Master in Migration Studies

Political and Social Sciences Department

Theories of International Mobility and the

Incorporation of Immigrants

2023-2024 First Term

Schedule: Wednesday – 10:30-13:30
Room: 20.021

Professor
John Palmer
John.palmer@upf.edu
Contenido
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................3
CLASS 1 (27/09/23) - MIGRATION AND MOBILITY:.............................................................................5
W1 - Mcauliffe, Fyllidou - 2021 – WRP.........................................................................................14
Transnational Migration: bringing Gender in. Patricia Pessar, Sarah Mahler (2006)....................16
CLASS 2 (10/11/2023) – ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION............................................18
Economic theory of migration.................................................................................................18
W2 - Borjas - 1989 - Economic theory and international migration.............................................20
Neoclassical.............................................................................................................................20
W2 - Stark, Bloom - 1985 - The New Economics of Labor Migration............................................24
New economics........................................................................................................................24
CLASS 3 (19/10/23) SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION.................................35
Migration and Cultural Change: A Role for Gender and Social Networks? Sara R. Curran, Abigail
C. Saguy........................................................................................................................................35
Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action -
Portes & Sensenbrenner (1993)...............................................................................................40
KEY CONCEPTS of the NEW ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY:.............................................................41
CLASS 4 (25/10/23) - ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MIGRATION..............................................................47
Effects of migration on wages and unemployment. Fiscal effects of migration.....................47
Card - 1990 - The impact of the Mariel boatlift on the Miami labor market................................52
The role of labor market institutions in the impact of immigration on wages and employment –
Foged, Hasager & Yasenov (2021)................................................................................................60
CLASS 5 (02/11/2023). SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EFFECTS OF MIGRATION........................................63
Effects of migration on social dynamics and political behaviour............................................64
Emigration and Radical Right Populism Rafaela Dancygier, Sirus H. Dehdari, David D. Laitin,
Moritz Marbach, and Kåre Vernby...............................................................................................65
How does immigration affect welfare support in Korea? Kyunghwan Kim..................................68
CLASS 6 (15/11/2023). IMMIGRANT ADAPTATION AND INCORPORATION......................................74
CLASS 7 (16/11/2023). APPLYING THEORY.......................................................................................75
CLASS 8 (22/11/2023) MOBILITY, SEGREGATION, AND HEALTH......................................................75
CLASS 9 (29/11/2023) MIGRATION POLICY AND SYNTHESIS............................................................75
Evaluation and grading system.........................................................................................................75
INTRODUCTION
This course will explore mobility and migration from a multidisciplinary perspective. It
will introduce students to key theories of the nature, determinants, and consequences of
migration, emphasizing the multidimensionality of theories and their place within the
broader social science arena. It will teach students to understand and critically evaluate the
methods used to test these theories and their implications for immigration policy, attending
to key basic questions, focal points, and approaches coming from the current literature.
Note: This course covers substantially the same content as Migration and Society, so
students should choose one or the other of these courses, but not both.
Associated skills
General
• Use theoretical concepts and approaches related to migratory studies (CG1). Argue
issues related to migration and diversity through an initial diagnosis, and the
formulation of initial hypotheses (CG2).
• Communicate with experts from other areas in order to bring knowledge acquired
and promote interdisciplinarity in the study of migrations (CG3).
• Multi-level vision in the analysis of immigration, taking into account different
governments and actors involved in the governance of immigration (CT4).
• Have an open, interdisciplinary and multi-method research mindset (CT7). •
Interpret contemporary, quantitative research.
• Link general theory to specific case studies derived from the literature.
• Apply academic research to contemporary debate.
• Present material in a public forum.
Specific
• Distinguish the substantial contribution and approaches of research or study on
migration and diversity (CE1).
• Discern favourable and unfavourable factors in developing and implementing
migration policies (CE5).
• Achieve the perspective of migrants and understand their particularities of life
(CE6).
• Make use of macro, meso, and micro analysis, both top-down and bottom-up (CE7).
• Identify variables that explain migratory dynamics in terms of human flows and
diversity accommodation (CE8).
• Describe the basic sociological and economic theory that predicts human migration.
• Describe the implications of migration for sending countries at the national and
individual levels.
• Describe the implications of migration for receiving countries at the national and
individual levels.
 • Access and interpret contemporary, publicly available data on migration and
migrants.
• Identify unresolved or conflicting conclusions about migration
Learning outcomes
Competencies
General
• Use theoretical concepts and approaches related to migratory studies (CG1). Argue
issues related to migration and diversity through an initial diagnosis, and the
formulation of initial hypotheses (CG2).
• Communicate with experts from other areas in order to bring knowledge acquired
and promote interdisciplinarity in the study of migrations (CG3).
• Multi-level vision in the analysis of immigration, taking into account different
governments and actors involved in the governance of immigration (CT4).
• Have an open, interdisciplinary and multi-method research mindset (CT7).
• Interpret contemporary, quantitative research.
• Link general theory to specific case studies derived from the literature.
• Apply academic research to contemporary debate.
• Present material in a public forum.
Specific
• Distinguish the substantial contribution and approaches of a research or study on
migration and diversity (CE1).
• Discern favorable and unfavorable factors in the development and implementation
of migration policies (CE5).
• Achieve perspective of migrants and understand their particularities of life (CE6).
• Make use of macro, meso, and micro analysis, both top down and bottom up (CE7).
• Identify variables that explain migratory dynamics in terms of both human flows
and accommodation of diversity (CE8).
• Describe the basic sociological and economic theory that predicts human migration.
• Describe the implications of migration for sending countries at the national and
individual level.
• Describe the implications of migration for receiving countries at the national and
individual level.
• Access and interpret contemporary, publically available data on migration and
migrants.
• Identify unresolved or conflicting conclusions about migration

CONTENTS
The course will be structured as follows:
SLIDES OF THE TERM: https://johnrbpalmer.com/MigrationTheory/
CLASS 1 (27/09/23) - MIGRATION AND MOBILITY:
Migration and Mobility: From Patterns to Theory Main topics: Introduction to the
course. Overview of global migration patterns. Mobility at different scales. Building
theory across disciplines.
Assigned readings: McAuliffe & Triandafyllidou (2022), Pessar & Mahler (2003).

• Theory, observation, deduction and induction

• Descriptive and causal inference

• Uncertainty: unpredictability, randomness and deterministic chaos, stochastic and

systematic components.
Migration. Everet. S. Lee (1966): a permanent or semipermanent change of residence.
Patterns and scale of migration. Cross-scale interactions. Individual vs collective decisions
(state policies), interactions between agents. Time scale interactions (eg. Population age
structure: fertility rates, economic aspects). *To correctly identify the scale.

Physical and corporal movements. Matter of ideas?

IOM’s World migration report 2022
  281 million. 3.6% (the counting system attempts to account for irregular migration).
 702$ remittences
 89.4 million in displacement (refugees, by definition ‘the 1951 Refugee
Convention’, based on persecution …). Variability in the definition and application
of the ‘refugee status’ (categories, nuances)
 Covid-19: massive decline in mobility globally
 Major migration and displacement events. Severe economic and political instability.
Post pandemic migration world.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSM74Pqi288&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F
%2Fjohnrbpalmer.com%2F&source_ve_path=Mjg2NjY&feature=emb_logo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiPq7C06zjQ&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F
%2Fjohnrbpalmer.com%2F&source_ve_path=Mjg2NjY&feature=emb_logo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hedw5jKgzw&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F
%2Fjohnrbpalmer.com%2F&source_ve_path=Mjg2NjY&feature=emb_logo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzZtzTtbTRU
Diagram: Abel and Sander (2014) = UN Population dataset, combination with 'censos’
statistics. Population statistics (not migration)

- https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1248676
From pattern to theory - - https://guyabel.com/post/global-migrant-chord-diagrams/
• Determinants
• Consequences
• Nature
• Policy

Castles (2010).
 Migration-mobility debate. Eg: employers need cheap labour.
 Sedentary bias: the bias that comes from treating migration as a problem.
Consequence: restriction of migration
 Policy perspective. Castles rejects a single theory of migration. It reduces the
subject. Migration cannot be understood in a vacuum. Determinants &
consequences.
 Solution. Social transformation framework. Migration is an interconnected subject,
connected to many different fields. Structural.
Lee’s model

• Origin and destination approach. Push and pull factors.

• Intervening obstacles (eg: cost of the trip).
• Inertia: if given a choice, people would preferred to be attached to their countries.
 • Imperfect information.
Weaknesses: static model, social networks are not included. The leverage (agency) gets lost
in the process. There is not a unique destination. More spaces: institutional space,
imaginary space.
Pessar & Mahler (2003)

Gender has been historically left out from migration studies. When it was included, they
account for it as a binary variable: ‘sex’.
They present gender as a social construct, as a process and as a structure

Massey.
- Geographic scales: body, family state. Actual distances.
- Social locations: person’s positions within power hierarchies (historic, political,
economic geography). ‘El privilegio de haber nacido en España’: the ability to
shape your life or not. Social location effect: shapes agency as initiators, affect
access to resources and mobility.
- Power geometries: types and degrees of agency to move around. To compress
people in different places and locations. Remittances. Eg: la distancia entre España
y Sudamérica puede ser relativamente pequeña para algunos y muy grande para
otros.
  Agency affected by quintessential individual characteristics (eg: initiative, dos
personas en situación de desventaja, una de ellas tiene más influencia que otra)
 Social agency and cognitive process, such as imagination, substantive agency. (The
desire of becoming migrant, so that young people quit school, eg: Ecuador).

Gendered geographic scales and the State. Patriarchy is challenged by transnational

migrants (women)

Does multiplication and dispersal produce greater opportunities for the reinforcement of
prevailing gender ideologies and norms, or does it lead them to question hegemonic
questions of gender?

 Key role of the state in the gendered lives of migrants.

 Feedback between remittances and power structures. Goldring’s (2001). Migrant
women prefer to stay in the U.S but men prefer to go back to Mexico, given their
status there. Fouron & Schiller, 2001. Haitian women’s remittances feeding
patriarchal structure, which challenges the approach that international reports show,
remittances are positive, w/o considering their negative effects.
 Human right abuses and IO-State relationships. Pessar (2001). Guatemala. Women
refugees began to reflect critically, empowered by a globalized gender ideology.
Jacqueline Bhabba (1996). Iran. Intersection between gendered bodies and state:
raising victims’ awareness and struggle with authorities over official recognition.
The relationship between IO and State remains limited.
  Legalization programs in destination countries. Multi-scale aspect, considering
women

W1 - Mcauliffe, Fyllidou - 2021 – WRP

https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/
How has covid 19 altered migration and mobility?, peace and migration, disinformation on
migration, human trafficking and climate change impacts.
What has happened:
- Covid 19
- Scale of international migration as increased, although a reduced rate.
- Migration is not uniform. Largest corridors: the US, the UAE, Saudi Arabia and
Germany.
- Mobility was restricted by Covid-19 but internal displacement events increased.

1. Technological transformations. To support irregular migration? To enable migrants to

avoid smugglers and human traffickers? Apps have been developed: better integration in
new country, better communication in old country.
2. Geopolitical transformations. Increased competition between states (often played out via
proxies), erosion of multilateralism.
3. Environmental transformations: adaptation to environmental impacts.
IOM. 2021, 70th anniversary. 174 member states. Origin: to help European gvrs to identify
and arrange transport for nearly a million migrants after the war. Evolution from logistics
agency to migration agency.
Strategic vision 2019-2023.
2020 onwards. IOM supports communities in responding to the COVID 19 pandemic.
AFRICA
  Africa. EHoA.10 member states. To translate political decisions into practical and
policy responses. Inter-State Consultation Mechanisms on Migration, to which IOM
has an observer status.
- Crises and fragility, transnational organized crime, vulnerability of migrants in
irregular situations, re-emergence of outbreaks, epidemics etc.
 West and Central Africa (WCA). 22 members.
 Regional office for southern Africa. 15 members.
 Middle East and North Africa. 8 members.

ASIA and OCEANIA.

 Regional office for asia and the pacific. 34 members.

EUROPE.

 Regional Office for South-Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. 19
members
 Regional office for the European economics area, the UE and NATO. 32 members.

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AND NORTHERN AMERICA.

 Regional office for South America. 10 members.

 Regional Office for Central America, North America and the Caribbean. 25
members.

The world migration report series. (2000-2022).
- Drastic change in remittances, % of migrant people and nº of women migrants have
remained ‘constant’.
World Migration report (2022).
Part 1: key data.
Part 2: evidence-based analysis.
- Covid 19 disruption
- Interaction between conflict, instability and insecurity.
- who migrates internationally and ehre do they go? Polarisation, migration
increasingly associated with highly developed countries.
- Disinformation about migration (media, politics, society and technology)
- Migration and climate change: slow onset impacts of climate change. Lack of
research.
- Human trafficking. Lack of consensus on the modus operandi of how should states
fight against human trafficking
- IA and migration.
Transnational Migration: bringing Gender in. Patricia Pessar, Sarah Mahler (2006)

Gendered geographies of power.

Gendered analysis of transnational migration
Background.
Gender=structure, institutionalized social relationships.
Invisibility of women in international migration scholarship. Initial correction: to treat
gender as a simple variable.
Gendered geographies of power: to analyze people’s gendered social agency – corporal and
cognitive – given their initiative as well as their position in a hierarchy of power.
Massey.
- Geographic scales: body, family state.
- Social locations: person’s positions within power hierarchies (historic, political,
economic geography). ‘El privilegio de haber nacido en España’. Social location
effect: shapes agency as initiators, affect access to resources and mobility.
- Power geometries: types and degrees of agency. To compress people in different
places and locations. Remittances.
 Agency affected by quintessential individual characteristics (eg: initiative, dos
personas en situación de desventaja, una de elleas tiene más influencia que otra)
 Social agency and cognitive process, such as imagination, substantive agency. (The
desire of becoming migrant, so that young people quit school, eg: Ecuador).

Gendered geographic scales and the State. Patriarchy is challenged by transnational

migrants (women)
Does multiplication and dispersal produce greater opportunities for the reinforcement of
prevailing gender ideologies and norms, or does it lead them to question hegemonic
questions of gender?

 Key role of the state in the gendered lives of migrants. Goldring’s (2001). Migrant
women prefer to stay in the U.S but men prefer to go back to Mexico, given their
status there.
 Pessar (2001). Guatemala. Women refugees began to reflect critically, empowered
by a globalized gender ideology.
 Jacqueline Bhabba (1996). Iran. Intersection between gendered bodies and state:
raising victims awareness and struggle with authorities over official recognition.

Social locations and their effects on agency: not everyone enjoys the same ability to
migrate or legal status after migration.
  To count movers and stayers is not enough: they want to understand how gender
controls the options available. (Assumption: the ability to physically migrate is
constrained by their social location).
 Communicating across borders, Malher (2001). El Salvador, mujeres apegadas a su
tierra natal, dependientes de su marido.
 organizing work when laborers are distant. Traditional rules weaken, specially in
rural areas. (España durante la Guerra civil). Malher (1999), women reimpose
traditionl gendered work norms. To migrate alone (the men is forced to learn
domestic tasks) vs migrate as a family unit (wives preserve established gender
divisions). ‘Code of silence’ Ecuador.
 negotiating whether to stay abroad or return back home: women are more likely to
develop personal and household strategies consistent with long-term abroad = there
are aware that their social status improves after migration!! Vs: ‘Trasnational
polygyny’, which augments men’s options (In South Africa) and reduces women’s
options residing in Mozambique
 what happens when migrants do return home: reinforcement of patriarchy. Bernal
(1997). Migration from Sudan to Saudi Arabia, men go back as ‘agents of change’
recoding women as ignorant and unchanging role.

The gendered social imaginary.

Fidelity (infidelities ‘serve’ to discipline women left behind’, sexuality, alternative
masculinities and femininities
Levitt (2001): town’s immigrants and returnee members are ‘good to think on’.
Migration is an affirmation of their masculinity and their value as husbands.
Enhance ethnic community’s morality: las hijas adoptan los valores modernos de US.
Ideoscape of sexual liberation and free love, that people envisage abroad.
Brennan (2001). Trasnationalized desires are played out assymetrically between men and
women.
Tasks still ahead.
1) longitudinal study
2) second and subsequent generations
3) extenstion to children
4) move beyond the researched areas (to Africa/asia)

 Weakness of transnational migration research: synchronicity, longitudinal studies

are more appropriate. Smith (2001): transnational identities are not lost over time,
precarious approach (lazos con la tierra natal). Aihwa Ong (1999): potential for
expression in transnational identities.
  To examine gender raltions transnationally among children.
 Musical genre Rai, greater freedom and parity between genders: little impact on
women’s everyday lives across the transnational social field.
 Sex work in developing countries. More research neets to be done in the field of:
local and cross border recruitment.
Conclusion: gendered geographies of power.

CLASS 2 (10/11/2023) – ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF

MIGRATION
Neoclassical approach to migration determinants. New economics of migration.
Assigned readings: Borjas (1989), Stark & Bloom (1985) The New Economics of Labor
Migration Author(s): Oded Stark and David E. Bloom

Economic theory of migration

 - Determinants of size and skill composition of immigration flows

W2 - Borjas - 1989 - Economic theory and international migration

Neoclassical

- In the neoclassical model, why do individuals migrate?

 - How much information do individuals have about their future earnings?
- How much information do employers have about job candidates?
- What are the predictions from this model that you found most interesting and/or
surprising?
- How do employers decide what to pay workers?
- How do the migrants adapt to the host country?
- What is the impact of immigrants on the host country’s economy?
- Has Borjas proved that migrants are rational income-maximizers?
- Has he proved that there is an "immigration market"?

Economics: allocation of scarce resources. Labor is a scarce resource.

Migration: human capital investment, ‘brain drain’, low skilled jobs.

- When will the mean of migrant's education be above the source country average?
- When will the mean of migrant's education be below the source country average?
 - When will the mean of migrant's education be the same as the source country
average?
- How important should selectivity based on observed characteristics be?

- How does positive selection occur?

- How does negative selection occur?
- How does refugee sorting occur?
- How does social structure fit into our decision-making model?
- How does risk fit into our decision-making model?
Comprehensive theory of immigration: neoclassical principles of utility-maximisation for
individuals and profit-maximisation for employers.
Hecksher, Ohlin and Samuelson: capital abundant country exports capital intensive good
(because the price is higher in the other country) and labour abundant country exports labor
intensive good 1) no transportation costs/trade barriers 2)perfect competition 3)
homogeneous production functions.
- It treats migration flows and good flows symmetrically.
Factor-price equalization theorem: free trade will lead to the equalization of wage rates
of labor and the price of capital.
The immigration market.
Individuals make the migration decision. Constraints: financial resources and legal
environment (contextual): this generates variations in migration costs.
Neoclassical eco. Theory: individuals maximize utility/ well-being. In the immigration
market, various pieces of information are exchanged and options compared. Result:
- For some it may be profitable to stay in their birthplace
- Others are better off in another country.
The immigration market sort these individuals across host countries. Host and source
countries have major impact on the number and composition of the immigrant flow by
altering immigration policies.
Model of immigration.
- Two countries.
 - Individual migration: a result of comparisons of incomes across countries.
- Income maximization (under some assumptions) is a necessary condition for utility
maximization.
(3). Individual choses to reside in the country with the largest earnings, net of migration
costs.
Pi: constant across individuals in the source country. Individuals with higher earning
capacities find it more expensive to migrate.
First, what factors determine the size of the migration flow generated by the income-
maximization hypothesis? The relationship between earnings and migration costs.
Second, what types of selection in the observed characteristics X are created by the
endogenous migration decision? In other words, are the individuals who migrate
characterized by high or low levels of X? Individuals with a certain level of schooling are
more likely to migrate the higher the rate of return to schooling in the host country relative
to the rate of return to schooling in the source country.
Third, what types of selection in the unobserved characteristics are created by the
endogenous migration decision? In other words, are immigrants characterized by high
levels of ability (high e) or by low levels of ability (low e)? By low levels of ability:
individuals with higher earnings capacitie find it more expensive to migrate (function 1).
The size of the migration flow.
- The emigration rate (for persons with characteristics X) is higher the greater the
mean income in the host country
Selection in observed characteristics.
The mean schooling level of migrants will be greater or less than the mean schooling level
in the country of origin depending on which of the two countries (i.e., the source or the host
country) values
Schooling more.
Selection in unobserved characteristics.
Positive selection: when migrants have above average abilities in the source and host
countries.
Negative selection: X constant, pefrom pooirly in the host country’s labour market. When
host state provides better insurance for low income workers against poor labour markets.
Refugee sorting. q0<0, q1>0. Emigrants have below av ability in source country, but
immigrants perform well in host country.
* many studies have documented the fact that refugee populations perform quite well in the
U.S. labor market when compared to native workers of similar demographic characteristics
= income maximization. Refugees were well-off in their countries, change in political
regimes devalue their skills, but ability is once again valuable when they migrate to a
market economy.
*Selection on the basis of unobserved characteristics (depend on the extent of income
inequality between countries) vs of observed characteristics (price of each country of a
determined skill)
The adaptation of migrants.
How migrants adapt to labor market conditions in host countries.
Immigrant earnings are expected to increase fast, as a consequence of investment in human
capital.
Literature: to measure immigrant earnins to natives with the same demographic
characteristics.
Importance of cohorts: some cohorts of migrants are more likely to ‘assimilate’ in the host
country
Impact of immigrants on the host country labor market.
- Degree os substitutability or complementarity among various groups.. Evidence:
impact of immigrants on the earnings and employment opportunities of natives is
very small. Not a mejor disruptive force.

W2 - Stark, Bloom - 1985 - The New Economics of Labor Migration

New economics
 - Divorce between migration studies and international trade: migration behavior.
- Importance of comparison with reference group.
- Heterogeneous work and imperfect skill information.
- Low pooled wage: high skill migrant do not migrate, circular effect.
- Migrant ‘does not nake the decision to migrate’. Costs and returns
- Dynamic comparative advantage to the family. Mutual interdependence (migraton:
calculated strategy).
- Economic performance of migrants.
- Cooperation between old-new migrants. Game theory.
- Speed of adoption.
- Bias in the estimation of wageA and wage B: unobserved characteristics.
- R employers cannot observe true skill of S workers, but they know the distribution
and pay based on the average productivity.
- Migrant – non migrant decision-making.
1. Remittances and intertemporal contract. Time: important dimension.
2. Family cohesion
3. Mutual interdependence.
- Risk handling (diversification).
1. Low or negative earnings correlation
2. Local market failures.
***Neoclassical economics focuses on differentials in wages and employment conditions
between countries, and on migration costs. It generally conceives movement as an
individual decision for income maximization (Lewis 1952; Todaro 1969; Borjas 1989).
New economics of migration, in contrast, consider not only the labour market as reasons to
migrate, but also conditions of other markets, such as the capital market or unemployment
insurance market. It views migration as a household strategy to minimize family income
risks or to overcome capital constraints on family production activities (Stark 1991).
Decision-making models (Langenheder 1968; Esser 1980) consider a variety of factors
influencing migration decision, but still remain in the push-pull framework.
* Although the Harris-Todaro model (rural urban migration) was initially developed for
internal migration, it can, with some modifications, also be applied to international
migration. Borjas (1989; 1990) postulated the idea of an international immigration market,
in which potential migrants base the choice of destination on individual, cost-benefit
calculations. Todaro and Maruszko (1987) developed a model for undocumented
international migration, which takes the Harris-Todaro model as basis, but adds to it the
probability of being captured and deported as well as the “illegality tax”.
Neoclassical Economics: the macro level
- International migration is caused by the differences in wage levels between
countries and labour markets. Labour demand and labour supply.
Neoclassical Economics: the macro level
- international labour migration is caused by differences in wage and employment
rates and that migrants EXPECT their wages to be higher in the destination country.
- It considers invidivual deatures.
New Economics of Migration
- not made by isolated individual actors: it is the result of a collective decision to
maximise income and employment opportunities and to minimise risks.
- Risk diversification.
- migration can alter income distribution within a community and therefore lead to
more people deciding to migrate.
Theory class 2.
Neoclassical.
- Why do individuals migrate according to the neoclassical model? Income
maximisation.
- How much information do individuals have? Perfect information. Benefits costs
evaluation.
- How much information do employers have about candidates? Perfect information
about unobservable skills.
- How employers decide what to pay to workers? Function (1)
- Immigration market.
New economics,
- Bloom (1985). Owners of labor have both feelings and independent wills.
- Relative deprivation.
- Reference group.
- Increasing costs in new economics: this could foster permanent migration.
 - Increasing costs in neoclassical: more difficult to go to host country.
The economic is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship and how
people interact.
Microeconomics: Individual agents and markets
Macro: Entire economy
View of immigration: What role play the migrants in the economic markets. View migrants
as consumers.
Economic Theory and International Migration Author(s): George J. Borjas – Neoclassical
perspective of the economic in migration.

 Why do individuals migrate?

 How much information do individuals have about their future earnings? They can
evaluate the earnings the cost of the movement.
 How much information do employers have about job candidates? Employers know
exactly how productives they are going to be: skills, education, labor experience
 What are the predictions from this model that you found most interesting and/or
surprising?
 How do employers decide what to pay workers?
 Variables, Unobserved characteristics – It can be a problem since a social view.

 What does it mean for E to be uncorrelated with X?

X = Variable (Education)
E = Mean zero and variance a ^ and el is also independent of X

 What does the earnings distribution look like?

 What is the immigration market? Is a useful concept?

It can compete. Why all countries are competing?

The overall concept for host and destination countries are kind of useful if you think
in migration policy, or the particular view of the host country.
To a neoclassical lens is important to compare countries.
How would you describe all the differences.
What would have change if in a country incorporate the lens of the neoclassical
economy – WAGES..
W1 – Wage in the country destination
If we talk in these terms, it can say that everyone can understand migration (Is not perfect
information although it shows like that). But in these models, the employers don’t know.
Why we study this? Because it is influential in migration policy and is the model for
policymakers’ control of migration. Depending on this kind of results, the policies can go
further.
Understanding these models is useful for understand complex systems (Even if the model
assume that the individuals make their decisions voluntarily) – We came to a point where
we can see all the flaws in the models.
Wage not include not only the salaries, but also the time of being with family, friends, etc.
but always putting into monetary terms.
In what ways this model still works?
The more challenging part is known “who are before you” because in that order they can
create problems with the information that a person can get before or after the migration
process.
El modelo se basa en la idea del libre movimiento y esto en la realidad no pasa. Estudia
individuos haciendo de cuenta que todos son iguales y que todos migran de manera
voluntaria e informada.
El epsylon representa variables que pueden ser medibles. Como economista no puede
incluir variables culturales, sociales, etc. Sin embargo, X es un factor de características
variables (Gender an race).
- Are al lof the findings here obvius? “An economist is a man who states the
obvious in terms of the incomprehensible.
That prediction of flaws cand give the conditional expectation of migrants observed
characteristics.
- The expected value (?) For example: Education.
Conditional expectation of unobserved characteristics

- To get the expected value in the origin vs in the destiny country. Three different
scenarios
o Negative: They have both averages.
 o Positive: People who have more wages.
o Neutral: People who work less.
- Las personas no van a lugares donde hay más igualdades y mejor distribución
para sus ingresos, sino que es todo lo contrario.
- Why is important to study if the distribution of wages is higher or lower?
o Taxes, narrow wages, below average,
New economics of labor migration
- “Owner of labor have feelings and independent wills”

RELATIVE DEPRIVATION (Carencias)

- Is complicated because who is the reference?

- ¿Qué miembros de la sociedad están migrando?
- Siempre va a haber un nuevo grupo de referencia
 - Hay interesantes formas de conectar estas migraciones familiares.
SKILL LEVES AND ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION

- Employers cannot observe true skill of S workers, but they know the distribution
and pay based on the average productivity.
- The wages that I make in average to all the people are working in the same job
than me.
- Why there is a lot of group classification?
MIGRANT-NON-MIGRANT DECISION-MAKING

- Remittances (remesas) and intertemporal contract (Contratos temporales)

- Family cohesion – Power dynamics on the family.
- Mutual interdependence – People don’t operate individually.
RISK HANDLING: Strategy to handle the risk

- Low or negative earnings correlation: Depending on what you do there are more
risks.
- Local Market Failures: Where I am right now? Challenges to the neoclassical
models.
o Reducing local market failures can lower migration
- In a neoclassical model, by investing can reduce the flow.
- Low-skilled migrants – To doing the origin country more equal.
- Si el costo de inversión de las personas se incrementa, se disminuye el número
de personas que van a ir al país de destino.
- Depending on the motivation, the policies change the shape of the receiving of
migrants.
- Como país de destino se tiene que trazar el objetivo depende de si quiere low-
skilled or hig-skilled migrants (Invest in the country of origin – Trace borders)
- How can we reduce the risk?
o Involving social-cultural factors
o Transit countries
o Circular migrations
o Access to information

CLASS 3 (19/10/23) SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION
Moving beyond economic theories of migration. Social capital and social networks.
Forced migration.
Assigned readings: Portes & Sensenbrenner (1993), Curran & Saguy (2001)
Migration and Cultural Change: A Role for Gender and Social Networks? Sara R.
Curran, Abigail C. Saguy

Is there an explanation for these disparate and very different stories of migration,
gender, and remittances? And, what are the societal effects in places of destination
and origin of such different behaviors?
- There are clearly elements of varying gender identity, household relations, and
the role of networks depending on the contexts.
- Gender inequality is exacerbated or redressed through migration
- Developments on the studies:
o The recognition that there are significant differences between men and
women in terms of motivations, risks, and norms governing and promoting
their movement and assimilation, as well as differential consequences.
o The incorporation of social network concepts to model a more dynamic
migration process.
o The recognition that migration decisions are not made by atomistic
individuals but conditioned by membership within households and
communities
- Three key concepts
o Social embeddedness
 Culture is an essential component for understanding the meaning
given to individuals (gender), their actions (migration), and their
relationships (network ties).
 Influence the way inequality is produced or redressed.
o Circular and cumulative causation
 the locus of action is an interaction between the group and the
individual
o Relative deprivation
 The derivative expectations about the consequences of migration
assume that relative deprivation and networks of obligation link
individuals and communities across time and space.
 There may be significant differences between men and women which
may differentially influence societal level outcomes.
 Operates through individual and group identity and one might expect
that gender would be a significant distinction.
 The way in which people understand themselves, or construct their
identity as either men or women can be expected to shape how
 relative deprivation operates and, in turn, social structures of
production and inequality
 There are two ways that culture enters this formulation: i) notions of
relative deprivation and ii) trough networks of obligation.
 It can be used to designate strong desire for material goods,
accompanied by a sense of entitlement, stemming from the
realization that one’s peers possess these goods.
 Is an explicit reference to the movement of ideas and shifting value
schemes,
 Involve contrasting habitual lifestyles at the place of origin with new
ones at the place of destination and coming to desire the latter.
 Involves the clash of alternative cultural models, drives migration as
individuals and households use migration and remittances to try to
gain access to newly desired goods (Stark 1991).
 Is not an automatic response to situations of inequality, nor is it a
purely rational assessment of ownership of various resources.
 It is the particular blend that a person constructs from among these
group cultures that makes her or him “unique”
- The gender approach
o Men's migration behavior is less oriented toward the group and is
historically less socially controlled.
o households may prefer that women, rather than men, migrate, because they
will be more tightly linked to the household and maintain the normative
expectations of social support
o Normative expectations regarding gender influence the types of networks,
i.e. kin or non-kin, in which men and women respectively participate.
Different types of networks may, in turn, have differential impacts on
migrants at the places of destination
o T there are complex negotiations (either implicit or explicit) between family
members where the outcomes are dependent upon both cultural expectations
of each gender as well as the relative resources (power) available to each
family member.
o Women and children gain increased decision-making power and
responsibility within the household.
o Gender roles shift depending on the pattern of migration and length of stay
in the place of destination, whether men migrate individually and bring
wives or girlfriends later or whether migration occurs as a family
o Men view migration as temporary and are eager to return home, thereby
regaining traditional gender privileges. In contrast, women often hope to
postpone or avoid return because they realize it entails retirement from work
and the loss of newfound freedoms.
o Women and men’s migration experiences differ and the household mediates
between macro-economic structure and individuals.
o Cultural expectations associated with gender are both reproduced and
transformed within the household.
- Networks
o Both networks and remittances are based on culturally determined kinship
obligations, and serve the interests of both non-migrants and migrants,
thereby becoming self-enforcing.
o Migrant embeddedness in dense social networks offers resources and
opportunities that motivate an individual’s sense of obligation and
commitment to the group as well as his or her identification with the group
and its needs.
o Individual behavior is shaped by a migrant culture that reinforces normative
expectations about remittances.
o Societal norms, values, beliefs, and practices are reproduced and
transformed within interpersonal interactions.
o Concurrent with, but largely isolated from the gender and migration research
are theories of migration, development, and networks.
o Patterns of migration and networks transform internal economies, for
instance, when remittances result in greater inequality in the community of
origin
o Social structures and individual positions within structures (social capital
and embeddedness), such as migrant enclaves, can influence individual
identity and behavior (for better or worse)
o That networks are not only powerful conduits for instrumental information
but they also transmit values and cultural perceptions.
o Beliefs become and remain meaningful if and only if one is integrated into
networks of individuals who share those beliefs. If one fails to participate in
such networks,
o Exposure to new networks with different beliefs will serve to challenge
one’s established world-view and offer alternative value systems.
o Networks serve to link individual and household decisions to larger social
structures and have a cumulative effect over space and time.
o Rather than isolated agents, people are linked to one another through social
networks. These connections have a ponderous effect on migration. The two
central ways they shape migration include:
 1) making migration less risky for individuals by circulating
information among potential migrants
 2) feeding subsequent migration
o Just as potential migrants expect kin or friends, who have already migrated,
to assist them, so households of origin expect migrants to “help out”
financially, by remitting a portion of their salary. Because of these
expectations, households encourage select family members to migrate. As
dense social networks reduce the risks of migration, households use
migration to “diversify” economic risk. As long as the economies of places
of origin and destination are weakly or inversely correlated, a viable
household strategy for minimizing economic risk consists of having wage
earners in both places
o Migrants and non-migrants are linked through networks of obligation and
shared understandings of kinship and friendship.
o Three kinds of trust:
  Competence or reputation, which is the belief that someone is
capable of achieving a given goal or task
 I) character based, refers to people’s tendency to have greater
confidence in people that seem to share the same
“background”; process-based trust, is confidence in a given
person based on positive past experiences; institution-based
trust, is confidence in a person’s competence because they
possess some kind of certificate, like a degree or credential,
from an institution, e.g. a university (reputation)
 Mutual assurance, which is based on the knowledge of the incentive
structure surrounding the relationship
 a) assurance based on embeddedness in dense social networks
 The denser the networks become between place of origin and
destination, the greater the assurance that people have in the
information relayed by the networks and the greater their
confidence in the people within them.
 People are more likely to trust their families if their past
experiences have fostered confidence.
 Good will, a cognitive bias, very much a product of early
socialization, in which one feels a sense that one is more likely than
not to be treated fairly.
 b) good will based on cognitive bias (based in childhood
experience)
 c) process, based on past interactions
 migrant networks are circular and cumulatively caused. They
are in motion, as are the cultural norms that flow through
them
 d) bounded solidarity or identification with a group
o Finally, trust based on bounded solidarity or group identity as the basis for
network formation may be very different across men and women with very
different consequences
Conclusions
- Experienced laborers provide the necessary socialization and on the job training
that facilitates ready incorporation of new migrants into the economy and
production system.
- Remittances, which have a dramatic effect on the community of origin’s
economy and the way they drive migration, are also greatly affected by several
aspects of gender. These include: 1) gender ratio among migrants, 2) balance of
power between men/women over household resources in the community of
origin, 3) gender norms and expectations, and 4) sex-segregation in the
economy. One might expect that if the ratio of female to male, rural-urban
migrants fell in Thailand
- Reciprocity, which insures remittance, is dependent on feelings of goodwill and
potential opportunities at home, which will vary by gender and cultural context.
 - Selectivity of migration may influence relations of production and gender in
places of origin.
- Network ties are more than transmitters of information. Their size, composition,
and density also serve to challenge or reinforce cultural forms of organization,
particularly gender relations.
- Gender identity (as embodied in relationships) shapes the kinds of ties within
networks and that network characteristics and macro changes brought about
through migration, in turn, influences cultural expectations about gender.
- This circular process shares the dynamism described by the theory of migration
networks, while attributing more nuanced meanings and variable consequences
to networks.
- Gender inequality may be magnified, challenged or diminished through the
influence of networks of meaningful social ties defined by identity (relative
deprivation), obligation, and trust, via migration.
- Migration theories need to be more complete, must consider the meaning of the
ties binding individuals within a network and the motivations for forming
network ties. In doing so, one realizes that not all network ties are the same
across all migrants.
- The ties that bind migrants are very different for men and women resulting in
very different patterns of remittances. The difference in ties is intimately related
to how gender identity is reinforced and challenged by migration.
- Men’s and women’s identities not only motivate migration differently, but the
networks themselves serve to reinforce these identities creating divergent
patterns of remittance to the place of origin and investment in the place of
destination. The effects are profound at the level of the individual, the group, or
the society
- Change occurs as women become involved in more networks that bridge the
urban and rural settings.
Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action -
Portes & Sensenbrenner (1993)

This article contributes to the field of economic sociology.

 It identifies and categorizes 1. the various mechanisms through which social
structures affect economic action and highlights 2. their consequences, negative
and positive.
 It explores what sociology has to say about economic life.
  It uses knowledge about immigrant economic adaptation to generate propositions of
more general applicability.
 Flash out the implication of general concepts around social capital.

EMPIRICAL MATERIAL USED IN THE ARTICLE

 WHY MIGRATIONS STUDIES?
o “Foreign born communities represent one of the clearest examples of the
bearing contextual factors can have on individual economic action”
o Good examples of embedded economic action.

KEY CONCEPTS of the NEW ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY:

1. Embeddedness:
1. Provides a good standpoint for criticizing neoclassical models. However, it
suffers from theoretical vagueness, and does not meet the positivistic goals
of predictive improvement and theoretical accumulation. This concept is
challenged by the idea of social capital, which seems more suitable.

2. Social Capital:
1. Introduced by Pierre Bourdieu and developed by Coleman.
2. Economic Sociology traces it to Max Weber and Joseph Schumpeter.
3. Defined as the variety of entities with two common characteristics: 1. all
consist of some aspect of social structures and 2. they facilitate actions
within that structure (advance individual goal attainment).
4. Coleman defines it as “social structures facilitating individual relational
pursuits.”
5. Behavior of various social groups in the marketplace.

1. shortcomings:
1. THEORETICAL INDEFINITENESS: What are those
social entities? Where do they come from?
 2. INSTRUMENTALIST ORIENTATION: Views social
structural forces only from a positive perspective.
3. Empirical application is difficult because the concept
encompasses such plurality of situations.
f. This article aims to further refine the concept of social capital by: attempting
to identify its different types and sources and clarifying conditions under
which it can not only promote but also constrain or derail economic goal
seeking.

g. AUTHOR’s REDEFINITION of SOCIAL CAPITAL:

Expectations for action within a collectivity that affect economic goals and goal-seeking
behavior of its members, even when the expectations are not economically oriented.

1. TYPES OF EXPECTATIONS: Sources of social capital.

Under certain conditions these expectations can be
appropriated as a resource.
1. Value introjection: Economic transactions as
reflections of an underlying moral order. The moral
character of economic transactions guided by value
imperatives learned during the process of
socialization. Non contractual elements of the
contract. Individuals are expected to behave according
to a higher group morality. Established values.
2. Reciprocity transactions: Accumulation of favors,
information, approval, and other valued items, based
on previous deeds to others. Given and received by
the norm of reciprocity. Individuals are expected to
pursue selfish ends.The orientation is utilitarian. The
transactions center on social intangibles. Individual
reciprocity exchange.
3. Bounded Solidarity: Situational circumstances that
can lead to the emergence of a group-oriented
behavior. It is not moral, but rather a common
awareness and collective sentiment that transforms the
encounters between employer and employee
(example. Marx’s class struggle). Situational reaction
of a class of people faced with common adversities.
4. Enforceable Trust: Social capital is generated by
individual members’ disciplined compliance with
group expectations. Individual members subordinate
their present desires to collective expectations in
anticipation of what they will receive in the future,
utilities. Long term market advantages by virtue of
 group membership.The orientation is utilitarian The
motivating force here are the anticipation of utilities.

FIRST PROPOSITION:
- The more distinct phenotypic or cultural characteristics, the greater prejudices
associated with these traits and the lower probability of exit, then the
stronger sentiments of solidarity and higher social capital based on this
solidarity.

- La influencia que tiene la economía en la sociología es, en parte, creer que hay
teorías que son defendibles y testeables.
- Te obliga a pensar más acerca de lo que puede ser relevante.
- Es necesario simplificar esta proposición
- Discrimination in a particular context is a measure for the discrimination at all.
- Understanding what happen afterwards.
- Social embeddedness
- Bounded solidarity – Is multiscale (Sirve para personas que tratan de ir a otro
país y obtienen la solidaridad desde su país de origen, o personas que están en
otro país y se ven presionados a regresar a su país de origen, o personas que
reciben ayuda del grupo social estando en el país receptor)
- The State can create particular groups to growing the sense of bounded
solidarity in the state of origin.

SECOND PROPOSITION
- Social capital arising out of situational confrontations is strongest when bounded
solidarity brings about the construction of an alternative definitions of the
situation, not limited to the actual events, based on reenactments of past
practices and common memory.
THIRD PROPOSITION
- As a source of social capital, enforceable trust is directly proportional to the
strength of outside discrimination and inversely proportional to the available
options outside the community for securing honor and economic opportunity.
FOURTH PROPOSITION
 -The greater the ability of a community to confer unique rewards, the more
develop the internal means of communication, then the greater strength of
enforceable trust and the higher level of social capital coming from it.
FIFTH PROPOSITION
- The greater the social capital produced by bounded solidarity and community
controls, then the greater the particularistic demands placed on successful
entrepreneurs and the more extensive the restrictions on individual expression.
SIXTH PROPOSITION
- The longer the economic mobility of a group has been blocked by coercive
nonmarket means, then the more likely the emergence of a bounded solidarity
that negates the possibility of advancement through fair market competition and
that opposes to individual efforts in this direction.
CLASS 4 (25/10/23) - ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MIGRATION
Effects of migration on wages and unemployment. Fiscal effects
of migration.
Assigned readings: Card (1990), Foged et al. (2021).

- How does migration affect destination labor markets?

 - ¿Los inmigrantes hacen el trabajo que los nativos no quieren hacer?¿O roban el
trabajo de los nativos?
- Hay diferentes tipos de trabajadores

¿Los migrantes son complementos o son sustitutos?

Otras consideraciones:

- Los natives se pueden movilizar

- Los migrantes compran cosas
Evidencia empirica de los estudios
- Ningun impacto negativo de la migración en los nativos
El impacto en los migrantes es más grande

- Problems

Difícil de detectar los efectos en low-skilled workers

Card - 1990 - The impact of the Mariel boatlift on the Miami labor market

MARIEL BOATLIFT
Variations in the population after the boatlift:
 Homicide rate increased nearly 50% between 1979 and 1980
 Unemployment rate from 5% to 7.1%, but as the national rate also rose, this wasn’t
completely the fault of the mariel boatlift
 Widespread joblessness of refugees gave the perception that labor market
opportunities for low-skilled natives were threatened by the M boatlift but the
employment growth rate was similar in more cities
 No evidence that the Mariel boatlift really impacted labor market wages, besides a
decline in Cuban wage rates consistent with the arrival of new Cubans.
 Same for the unemployment rate, which increased only between Cubans. But that
could be explained because of the addition of Mariels, with no actual effect on the
other Cubans.
 No evidence of a negative effect on the earnings of natives, and no effect on blacks’
wages
 Relative decline in the employment rate of blacks from ’82, but maybe caused by
the recession of the same year.
 Decline in earnings at the low end of the Cuban wage distribution after the boatlift,
because of the addition of many unskilled workers. But if we assume that the influx
had no effect on the wages of other Cubans outside Miami too, the downturn in
 Cuban wages in Miami could be solely explained by the dilution of the Cuban labor
force with lowskilled workers

https://archive.org/details/againstwindandtideacubanodyssey
Una de las conclusiones es que los económicos creen que no hay efectos negativos en los
salarios y el empleo cuando existen migraciones.

- Massive effects to entrepeneurs migrants

Does this resolve the question?

Could this be producing a spurious result in Borjas' analysis?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
time_continue=874&v=ONGfKG2NEOI&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F
%2Fjohnrbpalmer.com%2F&source_ve_path=Mjg2NjY&feature=emb_logo
Los migrantes a menudo ocupan empleos en el sector informal, lo que puede no tener un
impacto significativo en los salarios de los trabajadores nativos en el sector formal
En el corto plazo, la inmigración puede ejercer presión sobre los salarios en algunos
sectores, pero en el largo plazo, los efectos pueden ser más variados y estar influenciados
por la adaptación de la economía a la inmigración
Social and human capital
Under this theory, wages are expected to reflect the value of the skills and productivity of
workers.
wages are determined by the interaction of labor supply and labor demand.
The role of labor market institutions in the impact of immigration on wages and
employment – Foged, Hasager & Yasenov (2021)
CLASS 5 (02/11/2023). SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EFFECTS OF
MIGRATION

Effects of migration on social dynamics and political behaviour.

- Ethnography on how employers choose.

- Chain model over the neoclassical model, industries that are characteristic based.

How does migration affect social and political systems?

- Compositional effects: migration in basic demographic effect, related to the
demographic structure, there are some particular groups that end up being selected.
- Attitudes, believes, behaviours: effects on that that are not compositional, there
might actually be shifts on beliefs
- Networks and combined impacts
- Depends on what social services immigrants are using and whether or not/ how
much taxes they pay

KOREA:
Hypothesis 1.1. Anti-solidarity effect: individuals with higher levels of perceived presence
of immigrants have lower levels of social trust and solidarity, thereby being less supportive
of social spending.

Hypothesis 1.2. Compensation effect: individuals with higher levels of perceived presence
of immigrants have higher levels of concerns about economic risks of native workers,
thereby being more supportive of social spending.

[ GLOBALIZATION: bout my job maybe exported someplace else]

Hypothesis 2. Globalization effect: individuals with higher levels of perceived presence of

immigrants have less (more) support for social spending to the degree that the impact of
globalization over native workers is perceived as negative (positive).

--> positive idea of globalization for the native, thus, more support for social spending,
having a higher level of perceived presence of immigrants.
- EUROPE GENERAL (intra-European migration): Hypothesis 2. Globalization
effect: individuals with higher levels of perceived presence of immigrants have (more)
support for social spending to the degree that the impact of globalization over native
workers is perceived as (positive).
- GERMANY (: Hypothesis 2. Globalization effect: individuals with higher levels
of perceived presence of immigrants have less support for social spending to the degree that
the impact of globalization over native workers is perceived as negative.
Assigned readings: Kim (2022), Dancygier et al. (2022).
Emigration and Radical Right Populism Rafaela Dancygier, Sirus H. Dehdari, David
D. Laitin, Moritz Marbach, and Kåre Vernby

 Populist radical right (PRR) parties have been on the rise, attracting voters opposing
immigration and globalization.
 Emigrations’ impact on PRR vote shares has been overlooked, with the focus
mainly on immigration.
 Emigration has significant demographic and electoral consequences for regions left
behind.
 Two mechanisms, compositional and preference-based, link emigration to PRR
party success.
 Departure of young, motivated adults changes the composition of areas, affecting
PRR success.
 Emigration also leads to lower quality of life, affecting public and private services,
and diminishing community spirit.
 Emigration can create grievances that PRR parties exploit, challenging traditional
parties.
 The study examines the impact of emigration on PRR vote shares and finds a
significant correlation, particularly in Sweden.
 Both compositional and preference-based mechanisms contribute to the emigration
effect.
 The study highlights the challenges emigration poses to established party systems,
particularly center-left parties.
 Emigration is an important demographic phenomenon in high-income democracies,
impacting political change and potentially undermining liberal democracy.
 The study expands on research regarding regional inequalities and political
consequences, particularly in declining peripheries.
 The impact of emigration affects both electoral winners and losers, with
implications for party strategies.
 Emigration is a widespread phenomenon that can affect the sustainability of entire
regions.
 Internal migration plays a significant role in changing population dynamics, with
urban areas growing and rural regions experiencing depopulation.
 Emigrants tend to be young, educated, and cosmopolitan, which are not typical
characteristics of radical right party supporters.
 The remaining population tends to be more rooted in their localities and less open to
outsiders, making them more likely to support radical right parties.
 Emigration can change the composition of electorates without changes in voting
choices or campaign messages, leading to increased support for radical right parties.
 Emigration can result in a decline in the quality of life in affected areas, with
reduced public services, businesses, and cultural offerings.
 The psychological impact of emigration, including feelings of isolation and
inadequacy, can contribute to radical right voting.
 Populist parties may exploit discontent with the incumbent political establishment
and policies that fail to address the consequences of emigration.
 The challenges of emigration provide opportunities for populist radical right parties,
even though their central focus is often on immigration issues.
 Demographic changes across European regions vary widely, with some areas
experiencing population growth while others face significant population declines.
 Population changes are influenced by births, deaths, immigration, and emigration,
with places experiencing annual population declines of 2% or more often being
driven by emigration.
 The study aims to determine whether Populist Radical Right (PRR) parties are more
successful in regions with higher emigration rates.
 The analysis uses cross-national data assembled by Dijkstra, Poelman, and
Rodríguez-Pose, including radical right party vote shares in European countries.
 The study acknowledges limitations, including the lack of detailed data at the
municipal level and the need to account for other confounding variables.
 Administrative registry data from Statistics Sweden is used, allowing tracking of
individuals' place of residence consistently across multiple years.
  The study covers all general elections from 2002 to 2018, focusing on the
municipality of residence.
 Sweden's demographic trends align with those of other advanced democracies, with
rising immigration and significant population changes.
 In 2020, nearly 20% of Sweden's population was foreign-born, up from 11% in
2000.
 Economic developments, including the Great Recession, contributed to
unemployment and the closure of manufacturing plants in industrial towns.
 The Sweden Democrats, an anti-immigrant and anti-establishment party, saw
increased support amid rising immigration and economic restructuring.
 Voter preferences of movers and stayers show that movers are less likely to vote for
the Sweden Democrats, supporting the compositional mechanism.
 Departure of high-income residents is associated with SD vote gains, possibly due
to compositional effects, but the results remain somewhat ambiguous.
 Departure of non-citizens (immigrants) does not correlate with SD vote gains, and
the party's gains are associated with the departure of Swedish-born individuals,
suggesting that voters do not reward the party for driving out immigrants.
 The effect of departures is concentrated in municipalities with low to medium
population density and declining populations, which is consistent with a service-
based preference mechanism.
 Elite interviews were conducted with party officials from the Sweden Democrats
and the Social Democrats to gain insights into the grievances generated by out-
migration, the reasons voters opt for populist radical right candidates, and why the
Social Democrats lose.
 The interviews highlight material and psychological preference mechanisms. Out-
migration compounds historical political neglect of rural areas, and the proportional
electoral system doesn't favor sparsely populated areas.
 Interviewees emphasize the impact of emigration on the local economy, public
finances, and services. Out-migration leads to a collectively experienced status loss
and contributes to a sense of abandonment.
 Voters perceive the Social Democrats as the party of the urban middle class, and the
party's focus on urban issues has alienated rural voters.
 The Sweden Democrats capitalized on the incumbent party's failure to address rural
voters' concerns, especially in areas contending with out-migration.
 Newspaper analysis supports the interpretation of the interviews. Articles highlight
the decline in the quality of public services, job and housing concerns, and the
connection between out-migration and the growth of support for the Sweden
Democrats.
 Voters view the SD as a protest against the deterioration of public goods and
services in the wake of emigration.
 Out-migration's negative repercussions are linked to the rise of right-wing populism,
indicating a preference-based mechanism at play.

How does immigration affect welfare support in Korea? Kyunghwan Kim

The introduction discusses the impact of international migration on welfare states,
particularly the challenge posed by people from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds
moving across borders. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how immigration
affects the legitimacy and support for social welfare policies in Western welfare states.
While some studies suggest a weak positive association between immigration or ethnic
diversity and social spending, others argue for strong and consistent negative associations.
These varying results highlight that the relationship between immigration and welfare
spending depends on socio-economic contexts and individual characteristics.

The introduction also highlights the unique perspective of South Korea, which has
relatively fewer foreign-born populations and a stronger sense of ethno-cultural
homogeneity. This presents a different context for studying the link between immigration
and welfare attitudes. Recent immigration-related challenges in South Korea have raised
concerns about immigrants abusing welfare provisions and services.

The primary objective of the article is to investigate how native Koreans' attitudes toward
social spending are influenced by the perceived presence of immigrants in their society.
The study also explores whether the type of social benefits and the nature of immigration
play a role in shaping this relationship.

Literature review

This paper aims to address a gap in the existing literature by providing empirical evidence
from South Korea, a non-Western country with a shorter history of welfare development
and ethno-cultural diversity. The study goes beyond the concept of "selective solidarity" by
considering the impact of both the type of immigration (deservingness) and the type of
social benefits (welfare chauvinism).

Ethnic diversity and support for social spending in a globalized context

The text explores the relationship between ethnic diversity and support for social spending
in a globalized context. It presents two contrasting views regarding this relationship:
 the anti-solidarity effect and,
 the compensation effect.

The anti-solidarity effect suggests that negative attitudes toward ethnic diversity lead to less
support for social spending. This view is based on the idea that a perceived increase in
foreign-born populations can lead to reduced trust and solidarity among native citizens,
subsequently diminishing support for government spending on social security.

Hypothesis 1.1. Anti-solidarity effect: individuals with higher levels of perceived presence
of immigrants have lower levels of social trust and solidarity, thereby being less supportive
of social spending.

Conversely, the compensation effect posits that negative attitudes toward ethnic diversity
can result in increased support for social spending. This perspective argues that anti-
immigration attitudes may be positively associated with support for welfare programs,
particularly in response to concerns about potential economic insecurity, such as
unemployment and job competition caused by increased ethnic diversity.

Hypothesis 1.2. Compensation effect: individuals with higher levels of perceived presence
of immigrants have higher levels of concerns about economic risks of native workers,
thereby being more supportive of social spending.

The text also introduces the concept of globalization and its potential moderating effect on
the relationship between ethnic diversity and welfare attitudes. Globalization is seen as
having both negative and positive impacts on the welfare state. It may necessitate measures
like labor market flexibility and fiscal retrenchment, negatively affecting the welfare of
native workers. Alternatively, it can lead to expanded welfare programs to compensate
those negatively affected by globalization, which may positively influence the support for
social spending.

Hypothesis 2. Globalization effect: individuals with higher levels of perceived presence of

immigrants have less (more) support for social spending to the degree that the impact of
globalization over native workers is perceived as negative (positive).

The globalization hypothesis suggests that the impact of globalization on native workers
can moderate the relationship between ethnic diversity and support for social spending. If
globalization is perceived as negative for native workers, it can enhance the anti-solidarity
effect. However, if globalization is seen as non-negative or even positive for the welfare
state, individuals may be more supportive of government spending on social security,
especially in response to concerns about economic risks associated with foreign-born
populations and globalization.
Welfare Chauvinism and Deservingness:

Recent studies in Western welfare states have pointed out that ethnic diversity does not
significantly affect general support for the welfare state but tends to stimulate welfare
chauvinism in relation to specific policy-level welfare attitudes. Welfare chauvinism
involves the belief that immigrants are attracted to a country for its generous welfare
benefits and that they do not contribute through taxes, potentially taking away jobs and
resources. Some studies indicate that support for welfare programs available to immigrants
can be negatively impacted by immigration, especially in universal systems. However, it's
important to note that universal benefits exclusively for native citizens are less susceptible
to welfare chauvinism. The type of social benefits needs to be considered in understanding
this effect. In this context, the text introduces:

Hypothesis 3 - Welfare Chauvinism Effect: Individuals with higher levels of perceived

presence of immigrants have less (more) support for specific types of social benefits to the
degree that the impact of globalization on native workers is perceived as negative
(positive).

Immigration and Welfare Support in Korea

The context in South Korea is different from Western nations. While Korea has had a
relatively small number of foreign-born populations, it has experienced gradual growth in
low-skilled labor migrants and female marriage migrants since the early 1990s. The Korean
welfare regime underwent significant changes after democratization in the late 1980s,
leading to the institutionalization of welfare provisions based on social citizenship, which
expanded social insurance programs and introduced social assistance and services. The
Korean society remains highly ethnically and culturally homogeneous, and the immigration
regime was characterized by highly restrictive policies based on an ethnocultural notion of
nationhood. However, there has been a shift towards a more inclusive system as foreign-
born populations have increased, marked by policy changes such as the introduction of the
employment permit system and the Basic Act on the Treatment of Foreigners in Korea.
Despite these changes, Korean immigration policy still emphasizes ethnic nationalism,
particularly regarding policies for ethnic Korean migrants.

DATA AND MEASURES:

 Data Source:The study uses data from the 2018 Korean General Social Survey
(KGSS), a nationally representative survey conducted using a multi-stage area
probability sampling method. It includes 1031 individuals aged 18 and over in
Korea.

Measures
 Support for Social Spending: The dependent variable measures individuals' attitudes
regarding government spending on social security in terms of general welfare
attitudes. Respondents are asked about their preferences for more or less
government spending in four areas: health care, education, old-age pensions, and
unemployment benefits.
 Perceived Presence of Immigrants: This independent variable is assessed by asking
respondents whether they would like foreign workers or foreign brides to increase
or decrease in Korean society. Responses are recorded on a 5-point Likert-type
scale.
 Globalization Attitudes: Respondents' perceptions of the impact of globalization on
job opportunities for Korean workers are used to measure globalization attitudes.
Responses range from "very good" to "very bad."
 Control Variables: The study includes several individual-level control variables,
including gender, age, marital status, employment status, education, political self-
placement (left-right scale), household income, and residence area.

RESULTS:
This section presents the descriptive statistics of key variables and the results of the
regression analyses. (for tables look at article)
 He
re are the key findings:
 The average support for social spending in Korea is relatively high, with
respondents generally favoring an increase in government spending on social
security. However, there is variation across different areas of social security, with
stronger support for health care and education spending compared to unemployment
spending.
 Respondents, on average, perceive the presence of immigrants in Korea to be
somewhat high, indicating resistance to an increase in the foreign-born population.
  Respondents hold mixed attitudes toward globalization's impact on job
opportunities for Korean workers, with some seeing it as beneficial and others as
detrimental.
 The main focus of the study was to investigate the association between the
perceived presence of immigrants and support for social spending. The results
suggest a negative association, indicating that negative attitudes toward ethnic
diversity lead to less support for social spending, supporting the "anti-solidarity
effect" (Hypothesis 1.1).
 There was no statistically significant moderating effect of globalization on the
association between the perceived presence of immigrants and support for social
spending.
 The study explored how the perceived presence of immigrants relates to support for
government spending in specific areas of social security, finding a weak negative
effect on support for unemployment spending (welfare chauvinism effect -
Hypothesis 3).
 When considering the perceived presence of specific immigrant groups, positive
perceptions toward female marriage migrants were associated with more support for
social spending, indicating a possible compensation effect (Hypothesis 1.2).
However, the perceived presence of low-skilled labor migrants had mixed effects on
different aspects of social spending, and there was an interaction effect with
globalization attitudes.
 Deservingness effects of immigrant populations on support for social spending were
partially confirmed, with low-skilled labor migrants negatively affecting support for
unemployment spending, and female marriage migrants positively affecting general
social spending, education spending, and unemployment spending.
 The study suggests that the type of immigration plays a role in whether a welfare
chauvinism effect is observed, as social programs for certain immigrant groups seen
as positively contributing to the host society are less likely to face opposition from
native citizens.

DISCUSSION:
The discussion of the study's results focuses on the association between perceived
immigration and support for social spending in South Korea. Key points from this section
include:
 The study empirically confirms a weak but existing association between perceptions
of immigration and ethnic diversity and Korean citizens' welfare attitudes.
Individuals who perceive a higher share of immigrants in the population are less
supportive of government spending on social security, particularly in the case of
unemployment spending.
 The dominant immigrant group in Korea, low-skilled labor migrants, contributes to
concerns about job competition and economic insecurity. This negative perspective
aligns with findings from Western welfare states.
 The study highlights how the type of immigration matters; perceptions of female
marriage migrants, often seen as making a positive contribution to society, are
positively associated with support for social spending, possibly due to their cultural
diversity contributions.
  The interaction of globalization attitudes and the type of immigration also
influences support for social spending. When respondents have negative views on
globalization, their perceptions of low-skilled labor migrants have a more negative
impact on social spending support, while positive globalization attitudes relate to a
more positive impact of female marriage migrants on social spending support.
 Individual-level variables such as education, political orientation, and residence area
significantly influence support for social spending in Korea. Interestingly, gender,
age, marital status, and household income have less impact, highlighting
inconsistencies in welfare attitudes and class differences.

CONCLUSION:

In the conclusion, the study's contributions and limitations are discussed. Key points
include:

 The study empirically shows the "immigrationisation" of Korean welfare politics,

indicating the influence of immigration and ethno-cultural diversity on public
perceptions of social policies in a non-Western context.
 The concept of "selective solidarity" is explored, revealing that issues like welfare
chauvinism and deservingness may be associated with specific groups of
immigrants. In the Korean context, negative attitudes are more likely to affect low-
skilled labor migrants, while perceptions of female marriage migrants are positively
associated with support for social spending.
 The findings are considered tentative and may vary in different contexts. The
study's focus on the impact of negative attitudes toward immigrants does not cover
positive immigration attitudes or social capital.
 Future research should consider an international comparative perspective and
explore positive aspects of immigration attitudes to provide a more comprehensive
understanding of the association.

CLASS 6 (15/11/2023). IMMIGRANT ADAPTATION AND

INCORPORATION
Immigrant incorporation into host societies. Transformations along different
dimensions. Heterogenous societies and effects.

Assigned readings: Benet-Martinez et al. (2021), Yiu (2013).

Es uno de los últimos temas básicos de las teorías de la migración, se trata acerca de la
adaptación e incorporación:

Key issues:
En términos de qué pasa las sociedades de acogida, la pregunta es que debería pasar y lo
que en realidad pasa cuando los migrantes llegan.

- Intra-individual changes
- Individual changes
- Family changes
- Population changes: A veces genera mucha confusión, particularmente cuando
se ve desde una perspectiva sociológica o política.
- Intra vs Inter-generational

BENET-MARTINEZ

- Shift about a concept that is not static

- Temporal and generational factors
- ¿Como las personas podrían cambiar sus valores al momento de cambiar de
sociedad?
- Múltiples culturas existiendo al mismo tiempo

- Como pensamos en el proceso (sociológico o político)

- Políticas multiculturales,
- La evidencia sugiere que hay 3 distintas formas de aculturación (integración,
separación, asimilación y marginalización) desde una perspectiva social

- Dos dimensiones (una teórica -harmony- y una empírica -conflict-)

YIU (2013)

- Caracterizar no tanto en términos sociales sino en términos culturales.

- Economic approach

- Es más fácil utilizar esta teoría que otras porque evita las complejidades que
salen de estudios cualitativos, y también consume menos tiempo y recursos.
- Viene más de la literatura sociológica, pero el punto de inicio es la idea de
“Straight line assimilation” y es el progreso lineal con los tiempos y las
generaciones -cambios individuales-, teoría clásica (Dominante en los 20’s hasta
los 80’s en US). Las debilidades de esta teoría es no ver el impacto de la cultura
en las migraciones y de las estructuras sociales. Los desafíos que tiene esta
teoría es que la idea de asimilación no parte de las distintas culturas sino que
solo se analiza el elemento económico y todos los migrantes se ven como
individuos iguales)
- Multiculturalism vs Interculturalism: La diferencia entre enfocarse en darle
derechos a las culturas o de reconocer la importancia entre intercambiar culturas
(host vs origin).
 - Diferencias en el acceso a capital social

SEGREGATION: systematic spatial differences across groups

- Que tan expuesta se encuentra la gente entre ella:

- Que tanto acceso tienen las personas:

- Que tan concentrado está un grupo en un espacio

- Como las políticas pueden fomentar la segregación:

CLASS 7 (16/11/2023). APPLYING THEORY
Applying theory to specific migration systems and contexts.

Group presentations.

Assigned readings: None (groups will work on their research and presentations).
CLASS 8 (22/11/2023) MOBILITY, SEGREGATION, AND
HEALTH
Effects of mobility and migration on disease dynamics; border restrictions.

Assigned readings: Shiraef et al. (2022), Ta et al. (2021).

The activity space-based segregation of migrants in suburban Shanghai Na Ta a,b,*, Mei-

Po Kwan c,d , Shuting Lin b , Qiuyu Zhu

- Activity space-based:

Shared spaces and “throwntogetherness” in later life: A qualitative GIS study of non-
migrant and migrant older adults in Singapore Elaine L.E. Ho a,* , Jian An Liew b , Guo
Zhou c , Tuen Yi Chiu d , Brenda S.A. Yeoh e , Shirlena Huang f

CLASS 9 (29/11/2023) MIGRATION POLICY AND SYNTHESIS

Theories of policymaking. Political landscape. Goals and outcomes. Global migration
governance.

Assigned readings: Massey (2020), Castles (2010)

- POLICY

Una Buena forma de estructurar el tema es, primero, tener unas consideraciones de política
(en práctica como se hacen y como cambian) y, por otro lado, como se puede incidir
(Protestas, peticiones, etc.)

MUDDLING THROUGH
Charles E. Lindblom, The Science of "Muddling Through" Public Adm. Rev. 19, 79
(1959).

Este es un texto clásico para entender como funciona el diseño de la política pública:
Es un modelo más idealizado y neoclásico pero en cualquier caso, probablemente nunca se
tiene la oportunidad de empezar de ceros. Hay muchos factores que dependen.

Los individuos maximizan sus valores.

Este es un modelo más holístico, para llegar a la mejor política. Esta es la forma más
común de llegar a crear políticas

Las diferencias son más entre un modelo racional y comprensivo (Root) y uno más limitado
(Branch)

FEEDBACK LOOPS MASSEY & PREN (2012)

Hay varios sitios de regulación (Leyes a través de los congresos, judiciales a través de los
Jueves y Tribunales, administrativo en el sentido del Estado y las instituciones y agencias
que lo representan -es normalmente el que tiene más protagonismo en el proceso de diseño
de políticas de migración-).

Luego hay unos sitios a nivel internacional (con el derecho internacional), las leyes
domésticas y las leyes supranacionales (Con la UE por ejemplo)

MAKING AND CHANGING POLICY

- Palestinian rights
- Refugee return
o Humanitarian AID
o RESTRICTIVE IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN EUROPE AND THE US -
MASSEY & PREN (2012)
 ¿Quién habla por otros?
 - POLICY MISMATCHES MASSEY (2020)

Evaluation and grading system

Students will be evaluated based on a combination of
- Class participation (5%)
- Research paper proposal (40%)
- Final research paper (55%) – Concrete paper 8-10 pages (Research question,
framework, methodology, open theories) December 20th.