EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

OF A SOLUTION
 Relation between Molarity and Normality

Mass of solute (g) Molar Mass (Mw)

𝐍= 𝐄=
Equivalent 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 (E) × Volume of solution (L) Valency Factor

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐰 × 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫

𝐍 =
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐌𝐰 × 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 (𝐋ሻ

Molarity

Normality = Molarity × Valency factor

N = M × n factor
The normality of 1.5M H3PO4 is –
 Quantitative Analysis

In terms of Moles In terms of Equivalents

• Number of moles: • Number of equivalents:

Mass of substance/Molar mass Mass of substance/Eq. mass
𝐖𝐭. 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
× 𝐕𝐅 = n × VF
𝐌𝐨𝐥ecular 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬
• Molarity: • Normality:
Number of moles/Volume(in L) No. of equivalents/Volume (in L)
𝐧 × 𝐕𝐅
=
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 (𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞ሻ
= Molarity × VF
 Molality (m)
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kg of solvent
is called molality of that solution.

1 Mole of
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐧𝑨
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
glucose 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 (𝐤𝐠ሻ 𝐖𝐁

1 litre of solution
1m
Molality (m)

The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kg of solvent

is called molality of that solution.
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐧𝐀
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 (𝐤𝐠ሻ 𝐖𝐁

𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭 mol kg-1

Note Molality is temperature independent because it

does not involve volume of solution.
What is the molality of solution when 0.1 moles of NaOH is
present in 1kg of solvent.
Formality (F)
It is the number of gram formula mass units present per litre
of solution.
𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐋ሻ

𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭 Formula per litre

Note Generally, it is used for ionic compounds because they

are not in form molecules, they have crystal lattice
made up of formula units.
 Strength of Solution (g L-1)

The mass of solute(in g) dissolved in one litre of solution is

called strength of that solution.

10 g 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡
of NaOH = 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐖𝑨 (𝐢𝐧 𝐠ሻ
=
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐋ሻ 𝐕 (𝐢𝐧 𝐋ሻ

1 litre of solution 10 gL-1

 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐬 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐦𝐥ሻ

S = Molarity of solution × molecular mass of solute.

S = Normality of solution × equivalent mass of solute.

𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭 gL-1

Note

Strength is temperature dependent because it involves volume

of solution.
A 250 ml of acetic acid solution in water contains 20 g of
acetic acid. What is the strength of acetic acid solution?
Parts Per Million (PPM)
It represents parts of solute present in 1 million(106) parts
of solution.
This method is used for expressing the concentration of
very dilute solutions. It is used for expressing hardness of
water, air pollution etc.

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐠
ppm 𝐰/𝐰 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐠ሻ

mass of solute 𝐠
ppm 𝐰/𝐯 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
volume of solution mL

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞(𝐦𝐋ሻ
ppm 𝐯/𝐯 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐦𝐋ሻ
0.01 mg of CaCO3 is present in 100g of aqueous solution.
Calculate concentration of solution in ppm?
 Mole fraction (X)
The ratio of the number of moles of solute and the total number
of moles of solute and solvent is known as mole fraction of
solute.

Ethanol (1 mol)
𝐗𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞

𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞

=
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 + 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐧𝐴
=
𝐧𝐴 + 𝐧𝐵

Water (4 mol)

𝟏 𝟏
𝐗𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐥 = =
𝟏+𝟒 𝟓
Mole fraction (X)

𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐧

𝐗𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 = = 𝐴
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞+𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐧𝐴 +𝐧𝐵

𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭 It is unitless quantity.

Note XSolute + XSolvent =1

𝐗 𝐀 𝐧𝐀
=
𝐗 𝐁 𝐧𝐁

𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞 % = (𝐗ሻ × (𝟏𝟎𝟎ሻ

Xsolute=0.2 means that 0.2 moles of solute are present in 0.8

moles of solvent.
The number of moles of a solute in its solution is 20 and total
number of moles are 80. The mole fraction of solute is ?
Composition of a solution can be described by expressing its
concentration.

1. Molarity (M) 1. Molality(m)

2. Normality(N) 2. Mole Fraction(X)
3. Strength of Solution (g/L) 3. %w/w
4. %w/V 4. ppm (w/w)
5. %v/V
6. Formality

Volume dependent terms Volume independent terms

Home Work
10 g of solute is present in 70 g water. Find mass % of solute
in this solution.
0.5 g of substance is dissolved in 25g of a solvent. Calculate
the percentage amount of the substance in the solution.
Find out the percentage by mass and mass fraction of aspirin
in the solution prepared by dissolving 3.65 g of aspirin in
25.08 g of water .
A solution was prepared by adding 125 cm3 of isopropyl
alcohol to water until the volume of the solution was 175 cm3.
Find the volume fraction and volume percent of isopropyl
alcohol in the solution.