racistas y la
forma en que se puede lidiar con esto no suele ser fácil.
- Spain Recent economic history

Después de la dictadura España se convirtió en Estado Miembro de la UE desde 1986 y esta

transición a la democracia trató de crecer el sector público.

La segunda fase es desde 1990 y el principio de los 2000 cuando había una alta tasa de desempleo,
pero hay algunos sectores de la industria que se empezaron a globalizar (Spanish “milagro”) y la
economía española ascendió comprando tierras (Ley del suelo) y expandiendo sectores bancarios,
de telecomunicaciones transporte y energía.
- The niche for economic migration

Economic migration policies in Spain

 How do people come to Spain to work?

o Acuerdos bilaterales con los países de origen para crear visas de trabajo
o General regime
o Collective regime
o Irregular
o Family reunification
SUPPLY MODELS

HYBRID MODELS
LABOUR MARKET INTEGRATION
Governance case studies presented by students:

 comparing country cases of labour migration policies: Australia and Germany (Julian,
Xiaolin)

 labour market integration of refugees (Noa)

Double Session 5 and 6 - Citizenship and integration governance

(10/11/2023)
Through the concepts of citizenship and integration, this session looks at policies aiming to steer
what happens after migration. It looks at the specific relation of integration with the state and with
the local level, asks what integration policies actually are and looks at the “civic integration turn” as
a major trend in how integration policies have been re-defined by some national and regional
governments over the last decades.

We will critically reflect on the concept of integration and which types of integration policies are
compatible with a liberal democracy.

 What is citizenship?
 o Nationality

 Legal status

 Membership state - EU

 Passport

o Social contract

 Access to rights

 Obligations

o Political dimension

 Right to vote

o Membership to society/community

o Sense of belonging

 Dos comprensiones distintas: Existen al mismo tiempo

 o Factual, pragmatic thin/Roman tradition (Pasaporte): Basado en la necesidad de
extender la ciudadanía para ganar territorio. La idea asociada a los estados
modernos atada a la protección que se puede brindar por el solo hecho de tener el
pasaporte de dicho país (Polítical and dominant). Naturalization.

o Normative, thick/Greek tradition (Obligations): No es solo ser parte de una entidad

sino también participar en la vida política del estado. Se preguntan más por el
acceso a derechos. La idea de igualdad nace del entendimiento sociológico de ver a
la ciudadanía como una diferente dimensión de la igualdad (Sociological).
Belonging.

 Discusiones acerca de la ciudadanía

o Gradual extensión of citizenship – Marshall (1930’s): No estaba interesado en los

migrantes sino entender quien tiene acceso a los derechos (perspectiva sociológica);
nace este concepto eurocéntrico que incluye solo derechos civiles pero que ahora ha
evolucionado a estudiarse también desde los derechos políticos (quien está
gobernando el país, voto igualitario) y sociales (reconciliarse con el capitalismo).

o Adding migration to citizenship – Brubaker (1990): La ciudadanía es un elemento

de revelación/cierre social.
 Comparación entre Francia y Alemania: El contraste entre Francia como
una nacióncon un proyecto político basado en el centralismo y laicismo con
una noción más inclusiva (Ius solis); mientras que en Alemania se trata más
de un proyecto etnocultural basada únicamente en el Ius Sanguinis
 Modelos de ciudadanía a nivel nacional

o Ius sanguinis es criticado por ser excluyente

o Comparación con Latinoamérica

o Adrian Favell (1998): Comparando Francia y el Reino Unido

 o Ciudadanía post-nacional (Soysal 1997): Tendencia por hacer más severas las
condiciones para la naturalización.

 Falla del multiculturalismo (2010)

o Todo líder en Europa llegó a la conclusión de que había fallado el

multiculturalismo
o De la falla del multiculturalismo al “Civic turn”: La forma en que puedes organizar
la participación de los migrantes a través de grupos (Un camino a la igualdad de
derechos)

 Necesitamos traer políticas que unan los deberes, los valores y el tipo de
cosas que mantienen a una sociedad.

 Las políticas de integración nacen bajo este contexto

Governance case studies presented by students

 What are civic integration programmes and do they work? (Netherlands - Anna S +
Catalonia - Malu)

MALU
 Arraigo
o Alta en el padrón (Se necesita pasaporte) – Durante 2 o 3 años
o Contrato de trabajo / Training (Renovar el permiso cada que se vence)
 Certificado de integración
o “Rooted” – Pruebas de esto

 Mandatory reading: Schinkel 2018

o INTEGRATION: Los programas de integración cívica no apoyan realmente una

integración.
 Normative perspective
 Multiculturalism
 Racism
 Dispensation and society
 Neocolonial perspective perpetuates ideas of the other.
 One sided: Values-based.
 Idea of organic homogeneous society
 Simplifies ideas about how people trace their identities.
 State/Nation – Control
 Transnational identities
 Look the integration as a power instrument
o ¿Cuáles son las alternativas para hablar de integración?

INTEGRACIÓN








 ANNA
 “Golden visa” policies (Ben)
Try to identify the main arguments and think about if they are convincing. What needs to change
according to you?

For further reading, see also the debate on the article in Comparative Migration Studies (this is not
mandatory)

 Second part of the session: role play about integration policies. The new minister for
home affairs (She is said to be open to reforming the current way of doing things) convenes
stakeholders to discuss the future of integration policies in your country, which at present
has a civic integratoin programme in place that is mandatory for 3rd country nationals.
Passing it is a requirement for prolonging your residence permit.

Roles:

minister for home affairs

 minister for social affairs and employment
 minister of finance
 president of national city association (right-learning)
 advisor of the major or a economically dynamic city, left-leaning
 employer association
 trade union representative
 several representatives of migrant associations
 association of children of migrants (visible minority)
 anti-racist organization
 researcher
Double Session 7 and 8 - Local immigration / integration
governance (24/11/2023)
This session will focus on immigration governance from the perspective of cities. We will look at
comparative research on how far there is something like “local approaches” of immigrant
incorporation and what they consist of; and we will focus on instruments for the political
participation of migrants as one specific element that distinguishes cities from states, e.g. political
participation.

Governance case studies presented by students, e.g.

National and transnational comparisons of local models of migrant integration - how to

analyse and compare city integration models (Anna R.)
Por qué las ciudades desarrollan políticas de integración

Para la mayoría de los migrantes las experiencias de integración se hacen a nivel local o de ciudad,
los estudios demuestran que la inclusión que puede fallar o ser exitoso a nivel local.

Hay algunos móviles que llevan a desarrollar los procesos de integración, especialmente desde los
90’s en los países europeas incrementando las herramientas que abran el espacio a otros actores no
gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil.

- Perspectiva multinivel de gobernanza

Es importante para analizar a nivel local tener en cuenta que no actúan como una aspiradora. Las
ciudades pueden quedar constreñidas a adaptar políticas de integración dependiendo de sus
capacidades.

Jorgensen hace una comparación entre las políticas a nivel nacional y local llegando a la conclusión
de que la combinación de planes de integración nacional han creado problemas a nivel local.

- Elementos principales del análisis de políticas

 Substance of policies
  Governance

- Hay un modelo heuristic para el estudio empírico de los procesos de integración y que comprende:

 3 dimensiones del proceso de integración

o Político-legal
o Socio-económico
o Cultural/Religioso
 2 actores en el proceso de integración
o Migrantes
o Sociedad de acogida
 3 niveles relevantes de medidas de integración
 o Individual
o Colectivo
o Institucional

- Hay otro modelo de integración de migrantes mediante un análisis cualitativo:

 Incorporar otras disciplinas

 Marco analítico
o Político-legal
o Cultural/religious
o Espacial
 Integración social
 o Integración estructural
o Integración cultural
 Problemas potenciales
o La mayoría de estos marcos no analizan la dimensión de implementación lo cual es
crítico para analizar la efewctivas de las políticas de integración
o Las investigaciones no se están basando en las organizaciones de sociedad civil y
se está enfocando mucho en las leyes y entrevistas a policy-makers
o Los índices cuantitativos no son transparentes y hay muchos sesgos para analizar
los estándares (si son o no son altos), y como se miden los índices generales
o ¿Qué dicen estas investigaciones de las verdades experiencias de los migrantes?
Relationships city and civil society, the case of Dortmund (Barbara)

- Inmigracion local e integración

Mandatory reading: de Graauw and Vermeulen 2016

In the second part of the session we will take the case of Barcelona’s policies for regulating
immigrant inclusion to look at what the city does and how this is conditioned by policies at higher
level of government. We will identify the city’s main policies and actors, situate them in the multi-
level governance context and try to assess the city’s scope, strengths and weaknesses in fostering
immigrant integration.

Governance case studies:

- The role of immigrant organisations and NGOs in Barcelona OR Regulating immigrant

status OR Local non-discrimination policies (Javier)
- The philosophy of interculturalism and its development in Barcelona (Gaia, Roberk)
Reading: one of the following: Garcés 2016, Gebhardt 2016, Garcés & Gebhardt 2019

A local turn?

Modelos nacionales vs locales

- La primera generación de este tipo de literatura era un poco entusiasta acerca de la

inclusión, y hay ejemplos de que las ciudades no siempre han sido inclusivas sino que por
el contrario han puesto capas de inclusión.
- Un punto principal es que las ciudades, no son solo un estado miniatura, sino que tiene su
propia tradición política, son una entidad política, económica y social aparte del estado.
- Al mismo tiempo, todo está siendo construido alrededor de los estados, pero hay ciudades
que pueden reaccionar de manera diferente a la que lo hacen los estados.
- Ciudadanía: Como los gobiernos de la ciudad pueden dirigir la ciudadanía, no vista como
una cuestión de “pasaporte” sino para proveer distintos estatus (Utrecth, New York), que
reconocen la membresía o el derecho a residir y estar presente en una ciudad.
- Derechos: Controlar el acceso a salud o a otros derechos, pero se puede no hacer nada
- Identidad: Se puede dejar claro que ser parte de la ciudad no es acerca de la nacionalidad
sino más acerca de tener los mismos derechos.

Que tan inclusivo es el modelo de integración de Barcelona?

Si se quiere entender el modelo de integración se deben tener unos elementos en cuenta:

- Perfiles de trabajo
- Permisos de residencia
- Housing situation
- Integración catalana
- Acceso a salud (salud mental)
 - Partidos con discurso anti-migraciones.
- Participación de la sociedad civil
- Caminos de las políticas e investigaciones sobre migración
- Identidad e idioma
- Recursos y presupuesto
- Posición geográfica de los migrantes
- Procesos de regularización
- Acceso a derechos - SAIER
o Ser un primer punto de información para hacer más fácil el acceso a otros servicios.

Factores de éxito de Barcelona

- Hay consenso político acerca de las políticas de migración incluso teniendo 3 diferentes
partidos gobernando
- La participación de la sociedad civil ha sido importante para organizar la recepción de los
recién llegados
- Los vacíos estructurales recaen en la poca posibilidad que tienen los migrantes para llegar a
ser funcionarios públicos, empleados de la administración o policías.
- Hay una falta de intereses en emplear migrantes
- No hay control de renta, no hay representación en el ayuntamiento, no hay oposición, hay
un sistema de educación altamente segregado.
- Hay un difícil acceso a los servicios estatales sobre migración.

CLASS 01/12/2023

- No hay balance entre las instituciones de Barcelona, por más que se presenten siempre los
resultados u objetivos como ciudad.
-