CSM6 EXT1Y11 Ch18 Ans

Answers to exercises
Answers are not provided for certain questions of the type

‘show that’ or ‘prove that’. Please see worked solutions in
these cases for a model.
Chapter 1 j −2s − 10t k x 2 + 17xy l 16a − b

4 a x + 5x + 6
2
b y + 11y + 28
2
Exercise 1A c t 2 + 3t − 18 d x 2 − 2x − 8
1 a 4x b 2x c −2x d −4x e t 2 − 4t + 3 f 2a 2 + 13a + 15
2 a 5a b −a c −9a d −3a g 3u − 10u − 8
2
h 8p 2 − 2p − 15
3a0 b −y c −10a d −3b i 2b 2 − 13b + 21 j 15a 2 − a − 2
e 7x f −3ab g 4pq h −3abc k −c + 9c − 18
2
l 2d 2 + 5d − 12
4 a −6a b 12a 2 c a5 d a6 6 a x 2 + 2xy + y 2 b x 2 − 2xy + y 2
5 a −2a b3 c a6 da cx − y
2 2
d a 2 + 6a + 9
6 a 2t 2
b0 c t4 d1 e b 2 − 8b + 16 f c 2 + 10c + 25
7 a −3x b −9x c −18x 2
d −2 g d − 36
2
h 49 − e 2
8 a −4 b −12 c 18 d2 i 64 + 16f + f 2 j 81 − 18g + g 2
9a x + 3 b 2y − 3 c 2a − 3 k h − 100
2
l i 2 + 22i + 121
d 8x + 4y e −10t − 5 f 4a − 3a 2 m 4a 2 + 4a + 1 n 4b 2 − 12b + 9
g −5x 2 − 12x − 3 h 9a − 3b − 5c o 9c + 12c + 4
2
p 4d 2 + 12de + 9e 2
10 a 5 b 7m 2
c −12a d −3p 3q 4r q 4f 2 − 9g 2 r 9h 2 − 4i 2
11 a 2x b 4x c −6a d −4b s 25j + 40j + 16
2
t 16k 2 − 40kℓ + 25ℓ2
12 a 10a b −18x c −3a 2 u 16 − 25m 2 v 25 − 30n + 9n 2
3
d 6a b e −8x 5
f −6p 3q 4 w 49p + 56pq + 16q
2 2
x 64 − 48r + 9r 2
1 1 1
13 a −2 b 3x c xy 7 a t2 + 2 + b t2 − 2 + c t2 −
2 2
d −a 4 e −7ab 3 f 5ab 2c 6 t t t2
8 a 10 404 b 998 001 c 39 991
14 a 6a 5b 6 b −24a 4b 8 c 9a 6 d −8a 12b 3
9aa − b
3 3
b 2x + 3
15 a 0 b −1 c 59 d 40
2 4 2 6 c 18 − 6a d x 2 + 2x − 1
16 a 3a b 5c c a bc
e x 3 − 6x 2 + 12x − 8 f p2 + q2 + r 2
17 a 2x 5 b 9xy 5 c b4 d 2a 3
10 a x − 6x + 12x − 8
3 2
b x2 + y2 + z2
18 a −x 3 + 3x 2 + 7x − 8 b −b + 11c
c x 2 − y 2 − z 2 + 2yz d a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc
c 8d − 14c − 2b d −18x 25y 22
11 a a − b − c + 2bc
2 2 2
b x 2 − 2x + 3
19 a 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
c 7x 2 + 16ax + 4a 2
b x ≤ −√3 or 0 ≤ x ≤ √3
12 7
Exercise 1B
1 a 3x − 6 b 2x − 6 c −3x + 6 Exercise 1C
d −2x + 6 e −3x − 6 f −2x − 6 1 a 2 (x + 4) b 3 (2a − 5)
g −x + 2 h −2 + x i −x − 3 c a (x − y) d 5a (4b − 3c)
2 a 3x + 3y b −2p + 2q c 4a + 8b e x (x + 3) f p (p + 2q)
d x 2 − 7x e −x 2 + 3x f −a 2 − 4a g 3a (a − 2b) h 6x (2x + 3)
g 5a + 15b − 10c h −6x + 9y − 15z i 4c (5d − 8) j ab (a + b)
i 2x 2y − 3xy 2 k 2a 2 (3 + a) l 7x 2y (x − 2y)
3ax + 2 b 7a − 3 c 2x − 4 2 a ( p + q) (m + n) b (x − y) (a + b)
d 4 − 3a e2 − x f 2c c (x + 3) (a + 2) d (a + b) (a + c)
g −x − y hx + 4 i 5a − 18b e (z − 1) (z 2 + 1) f (a + b) (c − d)
812
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
g ( p − q) (u − v) h (x − 3) (x − y) u (u + 18) (u − 3) v (3x − 2y) (x 2 − 5)
i ( p − q) (5 − x) j (2a − b) (x − y) w ( p + q − r) ( p + q + r) x (2a − 3)2
Answers 1C–1D
k (b + c) (a − 1) l (x + 4) (x 2 − 3) 7 a 3(a − 2) (a + 2)
m (a − 3) (a 2 − 2) n (2t + 5) (t 2 − 5) b (x − y) (x + y) (x 2 + y 2 )
o (x − 3) (2x 2 − a) c x(x − 1) (x + 1) d 5(x + 2) (x − 3)
3 a (a − 1) (a + 1) b (b − 2) (b + 2) e y(5 − y) (5 + y)
c (c − 3) (c + 3) d (d − 10) (d + 10) f (2 − a) (2 + a) (4 + a 2 )
e (5 − y) (5 + y) f (1 − n) (1 + n) g 2(2x − 3) (x + 5) h a(a + 1) (a 2 + 1)
g (7 − x) (7 + x) h (12 − p) (12 + p) i (c + 1) (c − 1) (c + 9)
i (2c − 3) (2c + 3) j (3u − 1) (3u + 1) j x(x − 1) (x − 7)
k (5x − 4) (5x + 4) l (1 − 7k) (1 + 7k) k (x − 2) (x + 2) (x 2 + 1)
m (x − 2y) (x + 2y) n (3a − b) (3a + b) l (x − 1) (x + 1) (a − 2)
o (5m − 6n) (5m + 6n) p (9ab − 8) (9ab + 8) 8 a (2p − q − r) (2p + q + r)
4 a (a + 1) (a + 2) b (k + 2) (k + 3) b (a − b) (a + b − 1)
c (m + 1) (m + 6) d (x + 3) (x + 5) c a(a − 4b) (a − 6b) d x 2(3x − 2) (2x + 1)
e (y + 4) (y + 5) f (t + 2) (t + 10) e (2x − 1) (2x + 1) (x − 3) (x + 3)
g (x − 1) (x − 3) h (c − 2) (c − 5) f 2(4 − 5x) (5 + 4x)
i (a − 3) (a − 4) j (b − 2) (b − 6) g (2x − 1) (2x + 1) (x − 3)
k (t + 2) (t − 1) l (u − 2) (u + 1) h (x + a − b) (x + a + b)
m (w − 4) (w + 2) n (a + 4) (a − 2) i (x 2 − x − 1) (x 2 + x + 1)
o ( p − 5) ( p + 3) p (y + 7) (y − 4) 9 a (a + b) (a + b 2 ) b (x − y) (x + y)3
q (c − 3) (c − 9) r (u − 6) (u − 7) c 4ab (a − b) 2
s (x − 10) (x + 9) t (x + 8) (x − 5) d (2x 2 + 3y 2 ) (2x − 3y) (x + y)

u (t − 8) (t + 4) v (p + 12) (p − 3) e (a − b − c) (a + b + c) (a − b + c)
w (u − 20) (u + 4) x (t + 25) (t − 2) (a + b − c)
5 a (3x + 1) (x + 1) b (2x + 1) (x + 2) f (x 2 + y 2 ) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
c (3x + 1) (x + 5) d (3x + 2) (x + 2) g Add and subtract a 2b 2.
e (2x − 1) (x − 1) f (5x − 3) (x − 2) (a 2 − ab + b 2 ) (a 2 + ab + b 2 )
g (5x − 6) (x − 1) h (3x − 1) (2x − 3) h Add and subtract 4a 2b 2.
i (2x − 3) (x + 1) j (2x + 5) (x − 1) (a 2 − 2ab + 2b 2 ) (a 2 + 2ab + 2b 2 )
k (3x + 5) (x − 1) l (3x − 1) (x + 5)
m (2x + 3) (x − 5) n (2x − 5) (x + 3) Exercise 1D
o (6x − 1) (x + 3) p (2x − 3) (3x + 1) 1 1 x 3
1a1 b2 c d e f
q (3x − 2) (2x + 3) r (5x + 3) (x + 4)
2 a 3y a
1 b
s (5x − 6) (x + 2) t (5x − 4) (x − 3) 2a1 b 2
c 3x d
2
u (5x + 4) (x − 3) v (5x − 2) (x + 6) 3 1 4
e f g h6
w (3x − 4) (3x + 2) x (3x − 5) (x + 6) 2x 2a b
6 a (a − 5) (a + 5) b b(b − 25) 3x 3y 2m 7n
3a b c d
c (c − 5) (c − 20) d (2d + 5) (d + 10) 2 4 9 10
e (e + 5) (e 2 + 5) f (4 − f ) (4 + f ) 3x − 2y 13a b xy
e f g h−
g g 2(16 − g) h (h + 8)2 24 6 15 20
i (i − 18) (i + 2) j ( j + 4) (5j − 4) 2 1 3 1 25 1
4a b− c d e f
a x 2a 6x 12a 2x
k (2k + 1) (2k − 9) l (k − 8) (2k 2 − 3)
5x + 7 18x + 11 x + 1
m (2a + b) (a − 2) n 3m 2n 4(2m + 3n) 5a b c
6 20 4
o (7p − 11q) (7p + 11q) p (t − 4) (t − 10)
x 2x + 17 2x − 3
q (3t − 10) (t + 4) r (5t + 4) (t + 10) d e f
6 20 6
s (5t + 8) (t + 5) t 5t(t 2 + 2t + 3)
813
3 x 1 3 1
6a2 b c d e 3aa = 8 b y = 16 cx =
2 3 x + y 2b 3
Answers 1D–1F
2 3
x a + 3 x + 1 x + 5 da = ey = f x = −8
f g h i 5 2
x − 2 a + 4 x − 1 x + 4
ga = 7 h x = − 12 i a = −5
2x + 1 1
7a b j t = 3
k x = −2 l x = 5
x (x + 1) x (x + 1) 5
2
2x 5x − 13 4a y = b x = 15 c a = −15
c d 3
(x + 1) (x − 1) (x − 2) (x − 3) dx = 9
ex = 6 f x = 1
2 6
x − 5 10 gx = 1
h x = 20 i x = − 23
e f 2 2
(x + 1) (x − 1) (x + 3) (x − 2)
j x = − 73
3x c + 2
8a ba c 5aa = 3 b s = 16 cv = 2
2 (x − 1) c + 4 3
3x − 1 x − 7 d ℓ = 21 e C = 35 f c = − 25
dx e f
a + b 3 (x + 3)
a + d t − a + d
6ab = bn =
9 a −1 b −u − v c3 − x c d
2 −1 p − qt 3
d e1 f cr = dv =
a − b 2x + y t u − 1
2 2x 19 3 17
10 a b 7a x = bx = c x = −1 dx =
x − 1
2
(x − 2)2 (x + 2) 6 14 6
3x
c 8 a a = −11 bx = 2 c x = − 73 d x = − 52
x2 − y2
x + 1 9 a −4 b7 c 36 d 80 litres
d
(x − 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) e 15 min f 16 g 30 km/h h 5 hours
bx
e 2fh
a (a − b) (a + b) 2b
10 a a = − bg =
x 3 5f − h
f
(x − 1) (x − 2) (x − 3) 2x 4a + 5
cy = db =
11 a 1
b 7
c 3
d 1 1 − x a − 1
3 13 11 5 14
1 t − 1
2
ab 11 a x = 5
ba = 4
e f g
x + 2 t2 + 1 a + b 12 a x = 6
x2 + y2 x2 x − 1
h i j
x2 − y2 2x + 1 x − 3
a − b + c 2x + 3 Exercise 1F
13 a b
ab 3x − 1
1 a x = 3 or −3 b y = 5 or −5
4 2
c d
x + 2y (x + 1) 2 (x − 1) c a = 2 or −2 d c = 6 or −6
3n − m 1 e t = 1 or −1 f x = 3
or − 32
14 a 0 b3 c d 2
2 x
1
gx = 2
or − 12 h a = 2 23 or −2 23
Exercise 1E i y = 4
or − 45
5
1a x = 3 b p = 0 ca = 8 2 a x = 0 or 5 b y = 0 or −1
d w = −1 e x = 9 f x = −5 c c = 0 or −2 d k = 0 or 7
g x = −16 h x = −2
e t = 0 or 1 f a = 0 or 3
2an = 4 b b = −1 cx = 4
1
g b = 0 or h u = 0 or − 13
d x = −11 e a = − 12 f y = 2 2
gx = 7
h x = − 35 i x = − 34 or 0 j a = 0 or 5
2
9
2
k y = 0 or 3
l n = 0 or − 35
814
3 a x = −3 or −1 b x = 1 or 2 8a p = 1
or 1 b x = −3 or 5 cn = 5
2
c x = −4 or −2 d a = 2 or 5
9a7 b 6 and 9 c x = 15
Answers 1F–1G
e t = −2 or 6 f c = 5 b
10 a a = 2b or a = 3b b a = −2b or a =
g n = 1 or 8 h p = −5 or 3 3
i a = −2 or 12 j y = −5 or 1 x x
11 a y = 2x or y = −2x by = or y = −
k p = −2 or 3 l a = −11 or 12 11 2
m c = 3 or 6 n t = −2 or 10 12 a k = −1 or 3 bu = 4
or 4
3
o u = −8 or 7 p k = −4 or 6 c y = 1 + √6 or 1 − √6
q h = −25 or −2 r a = −22 or 2 −5 + √73 −5 − √73
dk = 4
or 4
4 a x = − 12 or −1 b a = or 21
7
3 ea = − 3 or 3 f k = −4 or 15
c y = 14 or 1 d x = −5 or − 12
e x = −1 12 or 1 f n = −1 or 1 23 g t = 2√3 or − √3
1 + √2 1 − √2
g b = − 23 or 2 h a = −5 or 1 12 hm = or
3 3
i y = −2 12 or 3 j y = −4 or 2
3 13 a 4 cm b 3 cm
k x = 15 or 5 c 55 km/h and 60 km/h
3
l t = 4
or 3
m t = − 25 or 3 n u = − 45 or 1 11c
2 14 a x = 2c or x = , where c ≠ 0.
14
o x = 15 p x = − 23 or − 32
ab
b x = a or x = , provided that a ≠ 2b.
q b = − 32 or − 16 r k = − 83 or 1
2 a − 2b
1 + √5 1 − √5 Exercise 1G
5a x = 2
or 2
, x ≑ 1.618 ≑ or −0.6180
1a x = 3, y = 3 b x = 2, y = 4
−1 + √13 −1 − √13
b x = 2
or 2
, x ≑ 1.303 or −2.303 cx = 2, y = 1 d a = −3, b = −2
c a = 3 or 4 e p = 3, q = −1 f u = 1, v = −2
d u = −1 + √3 or −1 − √3, 2a x = 3, y = 2 b x = 1, y = −2
u ≑ 0.7321 or −2.732 cx = 4, y = 1 d a = −1, b = 3
ec = 2, d = 2 f p = −2, q = −3
e c = 3 + √7 or 3 − √7, c ≑ 5.646 or 0.3542
3a x = 2, y = 4 b x = −1, y = 3
f x = − 12 cx = 2, y = 2 d x = 9, y = 1
ga = 2 + √2
or 2 − √2
, a ≑ 1.707 or 0.2929 ex = 3, y = 4 f x = 4, y = −1
2 2
h x = −3 or 2 g x = 5, y = 3 35 h x = 13, y = 7
5
−3 + √17 4a x = −1, y = 3 b x = 5, y = 2
i b = or −3 −4 √17 , b ≑ 0.2808 or −1.781
4 c x = −4, y = 3 d x = 2, y = −6
2 + √13
j c = 3
or 2 − 3 √13 , c ≑ 1.869 or −0.5352 e x = 1, y = 2 f x = 16, y = −24
kt = 1 + √5
or 1 − √5
, t ≑ 0.8090 or −0.3090 g x = 1, y = 6 h x = 5, y = −2
4 4
i x = 5, y = 6 j x = 7, y = 5
l no solutions
5a x = 1 & y = 1, or x = −2 & y = 4
6 a x = −1 or 2 b a = 2 or 5 b x = 2 & y = 1, or x = 4 & y = 5
c y = 12 or 4 d b = − 25 or 23 c x = 0 & y = 0, or x = 1 & y = 3
7 a x = 1 + √2 or 1 − √2 d x = −2 & y = −7, or x = 3 & y = −2
b x = 2 + √3 or 2 − √3 e x = −3 & y = −5, or x = 5 & y = 3
c a = 1 + √5 or 1 − √5 f x = 1 & y = 6, or x = 2 & y = 3
2 + √14 2 − √14
dm = 5
or 5
815
6 a 53 and 37 h no solution for y
−7 + √21
b The pen cost 60 c, the pencil cost 15 c. i a = or −7 −2 √21
Answers 1G–1 review
2
c Each apple cost 40 c, each orange cost 60 c. 2 + √6
5a x = or 2 −2 √6
d 44 adults, 22 children 2
−4 + √10
bx = or −4 −2 √10
e The man is 36, the son is 12. 2
f 189 for, 168 against c no solution for x d x = − 32 or 1

2
1 + √5
g 9 $20 notes, 14 $10 notes ex = or 1 −4 √5
h 5 km/h, 3 km/h
4
5 + √11
f x = or 5 − 2 √11
7 a x = 12, y = 20 2
6 a a = 3, b = 4 and c = 25
b x = 3, y = 2
8 a x = 5 & y = 10, or x = 10 & y = 5 b A = −5, B = 6 and C = 8
b x = −8 & y = −11, or x = 11 & y = 8 7 a x 3 + 12x 2 + 48x + 64 = (x + 4)3
c x = 12 & y = 4, or x = 10 & y = 5 b u = x + 4, u 3 − 18u + 12 = 0
d x = 4 & y = 5, or x = 5 & y = 4
e x = 1 & y = 2, or x = 32 & y = 74 Chapter 1 review exercise
10
f x = 2 & y = 5, or x = &y = 3
3 1 a −6y b −10y c −16y 2 d −4
5
9a x = 1&y = 4
2 a −3a 2
b −a 2 c 2a 4
d2
b x = 2 & y = 4, or x = −2 & y = −4, 3 a 2t − 1 b 4p + 3q
or x = 43 & y = 6, or x = − 43 & y = −6 c x − 2y d 5a 2 − 3a − 18
4 a −18k 9 b −2k 3 c 36k 12 d 27k 9
10 a x = 1 & y = −2, or x = −1 & y = 2, 5 a 14x − 3 b −4a + 2b
or x = 73 & y = 23, or x = − 73 & y = − 23 c −2a d −6x 3 − 10x 2
e 2n 2 + 11n − 21 f r 2 + 6r + 9
Exercise 1H g y 2 − 25 h 6x 2 − 19x + 15
1a1 b9 c 25 d 81 i t 2 − 16t + 64 j 4c 2 − 49
e 94 f 14 g 25 h 81 k 16p 2 + 8p + 1 l 9u 2 − 12u + 4
4 4
6 a 18 (a + 2) b 4 (5b − 9)
2 a (x + 2)2 b (y + 1)2
c 9c (c + 4) d (d − 6) (d + 6)
c (p + 7)2 d (m − 6)2
e (e + 4) (e + 9) f ( f − 6)2
e (t − 8)2 f (x + 10)2
g (6 − 5g) (6 + 5g) h (h − 12) (h + 3)
g (u − 20)2 h (a − 12)2
i (i + 9) (i − 4) j (2j + 3) ( j + 4)
3 a x 2 + 6x + 9 = (x + 3)2
k (3k + 2) (k − 3) l (5ℓ − 4) (ℓ − 2)
b y 2 + 8y + 16 = (y + 4)2 m (2m − 3) (2m + 5) n (n + 1) (m + p)
c a 2 − 20a + 100 = (a − 10)2 o ( p + 9) ( p 2 + 4) p (q − r) (t − 5)
d b 2 − 100b + 2500 = (b − 50)2 q (u 2 + v) (w − x) r (x − y) (x + y + 2)
x2
= (u 2)
1 1 2 3x x
e u2 + u + 4
+ 7a b c d2
4 4 8
f t 2 − 7t + 49
= (t − 2)
7 2
13a 5a a2
4 e f g h 94
g m + 50m + 625 = (m + 25)2
2 6b 6b b 2
x2 + y2 x2 − y2
(c 2)
h c 2 − 13c + 169
= − 13 2 x2
4 i j k 1 l
xy xy y2
4 a x = −1 or 3 b x = 0 or 6
8x − 13 8x − 13
c a = −4 or −2 8a b
15 (x + 4) (x − 5)
d x = −2 + √3 or −2 − √3 3x + 13 −3x − 13
c d
e x = 5 + √5 or 5 − √5 10 (x + 1) (x − 4)
f y = −5 or 2 g b = −2 or 7
816
x − 3 −2x + 6 4 a 32% b 9% c 22.5% d 150%
e f
4 x (x + 3) 5a 1
b 4
c 2
d 3
e 2
Answers 1 review–2A
3 5 3 4 5
2 x + 3
9 a 35 b c f 7
g 4
h 5
i 3
j 3
x + y x − 4 15 7 6 5 4
x + 1 1 x − 7 6 a 0.5 b 0.2 c 0.6 d 0.75
d e f
x + 1
2 a + b 3x − 2 e 0.04 f 0.35 g 0.125 h 0.625
10 a x = 4 bx = 2
c x = 46 d x = 36 7 a 25 b 1
4
c 3
20
d 4
25
3
39 1 3 33
ea = 3 f a = 10 g a = −17 e f g h
h a = −42 50
.
200
.
8
.
125
.
11 a a = −7 or 7 b b = −7 or 0 8 a 0.3 b 0.6 c 0.1 d 0.5
.. .. . .
c c = −6 or −1 d d = −7 or 1 e 0.27 f 0.09 g 0.16 h 0.83
e e = 2 or 3 f f = − 32 or 2 9 a 34 b 7
10
c 5
6
d 4
15
5 1 5 1
gg = 1
or 6 h h = −2 or 4 e 18
f 24
g 6
h 75
2 3
1 1 1
12 a x = 2 + √3 or 2 − √3 10 a 5 b8 c 10
d 7
e 4
1 2 1
−3 + √21 −3 − √21 f 6 g h i 4 j
by = 2
or 2
4 3 4
11 a 2 × 33
b 2 × 3 × 5
2
c2 × 3 3 2
c y = −3 + √5 or −3 − √5
d 2 × 32 × 7 e 2 × 13
3
f 33 × 5
dy = 1 + √7
or 1 − √7 g 33 × 7 h 2 × 3 × 72
3 3
i 32 × 5 × 7 j 5 × 112
−5 + √65 −5 − √65
ey = 4
or 4 12 a 60 c b 15 kg
3 + √13 3 − √13 c $7800 d 72 min or 1 15 h
f y = 4
or 4
13 a 0.132 b 0.025 c 0.3125 d 0.3375
13 a x = −2 + √10 or −2 − √10 . .. . ..
e 0.583 f 1.81 g 0.13 h 0.236
b x = 3 + √6 or 3 − √6
14 a 14 b 5
c 1
c x = 1 + √13 or 1 − √13 15 11 2000
d x = −5 + 3√2 or −5 − 3√2 15 a $800 b $160 c $120

14 11 1 .. 2 .. 5 ..
16 a 11 = 0.09, 11 = 0.18, . . . , 11 = 0.45,
15 (x 2 − x + 1) (x 2 + x + 1) 6 .. ..
11
= 0.54, . . . , 10
11
= 0.90. The first digit runs from
1
16 0 to 9, the second runs from 9 to 0.
2 (x + 2) . . . .
13x b 17 = 0.142857, 27 = 0.285714, etc. The digits of
17
(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) each cycle are in the same order but start at a
5
18 x = −9 or 3 different place in the cycle.
19 x = 2 & y = 0, or x = −2 & y = 0, 17 c 3.0000003 ≠ 3, showing that some fractions are
or x = √3 & y = −1, or x = − √3 & y = −1 not stored exactly.
18 a If n is divisible by a prime p larger than √n,
n
Chapter 2 then n is divisible by . Hence n is divisible by a
p
n
prime less than or equal to , which is less
Exercise 2A p
3 4 3 1 than √n.
1 a 10 b 5
c 4
d 20
2 a 0.6 b 0.27 c 0.09 d 0.165 b 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 because √400 = 20.
3 a 25% b 40% c 24% d 65% c 247 = 13 × 19, 241 is prime, 133 = 7 × 19,
367 is prime, 379 is prime, 319 = 11 × 29
817
19 a i 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 12 a The passage seems to take π ≑ 3.
ii 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, b 3 significant figures
Answers 2A–2D
19, 21, 22, 23, 24 c Ask the internet.

iii 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, d 7, with a gap of about 0.3 inches
25, 27, 29, 31 13 a 9.46 × 1015 m b 2.1 × 1022 m
iv 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 26, c 4.29 × 1017 seconds d 1.3 × 1026 m
28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44 14 a 1.836 × 10 3
b 6 × 1026
p + 1
16 a Clearly > a.
Exercise 2B n
p + 1 p 1
= + < a + b − a = b
1 a rational, −3
1
b rational, 32 c irrational n n n
2 3
d rational, 1
e rational, 1
f irrational b n = 63 293, p = 2000 c 2001
63 293
2 9 3
g rational, 3
h rational, 20
i rational, 25 Exercise 2C
333 1 22
j rational, k rational, l rational,
1000 3 7 1a4 b6 c9 d 11
7 0
m irrational n rational, 3 50 o rational, 1 e 12 f 20 g 50 h 100
2 a 0.3 b 5.7 c 12.8 d 0.1 e 3.0 f 10.0
3 a 0.43 b 5.4 c 5.0 2 a 2√3 b 3√2 c 2√5 d 3√3
d 0.043 e 430 f 4300 e 2√7 f 2√10 g 4√2 h 3√11
4 a 3.162 b 6.856 c 0.563 i 3√6 j 10√2 k 2√15 l 5√3
d 0.771 e 3.142 f 9.870
m 4√5 n 7√2 o 20√2 p 10√10
5 a 7.62 b 5.10 c 3840
d 538 000 e 0.740 f 0.00806 3 a 2√3 b 2√7 c √5 d −2√2
6a1 b2 c3 d2 e4 e 2√3 + 3√2 f √5 − 2√7 g 3√6 − 2√3
f either 1, 2 or 3
h −3√2 − 6√5 i −4√10 + 2√5
7 a i closed ii open iii closed
iv neither open nor closed 4 a 6√2 b 10√3 c 4√6 d 8√11
v open vi open vii closed e 9√5 f 12√13 g 20√3 h 8√6
viii neither open nor closed 5 a √20 b √50 c √128 d √108
b i bounded ii unbounded iii unbounded
e √125 f √112 g √68 h √490
iv bounded v unbounded vi bounded
vii unbounded viii bounded 6 a 3√2 b √3 c 2√2 d 5√6
8 a −2 < x < 5 e √5 f 2√10 g 4√3 h 2√5
−2 0 2 4 6 x
b −3 ≤ x ≤ 0 i 11√2 j 5 k3 l 2
−4 −2 0 2 4 x
7 a 4√6 + 10√3 b 2√2 + 6√3 c 4√7 − 10√35
c x < 7
0 2 4 6 8 x 8a7 b 20 c 96 d 24
9 b Show that √7 < 2 and √7 < 2.
3 4
d x ≤ −6
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 x 10 a The graph intersects the x-axis at x = √2 and
9 a 45.186 b 2.233 c 0.054 x = − √2, which are both irrational.
d 0.931 e 0.842 f 0.111 Exercise 2D
10 a 10, rational b √41, irrational
c 8, rational d √5, irrational
1a3 b √6 c 7 d √30
e 6√2 f 10√5 g 6√15 h 30√14
e 13
15
, rational f 45, rational i 12 j 63 k 30 l 240
11 a 0.3981 b 0.05263 c 1.425 2 a √5 b √7 c √5 d 2
d 5.138 e 0.1522 f 25 650
e 3√2 f √3 g 2√7 h 5√5
g 5.158 h 0.7891 i 1.388 × 1014
j 1.134 k 0.005892 l 1.173
818
3 a 5 + √5 b √6 − √2 c 2√3 − 3 4 a √3 2+ 1
b √7 − 2
3
c 3 − √5
4
Answers 2D–2 review

d 2√10 − 4 e 7√7 − 14 f 18 − 2√30 d 4 + √7
e √5 + √2
f √10 − √6
9 3 4
4 a 2√3 b 5√2 c 3√5 g 2√3 − 1
h 5 + 3√2
11 7
d 4√11 e 24 f 12√10
5 a 3√5 4 − 3
b 8√2 + 4√3
5
c 5√7 + 7
18
5 a 2√5 − 2 b 3√6 + 3√2 c 5√3 + 4√5
3√15 − 9 28 + 10√7
d e f √2 + 1
d 4√3 − 2√6 e 27√3 − 9√7 f 21√2 − 42 2 3
7 + 2√10
6 a √6 − √3 + √2 − 1 g 2 − √3 h 3
i 8 − 3√7
23 + 6√10 93 + 28√11
b √35 + 3√5 − 2√7 − 6 j 13
k 4 − √15 l 5
c √15 + √10 + √6 + 2 6 a √3 + 1 b 4 − √10

d 8 − 3√6 e 4 + √7 f 7√3 − 4√6 7a3 b1 c7 d2
9 a = −1, b = 2
7a4 b2 c1 d7 e 15 f 29 2
10 a 2√2 b4 c4 d
8 a 4 + 2√3 b 6 − 2√5 c 5 + 2√6 x − 1
11
√x + h − √x

d 12 − 2√35 e 13 − 4√3 f 29 + 12√5 h
g 33 + 4√35 h 30 − 12√6 i 55 + 30√2 12 a x + 2 + 2 1
5√3 x2
9a2 b 3
c 2√3 d e5 f 4
( x + x ) − 2 = 28 − 2 = 26
2
5 2 1 1
b ii x 2 + =
10 a 3 b5 c4 d6 x2
6√7
13 a 8.33 b 8.12
11 a √3 b 13
14 2√3 + 3√2 − √30
12
12 a xy√y bx y 2 3
cx + 3
d (x + 1) √x e x (x + 1) y 2
f x (x + 1) Chapter 2 review exercise
13 a If a = 3 and b = 4, then LHS = 5, but RHS = 7.
1 a rational, 71 b rational, −9 c rational, 31
b Squaring both sides gives 2ab = 0. Thus the 4
d irrational e irrational f rational, 21
statement is true when one of a or b is zero and the
other is not negative. g rational, −4
25
h irrational
14 a 2√3 b 3√11 c 3 + 2√2 d 7 − 2√6 2 a 4.12, 4.1 b 4.67, 4.7 c 2.83, 2.8
15 a a + 2ab + b
2 2 d 0.77, 0.77 e 0.02, 0.019 f 542.41, 540
b2 3 a 1.67 b 70.1 c 1.43
c √2 d 0.200 e 0.488 f 0.496
16 26 g 1.27 h 1590 i 0.978
4 a 2√6 b 3√5 c 5√2
Exercise 2E
d 10√5 e 9√2 f 4√10
√3 √7 3√5 5√2
1a 3
b 7
c 5
d 2 5 a 2√5 b5 c 28
e √6
f √35
g 2√55
h 3√14 d √7 − √5 e √7 f 3√5
3 7 5 2
g4 h 2√5 i 24√10
2 a √2 b √5 c 2√3 d 3√7
√6 √15 4√6 7√10 6 a √3 b 7√2
e f g h
2 3 3 5
c 4√2 d 8√6 − 6√5
3 a √105 b √7
21
c 3√2
10
d 2√3
21 7 a 3√7 − 7 b 2√30 + 3√10
5√2 3√3 √30 2√77
e 3
f 4
g 20
h 35 c 3√5 − 5√15 d 3√2 + 6
819
8 a √5 + 1 b 13 + 7√3 100 100
ei ℓ = ii b =
b ℓ
c 2√35 + 4√7 − 6√5 − 12
Answers 2 review–3B
12 a The square root of a negative is undefined.

d1 e 13 f 11 − 4√7 b The square root of a negative is undefined.
g 7 + 2√10 h 34 − 24√2 c Division by zero is undefined.
9 a √55 b 3√2
2
c √33
11
d Division by zero is undefined.
√3 5√7 √5 13 a 2a − 4, −2a − 4, 2a − 2
d e f
15 14 15 b 2 − a, 2 + a, 1 − a
√5 − √2 3 + √7 2√6 + √3
10 a 3
b 2
c 21
c a 2, a 2, a 2 + 2a + 1
3 − √3 √11 − √5 6√35 + 21 1 1 1 1
d e f d , = − ,
2 2 13 a − 1 −a − 1 a + 1 a
− 2√14
11 a 9 b 26 + 15√3 14 a 5t, 5t − 8 b √t − 2, √t − 2
5
12 x = 50 13 5√5 + 2 c t + 2t − 2, t − 2t
2 2
d −t 2, −t 2 + 4t − 2
14 p = 5, q = 2 15 7 15 a 7 + h bp + q + 5 c 2x + h + 5
3
16 a 2√10 b 38 17 a 64 b 28 c (x + 3)2 d x2 + 3
18 By rationalising the denominators, the series 18 It approaches 2.72.
‘telescopes’ to just √16 − √1 = 3.
19 a It is sufficient to show that LHS2 = RHS2, because Exercise 3B
both sides are positive.
1 Notice that the y-axis is such a line in every case.
b √3
Shown below are some other vertical lines that
intersect at least twice.
a y b y
Chapter 3 3
2
Exercise 3A
−2 2 x
−3 3 x
1 a −3 b5 c 0 d5
−2
2a5 b −10 c −3 d2
−3
3 a 5, −1, −7 b 0, 4, 0
c 16, 8, 0 d 4, 1, 14 c y d y
4 a −4, 4, 12 b − 13, 1, 15 2
2
c −18, 2, −10 d 1, √5, 3
5 a p (x) : 3, 0, −1, 0, 3 x
4
x
b c (x) : −15, 0, 3, 0, −3, 0, 15 −2 −2
6a2 b −6 c 11 d4
7 a −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 0, −1
e y f y
b 3, 0, 0, 1, 4
8a4 b 4 13 3
1
9a0 b 2 − 4√3
x
10 C = 50 + 20x −1
x
11 a y = − 34x − 5
4
b x = − 43y − 5
3
−1
√
4 A
ds = √
3
cy = − V, s =
x 6
820
2 a, c, f, h 3 d y = −2 + √9 − x 2
cy =
3 a domain: all real x, range: y ≥ −1 x − 2
Answers 3B–3C
b domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, range: −2 ≤ y ≤ √3 2x − 3
ey = √
3
x − 1 f y =
c domain: all real x, range: all real y x + 1
d domain: −1 ≤ x, range: all real y 13 a x > −2 b x ≠ 2 and x ≠ −2
e domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, range: −3 ≤ y ≤ 3 c x ≠ −1 and x ≠ 0 d x ≠ 2 and x ≠ 3
f domain: all real x, range: all real y e x ≤ −2 or x ≥ 2 f −1 < x < 1
g domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, range: −2 ≤ y ≤ 2 14 a −1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, −1
h domain: all real x, range: y < 1 b y
4a x ≠ 0 bx ≠ 3 c x ≠ −2 2
5a x ≥ 0 bx ≥ 2 c x ≥ −5
−2 2 x
6 a i 4, 1, 0, 1, 4 b i 14, 12, 1, 2, , 4 −2
ii y
ii y
4 15 a y
4
2 1
1 −1 1
1
2 x
−2 −1 1 2 x −1
−3 −2 −1 1 x
iii domain: all real x,

iii domain: all real x,
range: y > 0
range: y ≥ 0
7 a (0, 3) and (0, −3) b (0, 1) and (0, −1) b There is a break. The proper way to say this is that
c (2, 1) and (2, 5) d (2, 2) and (2, −2) f (x) is not continuous at x = 1.
8 a all real x bx ≠ 1
c x ≥ −4 16 a i domain: all real x, range: y ≤ 4
2
ii domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
dx ≤ 2 ex < 1 f x > 1 12 1
iii domain: −2 < x < 2, range: y ≥ 2
9a x ≥ 0 y 1
b i domain: −3 < x < 1, range y >
b 0, 0.7, 1, 1.4, 1.7, 2, 2.2 2
3 1
c It is the top half of a concave ii domain: all real x, range: 0 < y ≤
2 √2
right parabola. 1
17 a −1 < x < 1
1 2 3 4 5 x
Exercise 3C
10 a x ≠ 0 c y
2 1 a y = −2 bx = 1
b − 12, −1, −2, −4, 1 c
−2 −1 y
1
*, 4, 2, 1, 2 −1 1 2 x
Division by zero is undefined. −2
1 x
−2
11 a A = x (10 − x) c A
25
b Both 10 − x > 0 and x > 0. 20 2a y b y
Thus 10 > x and x > 0. Hence 15
10
the domain is 0 < x < 10. 5
4
2 4 6 8 10 x 1
12 a y = 2x + 3 −1
4 x
by = x 2
x
821
c y d y 6 a a, c, f
b (1, 0) and (1, 1) are on x = 1.
Answers 3C
x
c (−2, 0) and (−2, 1) are on x = −2.
1 4
(3 , 0 ) and (3 , 1 ) are on 3x = 5.
5 5
−2 d
1 x 7c y = 1 − x d y = 12 x − 2
e y f y e y = 23 x − 4 f y = − 14 x − 3
2
8 a yes b no c yes d yes e yes f no

9a y b (3, 2)
6 x −6 x 5
−4 1
−1 2
2
3 a When x = 0, y = 0. y
x
b (1, −2) 1 3 5
1 −1
x
−2 10 a (−1, 3) b (1, −2) c (−2, −1)
11 a C (n) = 10 + 50n
b i D (n) = 8 + 2n
4a y b y
3
ii T = C + D so T (n) = 18 + 52n
12 a y
2 b They are parallel. The
1 c=
value of c gives the
x x 2 1
1 c= y-intercept.
−1 −4 1 2
−2 −1 4 x
− 1 −2
c y c=
−2
c=
1
2 13 a y
m=2 b (1, 2)
1 x m= −
1
2 m=1
m=0
5a y b y 2
2
1 1 x
1 x 2 x
14 a (a, 0) and (0, b) . The intercepts appear in the
denominators of the equation.
c y d y
bi y ii y
2 2
y=0 −1
6 x
−2 x x −3
x
e y f y iii y
2 5
2
5 x
x 3
–3
2 2 x
822
15 a ( 3, 1 12 ) c 5x − 2y − 12 = 0 bi y ii y 2
x
Answers 3C–3D
16 a Ax 1 + By 1 + C = 0, Ax 2 + By 2 + C = 0,
Ax + By + C = 0
b See worked solutions −4 (4, −4)
c (2 − y) (3 − x) = (4 + y) (x − 1) 1
(−2, 1)
−1 x
Exercise 3D
4a y a=2 b (1, 0) and (3, 0)
1ai y = 3 v y
6
ii x = 1, 3 a=1
3
iii x = 2
3
iv (2, −1) 1 3 x
−3 a = −1
1 3 x −6 a = −2
(2, −1)
5a y = (x − 4) (x − 6) b y = x (x − 3)
bi y ii y
c y = (x + 3) (x − 5) d y = (x + 6) (x + 1)
6a y = x (x − 3) b y = (x + 2) (x − 1)
–3 1 x c y = −(x + 1) (x − 3) d y = −(x + 2) (x + 5)
7a y b y
−3
x −2
(−1, −4) −1 1
−1
−3 3 x −5 1 x
2a y
(1, 1) −5
2 x −9
−9
c y d y
4
−2
bi y ii y (1, 9) −6 2 x
4 8
2 4 x
−12
−16
−2 2
−2 4 x
e y f y
x 4
9
3
8
3a y −1
1 3 x −4
−1 2 x
1 (2, 1)
1 x
823
8a y y c
b 1 14 a a =
αβ
x
Answers 3D–3E
(6, 9) −1 (2, –1) b

9 ba = −
α + β
2
ca =
(1 − α) (1 − β)
3 x
15 a f (x) = (x − 4) (x + 2) , so the axis is x = 1.
y = (x − 3) 2 b i Both f (1 + h) = h 2 − 9 and
y = − (x − 1)2
f (1 − h) = h 2 − 9.
9a y b y
5 ii The parabola is symmetric in the line x = 1.
1
16 a (−1 + p) , (−1 − p) , x = −1
2
b ( p − 1) , ( p + 1) , x = p
−3 x
c (2 + p) , −p, x = 1
−1 −3
17 a The value of the function is the same h units right
( 2 (α + β) + h ) or left ( 2 (α + β) − h )
−2 12 x 1 1
(− 7,−
9
)
(− 5
4
, − 498)
4 8 of the axis.
c y d y
b The result follows from part a by putting
h = ( 12 (α + β) + x )
−3 3 x
−2 4 x
3 Exercise 3E
−18 1aa = 1, concave up e y
(− 13 , −8 13 ) −8 by = 3
cx = 1, 3
e f 3
y y ( 78 , 161 ) dx = 2, V (2, −1)
3 1 x
4
x
−4 1 1 3 x
3
(2, −1)
2a y b y
−4
(− 16 , −49
12
) −3
10 a y = (x + 1) (x − 2) −2 4 x
−3 1 x
b y = −(x + 3) (x − 2)
c y = 3 (x + 2) (x − 4) −3
d y = − 12 (x − 2) (x + 2) −8
(−1, −4) (1, −9)
11 a y = 2 (x − 1) (x − 3)
b y = −2 (x + 2) (x − 1) c y d y
(2, 9)
(−2, 4)
c y = −3 (x + 1) (x − 5)
1
d y = 4
(x + 2) (x + 4) 5
12 a y = 3 (x − 2) (x − 8) −4
b y = −(x − 2) (x − 8)
4
x
c y = 3
(x − 2) (x − 8) –1 5 x
d y = − 20
7
(x − 2) (x − 8)
13 a y = x (x + 3) 3 a f (x) = (x − 2)2 + 1 b f (x) = (x + 3)2 + 2
3 2
b y = x
2 c f (x) = (x − 1)2 + 7 d f (x) = (x − 5)2 − 24
c y = −4x (x − 2)
e f (x) = (x + 1)2 − 6 f f (x) = (x + 2)2 − 5
d y = −2x (x + 6)
824
2
(x 2)
3 7
4a y b y e y = (x + 1)2 + 1 f y = − + 4
Answers 3E
y
y
9
−1 − √3 x
4 − √7 4 + √7 4
−1 + √3
x
−2 (−2, 2) 2
(4, −7)
(−1, −3) (−1, 1) ( 32 , 74 )
c d y x
y
(3, 2) (−1, 5) 3 x
3 + √2
4 10 Put h = −4 and k = 2 into the formula
x
3 − √2 y = a (x − h)2 + k.
a y = (x + 4)2 + 2 b y = 3 (x + 4)2 + 2
7
−7 −1 + √5 c y = 8 (x + 4) + 2
2
d y = − 18 (x + 4)2 + 2
−1 − √5 x
11 a V = (3, −5) , concave up, two x-intercepts.
bV = (−1, 3) , concave down, two x-intercepts.
5a x = 1, 3 b x = −3, 1 c x = −1, 2
cV = (−2, −1) , concave down, no x-intercepts.
6a y = (x − 1) + 2
2
b y = (x + 2)2 − 3
dV = (4, 3) , concave up, no x-intercepts.
c y = −(x − 3)2 + 4 d y = −(x − 2)2 − 1
eV = (−1, 0) , concave up, one x-intercept.
7a y = (x − 2) + 5
2
b y = x2 − 3
f V = (3, 0) , concave down, one x-intercept.
c y = (x + 1)2 + 7 d y = (x − 3)2 − 11
12 a y = −(x + 1)2 + 1 b y = − (x − 2)2 + 5
8a ya = 2 b (1, − 2)
y y (2, 5)
a=1 2 ca > 0 (−1, 1)
−1 1 x d The vertex is below the
x-axis. −2 x
−2
a = −1 Thus the parabola will
−3
1
−4 only intersect the
a = −2 2 + √5 x
x-axis if it is concave
2 − √5
up.
c y = 2 (x − 1)2 + 1 d y = 4 (x − 1)2 − 3
9 a y = (x − 1)2 − 1 b y = (x − 2)2 − 1
y y
y y
1 2− √3
3 2
3 2 +√3
2 x
(1, 1)
1 3 x (1, −3)
2 x 2 x
(1, −1) (2, −1)
2
c y = (x − 1)2 − 6 d y = (x + 1)2 − 2 e y = 2 (x + 3
2 ) − 5
2
f y = −2 (x + 2)2 − 3
y y −4 y
y
(−2, −3) x
2
1 + √6
−1 − √2 −1 + √2 −3 +√5
2
1 − √6 x −3 −√5
−1 x 2 x
−11
−5
(1, −6) (−1, −2)
(− 32 , − 52 )
825
g y = −3 (x − 1)2 + 6 h y = 5 (x − 2)2 + 3 c y
y y
Answers 3E–3F
(1, 6)
23
(4,23)
3 q
1−√2 1+√2 x
p x
−2
(2,3)
x
20 a The value of the function is the same t units right or
i y = 3 (x + 3) − 6 2
left of the axis.
y b The result follows from part a by putting t = h − x.
Exercise 3F
21
1ai concave up b y
−3 + √2 ii y = −1
x iii x = 1
−3 − √2
(−3, −6)
iv = (1, −2)
13 a f (x) = (x + 1 + √2 ) ( x + 1 − √2 ) v Δ = 8 1+√2
(x − 2 + √3 ) ( x − 2 − √3 ) 1−√2 x
b f (x) = vi Δ > 0 –1
vii x = 1 − √2 ≑ − 0.41, or
c f (x) = − ( x + 1 + √5) ( x + 1 − √5 ) (1, –2)
1 + √2 ≑ 2.41.
14 y = (x + 2)2 + k
a y = (x + 2)2 − 4 b y = (x + 2)2 − 48 2 a −1 − √3 or −1 + √3 , −2.73 or 0.73
c y = (x + 2)2 − 9 d y = (x + 2)2 − 10 b 2 − √3 or 2 + √3 , 0.27 or 3.73
e y = (x + 2) − 2 f y = (x + 2)2 + 7
2(
− √17 ) or 2(
+ √17 ) , −0.56 or 3.56
2
1 1
c 3 3
15 a y = 2 (x − 1)2 + 1 b y = − (x − 3)2 + 2
1 d −1 − √5 or −1 + √5 , −3.24 or 1.24
c y = 2 (x + 2) − 4
2
d y = −3 (x + 1)2 + 4
3(
e 1
1 − √7 ) or 3(
1
1 + √7 ) , −0.55 or 1.22
16 a −d − √e, −d + √e b 2√e
2(
c e = 1. They have vertex on the line y = −1. f 1
−2 − √ 6 ) or 12 ( −2 + √6 ) , −2.22 or 0.22
17 h 1 = h 2, but k 1 ≠ k 2. The two curves have the same 3a y b y
axis of symmetry, but different vertices.
18 b The vertex is ( − , − ) and the axis

b b 2 − 4ac 4 5 (4, 5)
2a 4a −3+ √5
b
of symmetry is x = − . −3− √5 x
2a
−b − √b 2 − 4ac −b + √b 2 − 4ac (2, 1)
cx= and x = (−3, −5)
2a 2a x
d y = a (x + )
b + √b − 4ac 2
c y d y
(1, 3)
2a
(1,−1) x
(x + )
2
b − √b 2 − 4ac
1− √3
2a −3 (2,−3)
19 a 1+ √3 x
y b y
q
− 2p
x p
−2 x
826
e y f y 8 a i x = 1 − √2 and b y y=6
x = 1 + √2
Answers 3F–3G
−3+2√3 (1,4) y=4
3 ii x = 1
−3−2√3
3
−1 x iii There are none. 3
−1+ √3 y=2
2 ck < 4
−1− √3
2 −1 x −1
(−1,−4) (
− 1, − 3
2 2 ) 3 x
g y h y 9 a f (x) = (x − 3 + √5 ) (x − 3 − √5 )
(1,6)
x 5 b f (x) = (x + 1 + √2 ) (x + 1 − √2 )
(x ) (x − )
3 − √5 3 + √5
(−1, −3) 1− √6 c f (x) = − 2 2
(−2, −4) −4 1+ √6 x d f ( x) = 3 (x + 3 + √3
3 ) (x +
3 − √3
3 )
e f ( x) = − (x − 3 − √13
2 ) (x −
3 + √13
2 )
f f (x) = −2 (x + 1) ( x − 2 ) 1
i y
10 b i axis: x = − 2, vertex: (−2, − 3)
ii axis: x = 3, vertex: (3, 1)
iii axis: x = − 2, vertex: (− 2, 13)
(−2, 3)
p ( −1 + √5 )
3 1
11 2
(−1,2)
12 a x = h + √−k or h − √−k
13 a x = − , vertex ( − , 14 (4c − b 2 ) )
x b b
4 a x = −1, 4 b x = 2, 3 c x = −2, 6 2 2
5 a i Δ = −8 < 0 y b Difference between zeroes is √b 2 − 4c.
ii Both equal (0, 2) . c b 2 − 4c = 1
iii (1, 3) 14 y
iv (−1, 3) 3
2
1 + √5
2
−1 1 x 1 − √5 x
2
bi −1
y
1
ii y
−1
( 1
2 ,− 5
4 )
−1 x
Exercise 3G
−2 3
1 a (0, 0) , 4 units b (0, 0) , 7 units
1
c (0, 0) , units
3
d (0, 0) , 1.2 units
1
−2 2 x 2a y b y
3
6 a 3 − 2√2, 3 + 2√2 1
b 1 − √5, + √5
5 − √10 5 + √10 −1 1 −3 3x
c 3
, 3
x
7 a Δ = 17, two zeroes −1

b Δ = 0, one zero −3
c Δ = −7, no zeroes −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
−1 ≤ y ≤ 1 −3 ≤ y ≤ 3
827
c y d y 3 c y
2
Answers 3G
1
2
−1 1
x −3 3
x
2 2 2 2
−1 3 x
2
−3
2
− 12 ≤ x ≤ 1
− 32 ≤ x ≤ 3
2 2 9 a x2 + y2 = 4 b x2 + y2 = 5
− 12 ≤ y ≤ 1
2 − 32 ≤ y ≤ 3 c x 2 + y 2 = 25 d x 2 + y 2 = 10
2
3 a −3.375, −1, −0.125, 0, 4 a 5.0625, 1, 0.0625, 0, c
10 a 5 or −5, 4.9 or −4.9, y
0.125, 1, 3.375 0.0625, 1, 5.0625 5
4.6 or −4.6, 4 or −4,
b y b y
3 or −3, 0.
y = x4
−5 5 x
1
−1
1 x
−1 −5
1
−1 1 x
11 a 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5
b y c y
5a y y = x3 b (−1, −1) ,
(0, 0) and (1, 1) 2 4 6
2 y=x x
c i y = x5 ii y = x 2
−2 −2
di y = x 5
ii y = x
2 x
e In each case, the result 2 4 6 x
−2 is the same curve.
y = x5 f Every index is odd.
12 a y b It is a concave-right
6a y y=x 4 b (−1, 1) , parabola.
2
6 (0, 0) and (1, 1) c In both cases, squaring
c i y = x6 ii y = x 2 2 4 6x gives x = y 2. This is
4 y = x2
di y = x 6
ii y = x 2 −2 the result of swapping
2 y = x6 e In each case, the result x and y in y = x 2.
is the same curve.
f Every index is even. 13 a y b y
−2 2 x
7 a degree 1, coefficient 2 b degree 3, coefficient 0 2 −2 2

c not a polynomial d not a polynomial x
e degree 3, coefficient −1 f not a polynomial
−2 2 x −2
8a y b y
domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 2,
x range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
x
−4 2 range: −2 ≤ y ≤ 0
1 3 5
−15
828
c y d y 16 a y = −3 (x + 1) (x − 1) (x − 4)
b y = − (x + 1)2 (x − 1)3 (x − 3)2
Answers 3G–3H
5
2
17 a r = √5, (2, 1) , (1, 2) , (−1, 2) , (−2, 1) , (−2, −1) ,
−1 1
(−1, −2) , (1, −2) , (2, −1)
x
−1 b r = √2, (1, −1) , (−1, −1)
−
5 5 x
c r = √10, (3, 1) , (1, 3) , (1, −3) , (3, −1)
2 2
d r = √17, (4, 1) , (1, 4) , (−1, 4) , (−4, 1) , (−4, −1)

domain: −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, domain: − 52 ≤ x ≤ 52,
, (−1, −4) , (1, −4) , (4, −1)
18 a ( 0, 2√λ2 − α2 )
5
range: −1 ≤ y ≤ 0 range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 br = λ
c Lie the ladder on the ground and the midpoint is
e y f y
λ from the wall.
19 a i y ii y
0.8
3 3 1 1
− x
2 2 −1 −1
3
−
2 −0.8 0.8 x 1 x 1 x
−1 −1
domain: − 32 ≤ x ≤ 32, domain: −0.8 ≤ x ≤ 0.8, iii y b i 1st and 3rd

1 ii In each case, the
range: − 32 ≤ y ≤ 0 range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.8
−1 result is the same
14 a y b y
1 x curve.
−1
iii Every index is odd.
−2 3
x
−2 c The slope:
−1 1 2 x x 3 + x is upwards,
−36 x 3 is horizontal,
x 3 − x is downwards.
c y Exercise 3H
y
12 , −1, −2,
1ai − ii
4
2 4 x −4, 4, 2, 1, 12
2
iii 1st and 3rd −4 −2
iv the x-axis (y = 0) and 2 4x
the y-axis (x = 0) −2
15 a i ii y v domain: x ≠ 0, range:
y −4
4 y ≠ 0
4
2 b In each case, the domain is x ≠ 0, the range is
2 y ≠ 0. The asymptotes are y = 0 and x = 0.
−2 −1 1 3 5 x The branches are in quadrants 1 and 3.
2 x −2
i y ii y
3
iii y d The product of the 2
4
d −2 −3 −11
zeroes is − . x 3 x
2 a 2 1
−1
−2 −2
−3
2 x
−2
829
2 y a (0, 1)
b the x-axis (y = 0)
Answers 3H
6
c all real x, y > 0
4
e y = 4x, it has the greater base.
2 f y = 4x again, it has the greater base.
−6 −4 −2 5ai ii y
y
2 4 6 x
−2 2 2
2 x 2
−4 −2 x
−2
−6 −2 −2
iii y b i quadrants 2 and 4

a 1st and 3rd 3
b the x-axis (y = 0) and the y-axis (x = 0) ii The minus sign has
11 3 x caused the quadrants
c x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0
−3 −1 to change.
1 −1
d (1, 1) and (−1, −1) on y =
x −3
4
(2, 2) and (−2, −2) on y =
x 6ai y ii y
9
(3, 3) and (−3, −3) on y =
x
4
The values are the square roots of the numerator. 3
3 a i 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6, ii y
1 1
1, 1.7, 3, 5.2, 9 5
iii (0, 1) −1 1 x −1 1 x
3
iv 3, the base iii y bi No: it is (0, 1) .
1
v the x-axis (y = 0) iiNo: it is the x-axis.
vi domain: all real x, −1 1 x iiix = −1
range: y > 0 iv In Questions 4 and 5,
b In each case, the domain is all real x, the range is 1.5 the y-values grow. In
y > 0. The asymptote is y = 0. The y-intercept is 1 these questions they
(0, 1). At x = 1, y = the base. −1 x decay away.
i y ii y v The minus sign has
caused the changes.
4 7a y b y
6
1.5 2 3
1 1 −2 3 6 x
1 x −6 −3
–1 1 x 2 x −3
−2
4 y
−6
( √2, √2 ) and ( − √2, − √2 )

6 1 1 1 1
8ai
5
ii There are no points with integer coordinates.
( − √6, √6 ) and ( √6, − √6 )
4
bi
3
ii (−6, 1) , (−3, 2) , (−2, 3) , (−1, 6) , (1, −6) ,
2 (2, −3) , (3, −2) , (6, −1)
1
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
830
9a y b y d y
y = 1x
Answers 3H–3I
5
(1, 1)
2
1
1 x
(−1, −1)
−1 1 x −1 1 x
10 a P = kA P
1
b k = 12 18 a − 16
65
8
, − 17 , − 45, b y
c 55 23 L
48 −1, − 45, 0, 4
, 1, 4 8 16
, ,
5 5 17 65 −4 1
24 c x-axis (y = 0)
d 1 bucket, 4 tins
−1 4 x
d (0, 0)
2 4 6 A
× 100
19 a P ( , )
2 b
11 a T = 2 400 000 p
c 2 units2
b 2
12
b 300 000
20 a a = 14, b = 34, c = 1 b √2 ≑ 23 , 1
≑ 11
c Sales will halve. 8 16 √2 16
$
4
Exercise 3I
2 4 6 q
× 100 000 1 a Vertical line test: Yes. It is a function.
12 a y → 0 as x → − ∞. b y → 0 as x → ∞. b Horizontal line test: No. Many-to-one
c y → 0 as x → ∞ and as x → − ∞, c 10:00 pm on Saturday to 10:00 pm on Sunday
y → ∞ as x → 0, y → − ∞ as x → 0−. d 3 ft and 4 ft
x e i 10:00 pm, 6:00 am, 10:30 am and 3:30 pm
(2 ) = (2−1 ) x
1
13 a b y ii 11:00 pm, 4:45 am and 1:00 pm
x iii Never
(2 ) = 2−x
1
so
f 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4
2 2 a It passes the vertical line test, so it is a function.
1 Also, it fails the horizontal line test, so it is
−1 1 x many-to-one.
14 a (c, c) and (−c, −c) b y b 1°C
c It was never 20°C. It was 8°C at 1:00 am, 8:00 am
2
−2 and 10:30 pm on the first day, and at about
3:30 pm on the second day.
2 x
−2 d 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Whether 1 is omitted depends on how
accurately you are supposed to read the graph.)
15 4 m × 12 m or 6 m × 8 m 3 a and e i Vertical line test: No. Horizontal line test:
16 No, because the only points that satisfy the equation Yes. One-to-many
lie on the x and y axes. The equation represents the ii Vertical line test: No. Horizontal line test: No.
two coordinate axes. Many-to-many
1 iii Vertical line test: Yes. Horizontal line test:
17 a y = b x2 + y2 = 2
x No. Many-to-one
y y
1
y= x iv Vertical line test: No. Horizontal line test: No.
√2 Many-to-many
1
−1 v Vertical line test: Yes. Horizontal line test: Yes.
1 x √2 x One-to-one
−1 vi Vertical line test: No. Horizontal line test: Yes.
One-to-many
831
b parts iii, v c parts i, v, vi d part v f one-to-many (factor as x = (y − 2) (y − 3)
4 a one-to-many b many-to-many g many-to-one (factor as y = x (x − 3) (x − 4)
Answers 3I–3 review
c one-to-many d many-to-one h one-to-one i one-to-one

e one-to-one f many-to-many j one-to-one k many-to-many
5 a i When y = 0, x = 2 or −2 l one-to-one
ii When y = 0, x = 1 or 0 or −1 13 a f (a) = f (b) because g (x) is one-to-one.
iii When y = 2, x = 1 or −1 Hence a = b because f (x) is one-to-one.
b They are all one-to-many, because x and y are b The composition of two one-to-one functions is
reversed. one-to-one.
6 a i x = 13 y + 13 ii x = − 12 y + 52
14 a One-to-one. Every even integer n is f ( 12 n ) , and is
5
iii x = 12√3
y iv x = not the image of any other number.
y
Odd integers are not the image of anything.
b iv They are all one-to-one also, because x and y are
Every other real number is only the image of itself.
reversed.
b Many-to-one, f (3) = 1 12 = f ( 1 12 ) .
7 a When x = 3, y = 4 or −6. When y = −1,
c One-to-one. Every rational number x is cubed, and
x = 8 or −2
x 3 is again a rational number, and the cubes of two
b When x = 0, y = 3 or −3. When y = 0,
distinct numbers are never equal.
x = 2 or −2
d Many-to-one, f ( √
3
2 ) = 2 = f (2) .
c When x = 2, y = √3 or − √3. When y = 0,
x = 1 or −1
8 a It passes neither test, and is thus many-to-many.
Chapter 3 review exercise
b Vertical line test: Yes. Horizontal line test: No. It is 1 a not a function b function
many-to-one, and therefore a function. c function d not a function
9 a It is a function, but it may be one-to-one or 2 a −2 ≤ x ≤ 0, −2 ≤ y ≤ 2
many-to-one. b all real x, all real y
b If there are two or more students with the same c x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 d x = 2, all real y
preferred name, it is many-to-one. Otherwise it is 3 a 21, −4 b 5, −15
one-to-one. 4a x ≠ 2 bx ≥ 1
10 a . . . , −270°, 90°, 450°, . . . 2
cx ≥ − dx < 2
b one-to-many c many-to-one 3
11 a Probably many-to-many, but just possibly 5 a 2a + 2, 2a + 1
one-to-one. b a 2 − 3a − 8, a 2 − 5a − 3
b The condition to be one-to-one is that every flat has 6a y b y
no more than one occupant, and in this case, every 1
inhabitant is mapped to himself or herself, that is,
1
f (x) = x, for every inhabitant x. Otherwise the −1 1 x
relation is many-to-many. −1 1 2 x
−1
c The relation is then the empty relation, which is
discussed later in Section 4E. This empty relation is
a one-to-one function, because it trivially passes the 7a y b y
vertical and horizontal line tests.
2 2
12 a many-to-one b one-to-many c one-to-one −1
d one-to-one (trivially because the graph has only one x −6 x
point)
e many-to-many
832
8a y b y c y d y
x (−6,10)
Answers 3 review
2 (1, −2) 10
2
−3 (2, −3)
1 x −1 x
(−3,1)
x
9ai y ii y
y = − (x − 1)2 − 2 y = (x + 3)2 + 1
12 a (−1, 2)
y b y
2
x
3 x −1 + √2 2
−1 x 2 − √2
−1 − √2
x
2 + √2
b (3, −1) (2,−2)
10 a c y d y
y b y
16 8 (4,8) x
(3,−6)
(2,4)
x −15
−4 4 x (6,−15)
−2 x
(−1, −1) 13 a y b y
domain: all real x, domain: all real x,
range: y ≤ 16 range: y ≥ −1
x
c y d (−2,9) y 1 3 6
−2 2 x
−18
12 5
2 6
−5 1 x 14 a y
x b y 5
(4, −4) 3
domain: all real x, domain: all real x,
range: y ≥ −4 range: y ≤ 9 −3 3 x
−5 5x
e y f y −3
(1,9)
−3 2 x 8 −5
15 a y b y
−2 4
−6 4 x −5 5x
(− 1, −6 41
(
2
domain: all real x, −4 4 x
domain: all real x, −5
range: y ≤ 9
range: y ≥ − 6 14 domain: −4 ≤ x ≤ 4, domain: −5 ≤ x ≤ 5,
range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 range: −5 ≤ y ≤ 0
11 a y b y
(3, 3) 16 a y b y
3 + √3
−1 − √6 −1 + √6 2
3 − √3 x 2
x 2
x −2 x
−5 −6 −2 4
−2
(−1, −6)
y = (x + 1)2 − 6 y = − (x − 3)2 + 3
domain: x ≠ 0, domain: x ≠ 0,
range: y ≠ 0 range: y ≠ 0
833
17 a y b y i y j y
Answers 3 review
4
3 4
3
2 1 2 −4 4 x
1 1
−1 1 x −4
−1 1 x
domain: all real x, −1 1 x
domain: all real x, range: y > 0 k y l y
range: y > 0 4
18 a y b y
1
−3 −1 2 2 4
−1 1 2 1
1 x −2
3 −1 1 2
x
−2 2 x 1 x
−2 −1
−2 14
−1
−4 −4
−3
(2 , − 4 )
1 1
Top vertex:
c y
m y n y
5
2 4
1
3
−1 1
3 x
−4 −2 x 2 4
−1 1 3 5 x
19 a y b y
−1
3 −4
1
1 o y p y
−1 12 2
2 x
−1 x −4 2
−2 −2 2 −2
−3 −1 1 3 x 2 x
c y d y −2
2
4 2
−3 x q y r y
1
−3 1
−2 1 x 2 −1
e y f y
1 x
1 x
2 2 1 4
−1
−2
1
1 1 x
2
−1
s y t y
−1 1 x
g y h y
5 1
1
2 2
−1 1 2 x
1
1
x −
2 5 3
−1 –1 1 x
1 x
1
−
3
All three are the same.
834
20 a one-to-one b many-to-many e y f y
c one-to-many d many-to-one
21 a It is probably a many-to-one function, but it is
possibly a one-to-one function
2
b If every person was born in a different country, the 1
1 x
2 1 −1
function is one-to-one. Otherwise it is many-to-one.
1 2 x −2
right 1 unit down 2 units

Chapter 4 4a y b y
Exercise 4A 1
2
1 a x 2: 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9 b y
1
(x − 1) : 9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4
2
1 2 x
4
b y = x 2, V = (0, 0). −1
−1 1 x
y = (x − 1)2, V = (1, 0). 2
cH ere x is replaced by
c y d y
(x − 1), so it is a shift right
–2 2 x −1 1
by 1 unit. 1
x
2 a 14x 3: −6 34 , −2, − 14 , b y
4 −1
−2 −1 x
0, 14, 2, 6 34
2 −1
( 4 x + 2 ) : −4 4 , 0,
1 3 3 −2
1 34 , −2
2, 2 14 , 4, 8 34
2 x 5 a y = (x − 1)2 b y = 2x − 3
b (0, 0) and (0, 2) −2 y y 1
c The second equation is also
x
1
y − 2 = 4
x 3. −1
Here y is replaced by (y − 2), so it is a shift up by
1 −2
2 units.
3a y b y
1 x −3
1
c y = (x + 1) 3
dy =
3 x − 3
y y
2
(−2, 1) 1
−1 1 x −1 x 1
up 2 units left 1 unit
−1 x 3 x
c y d y
1 e x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 4 f y = (x + 1)2 − 4
x
− 21
2 y y
−1 x
3
−√3 x
right 2 units up 1 unit 1 −3 1
√3
−2 2 x −3
−1
(−1, −4)
835
g x (y + 1) = 1 hy = √x + 2 c y = − (x − 2)2 + 5 d y = − (x + 2)2 − 1
y y This is y = −x 2 shifted This is y = −x 2 shifted
Answers 4A
right 2 and up 5. left 2 and down 1.

1 x 4 y y
(2, 5)
2 (−2, −1) x
−1
1
4 x (−4, −5) −5
2 + √5 x
2 − √5
6ai y ii y
e y = 2 (x − 1)2 − 4 f y = 12 (x − 1)2 − 52
1 −3 1 This is y = 2x 2 shifted This is y = 12 x 2 shifted
3
right 1 and down 4. right 1 and down 52 .
1 2 4x −2 −1 1x
−1 −1 y y
bi y ii y x
1+√5
1−√2
−2 1+√2 x
1−√5
−2
2 (1, −4) (1, − 52 )
2
1 1 9 a the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 translated right 2, up 3,
−3 −2 −1 (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 x 1x
b the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 translated left 2, down 1,
ci y ii y (x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4
c the circle x 2 + y 2 = 10 translated left 1, up 1,
−1 1
2 (x + 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 10
2x d the circle x 2 + y 2 = 5 translated right 2, down 1,
1 −1 (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 5
−1 1 2x 10 a y i y
di y ii y 4 x
3
2 √4
−2 −2
1 2 x
1
−4
1 2 x
−1 1 x
ii y iii y
7 a r = 2, (−1, 0) b r = 1, (1, 2)
c r = 3, (1, 2) d r = 5, (−3, 4) 4
5
e r = 3, (5, − 4) f r = 6, (−7, 1)
8 a y = (x + 1)2 + 2 b y = (x − 1)2 − 3 x −3−√2
3
1
2 4
This is y = x 2 shifted This is y = x 2 shifted −3 −1 x
−4
left 1 and up 2. right 1 and down 3.
y y
x
(−2, 3) 3
1−√3 1+√3
(−1, 2) −2
x (1, −3)
836
b y i y
−2 y i y
2 1
5 −1 1
x
Answers 4A
2 x
1 3
−1 x −4
1
−2
−1 1 x
ii iii
−1 y (−1, 2)
y
ii y iii y (−2, −1) −1 x 1 −1+√2
−1−√2
1 2 x
2
x
−2
−2
−4 −3 x
−2 −4 d From y = √x:
i shift left 4 ii shift up 4
iii shift left 4 and down 2
y
11 a From y = 2x: y i y
i shift up 4 (or left 2) 2
ii shift down 4 (or 2
x 2
right 2) 1
4 x −4 x
i y ii y
2
4
x
ii y iii y
6
−4 −4
4
−2 x x
−2
b From y = x 2: i shift up 9
ii shift down 9 iii shift right 3 4 x
y i y
2
e From y = x
:
9
i shift up 1 ii shift left 2
9
iii shift left 2 and up 1
y i y
−3 3 x x 2
1
ii y iii y −2 1
(6, 9) −1 2 x −2 2 x
9
−3 3 x
ii y iii y
−9 3 x
c From y = −x 2: 1 2
−4 −2 1
i shift up 1
x −2
ii shift left 1 −1 x
−4
iii shift left 1 and up 2
837
12 a y b y a y b y −3+√10
5 + √5
x
Answers 4A–4B
−1 1
(2, 5)
1
−3
1 2 x
− 2 x 5 − √5
1 2
1
2
x −3−√10
c y d y
c y d y −2+√5
2 12 1−√2 1+√2
8
x
2 x −1 x
(−2, 4)
−2
(1, −2)
−1
−4 x −2−√5
−2 12
15 a x + 2y − 2 = 0 b x + 2y − 2 = 0
e y f y
c Both translations yield the same result.
3 12
16 a (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2
3 23
17 a y − y 1 = m (x − x 1 ) is the line y = mx shifted
4
right by x 1 and up by y 1.
3
b Because only shifts are involved, the lines in part a
−2 13 2 34
are parallel. Thus parallel lines have the same
x x
−2 3 gradient m.
18 a y = f (x − a), y − b = f (x − a)
13 a the parabola y = x 2 translated right 2, y = (x − 2)2
b y − b = f (x), y − b = f (x − a)
1
b the hyperbola xy = 1 translated right 2, y = c The final transformed function is the same in both
x − 2
c the exponential y = 3x translated left 1, y = 3x + 1 cases. Thus, the order of shifts is irrelevant.
d the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 translated left 2, down 1, 19 a (1, 2), (1, 4), (−3, 2), (−3, 4)
(x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4 b It is a 4 × 2 rectangle.
e the hyperbola xy = 1 translated right 2, down 1, c C = (−1, 3), r = √5
1 d (x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 5
y + 1 =
x − 2
f the parabola y = x 2 translated right 2, down 1, Exercise 4B
y + 1 = (x − 2)2 1 b y = x 2 − 2x: c y
g the circle x 2 + y 2 = 5 translated right 2, down 1, 8, 3, 0, −1, 0, 3, 8
(x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 5 y = 2x − x 2: (1, 1)
h the exponential y = 4x translated down 4, −8, −3, 0, 1, 0, −3, −8
y = 4x − 4 y = x 2−2x: 2 x
14 a (x − 2)2 + (y − 5)2 = 9, r = 3, centre (2, 5), V = (1, −1).
(1, −1)
intercepts (0, − √5) , (0, √5) y = 2x − x 2: V = (1, 1).
b x 2 + (y + 3)2 = 10, r = √10, centre (0, −3), d Here y is replaced with −y, so it is a reflection in the
intercepts (0, −3 − √10) , (0, − 3 +√10) , (−1, 0) , x-axis.
(1, 0) 2
2b y = : − 1 , − 2 , − 1 , − 2 , −1, −2, *, 2, 1
c ( x + 2)2 + (y − 4)2 = 20, with r = 2√5, and x − 2 3 5 2 3
centre (−2, 4), intercepts, (0, 0), (0, 8) , (−4, 0) 2
y = − : 1, 2, *, −2, −1, − 23, − 12 , − 25 , − 13
d ( x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 6, r = √6, x + 2
centre (1, −2), intercepts (0, −2 − √5),
(0, − 2 + √5) , (1 − √2, 0) , (1+√2, 0)
838
2 y 5ai y ii y
cy = : x = 2.
x − 2
y = f(−x)
Answers 4B
2
y = − : x = −2. 2 1 2 3
x + 2 −2 2 x 1 x
−1
d Here x is replaced with −x, −1 −3 −2 −1 x −2
so it is a reflection in the y = −f(x)
y-axis.
3a y bi y bi y ii y
1 2 −2 −1
−1 x
1 x
−1 3 x −3 1 −1
x −1
y = −P(x) y = −P(−x)
−3 −3
(1, −4)
(−1, −4)
y = x 2 + 2x − 3 ci y ii y
ii y iii y 2 2 y = −A(−x)
(1, 4) (−1, 4)
1
1 1
3 3 x −1
−1
−1 1 x
−2 y = A(−x) −1
−1 −3
x −2
3 1 x
6 a y = −x 2 b y = −x 3
y = −x 2 + 2x + 3 y = −x 2 − 2x + 3 y y
−1 1
4a y bi x
1
y
−1 1
−1 x
−1
2
1 2
−1 x
1 c y = −2−x d y = x 2 + 2x
y y
1 x −1
y = 2x x
ii iii −2
−1y y
1
−1 x −1 x −2 x
−2 −2 (−1, −1)
1
e x2 + y2 = 9 f y = −
x
y
3 y
y = −2−x y = −2x
11
−3 3 x −1 x
−1
−3
839
7a y y i y
Answers 4B
−2 −1 4
x 4 x
−1
−1
2
4 x −4
bi y ii y
ii y iii y
1 1 4
2 1 −4 x
1 1 2 x
2
–2 –1 x
Rotate by 180°: −4 x −4
1
Reflect in the x-axis: y = 1 − .
2 − x c From y = (x − 1)2: i rotate by 180°
1
y = 1 − .
x + 2 ii reflect in the y-axis iii reflect in the x-axis
y i –2 –1 y
8a y
–1 x
2
−5 −3 −1 1 3 5 x
1
−2
1 2 x
b Reflect in the y-axis. ii y iii y

c You will need to use (−x − 3)2 = (x + 3)2. 1 2
x
d Shift left by 6 units. −1
e Replace x with (x + 6).
9 a The circle is symmetric in both axes. 1
−2 −1 x
10 a From y = 12x + 1: i reflect in the y-axis
ii reflect in the x-axis iii rotate by 180°
y i y d From y = √x: i rotate by 180°
ii reflect in the x-axis iii reflect in the y-axis
y i y
1
1 −1
−2 x 2 x x
1 −1
ii y iii y x
1
−2 x
−1 2 x ii y iii y
−1 1
x
−1 1
−1 x
b From y = 4 − x: i reflect in the x-axis
ii reflect in the y-axis iii rotate by 180° e From y = 3x: i reflect in the x-axis
ii rotate by 180° iii reflect in the y-axis
840
y i y 1
13 a Reflect in the y-axis then shift up 2.
x y y
Answers 4B
–1
3 –3
1 2
1
1 x
1 x
2 x
ii –1 y
iii y
x
–1
–3 3 b Reflect in the x-axis then shift up 4.

y y
1
4
–1 x
f From i reflect in the y-axis

1 −2
y = 1 + : x
x − 1 1 2
ii rotate by 180° iii reflect in the x-axis
−1 1 x
y i y
c Shift left 2 then reflect in the y-axis.
(2, 2) (–2, 2) y y
1 1
1 x –1 x
(1, 1) 1
2
x
x
ii y iii y (−1, −1) (3, −1)
–1 1
x x
–1 −1
(2, −2) d Reflect in the x-axis then shift left 1, up 1.
(–2, –2)
y y
(−1, 1)
−2
11 a y x
3
1
−1 x
−3 −1 1 3 x 1
(−2, −1) (2, −1)
b Reflect in the y-axis. e Shift left 1, down 2, then reflect in the y-axis.
c Shift left 4 units. y y
d (x + 4)2 − 4 (x + 4) + 3 = x 2 + 4x + 3
e part b, part c, part f
12 a c (x) is the same when reflected in the y-axis. 1
b t (x) is unchanged by a rotation of 180°. 2 x
c 1 −1
y y
y = c(x) x −2
y = t(x) 1
1
x
1 −1
841
f Shift left 4, then reflect in both axes. 4a g (−x) = −x 3 + 3x
y y b −g (x) = − (x 3 − 3x) = g (−x), so it is odd.
Answers 4B–4C
5a h (−x) = −x 3 + 3x 2 − 2
4
b −h (x) = −x 3 − 3x 2 + 2. Because h (−x) ≠ h (x)
x
and h (−x) ≠ −h (x), it is neither.
1 −2
6 a even b neither c odd d even
1 x
e neither f odd g odd h neither
7 a . . . if all powers of x are odd.
b . . . if all powers of x are even.
14 a i y = (x − 2)2 ii y = (x + 2)2
8 a y = (x + 3) (x − 3) b y = (x − 1) (x − 5)
b i y = (x + 1)2 ii y = x 2
y y
c Yes: the answer depends on the order.
d The order is irrelevant when the shift is parallel with
5
the axis of reflection. −3 3 x
15 a y − a = f (x), −y − a = f (x), −y = f (x), x
1 5
y = f (x)
(3, −4)
b y = f (x − a), −y = f (x − a), −y = f (x − 2a),
−9
y = f (x − 2a)
c x = f (y), −x = f (y), −y = f (x), y = f (x) c y = x (x − 5) (x + 5) d y = x 2 (x − 2) (x + 2).
d −x = f (y), −y = f (−x), x = f (−y), y = f (x) y y
16 Shift left by a to get y = f (x + a), then reflect in

the y-axis to get y = f (a − x), finally shift right by −5
a to get y = f (2a − x). 5 x
−2 2 x
Exercise 4C
e y = x 2 (x + 5) f y = x (x − 2) (x + 2) (x 2 + 4)
1 a even b neither c neither
y y
d odd e odd f even
2ai y ii y
−2
1 1 −5 2 x
−2 −1
x
−2 −1 1 2 x 1 2 x
−1
9 a even b odd
bi y ii y y y
1 1
1
−1 1 x −1 x
−1 1 x
x
ci y ii y
−2 11 c odd d even
−1 1
−1 2 x y y
−2 2 x −1
−1
1
−1 1
1 x
3 a f (−x) = x − 2x + 14 2
−1
b f (−x) = f (x), so it is even. −1 1 x
842
e odd f even e x = −3 or −7 f x = −4 or 0
y y
Answers 4C–4D
−7 −3 0 x −4 0 x
g x = −7 or 5 h x = −4 or −2
−2
2 x −7 0 5 x −4 −2 0 x
−2 2 x
− 1
2
4 a For ∣ x − 1 ∣ : 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2.
For ∣ x ∣ − 1: 1, 0, −1, 0, 1, 2.
b y y
g even h odd
y y
1
3 1
−1 1 2 x
−3 −1
1 2 x
3 x
−3 3 x The two graphs overlap for x ≥ 1.
c The first is y = ∣ x ∣ shifted right 1 unit,
10 a neither b neither c even d even the second is y = ∣ x ∣ shifted down 1 unit.
e odd f even g odd h neither 5 a LHS = 2, RHS = −2
11 a It is symmetric in the y-axis. b LHS = 2, RHS = −2
b It is symmetric in both axes. c LHS = 0, RHS = 4
13 a i even ii even iii odd d LHS = 1, RHS = −1
b i even ii odd e LHS = 3, RHS = 1
iii in general, neither f LHS = 8, RHS = −8
14 a Suppose f (0) = c. Then because f (x) is odd, 6 a false: x = 0 b true
f (0) = −f (0) = −c. So c = −c, and hence c = 0. c true d false: x = −2
b It is not defined at the origin (it is 1 for x > 0, and e true f true
−1 for x < 0). g false: x = −2 h true
15 b i g (x) = 1 + x 2 and h (x) = −2x
{−2x,
7a y 2x, for x ≥ 0,
2x + 2−x 2x − 2−x y =
ii g (x) = and h (x) = for x < 0.
2 2
c In the first, g (x) and h (x) are not defined for all x
2
in the natural domain of f (x), specifically at x = −1
. In the second, x = 0 is the only place at which
−1 1 x
g (x) and h (x) are defined.
b y
{
1
x, for x ≥ 0,
Exercise 4D y = 2
− 12 x, for x < 0.
1a3 b3 c3 d3 1
e7 f 1 g 16 h −3 −2 2 x
2 a x = 1 or −1 b x = 3 or −3
−1 0 1 x –3 0 3 x
c y shift right 3,
c x = 2 or −2 d x = 5 or −5
{3 − x, for x < 3.
x − 3, for x ≥ 3,
y =
−2 0 2 x −5 0 5 x 3
e no solutions f no solutions
3 a x = 3 or 5 b x = −4 or 10 3 6 x
0 3 5 x −4 0 10 x
c no solutions d no solutions
843
d y shift left 2, bi y shift right 3,
y = { y = {
x + 2, for x ≥ −2, x − 3, for x ≥ 3,
Answers 4D
−x − 2, for x < −2. 3

3 − x, for x < 3.
2
−4 −2 x 3 6 x
ii y shift left 2,
e y shift down 2,
y = {
x + 2, for x ≥ − 2,
y = {
x − 2, for x ≥ 0,
−x − 2, for x< − 2.
−x − 2, for x < 0.
2
−2 2 x
−2 −4 −2 x
iii y
shift down 2,
f y
shift up 3,
y = {
x − 2, for x ≥ 0,
y = {
5 x + 3, for x ≥ 0,
−x − 2, for x < 0.
3 − x, for x < 0.
3 −2 2 x
−2
–2 2 x
iv y
shift up 3,
g
shift right 2, down 1,
y = {
y
x + 3, for x ≥ 0,
y = {
5
x − 3, for x ≥ 2,
3 − x, for x < 0.
1 − x, for x < 2.
3
1 1 2
3 x
–1
–2 2 x
v y shift right 2, down 1,

h y shift left 1, down 1,
y = {
x − 3, for x ≥ 2,
y = {
x, for x ≥ − 1,
1 − x, for x < 2.
−x − 2, for x < − 1.
1 1 2
−1
3 x
−2 x –1
−1
8 a x = 5 or −5 b x = −2 or 1 vi y
shift left 1, down 1,
y = {
c x = 6 or −5 d no solution x, for x ≥ − 1,
−x − 2, for x < − 1.
e no solution f x = − 25
5 1 −1
gx = hx = or 2 −2 x
3 3 −1
2
i x = −2 or 5
y = {
9a y 2x, for x ≥ 0,
10 a y
−2x, for x < 0.
1
2
−1 1 x
−1 1 x
844
b y iii iv y
{
1 y
x, for x ≥ 0,
y = 2
5
− 12 x, for x < 0.
Answers 4D
3
1
−2 2 x 1 x
–2
2 12 x
11 a y b y no solution x = 2 12
6 9
13 b The graph is symmetric in the y-axis.
14 a even b neither c odd d even
15 a x = 0 b y
cy = {
1, for x > 0,
−1, for x < 0. 1
3 6 x 3 6 x
c y d y x
5 10
−1
w
y = {
16 a y 2x, for x ≥ 0,
0, for x < 0.
−5 −2 21 x
−1 1 x
e y f y 2
−4 23 −2 13 −1 1
x x 1 x
y = {
−7
−7
b y 0, for x ≥ 0,
−2x, for x < 0.
12 a i y 2
4
−1 x
1
3 4 5 x c y
1
ii The x-coordinates of the points of intersection give: −2 −1
x
x = 3 or 5
bi y ii y
−3
3
3
1
y = {
1
x + 1, for x ≥ −1,
−4 −3 −2 x
−2 − 1
2
1 x 3x + 3, for x < −1.
x = −4 or −2 x = −2 or 1
845
d
∣ abc ∣
y 2
20 a ∣ ΔAOB ∣ = 1
2
Answers 4D–4E
p ∣ ∣ √a
c
b ∣ ΔAOB ∣ = 1
2
2
+ b2
ab
∣c∣
c p =
x
−2 2 √a 2 + b 2
(−1, −1) (1, 1) ∣ ax 1 + by 1 + c ∣ ∣ 6 − 10 + 3 ∣ 1
d e =
y = { 2
x − 2x, for x ≥ 0, √22 + (−5)2 √29
2
√a + b
2 2
x + 2x, for x < 0.

17 f ( ∣ −x ∣ ) = f ( ∣ x ∣ ) Exercise 4E
18 y y = x or y = −x
1ai 4 ii 7 iii 3 iv −4
bi x + 4 ii x + 6 c x = −4
2 a F ( F (0) ) = 0, F ( F (7) ) = 28, F ( F ( F (x) ) ) = 8x
F ( F (−3) ) = −12, F ( F ( F (−11) ) ) = −44
x
b F ( F (x) ) = 4x, F ( F ( F (x) ) ) = 8x

cx = 8
19 a y 3 a g ( g (0) ) = 0, g ( g (4) ) = 4, g ( g (−2) ) = −2,
4 g ( g (−9) ) = −9
b g ( g (x) ) = 2 − (2 − x) = x
−1
c g ( g ( g (x) ) ) = g (x)
1
3 x
−2 4 a h ( h (0) ) = −20, h ( h (5) ) = 25,
−4 h ( h (−1) ) = −29, h ( h (−5) ) = −65
b h ( h (x) ) = 9x − 20, h ( h ( h (x) ) ) = 27x − 65
−4, for x < −1,
{ 4,
5 a f ( g (7) ) = 12, g ( f (7) ) = 13, f ( f (7) ) = 9,
y = 2x − 2, for −1 ≤ x < 3,
for x ≥ 3. g ( g (7) ) = 19
b y
b i 2x − 2 ii 2x − 1 iii x + 2 iv 4x − 9
c Shift 1 unit to the left (or shift two units up).
d Shift 1 unit up (or shift 12 left).
6 a ℓ ( q (−1) ) = −2, q ( ℓ (−1) ) = 16,
1
−1
ℓ ( ℓ (−1) ) = −7, q ( q (−1) ) = 1
2
−2 3
x b i x2 − 3 ii (x − 3)2 iii x − 6 iv x 4
−1
c i Domain: all real x, range: y ≥ −3
−2x − 3, for x < −1, ii Domain: all real x, range: y ≥ 0
{ 2x − 5,
y = −1, for −1 ≤ x < 2, d It is shifted 3 units to the right.
for x ≥ 2.
e It is shifted 3 units down.
c y
7 a F ( G (25) ) = 20, G ( F (25) ) = 10,
3
F ( F (25) ) = 400, G ( G (25) ) = √5
b 4√x c √4x = 2√x
−1
x e Domain: x ≥ 0, range: y ≥ 0
−4 1
8 a f ( h ( − 14 ) ) = 4, h ( f ( − 14 ) ) = 4 ,
−3
f ( f ( − 14 ) ) = − 14, h ( h ( − 14 ) ) = − 14
−x − 4, for x < −1,
{ x + 2,
y = 3x, for −1 ≤ x < 1,
for x ≥ 1.
846
1 cH ere x is replaced by (x − 2), so it is a shift right
b i Both sides equal − , for all x ≠ 0.
x by 2 units.
ii Both sides equal x, for all x ≠ 0.
Answers 4E–4 review

2 a Replace x with −x. y
c Domain: x ≠ 0, range y ≠ 0
b y = x − 2x:
2
d It is reflected in the y-axis (or in the x-axis).
15, 8, 3, 0, −1, 0, 3
9 a f ( g (x) ) = −5 − √x.
y = x 2 + 2x:
Domain: x ≥ 0, range: y ≤ −5. Take the graph of
3, 0, −1, 0, 3, 8, 15 −2 2 x
y = √x, reflect it in the y-axis, then shift down 5. (−1, −1) (1, −1)
c y = x 2 − 2x: (1, −1).
b f (x) = −5 − ∣ x ∣ , which is negative for all x, y = x 2 + 2x: (−1, −1).
so ( f (x) ) = √−5 − ∣ x ∣ is never defined.
10 a ( f (−x) ) = g ( f (−x) ) = −g ( f (x) ) 3a7 b4 c5 d3 e −3 f 12
4 a x = −5 or 5 b x = −6 or 6
b ( f (−x) ) = g ( f (−x) ) = g ( f (x) )
c x = −2 or 6 d x = −5 or −1
c g ( f (−x) ) = g ( f (x) ) e x = −1 or 4 f x = −1 or 3 23
11 a g( f (x) ) = 7 for all x, f ( g (x) ) = 4 for all x
5 a Shift y = x 2 up by 5 units.
b g( f (x) ) = g (x), f ( g (x) ) = g (x) b Shift y = x 2 down by 1 unit.
12 a i Translation down a ii Translation right a c Shift y = x 2 right by 3 units.
b i Reflection in the x-axis d Shift y = x 2 left by 4 units and up by 7 units.
ii Reflection in the y-axis 6 a y = (x − 1)2 b y = x2 − 2
13 a g( f (x) ) = 10x + 15 + b, c y = (x + 1)2 + 5 d y = (x − 4)2 − 9
f ( g (x) ) = 10x + 2b + 3 7 a C (0, 0), r = 1 b C (−1, 0), r = 2
c C (2, −3), r = √5 d C (0, 4), r = 8
b b = 12
8 a y = −x 3 + 2x + 1 b y = −x 2 + 3x + 4
14 a g( f (x) ) = 2ax + 3a + b,
f ( g (x) ) = 2ax + 2b + 3 c y = −2−x − x d y = √9 − x 2
b First, 2a = 1, so a = 12 . Secondly, 2b + 3 = 0, 9 a neither b odd c even
so b = −1 12 . ii
10 a i y y
15 a f ( g (0) ) = −3, g( f (0) ) = 3, f ( g (−2) ) = 3,
g( f (−2) ) = 1
b i x2 + x − 3 ii x 2 − x − 3 x
x
16 a All real y and y ≥ −1.
b x 2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2, range: y ≥ 0
c x 2 + 4x + 3 = (x + 1) (x + 3), range: y ≥ −1 ii
bi y y
d −1 and −3.
17 a f (x) b z (x), with domain D
c z (x), with domain D x
x
d If f (0) exists, it is the function f (x) = f (0) with
domain ℝ. Otherwise it is the empty function, with
domain the empty set.
11 a i y b y

2
1a x 2: 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16 y −2 2 x
(x − 2)2: 16, 9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4 −2
2 4 x
b y = x 2, V = (0, 0). 4
y = (x − 2)2, V = (2, 0).
1
1 2 x
847
c y d y 17 a C (0, 1), r = 2
b C (−3, 0), r = 1
Answers 4 review
4 c C (2, −3), r = 4
2 d C (4, −7), r = 10
2 18 b y y
–4 –2 x
−2 2 x
12 a y b y −1
9 1 x 1 2 x
4 8
x
19 a y b y
−8
−6 −3 x 3
2
c y 1
−4−3 −1 x
−3−2 1 x
13
c y d y
x 2
−6 12 −3 12 −2
1
1
2 −3 x
13 a 5 or −5 b 1 or −9 c no solutions −2−1 1 x −1
4
d 12 or −2 e 1 or −8 f 4 or 3
g − 27 h 5 or −5 e y f y
14 a neither b even c odd d odd 2

15 a y = (x − 1)2 + 4, V = (1, 4)
−1 −3 −2
b y = (x + 2)2 − 7, V = (−2, −7)
2 3 x 1 x
c y = 2(x + 2)2 + 3, V = (−2, 3)
d y = −(x − 3)2 + 10, V = (3, 10) −2
16 a y b y
g y
1 x
2−√3
(−2, 3) 3
2+√3 2 3
(−1, 2)
−1 x
x (2, −3)
−2
y = (x + 1) + 2 2
y = (x − 2)2 − 3
c y d y
(1,3)
2 20 a y b y
1−√3
1+√5 3
1+√3 x 2 2
1
1 − √5
−1 x 2 x
− 32
2
( 1,
2
− 54 ) −4
1 x −1
2
(x 2)
1 5
y = 3 − (x − 1) 2
y = − − 4 −2 −2
848
c y d y o y p y
3 3
2
2
(−2, 1)
1 1
x x
−3 3 1 3 x 1 4 −1 1 x
−1
(2, −1) −1
−3 −1 −2
−2
−3 −3
(−2, −1)
2( ( )
e y f y 21 g (x) = 1
f x + f ( −x ) )
2( ( )
2 h (x) = 1
f x − f ( −x ) )
4 1
Chapter 5
−2 −1 1 2 x
1 −1 Exercise 5A
−2 −1 1 x 1a x > 1 bx ≤ 2
g y h y 1 x 2 x
4 5
4 c x > −2 dx < 3
1
1 −2 x 3 x
−2 2
−4 −2 x e x ≥ −1 f x < 2
−1 1 x
−1
−1 x 2 x
−4
gx < 2 hx ≥ 3
i y j y
1 2 x 3 x
–1 1 2
2
x i x ≥ 3 j x ≤ −2
−2 1
3 x −2 x
−1 1 x
kx > 2 l x ≤ −2
2 x −2 x
k y l y
4
2 a −2 ≤ x < 3 b 3
< x ≤ 5
1 −2 3 x 4
5 x
−2 −1 3
2
1 1 2 3 x c − 12 ≤ x ≤ 2 d 1
2
≤ x < 4
−1
1
1 2 x −
2 −1 2 x 1 4x
2 2
−1
3a x > 4 bx ≤ 2
m y n y cx < 2 d x ≤ −1
1
e −2 ≤ x < 1 f −6 ≤ x ≤ 15
−1 2 4ai 0 < x < 4 ii x < 0 or x > 4
1 2 x
b i −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ii x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 3
−1
1
c i x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 2 ii 0 < x < 2
−2
−1 1 2 x
849
5 a −2 < x < 4 b x < − 1 or x > 3 e −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 12 f −1 < x < 4
y y
y y
Answers 5A
−1 1 12 x
−2 4x −1 3x
4
−3 −1 4 x
1
c x ≤ −3 or x ≥ −1 dx < 2
or x > 5 10 a −1 < x < 3 b x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 9
y y c x < −4 or x > 2 d −14 ≤ x ≤ −2
11 a x < −1 or x ≥ 1 b3 < x < 5
c −4 < x ≤ −2 12 dx < 3
2
or x > 4
5
5
e1 < x < 3 f 3
< x ≤ 3
1 5 x
1
−3 −1 x 2
12 a −1 < x < 5 b 3
≤ x ≤ 3
−1 5 x 1 3 x
6 a −3 < x < 3 b x < 0 or x > 6 3
c x ≤ −10 or x ≥ 10 d −4 ≤ x ≤ 0 c x ≥ 9 or x ≤ 5 d −2 < x < 1
7 a x = 7 or −7 b x = 0
5 9 x −2 1 x
c −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 d x < −5 or x > 5
1 2
e − 14 < x < 1
f x ≤ − 32 or x ≥ 3 e x > 2 or x < 3
f x ≥ 5
or x ≤ −2
4 2
8a0 < x < 1 b x < 0 or x > 3 1 2 x −2 2 x
3 5
c 0 < x ≤ 12 d x ≤ − 34 or x > 0
9 a −3 < x < 1 b x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 4 13 a x = 0
b x < 0 or x > 0 (or simply x ≠ 0)
y y
c x ≤ −5 or x ≥ 5
4
d x < 0 or x > 25
e No solution for x.
−3 1 x
f x = 1
−3 1 4 x 14 a 12 < x ≤ 3 b −3 < x < −2
c x < 1 or x ≥ 3 d x < − 17 or x > 2
15 a The first holds when x is positive, the second when x
c x < −4 or x > −2 d −2 ≤ x ≤ 3
is negative.
y y
b i −2 < x < 2 or −10 < x < − 6
−2 3 x ii 3 ≤ x < 4 12 or 12 < x ≤ 2
8 16 a false: x = 0 b false: x = 1
c true
2
d false: x = 12 or x = −2
x e false: x = −1 f true
−4 −2
−6 g false: x = −1 h true
17 a No solutions b No solutions
c All real x d x = 53
18 a An absolute value must be positive.
bx > 1
850
19 −1 ≤ x < 0 or 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
e y f y
20 a | x − a | + | x − b | = (x − a) + (b − x) < c
Answers 5A–5B
(x − a) (b − x)
a x b
−2 9
b | x − a | + | x − b | = (x − a) + (x − b)
−4 2x
= (b − a) + 2 (x − b) < c
(x − b)
(b − a) x
1 3
a b x x < −4 or x = 1 or x = 3
−2 < x < 0 or x > 2
c | x − a | + | x − b | = (a − x) + (b − x)
= (b − a) + 2 (a − x) < c 4a y
(a − x)
(b − a)
x a b
−2
d The result follows directly from parts a, b and c. 2 x
e −3 < x < 7
Exercise 5B
f (x) = x (x − 2) (x + 2)
1 a x ≤ 0 or 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 b y c y
b −2 < x < 0 or 2 < x < 4
5
c 0 < x < 3 or x > 3 x
d x = 0 or x ≥ 4
e x = −3 or x = 3
2 x
f x = −3 or x ≥ 0
2 a x −2 −1 0 1 2 c y
y 3 0 1 0 −9 f (x) = x 2 (x − 5) f (x) = x (x − 2)2

sign + 0 + 0 − 1 5 a −2 < x < 0 or x > 2
b x < 0 or 0 < x < 5
b Solution: x ≤ 1
−1 1 x c x ≤ 0 or x = 2
6a x −1 0 1 3 4
y − 14 0 − 12 * 16
3a y b y sign − 0 − * +
b x < 0 or 0 < x < 3

3
7 a x < 1 or 3 < x < 5
2 4 x b x ≠ 1 and x ≠ 3 (alternatively,
x < 1 or 1 < x < 3 or x > 3)
−3 −1 x
c −2 < x ≤ 4 d −3 < x < 0 or x > 3
−3 < x < −1 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 or x ≥ 4 e −3 < x < −1 f x < 0 or 0 < x < 5
c y d y g x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 5 h −2 ≤ x < 0 or x ≥ 2
i x < −3 or 0 < x ≤ 2
−2 8 a i y = x (x + 1) (x − 1), x = −1, 0 or 1
1 x −2 ii y = (x − 2) (x − 1) (x + 1), x = −1, 1 or 2
2 x iii y = (x + 2)2 (x − 2), x = −2 or 2
−4
x = −2 or x ≥ 1 x ≤ −2 or 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
851
b i y ii y v Vertical asymptote: x = −2. As x → −2+, y < 0
so y → −∞, and as x → −2−, y > 0 so y → ∞.
Answers 5B–5C
2 d i Domain: x ≠ −2 12. When x = 0, y = 1.

−1 ii When y = 1, x = 0. When y = −1, x = −5.
1 x −1
x v Vertical asymptote: x = −2 12.
1 2 +
As x → −2 12 , y > 0 so y → ∞,
−
and as x → −2 12 , y < 0 so y → −∞.
iii y
c y d y
−2
2 x 1 1
x −5 −2 12
−8 −4 −2 x
−1 −1
9 a zero for x = 0, undefined at x = 3, positive for

x < 0 or x > 3, negative for 0 < x < 3 2 y i Domain: x ≠ 1.
b zero for x = 4, undefined at x = −2, positive for ii When y = 1,
x < −2 or x > 4, negative for −2 < x < 4 x = 1 + √2 or
c zero for x = −3, undefined at x = −1, positive for x = 1 − √2.
x < −3 or x > −1, negative for −3 < x < −1 2 (2, 2) iii Horizontal
10 a x ≤ −4 or −3 < x ≤ 1 1 asymptote y = 0,
b −2 < x < −1 12 or x > 1
y → 0 as x → ∞
2 1 − √2 1 1 + √2 x
and as x → − ∞.
c − 12 ≤ x < 1 12 or x ≥ 2 12
v Vertical asymptote x = 1. As x → 1+, y > 0 so
y → ∞ and as x → 1−, y > 0 so y → ∞.
Exercise 5C
3 y i Domain: x ≠ 2.
1 2 3
1 In each case y → 0 as x → ∞ and as x → − ∞. x ii When y = −1,
a i Domain: x ≠ 1. When x = 0, y = −1. − 14 −1 x = 1 or 3.
ii When y = 1, x = 2. When y = −1, x = 0. iii Horizontal
v Vertical asymptote: x = 1. As x → 1+, y > 0 so asymptote y = 0,
y → ∞, and as x → 1−, y < 0 so y → −∞. y → 0 as x → ∞
b i Domain: x ≠ 3. When x = 0, y = 23 . and as x → − ∞.
ii When y = 1, x = 1. When y = −1 at x = 5.
v Vertical asymptote x = 2. As x → 2+, y < 0 so
v Vertical asymptote: x = 3. As x → 3+, y < 0 so
y → −∞, and as x → 2−, y < 0 so y → −∞.
y → −∞, and as x → 3−, y > 0 so y → ∞.
a b y 4a y b y
y
2
3 1 2
2
1 1 1
1 3 5 −2 −1 3 x
x x 1 x 12
12 −1 −1 −1
−1
c i Domain: x ≠ −2. When x = 0, y = −1.

ii When y = 1, x = −4. When y = −1, x = 0.
852
5 y The curves also meet 11 a y b y
where x = 1 − √7
Answers 5C
1 and x = 1 + √7.
2 (2, 12)
2 c Range: y ≥ − 43 . 1 1
−1 3 x −1 −1
−1 e Range: y ≤ − 34
−2 2 x −2 x
−1
(1, − 34 ) or y > 0. −1
6a y b Range: y ≤ 1. 12 a b
y y
1 (−2, 1) 1
−2√2 2√2 x 1
−1 √3
−2 2 x 1 x
1 1 2 3 −√3
−1 −
3 −1 (2, −1)
7 y b 12
c y d y
d As x → ∞ or
x → −∞, y → 0.
e2 1
2
2 1
1 1 3 x 2 x
−1
−1 1 x
8 y a −2
1 13
x c As x → ∞ or y
−13 (1, − 12)
x → −∞, y → 0.
−2
−3 d − 12
1
θ
−1 180° 360°
9a i y ii Domain:
a Domain: 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360° except that θ ≠ 90° and
0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, except
θ ≠ 270°.
that θ ≠ 90° and
1 b tan θ = 0 at θ = 0°, θ = 180° and θ = 360°.
180° θ θ ≠ 270°.
c Domain: 0° < θ < 360°, except that θ ≠ 90°,
−1 360° Range: y ≤ −1 or
θ ≠ 180° and θ ≠ 270°
y ≥ 1.
d0
f Range: y ≠ 0.
14 a y b y
b i y ii Domain: 1
2
0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°,
except that θ ≠ 0°, −1 1 x
1
1
360° θ ≠ 180° and x
1 2
−1 180° θ θ ≠ 360°.
Range:
y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1.
853
15 The problem is that zero does not have a reciprocal. c y
4
For example, y = −x 2 has a maximum of 0 when
Answers 5C–5D
y = f(x) × g(x) 3
−1 y = f(x)
x = 0, and y = has an asymptote at x = 0, 2
x2 1
not a minimum. The statement should be, ‘When −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x

y = g(x) −1
−2
one curve has a non-zero local maximum, the other
−3
curve has a non-zero local minimum.’
16 y = x − 2, for x ≠ 2 4 y
2
Exercise 5D
1
1a y b 6
y
4
5
3 4
y = f(x) −1 1 x
3 y = f(x)
2
2 y = f(x) + g(x)
1
y = f(x) + g(x) 1 5 y
−1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6x
−1 −1
y = g(x) −2 2
−2 y = g(x)
1
c y
6 −1 1 2x
5 −1
4
3 y = f(x)
2 6c y
1 y = f(x) + g(x)
4
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6x
−1
−2
−3 y = g(x)
1
−4
−1 −1 1 2 x
2a y b y
5 y = f(x)
5
4
4
y = f(x) y = g(x) 3
3
2 7 y
2
1
1
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6x −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6x
−1 y = g(x)
−2
1
−2 y = f(x) - g(x)
y = f(x) - g(x) −3
−3
−1 1 2 x
−1
c y
y = f(x) - g(x)6
5
4 8 a i y ii y
3 y = f(x)
4
2
1
2
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 2 1
−1
−2 y = g(x)
−3 1 −1 1 2 x
−4 −1
−1 1 2 x
3a y b y −1 −2
4 5
y = g(x) 4 y = f(x)
3
b i y ii y
2 3
4 4
1 2
1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x 2 2
y = f(x) −1
−2 y = g(x)
−2 1 1
−3 y = f(x) × g(x)
−3
y = f(x) × g(x)
−1 1 2 x −1 1 2 x
−1 −1
854
9b y c y d y
4
2 2
Answers 5D
1 1
1 −2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x
x −1 −1
−1 1 2
−1 −2 −2
c Because 0 ≤ x 2 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1, the 15 a y b y

2 2
product will also lie between 0 and 1 inclusive.
10 b y 1 1
4
−2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x
−1 −1
2
−2 −2
1
−1 1 2 4 x c y d y
−1 2
2
11 y 1 1
3 x −2 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1 1 2
−1 −1
2
−2 −2
1
−1 1 2 3 x
−1 16 a
f (x) even, g (x) even
12 a y b y s (x) even
2 1
d (x) even
1
p (x) even
−1 1 2 x f (x) odd , g (x) odd

−1 1 x
s (x) odd
−1 −1 d (x) odd
c y p (x) even
f (x) even, g (x) odd
s (x) neither
1
d (x) neither
−1 1 x p (x) odd
−1
b s (−x) = f (−x) + g (−x)
13 y
= −f (x) − g (x)
= − ( f (x) + g (x) )
1 = −s (x)
17 a y b y
1 2 3 4 x
2 2
−1
1 1
14 a b y −2
y
−1 1 2 3 4 x
2 2 −1 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1
1 1
−2 −1
−2 −1 1 2 x 1 2 x
−1 −1
−2 −2
855
c y iii y bi y
2
Answers 5D–5E
2 2
1 1
−2 −1 2 4 x
1 2 3 4 x
−1 −2 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1
18 a (1, −4), (1, 4) and (2, −3), (2, 3) ii y iii y

d y
2
y=x−3 2 1
4 y = g(x) 1
3 x
−2 −1 1 2
−1
y = f(x) −2 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1 123 x −1
−3
−4 c i y ii y
2 2
1 1
19 a As x → ∞ and as x → −∞, s (x) − (x + 1) → 0.
b y = −x + 5 c y = 3x − 5 −2 −1 1 2 x x
−1 −2 −1 1 2
−1
Exercise 5E
iii y
1a y b y 2
3 3 1
−2 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1 −1
−3 1 2 3 x
1 3 x
3a y b y
c y
3
1 1
x −1 1 2 x
1 3 x −1 1 2
−1 −1
−3
ii 4a i y ii y
2a i y y
1 1
2 2 1 2 x
1 2 x
2 4 x −2 2 4 x −1
−4 −1
−2
856
b i y ii y 7 a As x → ± ∞, √f (x) → 2, hence y = 2 will be the
1 1 horizontal asymptote of the transformed graph.
Answers 5E
b y
1 2 x
1 2 x y=2
−1 1
−1 −1 x
1
−1
c i y ii y y = −2
1 1 8a y bi y
−2
1 2 x
−2 1 2 x −1 1
−1 y=1 2
1
−1 −1 x −1−1 1 2 x
5a y bi y 1 2
2
2
ii y iii y
−1 2 x
−1 2 x 2
−2 1 1
−2 −1 1 2 x −1 1 2 x
−1 −1
ii y iii y −2
2
2 9a y
−1 2 x
−1 2 x
2
1
−2
−2 −2 −1 −1 1 2 x
−2
6a y bi y
2 b i y ii y
2
2 y = √2 2
−2 −1 x 1 y = √2
1 2 1
−2 −1 1 2 x −1 x
−1 −1 1 2 −1−1 1 2 x
y = −√2
ii y iii y
10 a y
2 2
2
x x 1
−2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2
−1 −1
−2 −1 1 2 x
−1
857
b i y ii y ii First, the parts of the original graph y = f (x)
2 below the x-axis were lost when sketching the
Answers 5E–5F
2
1 function ∣ y ∣ = f (x). Secondly, the parts of the
1
x graph of ∣ y ∣ = f (x) below the x-axis will be lost
−2 −1 1 2
−2 −1 1 2 x −1 in the steps of Box 14.
−1
−2
c y
Exercise 5F
1a y b y
3
2 2
1 3
−2 −1−1 1 2 3 x
2 x 3 x
i ii −2 −3
y y
3
3 c y d y
−3 3 x
−3 3x −3 (−1,1)
−1 1 x x
he transformed graph is y = √x − 1, which is
11a i T (−1,−1)
vertical at x = 1 (it is the graph y = √x shifted
1 unit right).
e y f y
ii The transformed graph is y = | x − 1 |, which
meets the axis at 45°. 2 2
iii The transformed graph is y = (x − 1)2, which is
horizontal at x = 1. x
−1 1 x
b When f (x) < 1, we know that √f (x) > f (x), so
−2
that y = √f (x) is always steeper than y = f (x) at a
zero of the original function. Because y = √x − 1
is vertical at x = 1, y = √ g h
4
x − 1 must be also. y y
12 y The two lines of the graph
2
are inclined at 45° to the
axes.
−4 x 1 x
x
−2
2 Original is a function: all except part f. Inverse is a

14 a y bi y function: part a, c, d, f, h
2 2 3 One-to-one: part a, c, d, h. Many-to-one: part e, g.
1 1 One-to-many: part b, f
x + 2
−2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x 4a y = b y = 2x − 2 c y = 6 − 2x
−1 −1 3
−2 dy = x − 1 e y = − 52x + 5 f x = 2
−2
858
5a y b y iii y iv y
2
Answers 5F
1 −2 x
1 (2,2)
−4 2
−2 1 x −2 1 x −2 1
−2 −2
1 x
−4
c y d y x = y 2 − 4. x = y 2 + 1.
6
1 The original relation The original relation is
is a function, but its a function, but its
3 inverse is not. inverse is not.
(2,2) −1 1 x
−1 b i For the original, domain: 1 ≤ x ≤ 7, range:
x −2 ≤ y ≤ 2. For the inverse, domain:
3 6 −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, range: 1 ≤ y ≤ 7.
e y f y iv For the function, domain: all real x, range: y ≥ 1.
For the inverse function, domain: x ≥ 1, range: all
5 real y.
9 a x = y2 b x = 2y − y 2
2
( 107 , 107 ) y y
2 2
1
1
2 5 x 2 x
x
1 1 2x + 2 −1 1 x 1 2
6ai y = ii y = − 1 iii y =
x − 1 x x − 1 −1
2x
iv y =
3 − x c y = x 2, where x ≤ 0 d x = − √4 − y 2
b i For the function, domain: x ≠ 0, range: y ≠ 1. y y
For the inverse function, domain: x ≠ 1, range: 2
y ≠ 0. 1
iv For the function, domain: x ≠ −2, range: y ≠ 3. 1 −2 2 x
For the inverse function, domain: x ≠ 3, range: −1 x
y ≠ −2. −2
−1
7 Each inverse is identical to the original function.
Therefore the graph is symmetric about the line
10 a Inverse: x = 3y − 10, where y < 2.
y = x.
1
Hence y = (x + 10), where x < −4.
8ai y ii y 6
5 2 b Inverse: x = 13 − 6y, where y ≥ 3.
−4 (−1,−1) 2 1
3 Hence y = (13 − x), where x ≤ −5.
x 6
c Inverse: x = y 3 + 2, where y < 3.
1 Hence y = √ 3
x − 2, where x < 29.
1 3 5 x −4 d Inverse: x = y 2 − 3, where y ≥ −2.
Hence y 2 = 3 + x, where y ≥ −2, which is not a
(x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9 function because x = −2 corresponds to y = 1 and
x + (y − 3) = 4.
2 2
The inverse relation is the also to y = −1
Neither the original same as the original 12 a i One-to-one ii Many-to-one iii One-to-many
relation nor its inverse
relation, and is not a b Parts i and iii
is a function.
function.
859
13 a One-to-one b One-to-many 7 a Show that h −1 ( h (x) ) = x and h ( h −1 (x) ) = x.
c Many-to-one d Many-to-many 1
b h −1 (x) = + 3
Answers 5F–5H
16 b No. Look at y = x , which is even. Its inverse is

2 x
x = y 2, which is not even. c h (x) = g ( f (x) ) , where f (x) = x − 3
1
and g (x) = .
x
Exercise 5G −1
8 a f (x) = 3 x + 23 , where 1 ≤ x ≤ 10.
1
1 b They are inverse functions, that is, g (x) = f −1 (x) b f −1 ( f (x) ) has domain 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, and f ( f −1 (x) )
and f (x) = g −1 (x). has domain 1 ≤ x ≤ 10.
3 a Let y = 2x + 5. 9a0 ≤ x ≤ 2 bx > 0
The inverse is x = 2y + 5 y y
y = f (x)
−1 y = f(x)
2y = x − 5 2
y = 12 (x − 5) 2
so f −1 (x) = 12 (x − 5) −2 x 1 y = f −1(x)
y = f(x)
1 −2
−1
ii f −1 (x) = √
3
c i f (x) =(4 − x) x + 2
3 1 x
1
iii f −1 (x) = + 5 c x < − 1 or x ≥ 1 dx ≥ 0
x
y y
4 a It fails the horizontal line test, for example y = f −1(x)
f (1) = f (−1) = 1, so the inverse is not a function. 1 &
y = f(x) y = f(x)
b f −1 (x) = x 2, where x ≥ 0. −1
c It fails the horizontal line test, for example 1 x
1
f (1) = f (−1) = 1, so the inverse is not a function.
1 −1
d f −1 (x) = (x − 1)3 y = f −1(x)
1 x
e It fails the horizontal line test, for example
f (1) = f (−1) = 8, so the inverse is not a function. 10 a g ( f (x) ) = aα x + bα + β. Put aα = 1 and
bα + β = 0
f f −1 (x) = √9 − x
b One example is f (x) = x + 1, g (x) = 2x + 1,
g It fails the horizontal line test, for example
h (x) = 12 x − 32
1
f (1) = f (−1) = , so the inverse is not a function.
3 11 The empty function has no ordered pairs, so its
1 − 3x inverse relation also has no ordered pairs, and
h f −1 (x) = i f −1 (x) = − √x
1 + x is therefore the empty function. Thus the empty
j f −1 (x) = 1 + √1 + x k f −1 (x) = 1 − √1 + x function is the inverse function of itself.
x + 1
l f −1 (x) =
x − 1 Exercise 5H
5 b The inverse of the first, x = −y 2, is not a function.
1a
The second is a natural restriction of the domain of t −6 −4 −2 −1 0 1 2 4 6
the first so that its inverse y = √−x is a function. x −24 −16 −8 −4 0 4 8 16 24
6 a gradient = a b x = ay + b y 72 32 8 2 0 2 8 32 72
c The equation can be solved for y when a ≠ 0.
or The graph is a non-horizontal line when a ≠ 0. b x 2 = 8y c t = 0 2 a x 2 = 2y b t = 0
y
x b 1 x2 = 8y y
d y = − , gradient = . A non-zero number and
a a a x2 = 2y
its reciprocal have the same sign. t = −1
t = −1
2 1
e Reflection in y = x exchanges the rise and run in t=1 2
every gradient construction. t=1
−4 4 x
−1 1 x
t=0
t=0
860
3 c As p → ∞, x → ∞ and y → 0. c y
As p → − ∞, x → − ∞ and y → 0.
Answers 5H
As p → 0+, x → 0 and y → ∞.
As p → 0− x → 0 and y → − ∞ 1 4
1 x
y 4 b ii y
4
3 −3
−2 11 a (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = r 2, circle with centre

−4 4x
1 x (3, −2) and radius r
−2 −3 b y = x tan θ − (3 tan θ + 2), straight line with
gradient tan θ
x2 y2
+ = 1 12 a The point (0, 1) is missing, because when x = 0,
16 9
t = − 12, so y = −1. b One-to-one
5a
t −2 −1 0 1 2
13 a Without the variable z and the third equation,
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0
the curve would be a circle. Because of the third
y −5 −3 −1 −1 3 equation, as t increases, the height z of the curve in
b When x increases by 1, y increases by 2, so it is a the third dimension increases, so the curve never
line with gradient 2. meets back up with itself. Instead it describes a
c From the last column, when x = 0, y = 3. spiral heading upwards (and downwards as
d y = 2x + 3 t → −∞), with the curve remaining distant 1 unit
6 a i A = (−3, −5), B = (−1, 1), gradient = 3 from the z-axis.
x2 y2
ii When x = 0, t = 1 12 , so y = 4 b One-to-one − = 1
16 9
iii y = 3x + 4 14 c y
cx ad − bc
b i y = 32 x + 52 ii y = +
a a
7 a 2x + y − 7 = 0
b 4 (y + 4)2 − 9 (x − 1)2 = 36 −4
4 x
c y = x2 − 2
d x2 + y2 = 2
8b y
1
x d Many-to-one
15 Cartesian equation: y
−3 r=2 x 2 − y 2 = 1,
where x > 0. 1
1 x
−1
9 The point (1, 0) is missing, because when y = 0,
t = 0, so x = −1.
10 a y b y 16 a i Nothing ii Rotation of 180° about O
iii Reflection in the x-axis
iv Reflection in the y-axis
1 1
1 x 1 x
861
b They are inverse relations. 8 y y = f(x) 9 y
3
c The graph is all in the first quadrant.
Answers 5H–5 review
x = −√3
d The graph is a subset of the line y = x. − 12 1
1
1 −2 2 x
x
Chapter 5 review exercise −1 2 3
y = f(x)
−2 −1
1a x ≤ 4 y = f(x)
1
x = √3
0 4 x
b −4 < x ≤ 6
−4 6 x d As x → 2−,
c x > −12. y → −∞ , and as
−12 0 x x → 2+, y → + ∞.
2a3 ≤ x ≤ 5 b x < 0 or x > 6 10 a y b y
4
c x < − or x > 3
3 4
3
3 a −3 < x < 3 b x ≤ −6 or x ≥ 2 1
3 −1 1
c −3 ≤ x ≤ 8 −4 −3−2 −1 x − 3 1 2 x
−1 2
4a0 < x < 5 b x < 3 or x ≥ 6 − 2
3
c −2 ≤ x < −1
5 a The zeroes are −2, 0 and 3.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 3 4 11 a i Vertical asymptote: x = −1.
y −18 0 4 0 −6 0 24 ii Vertical asymptote: x = 2.
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 + iii Vertical asymptotes: x = 5 and x = −5.
b Zero: x = 0, discontinuities: x = −5 and x = 5.
b f (x) is positive for −2 < x < 0 and for x > 3, and
negative for x < −2 and for 0 < x < 3. x −1 −60 1 −5 5 6
c x ≤ −2 or 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 1 1
y − 24 * 0 − *
24
d y 11 6 6 11
sign − * + 0 − * +
As x → (−5) , y → −∞, and as x → (−5)+,
−
−2 y → ∞. As x → 5−, y → −∞, and as x → 5+,
3 x y → ∞.
12 d
y
4
3
6 a Zeroes are 1 and 3.
−2 −1
x 0 1 2 3 4 x
12
y 9 0 −1 0 −3
− 43
sign + 0 − 0 −
b x ≤ 1 or x = 3
13 a y b y
c y y = f(x)
9 y = f(x)
1 y = g(x) 1
1 3 x −2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x
y = g(x)
−1 −1
7a0 < x < 5 b x < 3 or x ≥ 6

c −2 ≤ x < −1
862
c y 17 a y = f(x) b y
y
1
Answers 5 review
y = f(x) x = f (y)
1 y = f −1(x)
1 −1 1
−1
−2 −1 1 2 x x
1 x
−1
y = f (x)
y = g(x) −1 −1
14 a i y = f(x) ii y Inverse is not a

y y = f(x) Inverse is a function
y = g(x) function
y = g(x) 1
1 c y = f (x) d y
y
x −2 −1 1 2 x y = f −1(x)
−2 −1 1 2 1
−1
−1
1
−1 1 x y = f(x)
iii y
y = f(x)
−1 1 x
x = f (y)
y = g(x)
1 Inverse is not a Inverse is a function
function
−2 −1 1 2 x 5 3x
−1 18 a y = 13 (5 − x) by = + 3 cy =
x x − 5
dy = √
3
x − 5
b The original graphs and your answers should be
19 a f −1 (x) = 2 (x − 4) b f −1 (x) = √
3
x − 2
even.
3
c f −1 (x) =
15 a y b y x + 6
20 a
2 t −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
1
2 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 −1 3 x
−2 y −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
−1 3 x
−2 b y c y = 2x + 2
8t =1
c y d y t=0
t = −3 4 t = −1
2 2 t = −2
1 1 −2
−1 3 x −1 3 x 2 x
−2 −2 t = −4
t = −5 −4
21 a t −6 −4 −2 −1 0 1 2 4 6
16 a y b y x −3 −2 −1 − 12 0
1
2
1 2 3
4 4
3 3 1 1
2 2 y 9 4 1 4 0 4 1 4 9
1 1
−1
−1 3 x 3 x
863
b y c y = x2 15 a i 12√22 ii 32√2
1
t = −6 t=6 16 a 1 b c4 d1
Answers 5 review–6C
9 2
18 a ∠QPR = 90° − θ, so ∠RPS = θ.

4 t=4 h b
b and
a h
t = −2 1 t=2
21 a 108°
−3 −1 1 3 x
22 y
a (x + 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 Exercise 6B
(x + 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 b It is a circle with centre
2 1 2.65 metres
(−1, 1) and radius 1 unit.
2 63°
1 3 55 km
4 038°T
−2 −1 x 5 13.2 metres
6 2.5 metres
23 y 2
y = 7 77 km
x + 2 8 23 metres
1 9 73°
−3 t = 0
x 10 21.3 metres
−2
11 11°
t = − 32 −2
12 a 46° b 101°T
13 b 67 km
14 a ∠PQR = 360° − (200° + 70°) = 90°
Chapter 6
(using co-interior angles on parallel lines and the
Exercise 6A fact that a revolution is 360°)
1 a 35 b 34 c 45 d 45 e 35 f 43 b 110° + 39° = 149°T
2 a 0.4067 b 0.4848 c 0.7002 d 0.9986 15 a 5.1 cm b 16 cm
e 0.0349 f 0.8387 g 0.0175 h 0.9986 c PQ = 18 sin 40°, 63°25′
3 a 1.5697 b 0.8443 c 4.9894 d 0.9571 17 457 metres
e 0.6833 f 0.1016 g 0.0023 h 0.0166 18 a y = x tan 39° and y + 7 = x tan 64°
4 a 76° b 46° c 12° d 27° 19 a If ∠RBQ = α, then ∠RQB = 90° − α (angle sum
e No such angle — cos θ cannot exceed 1. of ΔBQR) and so ∠RQP = α (complementary
f 39° g 60° angles). Therefore ∠QPR = 90° − α (angle sum of
h No such angle — sin θ cannot exceed 1. ΔPQR) and so ∠QPC = α (complementary angles).
5 a 41°25′ b 63°26′ c 5°44′ d 16°42′ Thus ∠RBQ = ∠RQP = ∠QPC.
e 46°29′ f 57°25′ 22 a If OA = OB = x and OP = y, then
6 a 13 b 19 c 23 d 88 AP − PB = (x + y) − (x − y) = 2y = 2 × OP.
7 a 53° b 41° c 67° d 59°
8 a 12
13
b 5
12
c 13
12
5
d 12 e 13
12
f 13
5
Exercise 6C
9 a 6 and 17 1 a 15 cm b 17 cm c 28°
b i 15
17
ii 45 iii 34 iv 17
8
v 53 vi 15
8 2 a i 90° ii 90° iii 90° b i √2 ii √3
√3 c i 35° ii 35°
10 a b 1
c 1
d2 e √2 f √3
2 √3 √2
3 a i 2√5 cm ii 2√6 cm b 90° c 66°
11 a 19.2 b 21.6 c 30.3 d 8.3
12 a 29.78 b 10.14 c 16.46 d 29.71 4 a i 90° ii 90° iii 90° b i 2 cm ii 2√2 cm
13 a 36°2′ b 68°38′ c 34°44′ d 38°40′ c i 72° ii 65°
e 54°19′ f 70°32′ 5 a i 90° ii 90° b 27°
14 b 3 c 13√5 , 23 6 a 3√2 cm b 43°
7 a BQ = 30 tan 72° b 145 m
864
8 b 16 m c 21° 2 a 10° b 30° c 50° d 20° e 80°
9 b 76 m c 14° f 70° g 70° h 80° i 10° j 20°
Answers 6C–6E
10 a 1 cm b √2 cm c √2 d 70°32 ′ 3 a −tan 50° b cos 50° c −sin 40° d tan 80°
11 c 67°23 ′ e −cos 10° f −sin 40° g −cos 5° h sin 55°
12 a h cot 55° i −tan 35° j sin 85° k −cos 85° l tan 25°
b It is the angle between south and east. 4a0 b −1 c0
d 114 metres d0 e1 f 1
13 b 13 metres g −1 h undefined i 0
14 a AT = h cosec 55°, BT = h cosec 40° j 0 k undefined l 0
b 90° d 52 metres
5 a √3
2
b √3
2
c − √3
2
d − √3
2
e 1
√2
1
f − √2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Exercise 6D g − √2 h √2
i √3
j − √3 k √3
l − √3
3 a −320° b −250° c −170° 6 a − 12 b1 c − 12 d 1

√2
e √3 f − √3
2
d −70° e −300° f −220° g −1 h 1 1

i − √2 j − √3 k − 12 l −√3
2 2
4 a 310° b 230° c 110° 1 2 2
7a2 b −√2 c − √3 d √3 e f − √3
d 10° e 280° f 170° √3
5 a 70°, 430°, −290°, −650° 8a1 b −1 c undefined

b 100°, 460°, −260°, −620° d undefined e0 f undefined
c 140°, 500°, −220°, −580° 9 a 60° b 20° c 30° d 60°
d 200°, 560°, −160°, −520° e 70° f 10° g 50° h 40°
e 240°, 600°, −120°, −480° 10 a 12 b − √3 c √3 d 1 1
e − √3 1
f − √2
2 √2
f 340°, 700°, −20°, −380°
g √3 h − √3 i 1
j − 12 k − 12 l 1
6 a sin θ = 45, cos θ = 35, tan θ = 43, cosec θ = 54, 2 √2
11 a 0.42 b −0.91 c 0.91

sec θ = 53, cot θ = 3
4
d −0.42 e 0.49 f 0.49
b sin θ = 35, cos θ = − 45, tan θ = − 34, cosec θ = 53, 12 a −0.70 b −1.22 c −0.70
sec θ = − 54, cot θ = − 43 d −0.52 e 1.92 f −0.52
c sin θ = − 2
, cos θ = − 1 , tan θ = 2, 14 a −sin θ b cos θ c −tan θ d sec θ
√5 √5
e sin θ f −sin θ g −cos θ h tan θ
cosec θ = − √5 , sec θ = √
− 5 , cot θ = 12
2
15 a ( 2, 2√3 ) b ( − √3 , 1 )
5
d sin θ = − 13 , cos θ = 12 5
, tan θ = − 12 ,
13 c (1, −1) d ( −5, −5√3 )
cosec θ = − 5 , sec θ = 12, cot θ = − 12
13 13
5 16 a 53°8 ′ b 138°11 ′ c 300° d 213°41 ′
7 All six trigonometric functions are sketched in 17 All six graphs are many-to-one.
Section 6E. 19 a y = sin θ and y = cos θ have range −1 ≤ y ≤ 1,
8 a i 0.5 ii −0.5 iii 0.95 iv 0.95 v 0.59 y = tan θ and y = cot θ have range ℝ, y = sec θ
vi 0.81 vii −0.89 viii 0.45 ix −0.81 x 0.59 and y = cosec θ have range y ≥ 1 or y ≤ −1.
b i 30°, 150° ii 120°, 240° iii 64°, 116° b sin θ , cos θ , cosec θ and sec θ have period 360°;
iv 53°, 307° v 53°, 127° vi 143°, 217° tan θ and cot θ have period 180°.
vii 204°, 336° viii 107°, 253° c sin θ , cosec θ , tan θ and cot θ are odd; cos θ and
°
c 45 , 225 ° sec θ are even.
10 tan (θ + 90° ) =
√1 − k 2 d The graphs have point symmetry about every
k θ -intercept, and about every point where an
Exercise 6E asymptote crosses the θ axis.
e sin θ , cos θ , cosec θ and sec θ have line symmetry
1a+ b+ c− d− e+ f − g− in every vertical line through a maximum or
h+ i − j + k− l − m− n+ minimum; tan θ and cot θ have no axes of
o+ p− symmetry.
865
Exercise 6F 5 a cos θ b cosec α c cot β d tan ϕ
15 8 15 6a1 b sin β
2
c sec ϕ
2
d1
1 a sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
Answers 6F–6H
, ,
17 17 8 7 a cos2 β b cosec2 ϕ c cot2 A d −1
b sin θ = 45 , cos θ = − 35 , tan θ = − 43 8 a cos θ
2
b tan β
2 2
c cot A d1
7
c sin θ = − 25 , cos θ = − 24 , tan θ = 7
10 a cos α
2
b sin α
2
c sin A d cos A
25 24
x2 y2 y2 x2
d sin θ = − 21 , cos θ = 20
, tan θ = − 21 14 a + = 1 b − = 1
29 29 20
a2 b2 b2 a2
12 5 12
2 a y = 12, sin α = 13
, cos α = 13
, tan α = 5 c (x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 d x 2 + y 2 = 2
b r = 3, sin α = 23, cos α = − √35, tan α = − √5
2 15 a 2 b0 c1 d0
18 a y − x = 1 b x + 2xy + 2y 2 = 5
2
c x = −4, sin α = − 35, cos α = − 45, tan α = 3
4 cx y = y + 2
2
3 2
d y = −3, sin α = − √13 , cos α = , tan α = − 32
√13
Exercise 6H
3 a i sin θ = − 45 ii tan θ = − 43
b i sin θ = 5
ii cos θ = − 12 1 a θ = 60° or 120° b θ = 30° or 150°
13 13
c θ = 45° or 225° d θ = 60° or 240°
√7
4 a cos θ = − 34 and tan θ = 3
, or cos θ = 3
4
and e θ = 135° or 225° f θ = 120° or 300°
tan θ = − √7 g θ = 210° or 330° h θ = 150° or 210°
3
2 a θ = 90° b θ = 0° or 360°
√15
b sin θ = 4
and tan θ = − √15, c θ = 90° or 270° d θ = 180°
or sin θ = − √415 and tan θ = √15 e θ = 0° or 180° or 360° f θ = 270°
5 a 2√2 b − 34 c − √3
2
3
d √13 e 9
41
f 1
2
3 a x ≑ 65° or 295° b x ≑ 7° or 173°
1
6 a √10 1
or − √10 b 1 1
or − √5 c 4
or −45 c x ≑ 82° or 262° d x ≑ 222° or 318°
√5 5
√5
e x ≑ 114° or 294° f x ≑ 140° or 220°
d or −√5 e 12
or −12 f √3
or − √3
2 2 5 5 √7 √7 4 a α ≑ 5°44 ′ or 174°16 ′ b α ≑ 95°44 ′ or 264°16 ′
√15
7 a − 34 b − 15
17
c − 4 c α = 135° or 315° d α = 270°
35 √11 e no solutions f α = 120° or 240°
d e − 21 f
37 20 6 g α = 150° or 330° h α ≑ 18°26 ′ or 198°26 ′
8 a √2 or −√2 b 15
8
or −15
8 5 a x ≑ −16°42 ′ or163°18 ′ b x = 90° or −90°
c √3
or − √3 d 6
or − 65 c x = 45° or −45°
2 2 5
3 √7
d x ≑ −135°34 ′ or −44°26 ′
9 a − √5 b − 41 c − 15 d 6 a θ = 60°, 300°, 420° or 660°
9 8 √3
3
10 a 2√2 = 3√2 3
b − 2√10 = − 3√10 b θ = 90°, 270°, 450° or 630°
4 20
c θ = 210°, 330°, 570° or 690°
c1 d 12
13
d θ = 22°30 ′ , 202°30 ′ , 382°30 ′ or 562°30 ′
√q 2 − p 2 p 7 a x = 15°, 75°, 195° or 255°
11 cos θ = − , tan θ = −
q b x = 30°, 120°, 210° or 300°
√q − p 2 2
k k c x = 67°30 ′ , 112°30 ′ , 247°30 ′ or 292°30 ′

12 sin α = or − ,
d x = 135° or 315°
√1 + k 2
√1 + k 2
8 a α = 75° or 255° b α = 210° or 270°
sec α = √1 + k 2 or − √1 + k 2 c α = 300° d α = 210° or 300°
2t 2t ° °
13 b sin x = , tan x = 9 a θ = 45 or 225 b θ = 135° or 315°
1 + t 2
1 − t2 c θ = 60° or 240° d θ = 150° or 330°
14 Note that tan θ could be positive or negative. ° ° ° °
10 a θ = 0 , 90 , 180 or 360
Exercise 6G b θ = 60°, 90°, 270° or 300°
c θ = 0°, 60°, 180°, 300° or 360°
2 a cosec θ b cot α c tan β d cot ϕ d θ = 30°, 150° or 270°
3a1 b1 c1 e θ = 60° or 300°, or θ ≑ 104°29 ′ or 255°31 ′
866
′ ′
f θ ≑ 70°32 or 289°28 4 a √10 b √21
g θ ≑ 23°35 ′ , 156°25 ′ , 221°49 ′ or 318°11 ′ 5 a 44°25 ′ b 101°32 ′ 7
c 32
Answers 6H–6K
h θ = 0°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, 300° or 360° 6 167 nautical miles
11 Show that sin θ = 1 ± √5
, 7 20°
4
then θ = 54°, 126°, 198° or 342°. 8 13°10 ′ , 120°
10 a 19 cm b 37
38
Exercise 6I 11b 108 km c ∠ACB ≑ 22°, bearing ≑ 138°
12 a ∠DAP = ∠DPA = 60° (angle sum of isosceles
1 a 8.2 b 4.4 c 4.9 d 1.9 e 9.2 f 3.5 triangle), so ΔADP is equilateral.
2 a 14.72 b 46.61 c 5.53 Hence AP = 3 cm.
3 a 49° b 53° c 43° d 20° e 29° f 42° b 3√7 cm
2 2 2
4 a 5 cm b 19 cm c 22 cm 13 a x cot 27°
5 a b ≑ 10.80 cm, c ≑ 6.46 cm 14 3 or 5
6 a 49°46 ′ b 77°53 ′ c 3.70 cm2 15c B
7 42°, 138°
8 62°, 118° 6 4
9 a 69°2 ′ or 110°58 ′ b 16.0 cm or 11.0 cm

10 317 km A C C
11 b 9 metres 3√3 + √7
12 a 32 b 57 3√3 − √7
13 a 16 metres b 11.35 metres c 3.48 metres 16 120°
14 a 30° or 150° b 17°27 ′ or 162°33 ′
c No solutions, because sin θ = 1.2 is impossible. Exercise 6K
15 a 3√6 b 3√2 c 2√6 d 6√2
1 a 28.3 b 17.3 c 12.5
16 11.0 cm
d 36.2 e 12.6 f 23.2
17 a ∠QSM = 36° (angle sum of ΔQRS) and
2 a 59° b 55° c 40° d 37° e 52° f 107°
∠PSM = 48° (angle sum of ΔPSM),
3 a 26 cm b 28 cm c 52° d 62°
so ∠PSQ = 48° − 36° = 12°. ∠SPQ = 24°.
4b 28 metres
So ∠PQS = 180° − 24° − 12° = 144° (angle
5 a ∠ACP + 31° = 68° (exterior angle of ΔACP)
sum of ΔPQS).
c 6 cm
c 473 metres
6 a 11.6 cm b 49°
18 a Adding the known angle β and the obtuse solution,
7 a 44°25 ′ b 10 cm2
(180° − α ) + β = 180° − (α − β ),
8 b 36 cm
so the third angle is α − β. If α ≤ β, then the third
10 a PQ is inclined at 26° to a north–south line through
angle is zero or negative, which is impossible . If
Q, because of alternate angles on parallel lines.
α > β, then there is room for the third angle.
Then ∠PQR = 26° + 90°.
b Two angles add to more than 180°. It is an
b 112 nautical miles
impossible triangle, because the longest side b
11 a 46°59 ′ or 133°1 ′
should be opposite the largest angle ∠B = 150°.
b 66.4 metres or 52.7 metres
20 a 8√3 b 2:1
12 a ∠PJK = ∠PBQ = 20° (corresponding angles on
21 d √32√2
− 1
parallel lines),
22 b 13°41 ′ but ∠PJK = ∠PAJ + ∠APJ (exterior angle of
triangle), so ∠APJ = 20° − 5° = 15°.
Exercise 6J
d 53 metres
1 a 3.3 b 4.7 c 4.0 d 15.2 e 21.9 f 24.6 13 a 38 tan 68° b 111 m
2 a 39° b 56° c 76° d 94° e 117° f 128° 14 b 131 m
3 a √13 b √7 15 P 1 by 2.5 min
867
16 a 34°35 ′ 20 a 8.5 b 10.4 c 7.6 d 8.9
b ∠PDA = ∠ABP (base angles of isosceles ΔABD) 21 a 27 cm2 b 56 cm2
Answers 6K–7A
and ∠ABP = ∠PDC (alternate angles on parallel 22 a 57°55 ′ b 48°33 ′ c 24°29 ′ d 150°26 ′
lines), so ∠PDA = ∠PDC and ∠PDC = 12 ∠ADC. 23 28 cm 2
′
c 65°35 24 a 5√3 cm b 30° or 150°
3
17 50.4 metres 25 b 48 metres
18 a −cos θ 26 b 31.5 metres
20 a y = h cot β 27 b 316 nautical miles c 104°T
28 a 10 tan 77° b 45 m
Chapter 6 review exercise 29 a 9.85 metres b 5.30 metres c 12.52 metres
30 c 34 metres
1 a 0.2924 b 0.9004 c 0.6211 d 0.9904
86 sin 60°45 ′ b 66 metres
2 a 17°27 ′ b 67°2 ′ c 75°31 ′ d 53°8 ′ 31 a
sin 65°45 ′
3 a 10.71 b 5.23 c 10.36 d 15.63
34 c 129 metres
4 a 45°34 ′ b 59°2 ′ c 58°43 ′ d 36°14 ′
35 a BD = √3 h, CD = h
5 a √3 1
b √2 c √32
d1 e2 2
f √3
6 6.25 metres
7 65° Chapter 7
8 b 114 km c 108°T
9 All six trigonometric graphs are drawn just before Exercise 7A
Exercise 6E. 1 a (2, 7) b (5, 6) c (2, −2)
10 a −cos 55° b −sin 48° c tan 64° d sin 7°
d ( 0, 3 12 ) e ( −5 2 , −10 )
1
f (4, 0)
11 a √3 1
b − √2 c √32
1
d − √3 2a5 b 13 c 10
12 a 0 b −1 d √8 = 2√2 e √80 = 4√5 f 13
c undefined d −1 3 a M (1, 5) b PM = MQ = 5
13 a y = 3, sin θ = 35 , cos θ = − 45 , tan θ = − 34 4 a PQ = QR = √17, PR = √50 = 5√2
b x = −2√5, sin θ = − √5
5
, cos θ = − 2√5
5
, tan θ = 1
2
5 a AB = 15, BC = 20 and AC = 25
14 a sin α = 12
, cos α = 5 b LHS = AB 2 + BC 2 = 152 + 202 = 625 = RHS
13 13
6 a AB = √58, BC = √72 = 6√2, CA = √10
b cos β = 57 , tan β = 2√6
5 b AB: ( 1 12, 1 12 ) , BC: (0, 1), CA: ( −1 12, 4 12 )
9
15 a sin α = − 41 , cos α = 40
41 7 a 13 b √41 c (5, −3)
b cos β = − 57 , tan β = − 2√6 8 a (1, 6) b (1, 6)
5
c The diagonals bisect each other.
16 a sec θ b tan θ c tan θ
d parallelogram
d cos θ
2
e1 f cot2 θ
9 a All sides are 5√2. b rhombus
18 a x = 60° or 300° b x = 90°
10 a XY = YZ = √52 = 2√13,
c x = 135° or 315° d x = 90° or 270°
ZX = √104 = 2√26
°
e x = 30 or 210 ° f x = 0°, 180° or 360°
b XY 2 + YZ 2 = 104 = ZX 2
g x = 225° or 315° h x = 150° or 210°
c 26 square units
i x = 45 , 135 , 225 or 315°
° ° °
11 a Each point is √17 from the origin.
j x = 30°, 150°, 210° or 330°
b √17, 2√17, 2π √17, 17π
k x = 15° or 135°
12 a (x − 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 45
l tan x = − √3, x = 120° or 300°
b (x + 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = 74
19 a sin θ = 0 or − 12, θ = 0°, 180°, 210°, 330° or 360°
13 (5, 2)
b cos θ = −1 or 2, θ = 180°
14 a S (−5, −2) b i P = (4, −14)
c tan θ = 12 or −3, θ = 26°34 ′ , 108°26 ′ , 206°34 ′
ii P = (−1, −17) iii P = (7, −7)
or 288°26 ′ c B = (0, 7) d R = (12, −9)
868
15 a ABC is an equilateral triangle. 14 a −5 b5
b PQR is a right triangle. 15 a A (−2, 0), B (0, 6) m = 3, α ≑ 72°
Answers 7A–7C
c DEF is none of these. b A (2, 0), B (0, 1), m = − 12 , α ≑ 153°
d XYZ is an isosceles triangle.
c A (−4, 0), B (0, −3), m = − 34 , α ≑ 143°
16 a Check the results using the distance formula — there
d A (3, 0), B (0, −2), m = 23 , α ≑ 34°
are eight such points.
16 a P = (2, −1), Q = (−1, 4), R = (−3, 2),
b y = 4 or 10
S = (0, −3)
c a = 1 + √2 or 1 − √2
b m PQ = m RS = − 53 and m PS = m QR = 1
17 a (−2, 1) b M = ( 4 12 , 1 12 )
17 a They all satisfy the equation, or they all lie 5 units
18 a x = 32 a, a vertical straight line through the midpoint from O.
of AB. b The centre O (0, 0) lies on AB.
b (x − 4a)2 + y 2 = (2a)2, a circle with centre c m AC = 12 , m BC = −2
(4a, 0) and radius 2a. 18 a = − 12
19 k = 2 or −1
Exercise 7B 21 a They are collinear if and only if Δ = 0, that is
3 a 1b 2 + a 2b 3 + a 3b 1 = a 2b 1 + a 3b 2 + a 1b 3.
1ai 2 ii 4
iii −1 12
4p 1
22 a x = bx = p −
b i − 12 ii − 43
iii 2
3 1 − p2 p
2 a −1, 1 b 2, −12 c 12, −2

Exercise 7C
d − 12, 2 e 3, −13 7
f − 10 , 10
7
1 a not on the line
3 a vertical b horizontal c neither b on the line
d horizontal e neither f vertical c on the line
4a3 b 1 2 a (4, 0) and (0, 3)
2
c parallelogram b (1.5, 0) and (0, −6)
c (8, 0) and (0, −4)
5 a m AB = m CD = 12 , m BC = m DA = − 15 .
3 Check the points in your answer by substitution.
b m AB = 2, m CD = −3 (0, 8), (3, 7) and (6, 6) will do.
6 a 0.27 b −1.00 c 0.41 d 3.08 4 a x = 1, y = 2
7 a 45° b 120° c 76° d 30° b x = 0, y = −4
8 a m AB = m CD = − 12 , m BC = m DA = 2 c x = 5, y = 0
b m AB × m BC = −1 c AB = BC = 2√5 5 a m = 4, b = −2 b m = 15 , b = −3
9 In each case, show that each pair of opposite sides is
c m = −1, b = 2 d m = − 57 , b = 0
parallel.
2
a Show also that two adjacent sides are equal. 6 a y = −3x + 5 b y = −3x − 3
c y = −3x
b Show also that two adjacent sides are perpendicular. 7 a y = 5x − 4 b y = − 23 x − 4 c y = −4
c Show that it is both a rhombus and a rectangle.
8a x − y + 3 = 0 b 2x + y − 5 = 0
10 a −2, − 73 , non-collinear b 23, 23 , collinear
c x − 5y − 5 = 0 d x + 2y − 6 = 0
11 The gradients of AB, BC and CD are all 13 .
12 m AB = 12, m BC = −2 and m AC = 0 , so AB ⟂ BC. 9 a m = 1, b = 3 b m = −1, b = 2
1
13 a m PQ = 4, m QR = − 14 and m PR = − 53, so PQ ⟂ QR. cm = 3
, b = 0 d m = − 34 , b = 5
4
Area = 8 12 square units 10 a m = 1, α = 45° b m = −1, α = 135°
b m XY = 73, m YZ = 2
and m XZ = − 52, so XZ ⟂ YZ. c m = 2, α ≑ 63°26 ′ d m = − 34 , α ≑ 143°8 ′
5
Area = 14 12 square units
869
11 The sketches required are clear from the intercepts. 2 a y = 2x + 1 b y = − 12 x + 6
a A (3, 0), B (0, 5)
c y = 15 x − 8 d y = 37 x + 9
Answers 7C–7D
b A (−3, 0), B (0, 6)

c A (−4, 0), B ( 0, 2 25 ) e y = 52 x + 10
3a3 b 3x − y − 5 = 0
12 a y = 2x + 4, 2x − y + 4 = 0
4 a 2, 2x − y − 2 = 0 b −2, 2x + y − 1 = 0
b y = −x, x + y = 0
c y = − 13 x − 4, x + 3y + 12 = 0 c 13 , x − 3y + 13 = 0 d 2, 2x − y + 2 = 0
e − 14 , x + 4y + 4 = 0 f 1, x − y − 3 = 0
13 a y = −2x + 3, y = 12 x + 3
5 a − 32
b y = 52 x + 3, y = − 25 x + 3
b i 3x + 2y + 1 = 0 ii 2x − 3y − 8 = 0
c y = − 34 x + 3, y = 43 x + 3 6 a 2x − 3y + 2 = 0 b 2x − 3y − 9 = 0
14 a −3, 12 , −3, 12 , parallelogram 7 a 4x − 3y − 8 = 0 b 4x − 3y + 11 = 0
8 a M (3, −1)
b 43 , − 34 , 43 , − 34 , rectangle c i No, the first two intersect at (−4, 7), which does
15 The gradients are 57, 25 and − 75, so the first and last are not lie on the third.
perpendicular. ii They all meet at (5, 4).
a A (−3, 0), B (0, 3) b A (2, 0), B (0, 2) 9 a y = −2x + 5, y = 12 x + 6
c A ( 2 12, 0 ) , B (0, −5) d A (−6, 0), B (0, 2) b y = 2 12 x − 8 12, y = − 25 x + 4 15
e A ( 1 23, 0 ) , B ( 0, 1 14 ) f A ( 1 13, 0 ) , B (0, −2) c y = −1 13 x + 3, y = 34 x + 6 12
16 a x = 3, x = 0, y = −7, y = −2 10 a x − y − 1 = 0
b y = 0, y = −4x + 12, y = 2x + 12 b √3x + y + √3 = 0
17 a x − y + 3 = 0 b − √3x + y + 1 = 0 c x − y√3 − 4 − 3√3 = 0
c x − √3y − 2√3 = 0 dx + y − 1 = 0 d x + √3y + 2 + 5√3 = 0
18 a They are about 61° and 119°. 11 a i x − 3 = 0 ii y + 1 = 0
b It is isosceles. (The two interior angles with the b 3x + 2y − 6 = 0
x-axis are equal.) cix − y + 4 = 0 ii √3x + y − 4 = 0
19 a k = − 13 bk = 3 d x√3 + y + 6√3 = 0
12 ℓ1 ‖ ℓ2, and ℓ3 ‖ ℓ4, so there are two pairs of
21 (x − a)2 + (y − a)2 = a 2,
parallel sides. The vertices are
where a = 2 − √2 or a = 2 + √2, (−2, −1), (−4, −7), (1, −2), (3, 4).
2 2
(x − √2 ) + ( y + √2 ) = 2, 13 m BC × m AC = −1 so BC ⟂ AC.
2 2 AB: y = x − 1, BC: y = 12 x + 2,
( x + √2 ) + ( y − √2 ) = 2 AC: y = 2 − 2x
22 a From their gradients, two pairs of lines are parallel 14 a m AC = 23 , θ ≑ 34°
and two lines are perpendicular. b 2x − 3y − 2 = 0
b The distance between the x-intercepts of one pair c D (4, 2)
of lines must equal the distance between the d m AC × m BD = 23 × −32 = −1, hence they are
y-intercepts of the other pair. Thus k = 2 or 4. perpendicular.
e isosceles
Exercise 7D
f area = 12 × AC × BD = 12 × √52 × √52 = 26
1 a 2x − y − 1 = 0 bx + y − 4 = 0 g E (8, −4)
c 5x + y = 0 d x + 3y − 8 = 0 15 a 4y = 3x + 12 b ML = MP = 5
e 4x + 5y + 8 = 0 c N (4, 6) d x 2 + (y − 3)2 = 25
16 k = 2 12
17 a μ = 4 b μ = −9
870
18 bx + ay = ab c
10 a gradient AB = 0, gradient BC = ,
19 bx + ay = 2ab c b + a
gradient CA =

.
21 c i 1 ii 1
13
√13 b − a
b perpendicular bisector of AB: x = 0,
Exercise 7E of BC: c (c − y) = (b + a) (x − b + a),
of AC: c (c − y) = (b − a) (x − b − a)
1 a i 1, −1
c They all meet at ( 0, ).
ii The product of their gradients is −1. c2 + b2 − a2
c
b i 1, −1
d Any point on the perpendicular bisector of an
ii The product of their gradients is −1.
interval is equidistant from the endpoints of that
2 a i M = (4, 5)
interval.
ii OM = PM = QM = √41
iii OM, PM and QM are three radii of the circle.
b M = (p, q), OM = PM = QM = √p 2 + q 2
3 a i P (5, 2) and Q (4, 1). 1 a ( 8, 6 12 ) 5
b − 12 c 13
iv AC = 2√2 and PQ = √2
2 a AB = 5, BC = √2, CA = 5
b P (a + b, c), Q (b, c), y = c and so Q (b, c) lies on
b isosceles
y = c. Also, AC = 2a and PQ = a so PQ = 12 AC.
3 a P (3, 7), Q (6, 5), R (3, −3), S (0, −1)
( 2 (a 1 + b 1 ), 12 (a 2 + b 2 ) ) ,
1
4aP = b PQ and RS have gradient − 23, QR and SP have
( 2 (b 1 + c 1 ), 12 (b 2 + c 2 ) ) , gradient 83 .
1
Q =
( 2 (c 1 + d 1 ), 12 (c 2 + d 2 ) ) ,
1 c parallelogram
R =
4 a C = (−1, 1), r = √45 = 3√5
S = ( 12 (d 1 + a 1 ), 12 (d 2 + a 2 ) )
b PC = √53, no
b Both midpoints are
( 4 (a 1 + b 1 + c 1 + d 1 ), 4 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 ) ) . 5 a m LM = −2, m MN = − 89, m NL =
1 1 1
2
b m LM × m NL = −1
c Part b shows that its diagonals bisect each other, so
6 a −1 ba = 8
(using Box 4) it is a parallelogram.
y c Q = (7, −4)
6 a + = 1 and 4y = 3x, thus C = ( 48 25 25 )
x
, 36 . d d 2 = 16, so d = 4 or −4.
3 4
b OA = 3, AB = 5, OC = 12 , BC = 16 , AC = 95 7 a 2x + y − 5 = 0 b 2x − 3y + 9 = 0
5 5
7 a AB = BC = CA = 2a c x + 7y = 0 d 3x + y + 8 = 0
b AB = AD = 2a e x√3 − y − 2 = 0
c BD = 2a√3 8 a b = − 76, m = 56, α ≑ 39°48 ′
b
8 a AB and DC have gradient ; AD and BC have b b = 34, m = −1, α = 135°
a
d 9 a 8x − y − 24 = 0 b 5x + 2y − 21 = 0
gradient .
c
b Both the midpoints are (a + c, b + d). 10 a No; m LM = − 13 and m MN = − 12
5
.
c The midpoints coincide. b Yes; they all pass through (2, 5).
9 a i P = (1, 4), Q = (−1, 0) and R = (3, 2), 11 a Yes; the 2nd and 3rd lines have gradients 32 and − 23
BQ: x − y + 1 = 0, CR: y − 2 = 0, AP: x = 1 and so are perpendicular.
ii The medians intersect at (1, 2). b Trapezium; the 1st and 3rd lines are parallel.
b i P (−3a, 3c − 3b), Q (3a, 3c + 3b), R (0, 0)
12 a A = (6, 0), B = ( 0, 7 12 )
ii The median passing through B is
b 22 12 square units
3a (y + 6b) = (c + 3b) (x + 6a).
13 a m AB = − 34, AB = 10, M = (6, 5)
The median passing through A is
c C = (15, 17) d AC = BC = 5√10
−3a (y − 6b) = (c − 3b) (x − 6a). 2
e 75 u
iii The medians intersect at (0, 2c).
f sin θ = 3, θ ≑ 36°52 ′
5
871
Chapter 8 9 a 3 km3
b (103 × 103 )3 = 1018
Answers 8A–8B
Exercise 8A
c 3 × 1018
1 a The factors are 31 = 3, 32 = 9, 33 = 27, 34 = 81, 10 a x −1 b −x −2
35 = 243. c −12x −1 d 9x −2
b Population in 2010 = 810 000, population in e −x −3 f 12x −5
2020 = 2 430 000, so the decade was 2010–2020. g 7x −3 h −6x −1
2 a 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096 i 16 x −1 j − 14 x −2
b i 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729 11 a x = −1 b x = −3 c x = −1 d x = −1
ii 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125 ex = 0 f x = 2 g x = −1 h x = −2
10 10
iii 1, 6, 36, 216 iv 1, 7, 49, 343 i x = 13 or −13 j x = 2 or −2
c i 1, 4, 16, 64, 256, 1024, 4096 k x = 13 l x = 98 or −98
ii 1, 8, 64 , 512, 4096 m x = 6 nx = 8 o x = −4 px = 2
4 8
3 a 64 b c 1 52x
9 27 12 a 2x + 3 b 3x + 1 c x d
d 81
e 16
f 5 7 53
10 000 49 9
g1 h 1
i 1 1 23x
5 11 e 106x f g 614x h
1 1 1 58x 24
j k l
36 100 27 y 21a 3 1
1 1 1 13 a x 6y 4 b c d
m n o x2 x 3st 2
125 32 1 000 000
7
4 a 11 b or 3 12 c 2
7x 5b 10 s6 c2
2 7 e f g h
d 23 3
or 2 10 e 10 f 100 y2 4a 6 y9 5d 3
10
g 50 h 1
i 125 2a 7 250x 8
25 i 27x 8y 17 j k 5s 5 l
9 y 15 y 12
j 16 k 1 000 000 l 4
m 16
n 25
o1 1 1 1
81 4
14 a x 2 + 2 + b x2 − 2 + c x4 − 2 +
x2 x2 x4
5 a 214 b a 15 c 90 = 1 d x2 b − a y x 2y 2
15 a b c
e a0 = 1 f 8 g 75 h a −2 ab y + 1 y2 − x2
i 216 j 1 k x 12 l y 11
ab x3 − y3 1
m y −11 n x 15 o x 15 p z 14 d e f
b − a x 3y 3 a + 1
q a −6 r a −6 s 5−28 t 216
6 a 9x 2 b 125a 3 c 64c 6 16 a 26n b 81 c 23x
1 d 22x 32x (or 62x) e 54n − 4 24n − 5 f 2x 31 − x
d 81s 4t 4 e 49x 2y 2z 2 f
x5 17 a 50 × 7n b 26 c 124 × 5n − 3
9 y2 49a 2 d7 e 7 × 22n − 1 f 2n
g h i
x2 25 25 3n 1 c −2n 3n
18 b
27x 3 2 3x
j
8y 3 19 a Take the reciprocal, 5.97 × 1026
1 1 1 b 5.73 × 10−45 m3
7a b c
9 x b2 c 2.9 × 1017 kg/m3
1 1 7
d− e f
a4 7x x
Exercise 8B
9 1 3
g− h i
x 9a 2 a2 1a6 b4 c 10 d 125 e9
4 f 8 g 81 h 16 i 32 j 8
j
x3
2 a 12 b 5
7
c 3
2
d 81
16
2 3 4 27
8a b c d 4 1 27 1
3 8 25 1000 e 9
f 128
g 1000
h 125
4 4
e5 f 9
g 25
h 400
872
e 1
f 1 g2 h5 16 a x + 2 + x −1 b x − 2 + x −1 c x 5 − 2 + x −5
9 27
i 8 j 27
k 8
l 4 25 49 4
Answers 8B–8C
8 27 25 17 a x 2 + 10 + b x 4 − 14 + c 9x − 12 +
1
2 −1 x 2
x 4 x
4 a x6 b x3 2 c 15x y
1 18 a x = − 13 bx = 1
c − 23
dx e x −4 2 f 7a −1b −1 4
5
1 dx = e x = −4 f x = −2
g x −4 h x6 i 27s −6t 7 2 12
1 1 1
5 a 21 = 2 b 20 = 1 c 23 = 8 19 a b = 343
b 11
cx = 81
1
d 3−1 = 1
e 252 = 5 f 70 = 1 20 a x = 3 and y = 4 b x = 0 and y = −1
3 1
g 3−3 = 1
h 3−2 = 1
i 92 = 81 c x = −2 and y = 2
27 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
6a x = 2
bx = 2
cx = 4 22 a 33 > 22 b 22 > 55 c 72 < 20 d 55 < 33
1 1 1
dx = 6
ex = 2
f x = 3
11 15
3 23 a 12 < 2 3 < 13 b 13 < 2 4 < 14
7 a √x b √x
c 7√x d √7x 24 lim 0x = 0 and lim x 0 = 1, so there is no sensible
3 x → 0+ x→0
f √x 3 or ( √x )
4
e 15√ x way to define 00.
5 4
g 6√x 5 or 6 ( √x ) h√ ( √x )
3 4 3
x or
Exercise 8C
1 1 1 1
8a x2 b 3x 2 c (3x) 2 d 12x 3 1 a because 23 = 8. b because 52 = 25.
1 3 9 6
e 9x 6 f x2 g x2 h 25x 5 c because 103 = 1000. d so log7 49 = 2.
1 1 2 1 e so log 3 81 = 4. f so log10 100 000 = 5.
9a x 22 b x −2 2 c x 33 d x3
10 a 5.765 × 106 b 1.261 × 101 2 a . . . x = ay b . . . x = loga y
c 8.244 × 10−1 d 7.943 × 10−3 3 a 10 = 1000, x = 3
x
b 10x = 10, x = 1
e 8.825 × 100 f 2.595 × 101 c 10x = 1, x = 0 d 10x = 1001
, x = −2
g 7.621 × 10−2 h 5.157 × 104 e 3x = 9, x = 2 f 5 = 125, x = 3
x
11 a $6000 × (1.03)0 = $6000 g 2x = 64, x = 6 h 4x = 64, x = 3

b $6000 × (1.03)1 = $6180 i 8x = 64, x = 2 j 7x = 17 , x = −1
c i $6000 × (1.03)5 ≑ $6960 k 12x = 1
, x = −1 l 11x = 1
, x = −2
1 12 121
1 1
ii $6000 × (1.03) ≑ $6090 2
m6 = x
36
, x = −2 n4 = x
64
,x = −3
7 1 1
iii $6000 × (1.03) ≑ $6650 2 o8 = x
64
, x = −2 p2 = x
64
,x = −6
12 a 9 b3 c 1
d 3 4a x = 72 = 49 b x = 53 = 125
20 10
1 c x = 25 = 32 d x = 1003 = 1 000 000
13 a 9xy 3 b 35b c 3s 2 e x = 71 = 7 f x = 110 = 1
1 1
1 22
d x 2y ea f a −1b 2 g x = 13−1 = 13
1
h x = 12−2 = 144
1
g 2xy −2 h p 2q −6 i x7 i x = 5−3 = 1
125
j x = 7−3 = 1
343
1
−2
1
−2
1
−2
1
−3
k x = 2−5 = 1
32
l x = 3−4 = 1
81
14 a x b 12x c −5x d 15x
2 1 1 1 5a x2 = 49, x = 7 b x3 = 8, x = 2
−3 12 − 12 22
e −4x f x g 5x h 8x c x3 = 27, x = 3 d x4 = 10 000, x = 10
15 a x = − 12 b x = − 14 e x2 = 10 000, x = 100 f x6 = 64, x = 2
cx = 2
d x = − 23 g x2 = 64, x = 8 h x1 = 125, x = 125
3
ex = 3
f x = − 32 i x 1 = 11, x = 11 j x −1 = 17
1
, x = 17
2
gx = 3
h x = − 43 k x −1 = 16 , x = 6 l x −1 = 17 , x = 7
4
i x = − 12 j x = − 23 m x −2 = 19 , x = 3 n x −2 = 1
49
, x = 7
−3 1 −2 1
ox = 8
, x = 2 px = 81
, x = 9
873
6 a 0.301 b c 2.00
1.30 i log 2 8 = 3 j 1
d 20.0 e f 31.6
3.16 k2 l 0
Answers 8C–8D
g 0.500 h i −0.155
1.50 2 a −2 b −3 c −2 d −2 e −2 f 1
j −2.15 k l 0.00708
0.700 3 a 3 log a 2 b 4 log a 2
7 a a x = a, x = 1 b x = a1 = a c 6 log a 2 d − log a 2
1 e −3 log a 2 f −5 log a 2
c x 1 = a, x = a d a x = , x = −1
a
g 12 log a 2 h − 12 log 2 2
1 1
e x = a −1 = f x −1 = , x = a 4 a 2 log 2 3 b 2 log 2 5
a a
g a x = 1, x = 0 h x = a0 = 1 c 1 + log 2 3 d 1 + log 2 5
i x 0 = 1, where x can be any positive number. e 1 + 2 log 2 3 f 2 + log 2 5
8a 1 b −1 c3 d −2 g 1 − log 2 3 h −1 + log 2 5
e −5 f 12 g − 12 h0 5 a 3.90 b 3.16 c 3.32 d 5.64
9 a 1&2 b 0&1 c 3&4 d 5&6 e 0.58 f −0.74 g −0.58 h 6.22
10 a 2 & 3 b1&2 c 0&1 6a3 b 5 c 1.3 dn
d 9 & 10 e3&4 f 0&1 7 a 100 b 7 c 3.6 dy
g3&4 h4&5 i 2&3 8a2 b 15 c −1 d6
j 1&2 k −1 & 0 l −2 & −1 9 a 3 log a x b − log a x
m −2 & −1 n −1 & 0 o −2 & −1 c 1
log a x d −2 log a x
2
11 a 7 = √7, x =
x 1
2
b 11 = √11, x =
x 1
2 e −2 log a x f 2 log a x
1 1
cx = 9 = 3 2
d x = 144 = 12 2 g 8 − 8 log a x h log a x
1 1 10 a log a y + log a z b log a z − log a y
e x = 3, x = 9
2
f x 2 = 13, x = 169
c 4 log a y d −2 log a x
g 6x = √ 6, x = 13 h 9x = 3, x = 12
3
1 1
e log a x + 3 log a y
i x = 643 = 4 j x = 164 = 2 f 2 log a x + log a y − 3 log a z
1 1
k x 3 = 2, x = 8 l x 6 = 2, x = 64 g 12 log a y h 12 log a x + 1
2
log a z
m 8x = 2, x = 13 n 125x = 5, x = 13 11 a 1.30 b −0.70 c 2.56 d 0.15
1 1
−2 e 0.45 f −0.50 g 0.54 h −0.35
o x = 7 or √7 2
px = 7 or 1
1 1
√7 12 a 6x b −x − y − z
−2 −2
qx = 17 , x = 49 r x = 1
,x = 400 c 3y + 5 d 2x + 2z − 1
20
s4 = x 1
, x = − 12 t 27 = x 1
,x = − 13 ey − x f x + 2y − 2z − 1
2 3
1 1 g −2z h 3x − y − z − 2
− 1 −4 1
u x = 121 2 = 11
v x = 81 = 3 13 a 10 = 3 log 3 10 b 3 = 10 log 10 3
−
1
−
1
c 0.1 = 2 log 2 0.1 d 2 = log 10 100
w x 4 = 12 , x = 16 x x 4 = 2 , x = 161
12 a log10 45 ≑ 1.7 b 101.7 ≑ 50 e −4 = log 3 3−4 or log 3 81

1
c 5 significant figures. 101.653

≑ 44.98 and 1
f 1
= log 7 72 or log 7 √7
10 1.6532
≑ 45.00 2
1
13 a i 100 ii 50 iii 10100 14 a log 25 5 = 2
b log 81 13 = − 14
1
iv 5 × 1099 v 1 vi 1098 c log 8 32 = − 53 d log 1 1
2
= 1
5
32
b 332 and 333
15 a 12 b 49 c 15 d xn
1
Exercise 8D e f x × 5x g xx h x 1/x
x
16 a x + y = xy b x = 1000y
1a log 6 36 = 2 b log 5 25 = 2
c x = y4 d x 2y 3 = z 4
c log 15 15 = 1 d log 12 144 = 2
e 2x = y f x = yz n
e log 10 1000 = 3 f log 3 3 = 1
g 64x 3 = y 2 h (2x + 1)2 = (2x − 1)3
g log 2 8 = 3 h log 3 81 = 4
874
a 10 a x = 3 bx = 2
17 Let log 2 3 = , where a and b are positive whole
b cx < 1 dx ≤ 9
numbers.
Answers 8D–8F
Then b log 2 3 = a ex = 0 f x = 15
log 2 3b = a g x < 4.81 h x > −2.90
3b = 2a . 11 a x < 33.2, 33 powers
This is impossible because 3b is odd and 2a is even.
b x < 104.8, 104 powers
12 a 102 < 300 < 103 b 1 ≤ log 10 x < 2
Exercise 8E
c 5 digits d 27.96, 28 digits
2 a 2.807 b 4.700 c −3.837 e 1000 log 10 2 = 301.03, 302 digits
d 7.694 e 0.4307 f 1.765 14 a x = 1 or x = log 4 3 ≑ 0.792
+ √5
g 0.6131 h 0.2789 i −2.096 b x = log 10 1 2
≑ 0.209. log 10 1 −2 √5 does not
j −7.122 k 2.881 l 7.213 exist because 1 −2 √5 is negative.
m 0.03323 n 578.0 o −687.3 c x = −1 or x = log 1 2 ≑ −0.431
3 a x = log 2 15 ≑ 3.907 b x = log 2 5 ≑ 2.322 5
log 10 47 + 4log 10 3
c x = log 2 1.45 ≑ 0.5361 d x = log 2 0.1 ≑ −3.322 15 a ≑ 7.505
log 10 3
e x = log 2 0.0007 ≑ −10.48 f x = log 3 10 ≑ 2.096
g x = log 3 0.01 ≑ −4.192 h x = log 5 10 ≑ 1.431 −5 log 10 2 − log 10 5
b ≑ −7.322
log 10 2
i x = log 12 150 ≑ 2.016 j x = log 8 79 ≑ −0.1209
log 10 6
k x = log 6 1.4 ≑ 0.1878 l x = log 30 2 ≑ 0.2038 c ≑ 1.256
2 log 10 5 − log 10 6
m x = log 0.7 0.1 ≑ 6.456 o x = log 0.99 0.01 ≑ 458.2
log 10 7 − log 10 6 + 3log 10 5
n x = log 0.98 0.03 ≑ 173.6 d ≑ 1.401
4a x > 5 bx ≤ 5 log 10 5 + log 10 7
cx < 6 dx ≥ 4 16 a SD = 14 (22x − 2−2x ), S + D = 2x,
ex > 1 f x ≤ 0 S − D = 2−x, S 2 − D 2 = 1
g x < −1 h x ≤ −3 b x = log 2 (S + √S 2 − 1),
5 a x = 1 or x = log 2 7 x = log 2 (D + √D 2 + 1)
b x = 2 (3x = −1 has no solutions.)
c i x = 2 or x = 0 ii x = 0 or x = log 3 4 Exercise 8F
iii x = log 3 5 (3 = −4 has no solutions.)
x
iv The quadratic has no solutions 1a x 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 2

vx = 3 log10 x −1 −0.60 −0.30 −0.12 0 0.30
vi x = 2 or x = 0
x 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6a0 < x < 8 bx ≥ 8
log10 x 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.78 0.85 0.90 0.95 1
c x > 1000 d x ≥ 10
ex > 1 f 0 < x < 6 b y
g 0 < x ≤ 125 h x > 36
7 a x > log 2 12 ≑ 3.58 b x < log 2 100 ≑ 6.64 y = log10 x
1
c x < log 2 0.02 ≑ −5.64 d x > log 2 0.1 ≑ −3.32
1 10 x
e x < log 5 100 ≑ 2.86 f x < log 3 0.007 ≑ −4.52
g x > log 1.2 10 ≑ 12.6 h x > log 1.001 100 ≑ 4610
8 a After 1 year, the price is 1.05 times greater, after
2 years, it is (1.05)2 times greater, and so on.
2ai
b log 1.05 1.5 ≑ 8.3 years x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
log 2 x 1 2x 1 1 1
1 2 4 8
9 a log 8 x = = log 2 x 8 4 2
log 2 8 3
log a x 1 ii
b log an x = = log a x x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
log a a n n
−x 1 1 1
2 8 4 2 1 2 4 8
875
b y 4a y b y
x −x
y=2 y=2 10
Answers 8F
2
3
1
1
−1 1 x −1 1 x
−x
c The values of y = 2 are the values of y = 2 in x
reverse order.
1
d The two graphs are reflections of each other in the
y-axis, because x has been replaced with −x. −1 1 x
e For both, domain: all real x, range: y > 0 5 y

f For both, the asymptote is y = 0 (the x-axis).
2
g i ‘As x → − ∞, 2x → 0.’
1
ii ‘As x → ∞, 2x → ∞.’
h i ‘As x → − ∞, 2−x → ∞.’ −1 −1 1 x
ii ‘As x → ∞, 2−x → 0.’ −2
3 i x −2 −1 0 1 2
1 1
3x 1 3 9 6a y b y
9 3 2
5
4 1
ii 1 1
x 9 3 1 3 9 3 x
2 −1
log 3 x −2 −1 0 1 2 1 −2
1 −3
x
−1 −4
b y
9 y = 3x c y
3
2
1
3 −1 x
y = log3 x −1
2
1 −2
7 y
1 2 3 9 x
c The two rows have been exchanged. 1

d The two graphs are reflections of each other in the −2 −1 1 2 x
−1
diagonal line y = x, because the two functions are
inverses of each other.
e i domain: all real x, range: y > 0 y b y
8a 1 1
ii domain: x > 0, range: all real y 3
2 4
2
f i y = 0 (the x-axis) ii x = 0 (the y-axis) 2
1
1 4 x
g i ‘As x → − ∞, 3x → 0’.
1 2
ii ‘As x → 0+, log 3 x → − ∞’. 1 2 4 x −1
−1
−2
−3
−4
876
9a i 4 ii 1 iii 2.83 iv 1.32 v 0.66 12 a y b y
4
b i 1 ii 1.58 iii 0.26 iv −1.32
Answers 8F–8G
2 2
c i 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ii 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 1 1
iii 0.58 ≤ x ≤ 1.58 iv −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 1
1 2 4 x 1 2 4 x
d i 2 ii 1.58 iii 0.49 iv −0.32 −1 −1 2
b −2 −2
10 a y y
4 4
c y d y
1 2 2
4
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 x −1 1 x
−2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x
c y d y −1 −1
2 2
1 1
ev f y
−1 1 3 x 1 2 3 5 x y
2
2
1 1 −1 1 1
e y f y 2 −1 x
−1 1 x
−1 −2
− 12
3
−2
−1 4
1
1 x
14 − 34
Exercise 8G
1
−1 1 x 1 a 5000, 2594
11 a y b y t Q Q
b = log 10 , so t = 2 log 10
2 5 5
4 c 4, 3.419
2 20 log 10 12
2 2 a 60, 20 log 10 12 = ≑ 71.70
1 1 log 10 2
1
t t
1
1 2 4 x 2 t
2
−1 1 2 x b = log 2 2Q, so 2Q = 220, so Q = 12 × 220
20
c 2, 2.378
c y d y n
3 a There are 30 thirty-year intervals in n years.
2 4 b i 24 000 000 ii 30 000 000
1
− 12 1 c i 120 years
2 2
−2 −1 1 2 x ii 30 log 2 20 ≑ 130 years
1 4 a About 100, 265, 704, 1868, 4956, 13 150
−1
−2 −1 1 2 x b P
e y f y 1868
4
704
2
1 265
1 100
−2 −1 1 1 2 x n
2 −2 −1 1 2 x 20 40 60
− 12
877
c The values are about 2, 2.42, 2.85, 3.27, 3.70, 4.12 c About 10−2 mol/L, about 100 000 times more acidic
d log10P than water
4.12 d About 7.94 × 10−9 mol/L, about 12.6 times more

alkaline than water
2 11 a C 261.63 Hz, C ♯ 277.18 Hz, E 329.63 Hz
b C 264 Hz, C ♯ 275 Hz, E 330 Hz
c C 2.37 Hz, C ♯ 2.18 Hz, E 0.37 Hz
20 40 60 80 100 n d A′ would be 220 × ( 54 ) 3 ≑ 429.69 Hz, beating at
10.31 Hz with A′ 440
e The new graph is a straight line, and log 10 P is a
e Meantone:245.97 Hz, equal temperament: 246.94 Hz,
linear function of n.
n beating at about 1 Hz
5 a is the number of 2-year periods.
2
b D = 220 D 0 ≑ 1 050 000 D 0 Chapter 8 review exercise
n
n
c 2 = 107, so = log 2 107,
2
1 a 125 b 256 c 1 000 000 000 d 1
2 17
so n = 2 log 2 107 ≑ 47 years, that is, in 2022. e 1
f 1
g 1
h1
81 8 81
6 a 3n is the number of 20-minutes periods in n hours. 8 12 36
i 27
j 7
k 25
l 6
b T
96 2
m3 n4 o 243 p 7
5 4 1000
q1 r 3
s 9
t 27
1
48
2 a x −1 b 7x −2 c − 12x −1 dx 2
24 1 1 1
−2
12 e 30x 2
f 4x g yx −1 h 2yx 2
81 2r
1
3
2
3
1 n 3 a x 20 b c 5x 3 d
a 12 t2
c 96 × (2 )
1 6
= 1 12°C 4 a x 3y 3 b 60xy 3z 5 −1 −2
c 18x y
d 3n = log1 T
, so n = 1
log1 T
. (Alternatively, d 4a 3b 3c −1 e x 2y −2 f 2x −3y
96 3 96
2
T
2 g m 2n −1 h 72s 9t 3 i 8x 3y −3
n = − 13 log 2 .)
96 5a4 b2 c −1 d −5
1 1
en = 3
log1 96 = 2.1949 . . . hours e2 f 3 g 12 h 1
2 3
≑ 2 hours and 12 minutes 6 a 2 = 8, x = 3
x
b 3 = 9, x = 2
x
7 a The mass halves every 700 000 000 years.

n c 10x = 10 000, x = 4 d 5x = 15 , x = −1
b When n = 4 billion, = 40
7
, so 1
e 7x = 49 , x = −2 f 13x = 1, x = 0
700 000 000
40
g 9 = 3, x = 12
x
h 2x = √2, x = 12
(2 )
1 7
M = M0 × ≑ 1.9% of M 0
n i 72 = x, x = 49 j 11−1 = x, x = 1
c When n = −4.5 billion, = − 45
7
, so 1 1 11
700 000 000 k 16 = x, x = 4
2
l 27 = x, x = 3
3
45
1 −7
M = M0 × (2 ) ≑ 86 M 0 m x 2 = 36, x = 6 n x 3 = 1000, x = 10
1
8 a 96 dB o x −1 = 17 , x = 7 p x 2 = 4, x = 16
n
b I = I r × 1010, 3.16 × 10−5 W/m2 7a1 b2 c2 d −2 e2 f 0
c 103.6 ≑ 3980 times 8 a log a x + log a y + log a z b log a x − log a y
d 70 −10 log10 1600 ≑ 38 dB c 3 log a x d −2 log a z
3 e 2 log a x + 5log a y
9 a 1000 b 10002 ≑ 32 000
f 2 log a y − log a x − 2log a z
c Ratio of shaking amplitudes is 105, g 12 log a x
ratio of energies released is about 3.2 × 107.
h 12 log a x + 1
log a y + 1
log a z
10 a [ H+ ] = 10−pH b About 10−7 mol/L 2 2
878
9 a 1& 2 b 2&3 c 4&5 d 5&6 6 a 72 b 12 c0
e −1 & 0 f −3 & −2 g −4 & −3 h −2 & −1
Answers 8 review–9B
10 a 2.332 b −2.347 c 2.010 d 9.966 7a y b y
−1 1 x
e −0.9551 f 69.66 g −3 h 687.3
1
11 a 3.459 b −4.644 c 3.010 d −0.3645
x
e 161.7 f −161.7 g 10.32 h 458.2 −1
12 a y = 3−x y y = 3x
b y
3 −2
2
1
1 y = 2x c y
−1 −1 1 x 1 2 x
y = log2 x
y = −3−x −3 y = −3x
c y
5 x
3 8 a − 43 b − 34 c0 d 4
3
e 3
4
y = 3x + 2 2
−x x −x
1 9a b c
y = 3x √1 − x 2 √1 − x 2 √4 − x 2
y = 3x − 1
1 x −x x
−1
10 a b
√9 − x 2 √16 − x 2
n 7 − x x − 1
13 a There are four-hour periods in n hours. c d
4 √36 − (x − 7) 2
√2x − x 2
b i 800 ii 100 × 23.25 ≑ 950
n P P Exercise 9B
c = log 2 , so n = 4 log 2 .
4 100 100
d 4 log 2 100 000 ≑ 66 hours 3 c At A, f ′(1) = −2.
d At B, f ′(3) = 2; at C, f ′(2) = 0.
f (x + h) − f (x)
4a = 3. Trivially this has limit 3 as
Chapter 9 h
h → 0.
Exercise 9A f (x + h) − f (x)
b = m. Trivially this has limit m as
1 The values of f ′ (x) should be about −4, −3, −2, h
h → 0.
−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. The graph of y = f ′ (x) should
f (x + h) − f (x)
approximate a line of gradient 2 through the origin; c = 0. Trivially this has limit 0 as
h
its exact equation is f ′ (x) = 2x. h → 0.
2 Answers the same as Question 1 5 a i 2x + h, 2x ii 4 iii (0, 10)
3 The values of f ′ (x) should be about 1 12 , 0, −0.9, b i 2x + h + 6, 2x + 6
−1.2, −0.9, 0, 1 12 . The graph of y = f ′ (x) is a ii 10
iii (−3, −7)
parabola crossing the x-axis at x = −2 and x = 2.
c i 4x + 2h − 20, 4x − 20
4 The eventual graph of f ′ (x) is a parabola with its
ii −12
vertex at the origin. Depending on the software, you
iii (5, −50)
may be able to see that it is y = 3x 2.
d i −8x − 4h, −8x
1
5a2 b −3 c 2
d0 ea ii −16
2
iii (0, 9)
f 3
g − 54 h − 10
3
i 0
879
6 b i −10 ii 10 iii 0 iv −1 v +1 e 8x f 2x − 14
c 90° g 4x 3 + 12x h 3x 2 − 28x + 49
Answers 9B–9C
7 b i (3, −6) ii (2, −6) iii (5, 0) i 3x 2 − 10x + 3

iv (0, 0) v ( 2 2, −6 4 )
1 1
3 a 4ax 3 − 2bx b 2a 2x − 10a
8 b At (6, 0) , f ′(6) = 5. At (1, 0) , f ′(1) = −5. c 2ka 2x d ℓx ℓ − 1
c A = (0, 6) , m = f ′(0) = −7, B = (7, 6). e (5a + 1) x 5a f 3b 2 x 3b − 1
d ( 3 12, − 6 14 ) 4 a 1, −1, 45°, 135° b −1, 1, 135°, 45°
b ° ′
c −6, 6, about 99 28 , 9 28
1 ° ′
9b x = −
2a 5 a y = −6x + 14, x − 6y + 47 = 0
c It is the axis of symmetry of the parabola. b y = 4x − 21, x + 4y − 18 = 0
10 a ii f ′(x) = 3x 2 c y = −8x + 15, x − 8y + 120 = 0
b ii f ′(x) = 4x 3 d y = −1, x = 4
6 a (2, 8) and y = 8
f (x + h) − f (x) −2x − h
11 b = b (2, 8) and y = 8, (−2, 40) and y = 40
h (x + h)2 x 2 c None
c As x → 0+ and as x → 0−, the gradient decreases d (2a, 4a 2 ) and y = 4a 2
without bound, so the tangents slope more and more e (0, 0) and y = 0, (1, −1) and y = −1, (−1, −1)
steeply backwards. As x → ∞ and as x → −∞, the and y = −1
gradient approaches zero, so the tangents become f None, because 5x 4 + 1 is always positive.
more and more horizontal. 7 f ′(x) = 3x 2, which is positive for x ≠ 0 and zero for
1 x = 0. The tangent crosses the curve at the origin.
12 c f ′(x) =
2√x 8 y = −2x + 5, y = 2x + 5, (0, 5)
d As x → 0+, the gradient increases without bound, 9 2x + y = 16, A = (8, 0) , B = (0, 16),
so the tangents slope more and more steeply. AB = 8√5 , ∣ ΔOAB ∣ = 64 square units
As x → ∞, the gradient approaches zero, so the 10 y = −2x + 10, x − 2y + 15 = 0, A = (5, 0),
tangents become more and more horizontal. B = (−15, 0) , AB = 20, ∣ ΔAKB ∣ = 80 square
f (x + h) − f (x) −2x − h units
13 a = 11 y = 3x − 2, x + 3y = 4, P = (0, −2),
h (x + h)2 x 2
Q = ( 0, 1 13 ) , ∣ ΔQUP ∣ = 1 23 square units
f (x + h) − f (x) −1
b = 12 a f ′(9) = 14, f ′(−5) = −14
h √x (x + h) ( √x + √x + h ) b The vertex is (2, −49), where 2 is the mean of 9
14 The line is a tangent when the two points coincide, and −5. The parabola has line symmetry in the
that is, when m = 2a, so the gradient of the tangent vertical line through the vertex, and this symmetry
is twice the x-coordinate. exchanges the two x-intercepts and reflects a line
15 They meet at x = 12 ( m + √m 2 + 4b ) and at with gradient m to a line with gradient −m.
x = 12 ( m − √m 2 + 4b ). The line is a tangent −a −a
13 f ′(x) = 3x 2 + a, x = √ and x = − √ ,
when these coincide, that is, when m 2 + 4b = 0, 3 3
in which case the tangent at x = 12 m has gradient m, a ≤ 0 (but no restriction on b)
which is twice the x-coordinate. 14 a G ′(t) = 3t 2 − 8t + 6, G ′(3) = 9
b ℓ ′(h) = 20h 3, ℓ ′(2) = 160
Exercise 9C c i 2ak − a 2 ii a 2
1 a 7x 6 b 45x 4 iii −a 2
iv 2a 2
c 2x 5 d 6x − 5 15 The tangent has gradient 2a − 6, the normal has
1
e 4x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 1 f −3 − 15x 2 gradient .
6 − 2a
g 2x 5 − 2x 3 + 2x h x3 + x2 + x + 1
a4 b 2 78 c 2 12
2 a 12 − 12x b 3x 2 + 1
d 3 − 12√3 e 3 13 f 2 14
c 6x − 6x 2 − 16x 3 d 2x + 2
880
16 a −7 b6 c1 6 a y = −6x, y = 16 x
d5 e 6 or −6 b y = 2x + 2, x + 2y + 1 = 0
Answers 9C–9D
17 a The tangents are y = 2ax − a 2 and y = 2bx − b 2. c y = 0, x = 1
They meet at K = ( 12 (a + b) , ab ) . 7 a They all have derivative 3x 2 + 7. First to second,
b The y-coordinate ab of K is positive when a and b
shift down 10. First to third, shift down 7 12. First to
have the same sign, that is, when A and B are both
fourth, shift up 96.
on the right of the y-axis, or both on the left of the
b The third has derivative −2x 3 + 6x. The other three
y-axis. The sketch of the parabola should make this
have derivative 2x 3 + 6x.
result obvious.
8 63°26 ′ at (−1, 0) , 116°34 ′ at (1, 0)
18 a b 2 > 3ac b b 2 = 3ac c b 2 < 3ac
9 a ( 1, −6 23 ) , ( −1, −7 13 )
20 a y = (2at + b) x − at 2 + c. a and c must
b ( −1, 23 ) c ( − 12√3, 1 34 )
have the same sign, or c = 0 (b is arbitrary).
y = (2√ac + b) x and y = (−2√ac + b) x 10 a y = 2px + 9 − p 2
b Substitute (0, 0). At (3, 18) the tangent is y = 6x,
b Points of contact: ( , 2c + b ) and
√ √
c c
a a and at (−3, 18) the tangent is y = −6x.
11 a y = (2t − 10) x − t 2 + 9, t = 3 and y = −4x,
( − a , 2c − b a ), whose midpoint is (0, 2c).
√ √
c c
or t = −3 and y = −16x
b y = (2t + 15) x − t 2 + 36, t = 6 and y = 27x,
√ca square units
3
c2 or t = −6 and y = 3x
12 a y = 2 (t + 1) x − t 2 − 8
Exercise 9D b (1, −5), (3, 7)
13 a y = 12 x 2 + 13 x 3 + C
1 a 3x 2 + 6x + 6, 3 b 4x 3 + 2x + 8, 2
b y = 2x 3 − 7x + C
c 0, 0 d 4x − 5, −9
c y = 54 x 4 + x 3 − 4x + C
dy d 2y d 3y d y = 2x 5 − 4x 3 − 24x + C
2a i = 6x 5 + 2, = 30x 4, = 120x 3
dx dx 2
dx 3
14 a b = 7, c = 0 b b = −2, c = −3
2
dy d y c b = −10, c = 25 d b = −1, c = −2
ii = 10x − 5x 4, = 10 − 20x 3,
dx dx 2 17
d 3y e b = −9, c = 14 f b = − ,c = 4
= −60x 2 3
dx 3
15 The tangent is y = x.
dy d 2y d 3y 16 At (2, 1) the gradient is 2, which is perpendicular to
iii = 4, = 0, = 0
dx dx 2 dx 3 x + 2y = 4; at ( − 12, 94 ) the gradient is −3.
b i f ′(x) = 30x 2 + 1, f ″(x) = 60x, f ‴(x) = 60, 17 a y = 2ax − a 2, U = ( 12 a, 0 ) , V = (0, −a 2 )
f (4) (x) = 0 b T = (5, 25) or (−5, 25)
ii f ′(x) = 8x 3, f ″(x) = 24x 2, f ‴(x) = 48x, 18 At (1, −3) the tangent is x + y + 2 = 0, at
f (4) (x) = 48 (−1, 3) the tangent is x + y − 2 = 0. The first
iii f ′(x) = 0, f ″(x) = 0, f ‴(x) = 0, f (4) (x) = 0 tanget is the line given in the question.
c i 6 times ii n + 1 times 19 a A and B are (2, −4) and (−3, 6).
( − 2, 1 ) , gradients of tangent at T and chord
3 a (1, −4) bM = 1
b (1, −3) and (−1, 3)

AB are both −2.
c none
dP dP
4a1 b 0, 3, −3 c none 20 = 2tx + 3u, = 6tu + 3x,
dx du
dy dP
5a = 9x 2 − 9 = 9 (x − 1) (x + 1), which is zero = x 2 + 3u 2 + 1
dx dt
when x = 1 or x = −1 22 b y = x 2 − 6x and y = 25
81 x + 9 x
2 2
dy cy = x − x − 6
2
b = 5x 2 + 2x = x (5x + 2), which is zero when
dx 23 a y − (at 3 + 2bt 2 + ct + d)
x = − 25 (y) is undefined when (x = 0) = (3at 2 + 2bt + c) (x − t)
881
b The condition for P to lie on the tangent at T is and thus does not change the sign of the gradient.
y 0 − (at 3 + bt 2 + ct + d) 1
Alternatively, g ′(b) = by the formula for
Answers 9D–9F
= (3at 2 + 2bt + c) (x 0 − t) . ′
f (a)
This is a cubic in t, and every cubic has at least one differentiating inverse functions, so they have the
solution. (Why?) same sign.
18 a At P, x = h + 12 m. At Q, x = h − 12 m.
Exercise 9E b 14 m (m 2 + 1)
du dy 19 b The distances are (α − h) and a (α − h) 2.
1 = 2x, = 5u 4,
dx
dy
du
= 5 (x 2 + 9) 4 × 2x = 10x (x 2 + 9) 4
√
c α = h 2 + k or − h 2 + k
a √ a
dx
2 a 12 (3x + 7) 3 Exercise 9F
b −28 (5 − 4x) 6 1 a −x −2 b −5x −6
c 24x (x 2 + 1) 11
c −3x −2 d −10x −3
d −64x (7 − x 2 ) 3
e 4x −4 f −4x −3 − 4x −9
e 9 (2x + 3) (x 2 + 3x + 1) 8
1
f −18 (3x 2 + 1) (x 3 + x + 1) 5 2 a f (x) = x −1, f ′(x) = −x −2 = −
x2
3 a 25 (5x − 7) 4
2
b 49 (7x + 3) 6 b f (x) = x −2, f ′(x) = −2x −3 = −
x3
c 180 (5x + 3) 3
4
d −21 (4 − 3x) 6 c f (x) = x −4, f ′(x) = −4x −5 = −
x5
e 12 ( 12 x − 1 )
3
3
d f (x) = 3x −1, f ′(x) = −3x −2 = −
f − 89 ( 5 − 13 x )
3
x2
4 20 (5x − 2) 3, 300 (5x − 2) 2, 3000 (5x − 2), 3 a −42 (7x − 5) −7 b −5 (3 + 5x) −2
15 000, 0, 0
105
5 2 (x − 3) c −8 (2x − 1) −2 d− (5x + 6) −8
4
6 a 2 12 and 1 b 2 and 1 12
4 −x −2, 2x −3, −6x −4, 24x −5, −120x −6
7 a y = 20x − 19, x + 20y = 21
5 a (1, 1) and (−1, −1)
b y = 24x − 16, x + 24y = 193
b ( 1, 12 )
8 a 6 (x − 5) 5, (5, 4)
6 a y = − 43 x + 73, 3x − 4y + 1 = 0
b −14 (x − 5), (5, 24)
b y = −9x + 6, x − 9y − 28 = 0
c 2a (x − h), (h, k)
d 6x (x 2 − 1) 2, (0, −1), (1, 0), (−1, 0) 3 1
7a− b−
2
e 8 (x − 2) (x 2 − 4x) 3, (0, 0), (2, 256), (4, 0) x 3x 2
f 10 (x + 1) (2x + x 2 ) 4, (0, 0), (−2, 0), (−1, −1) 7 a
c d−
9 a 4 or 8 3x 2 x2
1
b −17 8 a 2x − 2x −3 b0 c1 −
1
−2x x2
10 a a = 16 , b = 12 9a , (0, 1)
b a = 19 , b = −10 (1 + x 2 ) 2
11 a P = ( 7 12, 3 14 ) , Q = ( 6 2, 3 4 )
1 1
b
3 (4x 3 − 4x)
, (0, 3) and ( 1, 12 )
b area = 12 PQ 2 = 12 (x − 2x − 1)
4 2 2
12 c y = −16, y = −32x 10 a f ′(x) = −x −2, f ″(x) = 2x −3, f ‴(x) = −6x −4,

13 a 4t, −4 f (4) (x) = 24x −5, f (5) (x) = −120x −6
b b b f ′(1) = −1, f ″(1) = 2, f ‴(1) = −6,
b ,
a a
f (4) (1) = 24, f (5) (1) = −120
c 94 t, − 94
c Start with −1, then multiply by −n to get each next term.
14 a y = 13 x + 15 b y = 3x − 4 d Same as before, except that all the terms are
17 The second tangent is the first tangent reflected in negative.
the line y = x, which exchanges the rise and run
882
11 a = −5 or a = −7 6 a Tangent: y = 14 x + 1, Normal: y = −4x + 18
12 a x + y (b − 4) 2 = 2b − 4
b Tangent: y = − 14 x + 3, Normal: y = 4x − 14
Answers 9F–9H
b i x + 4y = 0 ii x + y = 6
13 a They both have gradient −3. 7a
3
b
5
c
7
d
√7
2√x √x 2√x 2√x
b At M: y = −3x + 12. At N: y = − 13 x + 4. They
intersect at (3, 3) . 8 a (3, 2√3) b (1, 3) and (−1, −3)
1
−2 −3
c Part a follows from the curve’s odd symmetry in 9 a 1 + 3x − 16x b 1 + 3x −2
1
the origin — the point M (2, 6) and its tangent c 32 x −2
corresponds to T (−2, −6) and its tangent — a x − 1
10 a , (1, 2)
rotation of 180° maps any line to a parallel line
√x − 2x + 5
2
(going in the other direction). Part b follows from x − 1
the curve’s line symmetry in y = x. b , none (x = 1 is outside the domain)
√x 2 − 2x
14 a cx + t 2y = 2ct, A = (2t, 0), B = ( 0, 2 )
c
7x −1
t c , (0, 7) d , none
b 2∣c∣ √x + 1
2 2√x (1 + √x)2
12 a = 5
dy c2 1
15 b = − = − 13 a 12x + 5y = 169, y = 5
x
dx x 2
t2 12
( 12 , 0 ) , ( 0, 5 )
169 169 2
x 2c b The intercepts are , the area is 169 .
c tangent: y = − + , 120
t 2 t 3
c 13 + 169 + 169 = 169
(t) .
2 60 12 5 2
c
A (2ct, 0) , AT 2 = OT 2 = (ct) 2 + 14 a 4x + 3y = 25, 4x + 5y = 25, they intersect
at ( 6 14, 0 )
( x0 , 0 ),
Exercise 9G 25
b λx 0x + y√25 − x 20 = 25λ, T =
1 a − 12 x −12
1 1
b 32 x 2 c 4x −3
1
OM × OT = 25 = OA 2
dy dy
d −4x −13
1 3
e x −4 − 2x − 4
5
f 49 113 15 c i y = 12 a 2 ii y = na 2x 2n − 1
3 x dx dx
1 dy 1 1 dy dy
2 a y = x 2, = 12 x −2 = 16 a = ×
du dv
× ,
x
dx 2√x dx du dv dx (1 + √1 − x 2 ) 2 √1 − x 2
1 5
b y = x 2√x = x 2 × x 2 = x 22 = x 2,
1
dy dy du 1 du n − 1
b = × × ... ×
dy dx du 1 du 2 dx
= 5
2x
112
= 5
2 x√x
dx 3 × 3 −5 × 3 × 5 −7 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 −9
17 a − 12 x −2, 1 22
x 2, −123
x 2, 24
x 2
1 3
c i y = x√x = x 1 × x2 = x 112
= x 2, 1 × 3 × 5 × . . . × (2n − 1) − 2n + 1
b (−1) n × 2n x 2
dy 1
= 32 x 2 = 32 √x
dx
Exercise 9H
1 dy 1
ii y = x −2, = − 12 x −12 = −
1
dx 2x√x 1 Let u = 5x
1 3 and v = (x − 2)4.
iii y = = x −12 = x −2,
1
1 du
x1 × x2 Then = 5
dx
dy 3
= − 32 x −22 = − dv
1
dx and = 4 (x − 2)3.
2x 2√x dx
1 −1 1 −3 3 −5 7 105 −9 Let y = 5x (x − 2) 4.
3 2
x 2, 4 x 2, 8 x 2, − 15
16
x −2 , 32
x 2
1 1 dy du dv
4a 8
(7 + 2x)3 b 12 (x + 4)−2 Then = v + u
3 dx dx dx
c − 32 (5 − 3x)−2
1
d 45 (2 − 5x)−34
1 = (x − 2) × 5 + 5x × 4 (x − 2) 3
4
= 5 (x − 2) 4 + 20x (x − 2) 3
( 4, − 12 )
1
5a b none = 5 (x − 2) 3 ( (x − 2) + 4x)
= 5 (x − 2) 3 (5x − 2).
883
2 a 2x 2 (2x − 3) b 4x − 9 c 4x 3 Exercise 9I
3 a 3 (3 − 2x) 4 (1 − 4x), 1 12, 14

Answers 9H–9I
1 Let u =
2x + 3
b x 2 (x + 1) 3 (7x + 3), 0, −1, − 37 and v =
3x + 2.
c x 4 (1 − x) 6 (5 − 12x), 0, 1, 12 5 Then u ′
2 =
and v ′
3. =
d (x − 2) 2 (4x − 5), 2, 54
2x + 3
e 2 (x + 1) 2 (x + 2) 3 (7x + 10), −1, −2, − 10 Let y = .
7 3x + 2
f 6 (2x − 3) 3 (2x + 3) 4 (6x − 1), 1 12, −1 12, 16
dy vu ′ − uv ′
4 a y = x, y = −x Then =
dx v2
b y = 2x − 1, x + 2y = 3
(3x + 2) × 2 − (2x + 3) × 3
5 a (x 2 + 1) 4 (11x 2 + 1) =
b 2πx 2 (1 + x) 3 (1 − x) 3 (3 − 11x 2 ) (3x + 2) 2
c −2 (x 2 + x + 1) 2 (7x 2 + 4x + 1) 6x + 4 − 6x − 9
=
6 a y ′ = 8x (x 2 − 1)3, y ″ = 8 (x 2 − 1)2 (7x 2 − 1) (3x + 2) 2
b 8, 7 and 6 −5
= .
c x = 1 and x = −1 (3x + 2) 2
7 10x 3 (x 2 − 10) 2 (x 2 − 4) , (0, 0) , ( √10, 0), −2 4
2a , none b , none
(− √10, 0), (2, −3456), (−2, −3456) (x − 1) 2
(x + 2) 2
8 y ′ = x 2 (1 − x) 4 (3 − 8x) −13 x (2 − x)
c , none d , 0, 2
3 (3x + 2) 2 4 (3x − 1) 1 (x + 5) 2
(1 − x) 2
9a ,− b ,
√x + 1 3 √1 − 2x 3 4x 1 + x2
10x (5x − 2) e ,0 f , none
c , none (0 and 25 are outside the domain). (x 2 + 1) 2 (1 − x 2 ) 2
√2x − 1 6x 2 10x
1 − 2x 2 g ,x = 0 h ,x = 0
10 a −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 b (x 3 + 2) 2 (x 2 − 4) 2
√1 − x 2
−3
( 2 2)
and ( − √ − 12 ) 3
c √ 1 1
, 1
2
,
(3x − 2) 2
d y = x, y = −x 5
4 a y′ = , y = 5x − 12, 78°41 ′ ,
11 a y ′ = a (2x − α − β) (5 − 3x) 2
b y ′ (α) = a (α − β) , y ′ (β ) = a (β − α ), x + 5y + 8 = 0, 168°41 ′
( 2 (α + β) , − 12 a (α − β) 2 )
1
M = x 2 − 2x + 4
b y′ = , 4x − 3y = 4, 53°8 ′,
(2 (α + β) , − 14 a (α − β) 2 ) (x − 1) 2
1
cV =
3x + 4y = 28, 143°8 ′
12 f ′(x) = (x − a)n − 1 ( n q (x) + (x − a) q ′(x) ).
The x-axis is a tangent to the curve at x = a. m2 − b2 2x (a − b) 6nx n − 1
5a b c
13 a P = (
r + s (r + s)r + s )
r r rss (bx + m) 2 (x 2 − b) 2 (x n + 3) 2
, .
c 2 + 2c
6a = −3, c = − 12 or −1 12
( 2, 2 ).
1 −2r
b When r = s, P = (c + 1) 2
12k
14 y ′ = u ′ vw + uv ′w + uvw ′ b = 1, k = 3 or 27
(9 − k) 2
a 2x 4 (x − 1) 3 (x − 2) 2 (3x − 5) (2x − 1), 0, 1,
2, 12 and 53 α − β
7 a y′ =
(x − β) 2
(x − 2) 3 (11x 2 − x − 2) b The denominator is positive, being a square, so the
b 1
, 2, 22 (1 + √89),
√2x + 1 sign of y ′ is the sign of α − β.
22 (1 − √89)
1 c When α = β, the curve is the horizontal line y = 1,
and y ′ = 0 (except that y is undefined at x = β).
15 y ′ = u 1 ′u 2 . . . u n + u 1u 2 ′ . . . u n + . . .
20
+ u 1u 2 . . . u n ′ 8
(5 − 2x) 2
884
dy − (t + 1) 2 dQ
9a = , T = ( 23, 2 ) , 3x − 27y + 52 = 0 2a = 2t + 6
dx (t − 1) 2 dt
Answers 9I–9J
dQ
x dy −1 b When t = 2, Q = 16, = 10
by = , = , 19 dt
2x − 1 dx (2x − 1) 2
c i t = −3 ii t > −3 iii t < −3
1
10 a , none − 7
2√x ( √x + 2) 2 3 a 7 and 15 b 15
3 − 1
= 4 c 77 −− 15
5
= −4
x + 5 4 a 180 mL b When t = 0, V = 0.
b , none (x = −5 is outside the domain.)
3 c 300 mL d 60 mL/s
2 (x + 1) 2
e The derivative is a constant function.
− √2
11 a f ′(x) = , f ′ (8) = − 14 5 a 80 000 litres b 35 000 litres
√x ( √x − √2) 2
c 20 min d 2000 litres /min
b3
12 a domain: x ≠ −1, range: y ≠ 1 dM
6a = 10 − 2t
dt
c I = (−1, 0) , G = (1, 0) dM
d ii Substitute (c, 0) , then c + a 2 = 0, so b M = 24 kg, = 2 kg/s
dt
a = √−c or − √−c. For −1 < c < 0 , they are
c M = 16 kg, average rate = 244 −− 216 = 4 kg/s
both on the right-hand branch. For c < −1, they
d 0 seconds and 10 seconds
are on different branches.
e 10 seconds f 5 seconds
2 −4
14 a i y ′ = , y″ = g 5 seconds and 5 seconds
(x + 1) 2
(x + 1) 3
−3 6 h M dM
ii y ′ = , y″ = dt
(x − 1) 2
(x − 1) 3 25
24 10
x 2 − 2x 2 16
iii y ′ = , y″ = 10
(x − 1) 2
(x − 1) 3
5 t
x2 + 2
15 a 12 (3x − 7) 3 b
x2 2 45 10 t –10
−2x
c 8x d 7 a $2 b $5.60
(x − 3)2 (x + 3)2
dP
−6 c = −0.8t + 4, $2.40 per annum
e 4 (1 − x) (4 − x) 2 f dt
(3 + x) 2 d t = 5, the start of 1975
g 20x 3 (x 2 + 1) 4 (x + 1) 4 (x − 1) 4 e The price was increasing before then, and decreasing
1 afterwards.
h i 6x 2 (x 3 + 5)
3 dP
2 (2 − x) 2 f is linear with negative gradient −0.8.
dt
3x 2 + x − 1
j k 23 x (5x 3 − 2) g At the start of 1980.
4x√x
5 8a M bt = 2
l m 12 √x (3 + 5x)
(x + 5) 2
4
2 (x − 1) (x+ 1) (x 2 +1)
n o x 2 (x − 1) 7 (11x − 3)
x3 2
(x + 1) (x − 1)
p
x2 1 2 3 t
16 b i 54, 3
2
, 9√37, 32√37 ii 12, 8, 12√17, 2√17
dM
c = 6t − 3t 2, t = 1 dt = 1
Exercise 9J dt
9 The scheme appears to have worked initially and the
dQ level of pollution decreased, but the rate at which the
1a = 3t 2 − 20t
dt pollution decreased gradually slowed down and was
dQ
b When t = 2, Q = −32, = −28 almost zero in 2000. A new scheme would have been
dt
required to remove the remaining pollution.
885
10 a The graph is stationary on 1 July and 1 March. Exercise 9K
b It is maximum on 1 July and on 1 January. The price
1 a Zeroes: none, discontinuities:, x = 6
Answers 9J–9K
is locally minimum 1 March, but globally the graph

b Zeroes: x = 0, discontinuities:, x = 1, x = 3,
has no minimum.
x = 5.
c It is increasing from 1 March to 1 July. It is
c Zeroes: x = 0, x = −1, discontinuities:, x = −2,
decreasing from 1 January to 1 March and after
x = −3
1 July.
2 a f (0) = 1. First table: 3, 2, 1. Second table: 1, 2, 5
d on 1 May
b Yes
e from 1 March to 1 May
c y
f dP
dt
2 4 6 8 t
2
−1 1 x
11 a A = πr 2 = π (
3)
t 2 dA domain: all real x, range: y ≥ 1
= π9 t 2 b = 2π t
dt 9 3 a f (1) = 1. First table: 3, 2, 1. Second table: 0, 1, 2
c When A = 5, t = 45 π √
≑ 3.785 seconds and b No
c
dA
√
y
= 2π
9
45
π
≑ 2.642 km2/s
dt
12 a When t = 0, h = 80, so the building is 80 metres tall.
b When h = 0, t = 4, so it takes 4 seconds.
2
c v = −10t 1
d When t = 4, v = −40, so the stone hits the ground
x
at 40 m/s.
1
e 10 m/s2 downwards d domain: all real x, range: y > 0

dv
13 a Yes. = − 12 , meaning his velocity decreased at a 4 a f (x) =
1
, Zeroes: none, discontinuities:
dt x (x − 5)
constant rate of 12 m/s every second, just as he said.
x = 0, x = 5
dx
b Yes. = − 12 t + 50, which is what the truck’s b f (x) =
x
, Zeroes: x = 0,
dt (x − 2) (x − 3)
speed monitor recorded. discontinuities: x = 2, x = 3
dy (x − 4) (x + 4)
c Yes. = − 12 t + 50, which also agrees with the c f (x) = , Zeroes: x = 4,
dt (x − 3) (x + 3)
truck’s speed monitor. x = −4, discontinuities: x = −3, x = 3
5 y
d When t = 0, x = 0 and y = 450, so the truck was
450 metres ahead. 1
e Solving − 12 t + 50 = 0 gives 100 seconds. When
t = 100, x = 2500 m or 2.5 km. x
f When t = 0, v = 50 m /s, which is 180 km /h. He
−1
was in court for speeding.
14 a i Area = h 2 cm2 ii Volume = 3000 h 2 cm3
dh 3 The table of values should make it clear that
b i h = 3√t, =
for x > 0,
{ undefined, for x = 0.
dt 1,
2√t
dh 3
y = −1, for x < 0,
ii h = 15 cm, dt
= 10
cm /min
iii 100 3
minutes, 20 cm /min The curve is not continuous at x = 0 — it is not even
defined there. domain: x ≠ 0, range: y = 1 or −1
886
6a y b y 1
cy = , where x ≠ 1 or 3, domain: x ≠ 1 or 3,
8 x − 1
9
Answers 9K–9L
range: y ≠ 0 or 12
d y = 3 , where x ≠ −1, domain: x ≠ −1, range: y = 3
4
8aa = 5 b a = −2
1 9 a zeroes: none, discontinuities: 360n°, where n ∈ Z
x 2 3 x b zeroes: 135° + 180n°, where n ∈ Z,
2
discontinuities: 45° + 180n°, where n ∈ Z
a f (2) = 8. When x = 2, x 3 = 8 and 10 − x = 8. c zeroes: 45° + 180n°, where n ∈ Z, discontinuities:
Thus f (x) is continuous at x = 2. Domain: all real 135° + 180n°, where n ∈ Z
x, range: y ≤ 8
b f (2) = 4. When x = 2, 3x = 9 and 13 − x 2 = 9. Exercise 9L
Thus f (x) is not continuous at x = 2. domain: all 1 a continuous and differentiable at x = 0, neither at x = 2
real x, range: y < 9 b continuous and differentiable at x = 0, continuous
c y d y but not differentiable at x = 2
2
c neither at x = 0, continuous and differentiable at x = 2
d neither at x = 0, continuous but not differentiable at
x = 2
1 2 x 2a y
2
x
2 4
1
c f (2) = 12. When x = 2, = 12 and 1 − 14 x = 12. 1
x
Thus f (x) is continuous at x = 2. domain: x > 0,
range: all real y 1 x
d f (2) = 2. When x = 2, x = 2, but 2 − x = 0. b f (1) = 1, x = 1 when x = 1, 2x − 1 = 1 when

2
Thus f (x) is not continuous at x = 2. domain: all x = 1

real x, range: y ≤ 2 d 2x = 2 when x = 1, and 2 = 2 when x = 1. The
7a y b y tangent at x = 1 has gradient 2, so f ′(1) = 2.
3a y b y
2
1 4
1
−1 x 2
−1 1 x x
−2
−2 2 x
a y = x + 1, where x ≠ −1, domain: x ≠ −1,
continuous but not continuous but not
range: y ≠ 0
differentiable at x = −2 differentiable at x = 0
b y = x 2, where x ≠ −1 or 1, domain:
4a y b y
x ≠ −1 or 1, range: y ≥ 0, y ≠ 1
3
c y d y
4
3
1 2 1
2 1
1 3 x −1 1 x x
1
not even continuous continuous but not
−1 x
−1 at x = 1 differentiable at x = 1
887
c y e differentiable f differentiable
everywhere everywhere
Answers 9L
y y
2
1 2 2
1
1 1
1 2 x 2
differentiable at x = 1,
−2 −1 x −2 −1 x
f ′(1) = −2
7a y There is a cusp at
d y
the origin because
1 the curve becomes
infinitely steep on
1 x both sides. It slopes
−2 −1 1 2 x downwards on the left
−1
and upwards on the
right.
differentiable at x = 1, b y There is a vertical
f ′(1) = 0 tangent at x = 0.
5 a Differentiable at x = 0. x 2 is never negative, so 1
∣ x 2 ∣ = x 2 for all x. 1 2
b Differentiable at x = 0. x 3 is flat at x = 0, so ∣ x 3 ∣ is −2 −1 x
also flat at x = 0. −1
c Continuous, but not differentiable, at x = 0. The
graph of y = √x becomes vertical near x = 0, y
f ′(x) = 15 x −5. There
4
producing a cusp. 8a

6 a not differentiable at b not continuous at 1 is a vertical tangent at
x = −2 x = −2 −1 (0, 0) .
y y x
2
1
−1
1
2
f ′(x) = 25 x −5. There is a

3
b y
−2 x
−2 x
cusp at (0, 0) .
1
c not differentiable at d not continuous at
x = 1 or 3 x = 1 or 3 x
y y −1 1
3 3
9 a 4, (5, −5) b 3, (1, −8) c − 14, ( 2, 12 )
d 1. There are none, because all the tangents have
1 1
1 negative gradients.
3
e 0. There are none, because the tangents have
1 2 3 x 1 2 3 x gradient 1 for x > 0 and gradient −1 for x < 0.
f α + β, ( 12 (α + β) , 14 (α + β)2 )
888
10 a q must be odd. 9 a x 8 (x + 1) 6 (16x + 9) x (2 − x)
b
b p ≥ 0 (When p = 0 it is reasonable to take (1 − x) 2
Answers 9L–9 review

f (0) = 1 and ignore the problem of 00, because 12
c 2x (4x 2 + 1) 3 (20x 2 + 1) d
lim x 0 = 1; thus when p = 0 the function is y = 1.) (2x + 3) 2
x→0
c no conditions on p and q (x − 5) (x + 1)
e (9x − 1) (x + 1) 4 (x − 1) 3 f
d p ≥ 0 and q is odd. (x − 2) 2
dy
e p ≥ 0 (p = 0 requires the qualification above.) 10 = 2x + 3
dx
f p ≥ q and q is odd. a 3, 71°34 ′ b 1, 45° c −1, 135°
g 0 < p < q and q is odd and p is odd. 11 a tangent: y = −3x, normal: 3y = x
h 0 < p < q and q is odd and p is even.
b tangent: y = −2, normal: x = 1
Chapter 9 review exercise c (1, −2) and (−1, 2) d (2, 2) and (−2, −2)
12 a y = −x − 4, y = x − 8
1 a 2x + 5 b −2x c 6x − 2 b A (−4, 0) , B (8, 0)
2 a 3x 2 − 4x + 3 b 6x 5 − 16x 3
c 9x 2 − 30x 4 d 2x + 1 c AB = 12, ∣ ΔABP ∣ = 36 square units
e −12x + 7 f −6x −3 + 2x −2 13 The tangent is y = x
1 1 14 a ( 1, −6 23 ) , ( −1, −7 13 ) b ( −1, 23 )
g 12x 2 + 12x −4 h 32 x −2 − 32 x − 1 2
15 At (1, −3) the tangent is ℓ : x + y + 2 = 0, at
i x −2 − 2x −3
(−1, 3) the tangent is x + y − 2 = 0.
3 a f ′ (x) = 4x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 1,
16 a 2 12 and 1 b 2 and 1 12
f ″ (x) = 12x 2 + 6x + 2
17 a V = 43 π × ( ) = 4π
3
t dV
b f ′(x) = −10x −3, f ″(x) = 30x −4 t3 b = 4π t2
3 81 dt 27
3 5
c f ′(x) = −4x −2, f ″(x) = 6x −2 c V ≑ 4π81
× 0.001 ≑ 0.00016 km3,
dV 4π
4 a y = x 3 + 4x + C ≑ × 0.01 ≑ 0.0047 km3/s
dt 27
b y = 7x − 6x 2 − 4x 3 + C d t 2 = 4π
27
, t ≑ 1.5 s
c y = 4x 5 − 4x 3 + 4x + C 18 y
3 1 7
5a− b− c
2 3
x 3x 2√x
6 3 2
d e − 2√x
9
f −
√x x√x 1
6 a 6x − 2 b x − 12
7 2 2
c 10x + d− − −1 1 x
x 2
x 2
x3 a f (0) = 0, x 2 = 0 when x = 0, x 2 + 1 = 1 when
2 3 x = 0, so it is not continuous at x = 0.
e f 3√x +
√x 2√x b domain: all real x, range: y ≥ 0
19 y
7 a 9 (3x + 7) 2 b −4 (5 − 2x)
5 14
c− d
(5x − 1) 2 (2 − 7x) 3
5 1
e f –2 2 x
2√5x + 1 2 (1 − x) 2
3
–4
8 a 42x (7x 2 − 1) 2 b −15x 2 (1 + x 3 ) −6 a f (0) = 2, x 2 − 4 = 0 when x = 2, 4x − 8 = 0
c 8 (1 − 2x) (1 + x − x )
2 7
when x = 0, so it is continuous at x = 2.
x
d −6x (x 2 − 1) −4 e− b f ′(2) = 4 when x < 2 (substitute into 2x),
x √9 − x 2
f f ′(2) = 4 when x > 2 (substitute into 4), so it is
3
(9 − x 2 ) 2 differentiable at x = 2, with f ′(2) = 4
c domain: all real x, range: y ≥ 4 889
Chapter 10 b False. For example, Q (x) = x 3 + 1 is not odd but
Q ′ (x) = 3x 2 is even.
Answers 10A–10B
Exercise 10A c True. If R (x) is odd, then the terms are of the form
1 a yes b no c no d no a n x 2n + 1, where n ≥ 0 is an integer. Therefore R ′ (x)
e yes f no g yes h yes has terms of the form (2n + 1) a n x 2n, so all powers
i no j yes k yes l no of x will be even.
2 a 3, 4, 4x , −11, not monic
3 d True. As S ′ (x) is odd, it has no constant term, and all
b 3, −6, −6x 3, 10, not monic powers of x are odd. Therefore all the terms in S (x)
c 0, 2, 2, 2, not monic will have even powers.
d 12, 1, x 12, 0, monic 12 a √2 and − √2 b 1 and −1 c √3 and − √3
e 3, 1, x 3, 0, monic d Their discriminants are all negative.
f 5, −1, −x 5, 0, not monic 13 a n bn + 1
k
g no degree, no leading coefficient, no leading term, 0, 14 b The k th derivative of a k x is k!a k which is a constant.
not monic Substituting x = 0 proves that the coefficients of x k
h 2, −3, −3x 2, 0, not monic are equal, since the common factor k! cancels.
i 6, −4, −4x 6, −5, not monic
3 a x 2 + 2x + 3 b x 2 + 2x + 3 Exercise 10B
c −x + 8x + 1
2
d x 2 − 8x − 1 1a P(x) b P(x)
e 5x 3 − 13x 2 − x + 2 f 5x 3 − 13x 2 − x + 2
5 a x (x − 10) (x + 2), 0, 10, −2 2
1
b x 2 (2x + 1) (x − 1), 0, 1, − 12
c (x − 3) (x + 3) (x 2 + 9), 3, −3 x 1 x
d (x − 3) (x + 3) (x 2 + 4) , 3, −3
6 a 9, 8, −27 b 14, 120, 24
7 a i p + q c P(x) d P(x)
ii the maximum of p and q
3
b P (x)Q (x) still has degree p + p = 2p, but x
4
P (x) + Q (x) may have degree less than p (if the −4
leading terms cancel out), or it could be the zero
polynomial.
c x 2 + 2 and −x 2 + 3. Do not choose two opposite 3 x
2
polynomials, such as x 2 + 1 and −x 2 − 1, because
their sum is the zero polynomial, which does not 2a P(x) b P(x)
have a degree.
8 x + 1
−3 1 x
9 a a = 3, b = −4 and c = 1
1
b a = 2 and b = 3
−3
c a = 1, b = 2 and c = 1
x
d a = 1, b = 2 and c = −1 1
10 c A polynomial is even if and only if the coefficients c d P(x)

P(x)
of the odd powers of x are zero. A polynomial is odd 9
if and only if the coefficients of the even powers of x

are zero. 4
11 a True. If P (x) is even, then the terms are of the form

a n x 2n, where n ≥ 0 is an integer. Therefore P ′ (x) x
−3 3
has terms of the form 2na n x 2n − 1, so all powers of x
2 x
will be odd.
890
e P(x) f P(x) 4a F(x) b F(x)
16 16
Answers 10B
4
−3 1 x
2
−3
−1 4 x 2 x −2 x
3a y b y c F(x) d F(x)
2
1
3 −5
−√2
−3 1 7 x
1 x x
−2
3
−105
−2 3 x
e F(x) f F(x)
c y d y
x 6
4
−2
−4 3 x −40 5 x
−2 1 3 x
−64
g F(x) h F(x)
e y f y
2
− 12 9
5 x
1 3 x
−2 −1 1 x 3 x −3
−1 2
i F(x)
g h 4
y y
1
−
2
2
−4 4 x −1 1 2 x
−1 1 x
5 a There are two zeroes, one between 0 and 1, and one

between 2 and 3.
i y b There are three zeroes, one between −2 and −1, one
between −1 and 0, and one between 1 and 2.
20
2 5 x
Parts a, b and c are one-to-one, the others are all

many-to-one.
891
6a P(x) b P(x) iii y iv F(x)
Answers 10B–10C
108
−1 2 x −2 3 x
−3 5 x 3 7 x
c P(x) d P(x) b i F′(x) ii F′(x)
−1
−1 2
−2 5 x 4 x
3 1 x
− 40
2 −3 1 x
7a x > 2 or x < 0, x ≠ −1 iii y iv F′(x)
b x ≤ 3
c x ≤ − 32 or x ≥ 0
d x > 5 or −1 < x < 2
−3 5 x 3 7 x
8a (x + 3) (x − 3) (x + 2) (x − 2)
b (2x − 3) (2x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 1)
a P(x) b P(x)
36 9 10 a P (x) = (x 2 − 3) 2 + (x + 2)2
b None, because P (x) > 0 for all x, so its graph lies
above the x-axis.
−3 −2 2 3 x 11 The graphs always intersect at (0, 1) and at (−1, 0).
− 23 −1 3 x
1 2 If m and n are both even, they also intersect at
(−2, 1), and if m and n are both odd, they also
c (x − 6) (x + 1) (x − 4) (x − 1)
intersect at (−2, −1).
d (x − 4) (x + 1) (x − 1) (x − 2)
c P(x) d P(x) Exercise 10C
1 a 63 = 5 × 12 + 3 b 125 = 8 × 15 + 5
c 324 = 11 × 29 + 5 d 1857 = 23 × 80 + 17
−1 6 2
2 a x − 4x + 1 = (x + 1) (x − 5) + 6
2
1 4 x −1 1 4 x b x 2 − 6x + 5 = (x − 5) (x − 1)
−24
c x 3 − x 2 − 17x + 24
−8
= (x − 4) (x 2 + 3x − 5) + 4
9ai F(x) ii F(x) d 2x 3 − 10x 2 + 15x − 14
= (x − 3) (2x 2 − 4x + 3) − 5
−1
e 4x 3 − 4x 2 + 7x + 14
3
x
−3 = (2x + 1) (2x 2 − 3x + 5) + 9
4
1 x f x 4 + x 3 − x 2 − 5x − 3
= (x − 1) (x 3 + 2x 2 + x − 4) − 7
g 6x 4 − 5x 3 + 9x 2 − 8x + 2
= (2x − 1) (3x 3 − x 2 + 4x − 2)
h 10x 4 − x 3 + 3x 2 − 3x − 2
= (5x + 2) (2x 3 − x 2 + x − 1)
892
x2 − 4x + 1 6 Exercise 10D
3a = x − 5 +
x + 1 x + 1
c −15 d −3 f −41
Answers 10C–10E
1a3 b 25 e 111
x2 − 6x + 5
b = x − 1 2 a yes b no c no d yes e no f yes
x − 5
3ak = 4 bm = − 12 c p = −14 d a = −1
x3 − x 2 − 17x + 24 4
c = x 2 + 3x − 5 + 4 a (x − 2) (x + 1) (x + 3)
x − 4 x − 4
b (x − 1) (x − 3) (x + 7)
2x 3 − 10x 2 + 15x − 14 5
d = 2x 2 − 4x + 3 − c (x + 1)2 (3 − x)
x − 3 x − 3
d (x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x − 5)
4 a x 3 + x 2 − 7x + 6 = (x 2 + 3x − 1) (x − 2) + 4
5 a −1, −4 or 2 b 3 or −2
b x 3 − 4x 2 − 2x + 3 = (x 2 − 5x + 3) (x + 1)
c x 4 − 3x 3 + x 2 − 7x + 3 c 2, − 23 or − 12 d −2, 14 ( −3 ± √17 )
= (x 2 − 4x + 2) (x 2 + x + 3) + (3x − 3) 6 b P (x) = (x − 3) (x + 1) (x − 6)
d 2x 5 − 5x 4 + 12x 3 − 10x 2 + 7x + 9 7 a P (x) = (x − 3) (2x + 1) (x + 2)
= (x 2 − x + 2) (2x 3 − 3x 2 + 5x + 1) 8 a a = 4 and b = 11 b a = 2 and b = −9
+ (7 − 2x) 9a 829 97
b 8 c 95
27
5 a 0, 1 or 2 10 a (2x − 1) (x + 3) (x − 2)
b D (x) has degree 3 or higher. b (3x + 2) (2x + 1) (x − 1)
6 a x 3 − 5x + 3 = (x − 2) (x 2 + 2x − 1) + 1 11 x + 1 is a factor when n is odd.
b 2x 3 + x 2 − 11 = (x + 1) (2x 2 − x + 1) − 12 12 a P (x) = −x 3 + 16x b p = 2 or p = 3
c x 3 − 3x 2 + 5x − 4 13 a P (x) = (x − 1) (x + 3) Q (x) + (2x + 5)
= (x 2 + 2) (x − 3) + (3x + 2) , b7 c −1
x 3 − 3x 2 + 5x − 4 3x + 2 14 a The divisor has degree 2, so the remainder is zero or
= x − 3 + has degree 1 or 0.
x + 2
2
x2 + 2
b a = −1 and b = 3
d 2x − 5x + x − 2
4 2
15 3 − 2x
= (x 2 + 3x − 1) (2x 2 − 6x + 15) + (13 − 50x)
e 2x 3 − 3 = (2x − 4) (x 2 + 2x + 4) + 13 16 a −212 b a = −2 and b = −7
f x 5 + 3x 4 − 2x 2 − 3 c8
= (x 2 + 1) (x 3 + 3x 2 − x − 5) + (x + 2), 17 b P (x) = (2x + 1) (2x − 1) (x − 1) (2x 2 + x + 3)
x 5 + 3x 4 − 2x 2 − 3 18 a a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca
x2 + 1 b (a − b) (b − c) (c − a) (a + b + c)
x + 2
= x 3 + 3x 2 − x − 5 +
x2 + 1 Exercise 10E
7 a P (x) = (x − 3) (x + 1) (x + 4) 1 a (x + 1) (x − 3) (x − 4)
b x > 3 or −4 < x < −1 b x (x + 2) (x − 3) (x − 1)
8 a (x − 2) (x + 1) (2x − 1) (x + 3) c (3x − 1) (2x + 1) (x − 1)
1
b −3 ≤ x ≤ −1 or ≤ x ≤ 2 2 a (x − 2) (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 5)
2
3 a P (x) = (x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 3) (2x + 1)
9 a quotient: x 2 − 3x + 5, remainder: 12 − 13x
b P (x) = (x − 1) (x − 2) (x + 2) (2x − 3)
b a = 8 and b = −5
c P (x) = (2x − 5) (3x − 2) (x + 1) (x − 2)
10 a x 4 − x 3 + x 2 − x + 1
d P (x) = (x − 2) (x − 3) (3x − 1)2
= (x 2 + 4) (x 2 − x − 3) + (3x + 13)
4 a a = 2, b = 13 and c = 52
b c = −4 and d = −12
b a = −1, b = 3, c = 12 and d = 54
11 m = 41 and n = −14
5 a a = 3, b = −16 and c = 27
12 a Q (x) = x 2 − 2x − 4 and R (x) = 25 b a = 2, b = −2, c = −7 and d = −7
13 b k = 19, 25, 34, 59 or 184 c (x + 1)3 − (x + 1)2 − 4 (x + 1) + 5
d a = 3, b = −2 and c = 1
893
6 a P (x) = (x − 2)2 (x + 5) 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = − 11
17 b α 4 < 0 which is impossible if
b P (x) = (x − 1) (x + 3) (2x − 7)
α, β and γ are all real numbers, because squares are
Answers 10E–10H
8 m never negative.
9 There must be a stationary point between each of 18 12
the consecutive zeroes, where the curve turns around 19 0, because 1 is one of the roots, so 0 is one of the
and returns to the x-axis. factors of the expression.
10 a = b = c = 0, d = k 20 b i b = 1 and c = −2
11 x 5 − 4x 4 + x 3 + 4x 2 − 2x ii b = 4 and c = 4
12 a The curves are tangent at x = 3 and cross at x = −1.
b The curves are tangent at x = 2 and cross at x = 3.
Exercise 10G
c The curves cross at x = −5, x = −2 and x = 3.
d The curves are tangent to one another and cross at 1 a i 3 is at least a double zero of P (x)
x = 1, and cross at x = −2. b 3, 3, −2
e The curves cross at the origin, and cross and are c P (x) = (x − 3)2 (x + 2)
tangent to each other at x = −1. 2 a ii −1 is at least a triple zero of P (x)
13 x 2 − 1 b −1, −1, −1, −5
14 −23 c P (x) = (x + 1)3 (x + 5)
15 a 0, 1, 2, . . . , n c1 3 a −3 and 3 b3 c −6
5
4 a and −5 b −5 c 10
2
Exercise 10F 5 a −2
b 32 , P (x) = (x + 2)2 (2x − 3)
1a 4 b2 c8 d2 e 14
6 a 12
17
f 12 g6 h 24 i 2
b 2, P (x) = (2x − 1)3 (x − 2)
2 a −2 b −11 c 12 d − 11
12
e − 16 f 0 g −132 h 26 7 b x = 3, 2 + √3 or 2 − √3
i 13 8 a k = 27 or −5
72
The roots are −1, −4 and 3. b When k = 27, P (x) = (x − 3)2 (x + 3) and when
3a5 b2 c4 d −3 k = −5, P (x) = (x + 1)2 (x − 5) .
e −3
4
f −3
2
g − 53 h 21 9 a = 1, b = −3, c = 2
10 a −3 b c = −54
4 a − 52 b −2 c 41 d 12√57
4
c P (x) = (x + 3) (x − 2)
3
5 a The other zero is 12 .
11 a b = −5 and c = 8
b The other factor is (x − 4).
2(
bx = 1
3 − √5 ) or 2(
1
3 + √5 )
6 d The discriminant of the quadratic is negative.
e once 14 Hint: consider P (x) − P ′ (x)
7a3 b − 12 15 b ii m < 0
√ √
m m
c −3, 1. Hence 1 is a double zero. iii x = − − or −
2 2
d 23 , 2
8 a a = 3 and b = −24, (x − 3) (x + 4) (x + 2) Exercise 10H
b a = −1 and b = 3, zeroes are 5, −4, √3, − √3. 1 b The equation is (x − 4)2 = 0, so x = 4 is a double
10 a 13, −4 and 4 b 6, 12 and −4 root, and the line is a tangent at T (4, −8).
c −3 (double root) and 6 d 4, 12 and 2 2b iα + α = 4 ii b = −4
11 a a = −12 and the roots are −2, 2 and −3. iii y = −4 − 2x, T = (2, −8).
b a = −5 and the roots are 4, 14 and −3. 3 b α + β = 4, M = (2, 3)
12 −1, −2, 2 and 4 4 b The roots are 1, 1 and 3.
c The line is a tangent at (1, 2) because x = 1 is a
14 a i 12 ii 12 iii 12 iv 14
double root of the equation. The other point is (3, 0).
894
5b iα + α + 0 = 5 14 a −10 b5 c 20 d 1
e − 12
4
ii m = − 14 . 9
f −2
Answers 10H–11A
g 100 h 90 i
(2 , −8 ) .
40
iii y = − 14 x , T = 5 5
15 a α = −9 b d = −189 c c = −57
(2 , − 12 )
3
6 b α + β + 2 = 5, M = 16 a γ = 1
b − 23 and 3
2
d √26 18 x = − 13 , 1 or 73
7 c The line intersects the curve at x = −1 and is 19 14, 12 and 1
tangent to the curve at x = α. α = 2, P = (2, 5), 20 a −2
m = 4 b 5, P (x) = (x + 2)2 (x − 5)
8 a y = mx − mp + p 3 21 a 56 and 1 b1 c 23
c x = − 12 p, so M lies on x = − 12 p . 22 a k = 28 or −80
9 a α = 1 and m = 2 b When k = 28, P (x) = (x − 2)2 (x + 7) and when
b y + 3 = m (x + 2) k = −80, P (x) = (x + 4)2 (x − 5).
c y = 2x + 1 23 a x 3 − 3x 2 − 9x − 5 = 0
10 a y = (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 5) (x + 2) b The line is tangent to the curve at x = −1 and
b Because the line ℓ is tangent to the curve at A and B. intersects the curve at x = α. So −1 is a double root
c α + β = 2, α2 + β2 + 4αβ = −9, and α is a single root.
2α2β + 2αβ2 = m − 16, α2β2 = 20 − b c B = (5, 50)
d m = −10, b = −22 14 , y = −10x − 22 14
( 2 , 4) (− 2 , 4 )
√2 1 √2 1
11 a k = 14 , and
b k = 0 and T (0, 0) or k = 4
27
and T ( 23 , 27 )
8 Chapter 11
( 2 , − 12 ) and (− 2 , − 12 )
√3 √3
c k = 54 , Exercise 11A
( 2λ , − λ 2λ+ 2 ) ,
λ + 2
13 c M = locus: y = −x 1 e All the ratios are about 0.7.
dy
d λ = 2 ( √2 + 1) f ≑ 0.7 y
dx
e λ < − 2 ( √2 − 1) or λ > 2 ( √2 + 1) ,
x −2 −1 0 1 2
but λ ≠ −1
1 1
height y 1 2 4
4 2
Chapter 10 review exercise dy
gradient 0.17 0.35 0.69 1.39 2.77
1a3 b2 c 2x d −11 3 dx
2a3 b9 gradient
0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69
3 −35 height
4b1 < x < 3
2 b Both are equal to 1.
6 a Q (x) = 2x 2 + 13x + 35, R (x) = 110
c
b 2x 3 + 7x 2 − 4x + 5 height y 1
1 2 3
2
= (x − 3) (2x 2 + 13x + 35) + 110
7 a −17 b −27 dy 1
gradient 2 1 2 3
8 b P (x) = (x − 2) (x − 3) (x + 5) dx
9 k = −1 gradient
1 1 1 1
10 b = −3 and c = −11 height
11 h = 5 and k = −9 dy
12 a The divisor has degree 2, so the remainder has d They are all equal to 1. e= y.
dx
degree 1 or 0. 3 c The values are: 0.14, 0.37, 1, 2.72.
b a = −6 and b = 4 d The x-intercept is always 1 unit to the left of the
13 a 6 b −4 c −24 d − 32 e −13 f 44 point of contact.
895
4 a i AB has gradient 1 5 a For e x, 0.14, 0.37, 1.00, 2.72, 7.39.
ii The curve is concave up, so the chord is steeper For y = e −x, 7.39, 2.72, 1.00, 0.37, 0.14
Answers 11A–11B
than the tangent. b y = e−x y = ex

c Reflection in the y
y
b i CA has gradient 1 -axis.
e
ii The curve is concave up, so the chord is not as
steep as the tangent.
c As the base increases, the gradient at the y
-intercept increases. With y = 2x, the gradient at 1
the y-intercept is less than 1, and with y = 4x, the

gradient at the y-intercept is greater than 1. Hence −1 1 x
the base e for which the y-intercept is exactly 1 is
between 2 and 4. d The graph of y = e −x is the reflection of y = e x in
6 The values get closer and closer to the limit the y-axis, so its gradient at the y-intercept is −1.
log e 2 ≑ 0.69315 Hence the two tangents are perpendicular because
the product of their gradients is −1 (or because
Exercise 11B 45° + 45° = 90°).
e y = x + 1 and y = −x + 1
1 a 7.3891 b 22 026.4658 c 1.0000 d 2.7183 6a y Asymptote: y = 0,
e 0.3679 f 0.1353 g 1.6487 h 0.6065
e range: y > 0
i 0.9990 j 0.0025
2 a e −1 ≑ 0.3679 b e −4 ≑ 0.01832
1 1
−
c e 3 ≑ 1.396 d e 2 ≑ 0.6065 1
e 2.061 × 10−9 f 1.069 × 1013
1 −1 x
3 a 5e 2 ≑ 36.95 b 64
e 6 ≑ 6.304
1 1
c 7e 2 ≑ 11.54 d 35 e 2 ≑ 0.9892 b i y ii y
e 4 e −1 ≑ 1.472 f 5
7
e −4 ≑ 0.01308 2+e
4a y b y
1+e
3
2
2
2+e
1+e 1
−1 x −1 x
3
2
2
Shift up 1 unit, Shift up 2 units,
1 asymptote: y = 1, asymptote: y = 2,
1 x 1 x range: y > 1 range: y > 2
Shift up 1 unit, Shift up 2 units,
iii y iv y
asymptote: y = 1, asymptote: y = 2,
range: y > 1 range: y > 2
c y d y
e−1 e−2
−1 x
−1
−1 x
e−1 −1 −2
e−2
1 x Shift down 1 unit, Shift down 2 units,
−1
1 x asymptote: y = −1, asymptote: y = −2,
−1 −2
range: y > −1 range: y > −2
Shift down 1 unit, Shift down 2 units,
asymptote: y = −1, asymptote: y = −2,
range: y > −1 range: y > −2
896
7 a Shift right 1 unit Exercise 11C
b y ci y
c −e −x d −5 e 5x
Answers 11B–11C
1 a 2 e 2x b 7 e 7x
e
1 2
x 1x
−x x
e 2
e f 2e 3
g − 13e 3 h e5
e 2a f ′ (x) = e x + 2 b f ′ (x) = e x − 3
1
1
c f ′ (x) = 5 e 5x + 1 d f ′ (x) = 2 e 2x − 1
e−1
e f ′ (x) = −4 e −4x + 1 f f ′ (x) = −3 e −3x + 4
1 2 x 3 4 x x
g f ′ (x) = −3 e −3x − 6 h f ′ (x) = e2 + 4
ii y iii y
e2 3 a e x − e −x b 2 e 2x + 3 e −3x
e ce + e
2x 3x
d e 4x + e 5x
e x + e −x e x − e −x
e f
2 3
1 e 4 a y′ = 2e 2x
b When x = 0, y′ = 2. When x = 4, y′ = 2e 8.
1
−1 x 5 a f ′ (x) = −e −x + 3
−2 −1 x
b When x = 0, f ′ (x) = −e 3.
8 a 1, e, e 2
c When x = 4, f ′ (x) = −e −1.
b grad AB = e − 1, AB: y − 1 = (e − 1)x
6 a y′ = 3 e 3x, y′ (2) = 3 e 6 ≑ 1210.29
c grad BC = e (e − 1),
b y′ = −2 e −2x, y ′ (2) = −2 e −4 ≑ −0.04
BC: y − e = e (e − 1) (x − 1) 3x
d grad PQ = e a (e − 1), c y ′ = 32 e 2 , y ′ (2) = 32 e 3 ≑ 30.13
PQ: y − e a = e a (e − 1) (x − a) 7 a −e −x, e −x, −e −x, e −x. Successive derivatives
9a y < 0 by < 1 alternate in sign. More precisely,
y y
{−e−x,
e−x, if n is even,
1 x 1 f (n) (x) =
1 if n is odd.
−1 x
b 2 e 2x, 4 e 2x, 8 e 2x, 16 e 2x. Each derivative is twice the
1− e
previous one. More precisely,
−e f (n) (x) = 2n e 2x.
c e x, e x, e x, e x All derivatives are the same, and are
cy < 3 dy < 0 equal to the original function.
y −1 y
x d y′ = e x + 2x + 1, y″ = e x + 2,
3 y‴ and all subsequent derivatives are e x.
2
8 a 5e 5x + 7e 7x b 4e 4x + 2 + 8e 5 + 8x
−1 −x −3x
c −4 e − 12 e d −12 e −2x − 3 + 42 e 5 − 6x
3−e 1x 1
x 1 −2
1 e 10x − 4 + 3e −x f 1
2
e2 + 2
x
−e
9 a y ′ = 12 √e x b y′ = √ 1 3 x
3
e
ey < 1
y 1 1
c y′ = − d y′ = −
y 2√e x 3√e x 3
1
1 − 1e 10 a y′ = ae ax b y′ = −ke −kx
−1 1 c y′ = Ak e kx d y ′ = −Bℓ e −ℓx
1 x
e y′ = p e px + q f y′ = pCe px + q
−1 x
−1 1 pe px − qe −qx
g y′ = h e ax − e −px
1–e r
y = 1 – e–x
f 0 < y ≤ 1
897
Exercise 11D c The two triangles are similar, and their perpendicular
heights are in the ratio (e : 1) (or use the coordinates of
by = x + 1
Answers 11D–11E
1a1
(A) and (B)).
2ae b y = ex
d AP : PB = e 2 : 1 because both triangles can be
1 1
3a b y = (x + 2) regarded as having perpendicular height OP.
e e
16 For y = cosh x,
( 2, 1)
y
4a A = 1
b y′ = 2 e 2x − 1 c y = 2x y ′ = 0 when x = 0.
1
5 a y′ = e x, which is always positive. For y = sinh x,
b y′ = −e −x, which is always negative. y ′ = 1 when x = 0.
6ae − 1 The only point of −1 1 x
dy dy intersection is the
b = e x. When x = 1, = e. −1
dx dx origin.
c y = ex − 1 d i never ii all real x iii never
7 a y′ = 1 − e x b1 − e Exercise 11E
c y = (1 − e)x. When x = 0, y = 0.
1a0 b 0.6931 c 1.0986 d 2.0794
di x = 0 ii x < 0 iii x > 0
e −0.6931 f −1.0986 g −2.0794 h −2.3026
8 a R = ( − 3, 1 )
1
b y′ = 3 e 3x + 1
4 a e x = 1, x = 0 b e x = e, x = 1
c − 13 d 3x + 9y − 8 = 0. 1
c e x = e 2, x = 2 d e x = , x = −1
1 e
9 a −e b 1
e e e x = , x = −2 f e x = √e, x = 12
c x − ey + e 2 + 1 = 0 e2
d x = −e 2 − 1, y = e + e −1 5 a 2 log e e = 2 b 5 log e e = 5
e 12 (e 3 + 2e + e −1 ) c 200 log e e = 200 d −6 log e e = −6
−6
e e log e e = −6 log e e = −6
10 a 1 y
f − log e e = −1
b y = x + 1 e
g log e e −1 = − log e e = −1
c −1 B
d y = −x + 1 h 12 log e e = 1
2
i 1
2
log e e = 1
2
f isosceles right-angled 1 1
−2
F G
triangle, 1 square unit j log e e = − 12 log e e = − 12
−1 1 x 6a b y
y
11 a 1, 45° b e, 69°48′ 2
−2 1
c e , 7°42′ d e 5, 89°37′
12 A = (1, e ) , B = (2, 1), y′ = 2 e 2x − 4
−2
a y′ = 2e −2 b y′ = 2 c 1 − e −2 1
e 1 x
1 x
13 a y = e (x − t + 1)
t
e−2
14 b y = −x d y T
c y d y
cy = 1 N 1
−1 1 e2
O x 1 x
e 1 square unit e x −2
–1
1− e
15 a y = ex. When x = 0, y = 0.
b x + ey = 1 + e 2, A = (1 + e 2, 0),
( 0, )
1 + e2
B = e
898
7b y 12 a y b y
Answers 11E–11F
1
2
1
1 2 4 x
1 x
−1 e x e2
1
c The graph of y = − log e x is obtained by reflecting c y d y

the first in the x-axis. Hence its tangent has gradient e−2 1
1
−1, and the two are perpendicular. e 1 x
x
1
8ae b− c6 d 12 e 2e
e −1
f 0 ge h1 i 0 −2
9 a log e 6 b log e 4 c log e 4 d log e 27
10 a x > 1 bx > 3
y y Exercise 11F
dQ
1a = 900 e 3t b Q = 300 e 6 ≑ 121 000.
dt
dQ
= 900 e 6 ≑ 363 100 c 60 360
1 2 x 3 4 x dt
dQ
2a = −20 000 e −2t b Q = 10 000 e −8 ≑ 3.355
dt
dQ
= −20 000 e −8 ≑ −6.709 c −2499
c x > −1 d x > −2 dt
dQ
y y 3a = 10 e 2t
dt
b Put 1000 = 5 e 2t, t = 12 loge 200 ≑ 2.649
1
log 2 c Put 1000 = 10 e 2t, t = 2
loge 100 ≑ 2.303
−1 x −2 −1 x
4 a P = 2000 e ≑ 8963 individuals
1.5
dP
b = 600 e 0.3t
dt
dP
c = 600 e 1.5 ≑ 2689 individuals per hour
ex > 0 f x < 0 dt
y y d 1393 individuals per hour
dC
5 a C = 2000 e −4 ≑ 36.63 b = −4000 e −2t
dt
dC
c = −4000 e −4 ≑ −73.26 per year
x x
dt
1 1
d −981.7 per year
dP
6 a t = 25 log e 2 ≑ 17.33 years b = 6 e 0.04t
dt
c t = 25 log e 50 ≑ 97.80 years
a
11 a log e = log e a − log e b and dP
b 7a = 400 e 0.4t b P = 1000 e 2 ≑ 7400
b dt
− log e = − log e b + log e a dP
a cats, = 400 e 2 ≑ 3000 cats per year
dt
log e x log e x
b log 1 x = = = − log e x c t = 52 log e 20 ≐ 7.5 years
e log e 1e −1
5
dt = 2
log e 50 ≐ 9.8 years
−1 −1
c Using part b, log 1 x = − log e x = + log e x
e
899
8 a t = −10 log e ( 12 ) = 10 log e 2 ≐ 6.931 years 9 a π3 b 5π
6
Answers 11F–11H
4π
dM 10
b 1
= − 10 M 0 e −0.1t 9
dt
c (1 − e −0.1 ) × 100% ≑ 9.516% 11 a √23 b − 12 c − √23 d √3
dM 1
d When = − 100 M 0, e −1 f 1
g − √12 h 1
dt 2 √3
t = −10 log e ( 10
1
) = 10 log e 10 ≐ 23.03 years 12 a Hour hand: 30° or π6 radians, minute hand: 360° or
dQ 2π radians.
9a = e t, which is always positive, so Q is b i 60° or π3 radians ii 22 12° or π8 radians
dt
dQ
increasing. Also is increasing, so Q is increasing iii 105° or 7π radians iv 172 12° or 23π radians
dt 12 24
at an increasing rate. 13 a 0.733 b 0.349 c 63 334.508
dQ 14 a 0.283 b 0.819
b = −e −t, which is always negative, so Q is
dt 15 a kπ is never an integer when k is an integer, except
dQ
decreasing. Also is increasing, so the rate of when k = 0.
dt
change of Q is increasing, thus Q is decreasing at a b n = 22 c sin 22 ≑ sin 7π = 0
decreasing rate. (The language here is not entirely
Exercise 11H
satisfactory — more on this in Year 12.)
c i A and k both positive or both negative. 1 a π4 b π
c π
d π
e π
f π
6 4 6 3 3
ii One positive and one negative.
d If A = 0, Q is the zero function. If k = 0, Q is the 2 a x ≑ 1.249 b x ≑ 0.927 c x ≑ 1.159
constant function Q = A. d x ≑ 0.236 e x ≑ 0.161 f x ≑ 1.561
π 5π 2π 4π
−b + √b 2 − 4ac −b − √b 2 − 4ac 3a x = or bx = or
11 a λ = or λ = 6 6 3 3
2a 2a 3π 7π π
cx = or dx =
b When b 2 − 4ac < 0 c y = Ae 2x and 4 4 2
π 11π π 7π
y = Ae 5x ex = 6
or 6
f x = 6
or 6
Exercise 11G 5π 7π
gx = π hx = 4
or 4
1 a π2 b π
4
c π
6
d π
3
e 2π
3
f 5π
6
4aθ = π
or 3π
b θ = π4, 3π , 5π or 7π
2 2 4 4 4
b
c θ = π3, 2π d θ = π6, 5π
3π 5π 5π 3π 7π
g 4
h 4
i 2π j 3
k 2
l 6
, 4π or
3 3
5π
3
, 7π or
6 6
11π
6
2 a 180° b 360° c 720° d 90° e 60° 5 a u2 − u = 0 b u = 0 or u = 1

f 45° g 120° h 150° i 135° j 270° π 3π
c θ = 0, , or 2π
k 240° l 315° m 330° 2 2
3 a 0.84 b −0.42 c −0.14 d 0.64 6 a u2 − u − 2 = 0 b u = −1 or u = 2

e 0.33 f −0.69 cθ = 3π
or 7π
, or θ ≑ 1.11 or 4.25
4 4
4 a 1.274 b 0.244 c 2.932 d 0.377
e 1.663 f 3.686 7 a θ = 0, 3π
4
, π , 7π
4
or 2π
5 a 114°35′ b 17°11′ c 82°30′ d 7°3′
e 183°16′ f 323°36′ b θ = 0, π6 , 5π
6
, π or 2π
√3 π
6 a 12 b 1
c d √3 cθ =
√2 2 2
e1 f 1
g √2 h 1 d θ ≑ 1.11, 1.89, 4.25 or 5.03
2 √3
7 a π9 b π
c π
d 5π
e 5π
f 7π e θ = π3 , π or 5π
3
f θ = π2 , 7π
6
or 11π
6
8 5 9 8 5
8 a 15° b 72° c 400° d 247.5° g θ ≑ 0.34 or 2.80 h θ ≑ 1.91 or 4.37

e 306° f 276° 8 a θ = π3, π2, 3π
2
or 5π
3
900
bx = 3π
or 7π
, or x ≑ 1.25 or 4.39 ii Each equilateral triangle of the outer hexagon
4 4
has height r, and hence by part a has side length
Answers 11H–11J
7π 11π 2r 1
cx = 6
or 6
, or x ≑ 0.25 or 2.89 s =
2
and area × 4r3 × √3 = 13r 2√3. The
√3 4
d x ≑ 0.84 or 5.44 circle lies inside the outer hexagon,
9 a α = π2, or α ≑ 3.48 or 5.94
so πr 2 = area of circle < area of outer hexagon
b α ≑ 1.11, 2.82, 4.25 or 5.96
= 6 × 13 r 2√3 = 2r 2√3, so π < 2√3.
10 a x = 0, 3π
4
, π, 7π
4
or 2π
b x ≑ 1.11, 1.25, 4.25 or 4.39 19 2.54 cm2
20 36 seconds
11 a x = − 11π
12
, − 7π , π or
12 12
5π
12
b x = −π , − π3, π3 or π c x = − π2 or π
2 Exercise 11J
π
d x = −π or 2
or π ex = − 3π
4 2 a All six graphs are many-to-one.
π b i π , 2π , 3π , 4π , 5π , 6π
f x = − 2π or
3 3
ii π6 , 5π
6
, 13π
6
, 17π
6
, 25π
6
, 29π
6
13 θ = π5, 3π 7π
, or 9π
5 5 5
iii π2 , 5π , 9π , 13π
2 2 2
, 17π
2
, 21π
2
Exercise 11I iv There are no solutions.
3π 3 a x = π2, x = − π2, x = 3π
, x = − 3π ,
1 a 12 cm b 3 cm c 2π cm d 2
cm 2 2
5π
2 a 32 cm2 b 96 cm2 c 8π cm2 d 12π cm2 x = 2
, x = − 5π
2
,...
3 4 cm b y = cosec x, the reciprocal of y = sin x.
4 1.5 radians c Neither graph has any line symmetries.
5 a 2.4 cm b 4.4 cm 4 a x = 0, x = π , x = −π , x = 2π , x = −2π , . . .
6 8727 m2 b Line symmetry in the y-axis x = 0
7 a 8π cm b 16π cm2 c y = sec x, the reciprocal of y = cos x.
8 84° 5 a (0, 0), (π , 0), (−π , 0), (2π , 0), (−2π , 0), . . .
9 11.6 cm b Point symmetry in the origin (0, 0)
10 a 6π cm2 b 9√3 cm2 c 3 (2π − 3√3 ) cm2 c y = cosec x, the reciprocal of y = sin x.
12 15 cm2
( 2, 0 ) , ( − π2, 0 ) , (2, 0 ) , ( − 3π , 0) , . . .
π 3π
6a
13 a 4 (π + 2) cm b 8π cm2 2
14 a 2π cm b 2π
cm2 c 2π cm b y = sec x, the reciprocal of y = cos x.
3 3
( 2, 0 ) , ( − π2, 0 ) , (π , 0), (−π , 0),

π
d √3 cm2, 2 (π − √3 ) cm2 7 a (0, 0),
(2, 0 ) , ( − 3π , 0) , . . .
3π
15 4
3
(4π − 3√3 ) cm2 2
16 c 3√55 π cm3 d 24π cm2 b Both functions are odd, because both have point
17 a 720 metres b 2.4 radians (about 137°31′) symmetry in the origin. Neither is even, because
c 559.22 metres d 317°31′T neither have line symmetry in the y-axis.
( 2 ) = 4 r . By the
r 2 3 2 8 a Translations left or right by multiples of 2π .
18 a By Pythagoras, h 2 = r 2 −
b y = cos x, y = cosec x and y = sec x.
area formula, A = 12 r 2sin 60° = 12 r 2 × √3
. c y = tan x and y = cot x can each be mapped onto
2
themselves by translations left or right by multiples of π.
bi P
artition the hexagon into six equilateral triangles. d y = sin x, y = cos x, y = cosec x, y = sec each has
An interval is the shortest distance between two period 2π . y = tan x, y = cot x each has period π.
points, so
9 a x = π4, x = − 3π ,x = 5π
, x = − 7π ,...
6r = perimeter < circumference = 2πr, so 4 4 4
3 < π. b y = cosec x and y = sec x
901
c x = π4 , x = − π4 , x = 3π
, x = − 3π ,x = 5π
, 3a3 b3 c4 d 1
e 1
f 1
4 4 4 4 9 1000
Answers 11J–11 review
4 a 23x b 24x c 26x d 10x

x = − 5π ,... 2x + 3
4 e2 f 22x − 1
10 a Translations left π2 , 5π
2
, . . . , and right 3π , 7π , . . .
2 2 5 Each graph is reflected y = 2−x y y = 2x
b y = sin (x − θ ) is y = sin x shifted right by θ , so onto the other graph in 2

the line x = 0.
sin (x − θ ) = cos x for θ = 3π
2
, − π2 , 7π
2
, − 5π
2
, 11π
2
, 1
− 9π
2
,...
c There are none. –1 1 x
11 There are none.

6 a 2.718 b 54.60 c 0.1353 d 4.482
( 4 , √2 ) , ( − 4 , √2 ) ( 4 √2 )
π 1 3π 1
12 a − , 5π, 1 ,
7 a e 5x b e 6x c e −4x d e 9x
(− 4 , √2 )
7π 1
− ,... 8a y > 0 by > 0
b sin x = cos x, so tan x = 1. y y
13 a (0, 0), (π , 0), (−π , 0), (2π , 0), (−2π , 0), . . . e e

sin x
b sin x = , so sin x cos x = sin x,
cos x
so sin x (cos x − 1) = 0, so sin x = 0 or cos x = 1. 1 1
14 a Roughly 0.7 (radians).
15 a They touch each other at their maxima and minima. 1 x −1 x
b y = cos x and y = sec x.
cy > 1 d y > −1
c y = sin x & y = sec x, y = cos x & y = cosec x,
y y
y = tan x & y = sec x, y = cot x & y = cosec x
e−1
sin x
16 a cos x =
cos x e+1
│ × cos x │ cos x 2
= sin x and cos x ≠ 0 2
x
1 − sin2 x = sin x −1
1
sin x + sin x − 1
2
= 0 x
1 −1
∆ = 1 + 4 = 5
−1 + √5 9 a ex b 3e 3x c ex+3 d 2e 2x + 3 e −e −x
sin x = 2 1
f −3e −3x g −2e 3 − 2x h 6e 2x + 5
3
i 2e x
j 3x 2e x
giving solutions in the first and second quadrants. 2
k (2x − 3)e x − 3x l 4e 6x − 5
2
(
−1 − √5
2
< −1 , 10 a 5e 5x b 4e 4x c −3e −3x d −6e −6x
so sin x = −1 − √5
2
has no solutions. ) 11 2
12 y = e 2x − e 2, x-intercept 1, y-intercept −e 2.
b sin x 1
= 13 a 1.4314 b −0.3010 c 0.6931 d 2.6391
cos x cos x
│ × cos x │ sin x = 1 and cos x ≠ 0 14 a 1.1761 b 0.4771 c 1.9459 d −1.0986
There are no solutions, 15 a 5 b − 14 c3 d 1
5
because if sin x = 1, then cos x = 0.
16 a e b3 c −1 de
Chapter 11 review exercise 17 a y b y
1 a 39 b 312 c 35 d 65 1
1 1 1 1
2a 5
b 100
c x3
d 3x
2
1 2 x x
1
−1
902
c y d y 30 a y = sin x and y = cos x both have amplitude 1.
log2 3 b y = sin x, y = cos x, y = cosec x and y = sec x
1 1
all have period 2π , y = tan x and y = cot x both
have period π .
x x
1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 c y = sin x, y = tan x, y = cosec x and y = cot x
are all odd, y = cos x, and y = sec x are both even.
3π π π
31 a θ = 2
bθ = 2
cx = 4
18 a y b y
1 1
Chapter 12
1 e x −e −1 x Exercise 12A
19
1 a 20
1
b 20
2a 1
2 b 1
2 c1 d0
c y d y 3a 1
b1
c 1
d 13
6 2 3
2 4a 5
b7
c0
12 12
5
1 1
5a 4
9 b9 c 11
18
6a 4
9 b 59 c 11
18 d 7
18 e 13 f 16
2 3 (e + 2) x 3
7a 8 b21
c21
1
e
1 e x
5 3 5
8a 1
26 b 26 c 26
21
d0 e 26 f 26
9 78%
dP 10 a 47 b 32
19 a = − 1001
P 0 e −0.01t
dt 11 a 8 b 14
15
dP 12 a 10 sixes
b = − 1001
P 0 e −0.45 = −0.0064 P 0 lizards per year.
dt b i 1860 = 30%
c P = P 0 e −0.45 ≑ 64% of the original population. ii The experiment suggest a probability of about 30%.
iii The theoretical probability suggests that for an
d e −0.01t = 1
10
, so t = 100 log e 10 ≑ 230 years
unbiased die, we would expect to get a six on
20 a π b π
c 4π
d 7π one-sixth of the throws, that is, 10 times. The large
9 3 4
number of sixes turning up suggests that this die is
21 a 30° b 108° c 540° d 300° biased.
13 a 400 = 14 = 25%
100 8
b 20 = 25 = 40%
22 a √23 b− 1
√3 c We would expect him to get chicken one-quarter of
π 7π 2π 5π the time, that is, on 5 occasions. He may have got
23 a x = 4
or 4
bx = 3
or 3
more chicken sandwiches because of the way the
24 a sin θ = 0 or − 12 , θ = 0, π , 7π , 11π or 2π canteen makes or sells the sandwiches, for example
6 6
making the chicken sandwiches early and placing
b cos θ = −1 or 2, θ = π (cos θ = 2 has no
them at the front of the display, or making more
solutions.)
Vegemite sandwiches as they sell out. Possibly
1
c tan θ = 2
and θ ≑ 0.46 or 3.61, also the sample is too small and the result would
approach 14 if the experiment were continued over a
or tan θ = −3 and θ ≑ 1.89 or 5.03
longer time. The experimental probability is only an
25 a 3π cm b 12π cm2
estimate, and in fact it is possible he may have got
26 16 (π − 2) ≑ 18.3 cm2
no chicken sandwiches over the twenty days.
27 148°58′
14 a 201
b 14 c 12 d 12 e 25
28 6.77 cm
f 51
g4 1
h0 i 1
29 a 1.2661 radians b 49.2 cm
903
15 a 12 b 12 c 13
1
d 52
1
b i 20
1
ii 25 iii 35 iv 15
3
e 14 f 13 g 12 h 13
1
7 HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT
Answers 12A–12C
3
i 13 (counting an ace as a one) a 18 b 38 c 12 d 12 e 12 f 1
2
7
16 a 151
b 150 c 12 d 25
4
e 75
1
f 17
50 8 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32,
3 9 7 7
17 a 51
b 40 c 20 d 100 e 50 f 200
1
33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 52, 53, 54,
18 a 34 b 14 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66
19 187 or 188 a 16 b 16 c 36
1
d 16 e 16 f 14
5
20 a The argument is invalid, because on any one day the g 1136 h 49 i 36 j 16
two outcomes are not equally likely. The argument 9ai 4 1
ii 41
iii 21
b i 18 ii 38 iii 12
5
really can’t be corrected. 10 a 16 1
b 14 c 11
16 d 16 e 38 5
f 16
3
b The argument is invalid. One team may be 11 a 5 2
b5 c5 1
significantly better than the other, the game may be 12 a 24 b i 23 ii 14 iii 12

1
iv 16
played in conditions that suit one particular team, 1
and so on. Even when the teams are evenly matched, 13 a n b 1 − 21 − n
2
the high-scoring nature of the game makes a draw an c 12 That is, half the time there will be more tails than
unlikely event. The three outcomes are not equally heads.
likely. The argument really can’t be corrected. 14 14
c The argument is invalid, because we would presume 15 14 . The experiment is the same as asking the
that Peter has some knowledge of the subject, probability that the first card is a diamond.
and is therefore more likely to choose one answer
than another. The argument would be valid if the Exercise 12C
questions were answered at random.
1a { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } b { 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 }
d The argument is only valid if there are equal
numbers of red, white and black beads, otherwise c { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } d { 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 }
the three outcomes are not equally likely. 2a A ∪ B = { 1, 3, 5, 7 } , A ∩ B = { 3, 5 }
e The argument is missing, but the conclusion is b A ∪ B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 } ,
correct. Exactly one of the four players will win A ∩ B = { 4, 9 }
his semi-final and then lose the final. Our man is as c A ∪ B = { h, o, b, a, r, t, i, c, e, n } ,
likely to pick this player as he is to pick any of the A ∩ B = { h, o, b }
other three players. d A ∪ B = { j, a, c, k, e, m } , A ∩ B = { a }
21 a 29 π
b 18 e A ∪ B = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 } , A ∩ B = { 3, 5, 7 }
22 a 87
b 9π + 2 3 a false b true c false
d false e true f true
Exercise 12B 4a3 b2 c { 1, 3, 4, 5 } d 4
{
e 3 } f 1 g { 2, 4 } h { 1, 2, 5 }
1 a HH, HT, TH, TT 5 a students who study both Japanese and History
b i 14 ii 12 iii 14 b students who study either Japanese or History or both
2 a H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 6 a students at Clarence High School who do not have
b i 14 ii 16 iii 14 iv 14 blue eyes
3 a TO, OT, OE, EO, ET, TE b students at Clarence High School who do not have
b i 13 ii 13 iii 23 blond hair
4 a AB, BA, AC, CA, AD, DA, BC, CB, BD, DB, CD, DC c students at Clarence High School who have blue
b i 16 ii 12 iii 13 iv 16 v 14 vi 34 eyes or blond hair or both
5 a 23, 32, 28, 82, 29, 92, 38, 83, 39, 93, 89, 98 d students at Clarence High School who have blue
bi 1
ii 1
iii 1
iv 1
v 1
vi 0 eyes and blond hair
12 2 2 6 4
7 a ∅, { a }
6 a The captain is listed first and the vice-captain
b ∅, { a } , { b } , { a, b }
second: AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE,
c ∅, { a } , { b } , { c } , { a, b } , { a, c } , { b, c } , { a, b, c }
DE, BA, CA, DA, EA, CB, DB, EB, DC, EC, ED
d ∅
904
8 a true b false c true d false e true 20 a b
9 a { 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 } b { 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 } P P
Q Q
Answers 12C–12D
c {7} d { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 }
e { 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 } f { 2, 5, 8 }
R R
10 a { 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 } b { 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 }
c { 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 } d { 2, 5, 9 } c
e { 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 } f { 2, 5, 9 }
h { 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 } P Q
g { 3, 6 }
11 a b
A
R
A B B
21 4
7
E
22 43
E
23 a ∣ A ∪ B ∪ C ∣ = ∣ A ∣ + ∣ B ∣ + ∣ C ∣ − ∣ A ∩ B ∣
c d
− ∣A ∩ C∣ − ∣B ∩ C∣ + ∣A ∩ B ∩ C∣
A B A B b 207
c ∣A ∪ B ∪ C ∪ D∣ = ∣A∣ + ∣B∣ + ∣C∣ + ∣D∣
− ∣A ∩ B∣ − ∣A ∩ C∣ − ∣A ∩ D∣ − ∣B ∩ C∣
− ∣B ∩ D∣ − ∣C ∩ D∣ + ∣A ∩ B ∩ C∣ + ∣A ∩ B ∩ D∣
E E
e f
+∣A ∩ C ∩ D∣ + ∣B ∩ C ∩ D∣ − ∣A ∩ B ∩ C ∩ D∣.
A B A B
It is possible to draw a Venn diagram with four
sets, but only if the fourth set is represented not
by a circle, but by a complicated loop — the final
E E
diagram must have 16 regions.
12 a true b true
13 a Q bP Exercise 12D
14 a III bI c II d IV
15 a infinite b finite, 10 members 1 a 16 b 56 c 13 d0
c finite, 0 members d infinite e1 f 0 g 16 h 23
e finite, 18 members f infinite 2 a 13
1
b 131
c 13
2
d0 e 11
13 f 1
2
3 3 8 5
g finite, 6 members h finite, 14 members g 13 h 26 i 13 j 13
16 a false b true c true 3 a A = { HH }, B = { HT, TH }, P (A or B) = 34 ,
d false e true f false P (A) = 14 , P (B) = 24
17 a i ii b A = { RS }, B = { RT, ST }, P (A or B) = 33 ,
0 3 x x P (A) = 13 , P (B) = 23
0 3
iii iv 4 a no b i 12 ii 2
3 iii 1
3 iv 5
6
0 3 x 0 3 x 3
5 a 12 b 12 c 1
4 d 4 e 1
4
bi ii f 16 g 16 h 1
i 11
j 25
x x 36 36 36
−1 0 2 −1 0 2
6 a i 12 ii 23 iii 1
3 iv 1
2 v 1
2
iii iv −1 0 2 x
−1 0 2 x b i 35 ii 45 iii 3
5 iv 0 v 1
c i ii ci 1
ii 2
iii 2
iv 13 v 56
2 3 3
−3 −1 0 1 4 x −3 −1 0 1 4 x 7
7 a 15 b0 c 35 d 57
iii iv 8 a i no 1 1 3 3
ii 2 , 4 , 20 , 5 b i no 3 3 13
ii 12 , 10 , 20 , 20
−3 −1 0 1 4 x −3 −1 0 1 4 x 9 7
c i yes ii 14 , 20 , 0, 10
18 a ∣ A ∩ B ∣ is subtracted so that it is not counted twice. 9 7 17
9 a 25 b 50 c 50
b 5 c LHS = 7, RHS = 5 + 6 − 4 = 7
10 a 10 bi 4
ii 13
19 a 10 b 22 c 12 21
11 14
905
12 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 11 The chance that at least one of them will shoot a
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 basket is 1 − P (they both miss). The boy missing
Answers 12D–12F
39
a 14 b 14 c 100
11
d 100 and the girl missing are independent events. The
7 13 3 7
13 a 12 b 60 c 10 d 60 correct answer is 0.895.
12 a 36
1
b 16 c 14
Exercise 12E d 36
1
e 36
1
f 18
1
g 12
1
h 12
1
i 61
1a 24 1
b 28
1
c 12
1
d 96
1
e 42
1
f 336
1
13 HHH, HHM, HMH, MHH, HMM, MHM, MMH,
2 a 121
b 12
1
c 14 d 13
3 3 MMM
3 a 251
b 25
2
c 25 d 25 e 25
4
f 25
2
g 25
1
15 8 6 a P (HHH) = 0.93 = 0.729 b 0.001

4 a 49 b 49 c 49
3 3 3 c P (HMM) = 0.9 × 0.12 = 0.009
5 a 101
b 10 c 10 d 10
d P (HMM) + P (MHM) + P (MMH) = 3 × 0.009
6 a 361
b 12
1
c 36
1
d9 1
e 16
180
= 0.027
7 a 17 b 1331
13
e 0.081 f 0.243
8 a i 204 ii 171
iii 663
4
iv 2652
1
14 a P (CCCCC) = ( 15 ) = 3125
5
1
b 1024
3125
b 161 1 1
, 16 , 169 1
, 2 704
16 256 256
9ai 3 2
ii 31 8
b i 27 ii 27
1
iii 27
4 c 3125 d 3125 e 625 f 4
625
5
10 a The argument is invalid, because the events ‘liking 15 a 1
46 656 b 7776
classical music’ and ‘playing a classical instrument’ 16 a 1

6 b 56 c 1
2 d 1
3
3
are not independent. One would expect that most 17 a 64 b 17
64
5
c 17
of those playing a classical instrument would like 18 a i 34 ii 31
32 iii 1023
1024
classical music, whereas a smaller proportion of 1 2 − 1
n
b1 − = c 14
those not playing a classical instrument would like 2n 2n
9
classical music. The probability that a student does 19 a 25 b 11
both cannot be discovered from the given data — 20 a 12 960 000
1
b 233
one would have to go back and do another survey. 21 a 19
b The argument is invalid, because the events ‘being b 19. Retell as ‘Nick begins by picking out two socks
prime’ and ‘being odd’ are not independent — two for the last morning and setting them aside’.
out of the three odd numbers less than 7 are prime, c 9. Retell as ‘Nick begins by picking out two socks
1
but only one out of the three such even numbers is for the third morning and setting them aside’.
prime. The correct argument is that the odd prime d 63
1
e 1
9 × 7 × 5 × 3 f zero
numbers amongst the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are
22 a In each part, retell the process of selection as ‘First
3 and 5, hence the probability that the die shows an
choose a court for Kia, then choose one of the
odd prime number is 26 = 13 .
remaining 11 positions for Abhishek’.
c The teams in the competition may not be of equal 3 1 4
a b c
ability, and factors such as home-ground advantage 11 11 33
may also affect the outcome of a game, hence
assigning a probability of 12 to winning each of the Exercise 12F
seven games is unjustified. Also, the outcomes 9
1 a i 49 ii 12
iii 12
iv 16
49 49 49
of successive games are not independent — the b i 25 ii 24
49 49
confidence gained after winning a game may
c i 37 ii 4
7
improve a team’s chances in the next one, a loss may 1st 2nd
adversely affect their chances, or a team may receive Draw Draw
2
injuries in one game leading to a depleted team in 6 B
the next. The argument really can’t be corrected. 3 B
7
4 W
d This argument is valid. The coin is normal, not 6
Start
biased, and tossed coins do not remember their 3
6 B
4
previous history, so the next toss is completely 7 W
unaffected by the previous string of heads. 3 W
6
906
2 a i 90.25% ii 4.75% iii 4.75% iv 0.25% Exercise 12G
b 99.75%
1a
Answers 12F–12G
2nd
throw
6 9 6
3 a i 25 ii 25 iii 4
25 iv 25
13
b i 12
25 ii 25
6
9
4 a i 50 ii 3
iii 21
iv 7 5
25 50 25
4
b i 23
50 ii 27
50 3
Group A Group B 2
6
10 G 1
1st
3 G
10 1 2 3 4 5 6 throw
4 B
10
Start b 181
c 49 d 19
6
7
10 G 2 a 1000 = 50 = 0.34
340 17
420 = 42 ≑ 0.45
b 190 19
10 B
340 = 34 ≑ 0.38
c 130 = 13 ≑ 0.15
13 20
d 130 2
4 B
10
3 a Totals in last column: 56, 137, 193. Totals in last
5 a 8% b 18% c 26% d 28% row: 124, 69, 193.
Garry Emma b i 193
42
≑ 0.22 29
ii 124 ≑ 0.23
0·9 P
iii 56 ≑ 0.52
29
iv 137 ≑ 0.69
95
P
0·8 4 a 161
b HH, HD, HC, HS; 14
0·1 F
Start c HH, HD, HC, HS, DH, CH, SH; 17
0·9 P d HH, HD, HC, HS, DH, DD, DC, DS; 18
0·2
F
5a
0·1 F 1 2 3 4 5 6
9
6a 25 b 21
25 HH 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 4.96%
HT 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 a 0.01 b 0.23
TH 2 3 4 5 6 7
9 0.35
10 47 TT 1 2 3 4 5 6
11 a 3980
21
b 144
995 b 1
24 c d 1
6
1
2
3 7
12 a 10 b 24 c 21
40 6a 5
7 b c 3
8
16
19
13 a 11
1
b 14
33 c 10
33 d 19
33 7a P (A ∩ B) = 0.24 b P (A ∩ B) = 0.15
14 a 56 b 5
12 c 1
6 c P (A ∣ B) = 0.4 d P (A ∣ B) = 0.7
8a dependent b independent
15 a 49 b 65
81 c4
c dependent d independent
16 The term ‘large school’ is code for saying that the
e impossible—P (A ∩ B) cannot be bigger than
probabilities do not change for the second choice
P (A) or P (B).
because the sample space hardly changes.
f independent
a 0.28 b 0.50
9a
17 a 25
1
b 35 1 2 3 4 5 6
57
18 a 20
1
b 8000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
19 a 31.52% b 80.48%
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5
20 a i 33 5
ii 22 iii 19
33 iv 14 v 19
66 vi 47
66
25 5 5 1 25 47
b 144, 24, 9, 4, 72, 72 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
21 a 36
1
b 1
46656 c 11
36
22 a 216
1
b 5
c 5
d 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
72 12 9
23 3 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 6 19
24 a 25
1
b 25 c 25 d 25 b The cases 1 + 4, 2 + 3, and 4 + 1 make up the
reduced sample space.
i 1
4 ii 1
2 iii 1
907
10 a i 0.1 ii 13 iii 14 25 Suppose first that the contestant changes her
b 3
c 12 d 59 choice. If her original choice was correct, she
7
11 4
11
loses, otherwise she wins, so her chance of
12 5
8 or 62.5% winning is 23 . Suppose now that the contestant
13 a 1
2 b 13 does not change her choice. If her original
14 a BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GBB, GBG, GGB, GGG choice was correct, she wins, otherwise she
b 47 c 23 loses, so her chance of winning is 13 . Thus the
15 a 13 b 23 c 153
11
strategy of changing will double her chance of
16 Draw up a 6 × 6 sample space and mark winning.
the points that are in A, in S and in M. 26 Let G1 be, ‘A girl is born on a Sunday’, let B1 be, ‘A
First, P (A) = P (S) = 12 and P (M) = 14 . boy is born on a Sunday’, let G2 be, ‘A girl is born
a A and S are independent because on a Monday’, …, giving 14 equally likely events at
P (S ∣ A) = 1
2 = P (S). A and M are not independent the birth of every child.
because P (M ∣ A) = 12 , but P (M) = 14 . S and M In this particular family, there are two children,
are not independent because P (M ∣ S) = 0, but giving 142 = 196 equally likely possible outcomes
P (M) = 14 . for the two successive births in this family.
b P (A ∩ S) = 14 = P (A) × P (S), so A and S are Draw up the 2 × 2 sample space, showing at least all
independent. P (A ∩ M) = 14 , but the entries in the row indexed by G2 and the column
P (A) × P (M) = 18 , so A and M are not indexed by G2.
independent. P (S ∩ M) = 0, but
P (S) × P (M) = 18 , so A and M are not independent. Let A be, ‘At least one child is a girl born on a
17 a P (A ∪ B) = 0.76 b P (A ∪ B) = 0.72 Monday.’ There are 27 favourable outcomes for A.
18 a 16 b 56 c 15 Let B be, ‘Both children are girls.’ There are 13
favourable outcomes for the event A ∩ B.
7
19 15
Hence P (B ∣ A) = ∣ A ∩ B ∣ / ∣ A ∣ = 13
9
20 23
27 .
21 37
22 a 5.75% b 4.95% c 86% d 0.21% Chapter 12 review exercise
e It is most important that the number of false
negatives is low — that almost all patients with the 1 a 16 b 1
2 c 16 d 1
2
3 3
disease are picked up. False positives are worrying 2 a 10
1
b 1
2 c 10 d0 e1 f 10
for the patient, but further tests should determine 3a2 1

b 1
2 c 1
13 d 52
1
e 12 f 12
13
that they do not have the disease. 4 37%

23 a P (A ∩ B) 5 a 14 b 1
4 c 1
2
P (A ∣ B) = 6 a 36
1
b 1
c 1
d 11
P (B) 9 6 36
P (B ∩ A) e9 4
f 1
9 g 1
6 h 11
36
= 7 a 17 b 19
c 1
P (B) 60 60 6
P (B ∣ A)P (A) 8aw bi 1

ii 2
iii 1
iv 5
= 2 3 3 6
P (B) 9 a 12
1
b 1
5 c 3
20 d 20
1
P (B ∣ A) 10 a i 13
ii 1
iii 663
4
iv 1
= × P (A) 204 17 2652
P (B)
bi 1
16 ii 1
16 iii 169
1
iv 1
2704
24 If B is independent of A then,
11 a 14% b 24% c 38% d 6%
P (B ∣ A)
P (A ∣ B) = × P (A) 12 a 2
21 b 11
21 c 10
21 d 2
7
P (B)
19 979
P (B) 13 a 12 475 b 12 475
= × P (A) 14 a Independent b Dependent
P (B)
= P (A) c Independent, with P (A ∩ B) = 0.18
3
which states that A is dependent of B. 15 11
908
16 a 15
Outcome x 3 4 6
b 15 . The answer is independent of the day of the week.
Probability P (X = x) 5 1 1
8 4 8
c 120
1
d 0. There cannot be only 1 day where the short and tie b Let X be the number of heads recorded when 2 coins
do not match. are thrown.
x 0 1 2
Chapter 13 P (X = x) 1 1 1
4 2 4
Exercise 13A
c Let X be the digits recorded from the first 12 digits
1a Numeric, discrete b Numeric, continuous
of √2
c Categorical d Numeric, continuous
e Categorical f Categorical x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
g On a standard scale of shoes sizes, this is numeric
P (X = x) 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
and discrete. The length of a person’s foot would be 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
a numeric, continuous distribution.

d Let X be the number selected.
h Numeric, discrete. Reported ATAR scores are
between 30 and 99.95 in steps of 0.05. There are x 1 2 3 4 5
around 1400 different scores awarded. 1 1 1 1 1
P (X = x) 4 4 4 8 8
2a
Outcome HH HT TH TT
(Note that the answer is the same if the sets are
Probability 1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
amalgamated. Why?)
Uniform distribution (and categorical). 5 a { T } , { F1 } , { F2 } , { T, F1 } , { T, F2 } , { F1, F2 } ,
{ T, F1, F2 }
b
Outcome 2 heads 1 head & 1 tail 2 tails b
x 5 10 15 20
Probability 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
4 2 4 P (X = x) 7 7 7 7
3a 6 a Yes b No c Yes d Yes e No f Yes

Outcome red green
7 a 0.2 b 0.6 c 0.75 d0 e 0.6
Probability 4 3
7 7 f 0.85 g 0.9 h 0.7 i 0.45
b 8 a i Let C be the event, ‘A court card is drawn.’
Outcome J K L O 1st 2nd
Draw Draw Outcome Probability
Probability 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.82
9
C CC 169
c C
Outcome P A R M T C CC 30
169
1 2 1 1 1 Start
Probability 10 5 5 10 5 30
C CC 169
d C
Outcome 1 2 3 4 C CC 100
169
9 90 900 1
Probability 1000 1000 1000 1000 ii
x 0 1 2
e 100 60 9
Outcome even prime neither P (X = x) 169 169 169
5 4 1
Probability 10 10 10
b i The eight outcomes EEE, EEO, EOE, EOO, OEE,
4 a Let X be the number of letters in a randomly-chosen OEO, OOE, OOO each have probability 18 .
word.
909
ii 12 a
x 0 1 2 3 Outcome RR RG GR GG
Answers 13A
1 3 3 1 16 12 12 9
P (X = x) 8 8 8 8 Probability 49 49 49 49
8
c GGG has probability 125 , GGB, GBG, BGG each
12 b
have probability 125 , GBB, BGB, BBG each have Outcome RR RG GR GG
18 27
probability 125 , BBB has probability 125 . 12 12 12 6
Probability 42 42 42 42
x 0 1 2 3
8 36 54 27
P (X = x) 125 125 125 125 c
Outcome HH DD SS CC
1 1 1 1
d Let S be the event, ‘A wallaby from Snake Ridge Probability 17 17 17 17
was selected’. S S S has probability 0.027, S S S,

S S S, S S S each have probability 0.063, S S S, HS or SH HC or CH HD or DH
S S S, S S S each have probability 0.147, S S S has 13 13 13
102 102 102
probability 0.343.
SC or CS SD or DS CD or DC
x 0 1 2 3
13 13 13
P (X = x) 0.343 0.441 0.189 0.027 102 102 102
1 1 1
9aa = 25
ba = 14
ca = 27
1 13a There is no guarantee that their results will be
da = 10
ea = 1
identical, though you would expect more trials
10 a i EE and OO each have probability 15 , EO and OE (repeats of the experiment) would bring your
3
each have probability . results closer to each other and to the theoretical
10
probabilities.
ii
x 0 1 2 b Theoretical results: P (X = 0) = 0.3,
1 3 1 P (X = 1) = 0.6, P (X = 2) = 0.1
P (X = x) 5 5 5
c It might be easier to perform the experiment with
b BB has probability 25 , BG and GB each have coloured balls or tokens. Running the experiment
4
probability 15 1
, GG has probability 15 . in pairs with a nominated recorder also helps. The
paper pieces need to be indistinguishable and well
x 0 1 2 mixed in the bag. You could increase the number of
2 8 1
P (X = x) trials or combine the class results.
5 15 15
1
14 EEE and OOO each have probability 20 , the
3
c i EE has probability 10 , ER, RE, ET, TE each have other six possible outcomes each have
3
3 1
probability 20 , RT and TR each have probability 20 . probability 20 ,
ii x 0 1 2 3
x 0 1 2
1 9 9 1
1 3 3
P (X = x) 20 20 20 20
P (X = x) 10 5 10
15 a The condition that the sum of the probabilities is 1

11 gives a = 14 or a = 1. But a = 1 gives probabilities
x 22 44 55 24 or 42
P (X = x)
1 1 1 1 outside the interval 0 ≤ p ≤ 1, and the only valid
9 4 36 3
answer is a = 14 .
25 or 52 45 or 54 7
b a = 1 or 6
(both are valid)
1 1
9 6
910
16 a Let X be the sum of the numbers on the three cards. So E (X) = 6.
This question is best done by asking what card is b
−3
Answers 13A–13B
x 1 2 5 6 Sum
discarded.
pi 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 1
x 20 21 22
xi pi −0.3 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.6 2.5
1 1 1
P (X = x) 4 2 4 So E (X) = 2.5.
5a
b x 1.50 2.10 2.40 Sum
x 20 21 22
5 4 3
3 4 3 p (x) 1
P (X = x) 10 10 10
12 12 12
x p (x) 0.625 0.7 0.60 1.925

Exercise 13B
The expected value is $1.925.
1a b If 100 purchases are made at random the expected
x 0 1 2 3 Sum
cost is $192.50.
p (x) 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 1 6 a E (X) = 3
x p (x) 0 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.4 b i E (Y) = 6 ii Yes
c i E (Z) = 4 ii Yes
Hence E (X) = 1.4.
5
7 a 15 b 10 c 2
d3 e0 f 18
b
x 2 4 6 8 Sum 8 0 1 2 3 Sum
x
p (x) 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 1 p (x)
1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8 1
x p (x) 0.2 1.6 2.4 0.8 5 3 6 3 12
x p (x) 0 8 8 8 8
Hence E (X) = 5.
c The expected value is 1 12 , as might be expected from

x −50 −20 0 30 100 Sum the symmetry of the table of probabilities.
p (x) 0.1 0.35 0.4 0.1 0.05 1 9
x 0 1 2 Sum
x p (x) −5 −7 0 3 5 −4 19 13 1
p (x) 34 34 17 1
Hence E (X) = −4.
13 2 17
2a x p (x) 0 34 17 34
x −40 0 30 60 Sum
p (x)
1 1 1 1
1 The expected value is 12 .
2 6 6 6
x p (x) −20 0 5 10 −5 10 d
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 Sum
b Expected value = −5 6 10 8 6 4 2
c The average cost to the player per game is 5 cents. p (x) 36 36 36 36 36 36 1
d 100 × (−5) = −500 cents. Thus the player expects 10 16 18 16 10 70
to lose 500 cents and the casino expects to make x p (x) 0 36 36 36 36 36 36
500 cents profit. This is an expected average value, 35

Hence E (X) = .
not guaranteed. 18
4a f In any dice experiment, it is important to check

x 2 4 6 8 10 Sum the randomness of your dice rolls. This can depend
1 1 1 1 1
pi 1 on your rolling technique. Try throwing a die 12
5 5 5 5 5
times and see if every outcome is equally likely.
2 4 6 8 10
xi pi 5 5 5 5 5 6 Does each outcome seem independent of the
last?
911
3 3 3 2 2 2
11 a 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 Exercise 13C
Answers 13B–13C
b −12, so the bank expects to make 12 cents each 1a

x 1 2 3 4 Sum
game, on average.
p (x) 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 1
12 a P (Orange) = 16 , P (Strawberry) = 26 ,
x p (x) 0.3 1 0.3 0.4 2
3
P (Apple) = 6 (x − μ) 2
1 0 1 4 —
b (x − μ ) p (x)2
0.3 0 0.1 0.4 0.8
outcome OOO SSS AAA Other Sum
x 11k 2k k 0 — μ = 2, Var (X) = 0.8, σ = √0.8 ≑ 0.89
p (x)
1 8 27 180
1 2a
216 216 216 216 x 1 2 3 4 Sum
p (x) 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 1
c The payout will be $44 and their profit would be $43,
accounting for the $1 entry fee. x p (x) 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 2
1 1 1 1 x2 1 4 9 16 —
13 b μ = 1 × 2
+ 2 × 4
+ 3 × 8
+ 4 × 16
1 1 x 2 p (x) 0.3 2 0.9 1.6 4.8
+5 ×
32
+ 6 × 64
+ . . .(1)
Doubling, b Var (X) = 4.8 − 22 = 0.8.
2μ = 1 × 1 + 2 × 1
+ 3 × 1
+ 4 × 1 3 a E (X) = 2, Var (X) = 2
2 4 8
1 1
b E (X) = 3, Var (X) = 1
+5 ×
+ 6 × + . . .(2)
16 32 c E (X) = 0, Var (X) = 2.6
Subtracting (1) from (2), d E (X) = 2.8, Var (X) = 1.36
μ = 1 + 12 + 14 + 18 + 16 1
+ 1
+ . . .(3) 4 a i E (Y) = 2, Var (Y) = 1, σ = 1
32
ii E (Z) = 2, Var (Z) = 4, σ = 2
Doubling,
1 1 1 1 iii E (V) = 1, Var (V) = 0.8, σ ≑ 0.89
2μ = 2 + 1 + + + + + . . .(4)
2 4 8 16 iv E (W) = 3, Var (W) = 0.8, σ ≑ 0.89
Subtracting (3) from (4), μ = 2 . b i Both sets of data are centred around 2 and the
c On average, we would expect to get a head on the expected value of each is unsurprisingly 2. The
second throw. You could test this by recording how second data set is more spread out — in fact in
many throws it takes over say 50 trials and averaging moving from Y to Z the distances from the mean to
the results. each data point have been doubled and the standard
14 E (X) = 2 × 1
+ 4 × 1
+ 8 × 18 + 16 × 16 1
+ ... deviation is doubled.
2 4
ii The data has been ‘flipped over’, but is no
=1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ...
more spread out than before — the variance is
The expected value ‘increases without bound’,
unchanged. You may notice that W = 4 − V.
that is, E (X) → ∞ as the game continues. This
5 E (X) = 2, Var (X) = 0.
suggests that there is no reasonable price the
6 a E (J) = 1.55, Var (J) = 2.05, E (L) = 1.4,
casino could put on this game and expect to break
Var (L) = 0.84.
even. There are various issues with this scenario
b Over the season John might be expected to
in real life. Casinos would not provide a game
score more baskets, because his expected value is
which had no upper limit to the payout. Patrons
higher.
would also be unwilling to pay a large price for
c Liam is the more consistent player, with the lower
a game with such low apparent probabilities for
variance. Coaches may prefer a more consistent
the later stages of the game. The calculation of a
player, particularly if it is more important to score
simple expected value may not be the best way to
some goals, rather than the maximum number. This
analyse this game.
may also be a sign that John needs to work on the
consistency of his game.
912
7 a Each outcome has probability 13 . This is a uniform 13 a Because Z = X + a,
distribution. E (Z) = ∑ z P (Z = z)
Answers 13C–13D
b E (X) = 2 c Var (X) = 23
= ∑ (x + a) P (X + a = x + a)
8 a Two standard deviations
b One and a half standard deviations below the = ∑ (x + a) P (X = x)
mean. = ∑ x P (X = x) + ∑ a P (X = x)
c The English score was more standard deviations
= ∑ x P (X = x) + a ∑ P (X = x)
below the mean than the Mathematics result, so it
may be considered less impressive. = μ + a,
9 a Visual Arts is 1 standard deviation below the because ∑ P (X = x) = 1.
mean, Music is 1.75 standard deviations below the
b Because Z = kX,
mean, hence the Visual Arts score is better.
b Earth Science is 2 standard deviations above the E (Z) = ∑ z P (Z = z)
mean, Biology is 1.5 standard deviations above = ∑ (kx) P (kX = kx)
the mean, hence the Earth Science score is more
= ∑ (kx) P (X = x),
impressive.
c Chinese is 2 standard deviations above the = k × ∑ x P (X = x)
mean, Sanskrit is also 2 standard deviations = kμ.
above the mean, hence the scores are equally 14 a The mean of Z is μ + a, by the previous question.
impressive. Hence
10 a E (X) = 3.3, σ = 1.45
Var (Z) = E ( ( Z − (μ + a) ) 2 )
b 8 appears to be a long way from 3.3 and well
removed from the rest of the data. = E ( (Z − a − μ)2 )
c 8 is 3.2 standard deviations above the mean and thus = E ( (X − μ)2 )
would be an outlier by this definition. = Var (X)
d E (X) = 3.15, σ = 1.06. Hence the standard deviation of the new
e The mean and standard deviation have distribution remains σ. This is to be expected,
changed significantly, especially the standard because the distribution is no more spread out than
deviation. previously.
f Outliers are interesting values in any distribution b The mean of Z is kμ, by the previous question. Hence
and should be a flag to investigate more closely. Var (Z) = E ( (Z − kμ)2 )
Were results recorded correctly? Was there an
= E ( (kX − kμ)2 )
error in the experiment, for example, did Jasmine
use a more powerful bow with greater range, or = k 2 × E ( (X − μ)2 )
maybe she used a new set of arrows with better = k 2 Var (X)
fletching? It may, however, be that Jasmine is Hence the standard deviation of the new distribution
inconsistent, occasionally getting much better is √k 2σ2 = kσ.
results, but often getting fairly poor results — in
this case the large standard deviation is warranted Exercise 13D
as a measure of this distribution. Over 20 trials, 1a
a probability of 0.05 only represents one set of x 0 1 2 3 Sum
10 shots, so a larger set of results may give a better 8 12 8 1
p (x) 27 27 27 27
picture of her long-term accuracy and reduce the
12 12 3
impact of one strong result amongst many other x p (x) 0 1
27 27 27
weaker scores.
1 12 24 9
11 k = 10 , E (X) = 3, σ = 1 x 2 p (x) 0 27 27 27
1 23
1 n + 1 1
12 a b c 12 (n 2 − 1)
n 2 μ = 1, σ2 = 1 23 − 12 = 23, σ ≑ 0.82
913
b 2 a Yes a No b No
x 0 1 2 3 Sum
3 The probabilities are not all positive, do not sum to
Answers 13D–14A
f 33 47 16 4 100 1, and are not all less than 1.

fr 0.33 0.47 0.16 0.04 1 4 a E (X) = 1.4 b E (X) = −0.8
x fr 0 0.47 0.32 0.12 0.91 5 a E (X) = 27.22
x 2 fr 0 0.47 0.64 0.36 1.47 b His expected cost is $27.22 × 52 = $1415.56 .
6 a E (X) = 2, Var (X) = 1, σ = 1.
x = 0.91, s 2 = 1.47 − (0.91)2 = 0.6419, b E (X) = 5.1, Var (X) = 0.69, σ ≑ 0.83.
s ≑ 0.80
7 a E (X) = 2, E (X 2 ) = 5, Var (X) = 1
c The sample results are a little below what is
b E (X) = 5.1, E (X 2 ) = 26.70, Var (X) = 0.69
predicted by the theoretical probabilities.
8 a E (X) = 1.9, Var (X) = 0.49, σ = 0.7
35
2 a μ = 7, σ2 = 6
, σ ≑ 2.42 b E (X) = 2, Var (X) = 2.6, σ ≑ 1.61
4c 9 Expected value is a measure of central tendency —
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 Sum
6 10 8 6 4 2
it measures the centre of the data set. It may also
p (x) 36 36 36 36 36 36 1 be thought of as a weighted mean (weighted by the
10 16 18 16 10 70 probabilities of the distribution). If the experiment is
x p (x) 0 36 36 36 36 36 36
carried out experimentally a large number of times
10 32 54 64 50 210
x 2 p (x) 0 36 36 36 36 36 36
we would expect that the average of the outcomes
would approach the expected value.
2
( 36 )
μ ≑ 1.94, σ2 = 210
− 70
, σ ≑ 1.43 10 The standard deviation is the square root of the
36
variance. Both measure the spread of the data, so
7 a μ = 3.441, σ ≑ 2.46 that a distribution with a larger standard deviation
12 a Later people taking part in the experiment will be is more spread out than a distribution with a smaller
influenced by earlier guesses, particularly if the standard deviation. Both are zero if the distribution
previous guesses have been measured for accuracy. only takes one value — that is, if it is not spread out
Perhaps students could record their estimate, or draw at all. If the distribution is stretched (multiplied) by
their estimated shape, at the same time and before a constant k the standard deviation also increases by
any measuring occurs. Perhaps students go into a a factor k.
separate room for the experiment. 11 a 12, 8, 2√2 b 11, 2, √2 c 17, 18, 3√2
14 a m − k is the number of serial numbers not yet
12 a
discovered in the range from 1 to m. If these serial x 5 6 7 8 9
numbers are spread between the k gaps, the average 1 1 1 1 1
p (x) 5 5 5 5 5
size of the gap (number of undiscovered serials) is
m − k
. E (X) = 7, Var (X) = 2, σ = √2.
k
m − k
b The gap of integers should extend past m to
k
m − k
m + . Using this estimate the last serial will Chapter 14
k
be:
m − k Exercise 14A
N = m +
k
m 1 a 8! b 4! c 3! d 101! e 20!
= m + − 1 2a6 b 120 c 1 d 15
k
e 45 f 35 g 220 h 70
Chapter 13 review exercise 3 a 5040 b 3 628 800 c 1 d 15 120
1a Numeric, continuous e 6720 f 2520 g 5005 h 13 860
b Numeric, discrete 4 a 6x 5 b 30x 4 c 120x 3 d 360x 2
c Numeric, discrete (and infinite) e 720x f 720 g 0
d Categorical
914
5an b n! 7 a 10 P3 = 720 b 5 P3 = 60 c 100 P3 = 970 200
c1 d n (n + 1) 8 a 93 = 729 b 1003 = 1 000 000 c 210 = 1024
Answers 14A–14C
1 9 a 40 320 b 336
e (n + 1) (n + 2) f
n (n − 1) 10 a 12 b 864
n − 2 (n − 1)! 11 720 12 48
g h
n n + 1 13 a 107 b 5 × 106 c 57 d 32 000
6 a 7 × 7! 14 a 10 000 b 5040 c 625 d 1000
b n × n! 15 a 3024 b 336 c 1344 d 336 e 1008
c 57 × 6! 16 a 6561 b 729 c 2916 d 729 e 2187
d (n 2 + n + 1) × (n − 1)! 17 a 6 760 000 b 3 276 000 c 26 000 d 48
e 92 × 7! 18 a 720 b 120
f (n + 1)2 × (n − 1)! c 24 d 360 (half of them)
1 + n n 1 − n − n2 19 1728 20 24
7a b c
n! (n + 1)! (n + 1)! 21 a 120 b 24 c 95
8 a i nx n − 1 ii n (n − 1)x n − 2 iii n! 22 a i 64 ii 32
iv n (n − 1) (n − 2) . . . (n − k + 1) x n − k b i 340 ii 170
n! 23 a 96 b 36 c 24
= xn−k
(n − k)! 24 a 3 b3
b i − 1! × x −2 25 a 30 000
ii 2! × x −3 b 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 3 = 19 683 (Choose the last digit
iii − 5! × x −6 so that the sum is a multiple of 3.)
iv (−1)n × n! × x −(n + 1) c 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 4 = 26 244
9 b (n + 1)! − 1 d 4 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 3 = 8748 (Choose the last digit
11 a i 28 ii 102 first and the first digit last.)
b i 297 ii 524 iii 716 iv 137
1 1 1 1 1
12 a 2 , 3 , 8 , 30 , 144 1 5 23 119 719
b 2 , 6 , 24 , 120 , 720 Exercise 14C
1 1 a 5! × 2! = 240 b 2! × 2! = 4
c Sn = 1 − . The limit is 1.
(n + 1)! c 3! × 2! = 12 d 5! × 3! = 720
d The sum can be written as 2 a 4! × 2! = 48 b 4! = 24
( 1! − 2! ) + ( 2! − 3! ) + ( 3! − 4! )
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3! × 2! × 2! = 24
4 622 080
+ ... + ( −
(n + 1)! )
1 1 5 a 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 3 × 4! = 36 + 72 = 108
.
n! b 5! − 2 × 3! = 120 − 12 = 108
30! 29! 6 If the father drives, there are 2 × 2 × 1 ways to
13 a 215 × 15! b or
2 15
× 15! 14
2 × 14! arrange the seating. If the mother drives, there are
230 × (15!)2 1 × 2 × 1 ways to arrange the seating. Thus there
c
30! are 6 ways in total.
14 0.14% 7 Number of three-digit numbers = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6.
Number of two-digit numbers = 2 × 2 = 4 .
Exercise 14B The total number of numbers is 10.
1 There are 6: DOG, DGO, ODG, OGD, GOD, GDO 8 a 144 b 120
2 FEG, FGE, FEH, FHE, FEI, FIE, FGH, FHG, FGI, c 144 d 2520 (half of the total)
FIG, FHI, FIH 9 a 720 b 720 c 4320
3 a 360 b 720 10 a 24 b 240
4 a 120 b 625 11 2 + 4 + 8 + . . . + 1024 = 2046
5 60, 36 12 a 1152 b 1152
6 5040 13 a 720 b 120 c 1680
d 4200 e 960 f 480
915
14 a 5040 b 4320 c 720 d 144 18 864. The problem can be done by applying the
e 720 f 960 g 1440 inclusion–exclusion principle from the Extension
Answers 14C–14E
15 a 77 b 6 × 76 c 76 section of Exercise 12C, or by considering

d 34 × 43 + 44 × 33 = 7 × 123 separately the various different patterns.
16 a i 3 628 800 ii 725 760 19 a 4!
iii 725 760 iv 2 257 920 b Each is 3! = 6, so subtract 4 × 3! = 24.
b i 2 (n − 1)! ii 2 (n − 1)! c 2! permutations leave A and B unmoved, and there
iii (n − 2) (n − 3) (n − 2)! are 4C2 pairs of letters, so add 6 × 2! = 12.
17 8640 d D (4) = 1 × 4! − 4 × 3! + 6 × 2!
18 a 40 320 b 20 160 c 17 280 − 4 × 1! + 1 × 0! = 9
19 a 5040 b 20 160 g The ratio of the number of permutations of n distinct
20 a 55 ways b 5! = 120 ways letters to the number of derangements of them
c 5 × 43 = 320 ways converges to e as n → ∞. Thus, for example, if a long
21 a 133 b 104 c 29 d 56 queue is formed at random and then rearranged into
22 a D (1) = 0, D (2) = 1, D (3) = 2, D (4) = 9 alphabetical order, the probability that no-one remains
c D (5) = 44, D (6) = 265, D (7) = 1854, 1
in his or her original position is .
D (8) = 14 833 e
Exercise 14E
Exercise 14D
1 There are 5C2 = 10 possible combinations:
1a3 b 12 c 120 PQ, PR, PS, PT, QR, QS, QT, RS, RT and ST.
d 6720 e 10 080 f 90 720 2 a 21 b 35 c 15 d 126
g 4 989 600 h 45 360 i 25 740 3 a i 45 ii 45
2 60 b 10C2 = 10C8, and in general nCr = nCn − r.
3a6 b 15 c 20 4 a 44 352 b 34 650
4 a 40 320 b8 c 56 d 560 5 a 70 b 36 c 16 d1 e 69
5 a 56 b 20 6 a 126 b 45 c 51 d 75
6 a 56 b5 7 a 2002 b 56 c6 d 840
7 a 60 b 24 e 420 f 1316 g 715 h 1287
c 36 d 30 (half of them) 8 a 70 b5 c 35
8 a i 180 ii 60 iii 120 iv 24 9 a 792 b 462 c 120 d 210 e 420
b 40 10 a i 252
9 a 90 720 b 720 ii 126. The number cannot begin with a zero.
c 720 d 45 360 (half of them) b In each part, once the five numbers have been
10 2 721 600 selected, they can only be arranged in one way.
11 a 1024 b 256 c 45 d 252 11 13 860
e 56 f 512 g8 h 70 12 a 1 745 944 200 b 413 513 100
12 a 60 b 60 13 a 45 b 120 c 36 d8
13 a 120 b 60 14 a 10 b 110
14 a 453 600 b 90 720 c 5040 d 10 080 15 a 65 780 b 1287 c 48
e 80 640 f 282 240 g 15 120 d 22 308 e 288 f 3744
15 a 3 628 800 b4 6
16 a i 1C + 6
C 2 = 21
16 a 2520 b 720 ii 5C2 = 10 (choose the two people to go in the same
c i 600 ii 480 iii 360 iv 240 v 120 group as Laura)
d 840. Insert the letters U, M, T and R successively bi 4 ii 3
into the word EGE. Alternatively, the answer is one c i 92 ii 35
third of all arrangements. 17 a 2 b5 c 35 d nC2 − n
e 210 f 420 18 a 220 b 9240
17 1 995 840
c i 2772 ii 6468
916
19 a 1024 b 968 c 466 d 247 1
7 a 10 1
b 10 c 1
3
20 a 16 b 20 c 12 d8 e5
Answers 14E–14F
1
8 a 10 b 25
21 a 252 b 126
1
22 a 315 b 210 9 a 15 b 23
23 a 12 b 49 c 120 1
10 a 42 b 27 c 2 1
d 35 e 1
d (a + 1) (b + 1) (c + 1) 7 7
24 a 30 b 24 11 a 12 b 16 c 1
5
1
d 60 e 2
3
25 a i 210 ii 90 iii 126 iv 126 12 a 17 b 27 c 1
d 27
7
26 5151
27 1360 13 a 13 b 23 c 2
15
d 15
28 a 3 b 315 1
14 a 26 5
b 13 c 15 1
d 26
26
c i 155 925 ii 10 800
15 a 0.403 b 0.597 c 0.001 74 d 0.291
29 b 0 (undefined), 2 (3), 30 (3), 864 (2.917), 1 125 5
16 a b c
39 480 (2.872) , 2 631 600 (2.844) 22 1728 144
30 a i aC0 ii a + 1C1 iii a + 2C2 iv a + 3C3 v a + rCr 17 a 31

10
b 15 c 6
31 31
b Add them up. 1
18 a 60 b 35 c 1
d 25 e 1
c a + 1 0s and b 1s, total length a + b + 1. 5 20
3 3 9 1 3
d Go to the last 0 in the string, and remove it and f 5
g 10 h 10 i 10
j 5
any 1s that follow it. What remains is a string with 19 a 38 b 12 c 21 3
d 32 e 17
32 64
a 0s and at most b 1s. When the process in part c is
applied to the truncated string, the original string 20 a 281
462
b8
returns. 21 a 27 1417 28
b 703
e The one-to-one correspondence in parts c and d show 22 In each part, the sample space has 52C5 members.
this.
a 352
833
. Choose the value of the pair in 13 ways, then
f This follows from parts b and e. choose the cards in the pair in 4C2 = 6 ways, then
choose the three values of the three remaining cards
Exercise 14F in 12C3 ways, then choose the suits of those three
1 a 84 5
b 42 cards in 43 ways.
198
1
b 4165 . Choose the values of the two pairs in 13C2 ways,
2 a 210 b 25 c 3
5
4
d 15 then choose the suits of the cards in the two pairs in
1
3 a 13 46
b 455 c 3 3
d 13
4
C2 × 4C2 ways, then choose the remaining card in
91
8 1 140 44 ways.
4 a 429 b 143 c 429
d 421
429
e 2
11
f 1
3 88 1 6
c 4165
d 4165
e 4165
1 1
5a 22 100
b 5525 128
f .
Choose the lowest card in 10 ways, then
32 487
11 22
c 850
d 425 choose the suits of the five cards in 45 ways.
e 11
f 13 g 1633660 h 1
649 740
1105 34
1 4 16 108
16
g 5525 6
h 5525 23 a 125 b 125
c 125
d 125
i 741
j 64 48 n 2 (n − 1)2 (n − 2)!
1700 425 24 a 125 b
2n n
6 a 70 3304 1
b 2197 365
Pn
1 1
25 a 0.0082 b1 −
c d 365n
64 16
27 3 d 23 e 41
e 2197
f 8 1 3 19
6 3
26 a 25
b 25
c 25
g h
2197 2197
27 b 1
8
c 21 − n
27 5
i 64
j 32
917
Exercise 14G 10 100 ÷ 12 = 8 remainder 4, so there must be at
least one birth month shared by at least nine people
Answers 14G–14H
1 a i 120 ii 24
in the group.
b i 3 628 800 ii 362 880
11 The pigeonholes correspond to the four suits.
2 a 10 080 b 1440
As 10 ÷ 4 = 2 remainder 2, so one suit must
3 a 24 b6 c4 d 12 e4
occur three times.
4 a 5040 b 144 c 576
12 Yes, because 567 ÷ 23 = 24 remainder 15.
d 1440 e 3600 f 240
3 1 1 9 13 a Zero — they might all be in another group.
5 a 10 b c 10 d 10
5 b 19 ÷ 3 = 6 remainder 1.
6 a 5040 b 576 c 144 c All 19.
d 2304 e 1440 f 3600 14 a Divide the board into sixteen 2 × 2 squares, and
1 1
7 a 12 b 9 place a king in each square. If each king is in a
8 a (n − 1)! b 2 × (n − 2)! corresponding place, the arrangement is permissible,
c (n − 3) × (n − 2)! d 6 × (n − 3)! so 16 kings can be arranged as required. If, however,
9 a 39 916 800 b 165 a second king is placed into any square, the two
10 145 152 kings in that square will be adjacent, so 16 is the
1
11 a 288 b 4 maximum.
n! (n + 1)! b 8 — lay them along the main diagonal.
12
(2n)! 15 a Divide the field into 4 × 3 rectangles — two rows
13 a 60 b 181 440 c9 and four columns of them. There must be a rectangle
containing two cows which, by Pythagoras’ theorem,
Exercise 14H
must be closer than 5 metres apart.
1a7 b
b There is no guarantee — it is ‘possible’ (but
unlikely) that 6 never turns up, even in 1 000 000
throws, or in any number of throws.
2 Pigeonhole the numbers as either odd or even.
Because there are three numbers, at least one
pigeonhole must have 2 numbers in it.
3 16 ÷ 5 = 3 remainder 1, so at least one location 16 The remainder on division by 3 is either 0, 1 or 2. If
must have 4 eggs (maybe more). 100 numbers are placed in these three pigeonholes,
4a4 b7 at least one pigeonhole must contain 34 entries,
c 3 (n − 1) + 1 = 3n − 2 because 100 ÷ 3 = 33 remainder 1.
5 Imagine that the pigeonholes are labelled with the 17 Consider the powers of 2 from 21 up to 22020 and
numbers 1 to 6, and on each throw a token (pigeon) pigeonhole them by their remainders on division
is put in the corresponding pigeonhole. Because by 2019. The remainder must be a number from 0
13 ÷ 6 = 2 remainder 1, then when filling the to 2018. By the pigeonhole principle, there must be
6 pigeonholes following each draw, at least one two powers that leave the same remainder, thus their
pigeonhole has three tokens. difference is a multiple of 2019.
6 Less than ten. 18 Consider the 13 pigeonholes { 1, 51 } , { 3, 49 } , . . .,
7 a 10 { 25, 27 } . When the 14 odd numbers are distributed
b Four — all might use the same item. amongst these pigeonholes at least one must have
8 Divide the grid into 49 one-metre squares. Because two members; the two members of this pigeonhole
100 ÷ 49 = 2 remainder 2, there must be a one- add to 52.
metre square covering at least three points. 19 Pair the numbers to form 50 pigeonholes labelled
9 The possible totals are 2, 3 , 4 , 5 and 6. After { 1, 199 }, { 3, 197 }, . . ., { 99, 101 }. Given 51 odd
6 throws one of these sums must have occured at numbers less than 200, two must fall in the same
least twice. pigeonhole and add to 200.
918
20 Draw an equilateral triangle in the plane with side Chapter 14 review exercise
length 1 unit. Then two of the three vertices must be
1 8! = 40 320
Answers 14H –14 review

the same colour (three pigeons (vertices) must lie in
2 a 72 b n (n + 1) c k × k!
the same pigeonhole (colour)). This theorem may be
3 a 792 b6 c 1140
generalised to three colours but it is an open problem
4 7P4 = 840
for the case of four, five and six colours. The result
5 263 × 104 = 175 760 000
is false for seven colours.
6 a 4! × 3! = 144 b 5! = 120 c 3! × 4! = 144
21 a 41 ÷ 10 = 4 remainder 1
d 7! ÷ 2 = 2520 (half of the total)
b Arrange the 10 pigeonholes as A, B, C . . ., J in
7 a 10! = 3 628 800
descending order ∣ A ∣ ≥ ∣ B ∣ ≥ ∣ C ∣ ≥ . . . ≥ ∣ J ∣ ,
b 2 × 5! × 5! = 28 800
where ∣ X ∣ is the number of pigeons in pigeonhole X.
c 9! × 2! = 725 760
Then ∣ A ∣ ≥ 5 by part a.
8!
If ∣ B ∣ ≥ 4, then ∣ A ∣ + ∣ B ∣ ≥ 9, as required, 8 = 3360
3! × 2!
so suppose that ∣ B ∣ ≤ 3. Then also 9 6P3 + 6P4 = 480
∣ C ∣ ≤ 3, ∣ D ∣ ≤ 3, . . ., ∣ J ∣ ≤ 3, 10!
so ∣ B ∣ + ∣ C ∣ + . . . + ∣ J ∣ ≤ 3 × 9 = 27, 10 = 210
6! × 4!
in which case ∣ A ∣ ≥ 14, so ∣ A ∣ + ∣ B ∣ ≥ 14. 11 a 16C7 = 11 440
22 a There must be more than 26 × 26 = 676 students. b 10C7 = 120
b Half the school share at most 8 × 26 = 208 c 0 (there are no such committees of 7)
addresses, thus it is known that the school has at d 6C2 × 10C5 = 3780
least 417 students e 10C4 × 6C3 = 4200
c We need to know when one of the 26 × 26 f By adding cases: 9360
pigeonholes has more than 11 members. This g 15C6 = 5005
must happen when 7437 addresses are assigned h The complement of part g, that is, 6435
(but may happen sooner), thus in the thirty-third i The complement of the case where both are
year of this scheme’s operation, because members, that is, 9438.
1200 + 32 × 200 > 7437. 12 a 8C5 = 56 b 8C4 = 70 c 35
23 The pigeonholes are the number of friends, 0–5. 13 Choose the four men members, then choose the two
We need to reduce the number of categories if we 4
C × 3C2
women members, 4 = 37. Alternatively,
are going to apply the pigeonhole principle usefully. 7
C6
If there is someone with no friends at the table, then only one of the seven is not on the committee, and
there is no one with five friends. In this case there there will be a majority of men, when this person is
are five pigeonholes to place the six people and at a women. Thus the probability is 37.
least one pigeonhole has two of the people, that is,
they have the same number of friends. 14 a 22 1100 b 1
5525
c 11
850
d 22
425
If there is someone with five friends at the table, e 13
f 16
g 6
h 64
34 5525 5525 425
then there is no one with no friends. As before, we
15 a 120 b 12
have six people and five pigeonholes and thus two
c 36 d 48
people must have the same number of friends.
e 120 − 48 = 72 f 24
24 a The number of rods is 6C2 = 15.
16 17 ÷ 6 = 2 remainder 5, so there must be a monkey
b The number of triangles is 6C3 = 20.
who receives at least three peanuts.
c Choose any vertex O. Five rods are joined to O, so
17 Place the 1500 pigeons in pigeonholes labelled by
there must be at least three rods OA, OB and OC of
the 366 possible days of a year. 1500 ÷ 366 = 4
the same colour. If any one of the rods AB, BC or
remainder 36, so there is at least one day shared by
CA has that same colour, then that rod and O form a
at least 5 people.
mono-coloured triangle. If all the rods have the other
colour, then ABC is a mono-coloured triangle.
919
Chapter 15 16 a k = 5 b k = −2 or 0
18 1.0634
Answers 15A–15B
Exercise 15A 19 (1 + x + y)0 = 1, (1 + x + y)1 = 1 + x + y,

2 a 1 + 6x + 15x 2 + 20x 3 + 15x 4 + 6x 5 + x 6 (1 + x + y)2 = 1 + 2x + 2y + 2xy + x 2 + y 2,
b 1 − 6x + 15x 2 − 20x 3 + 15x 4 − 6x 5 + x 6 (1 + x + y)3 = 1 + 3x + 3y + 6xy + 3x 2 + 3y 2
c 1 + 9x + 36x 2 + 84x 3 + 126x 4 + 126x 5 + 3x 2y + 3xy 2 + x 3 + y 3,
+ 84x 6 + 36x 7 + 9x 8 + x 9 (1 + x + y)4 = 1 + 4x + 4y + 12xy + 6x 2
d 1 − 9x + 36x 2 − 84x 3 + 126x 4 − 126x 5 + 6y 2 + 6x 2y 2 + 12x 2y
+ 84x 6 − 36x 7 + 9x 8 − x 9 + 12xy 2 + 4x 3 + 4y 3 + 4x 3y
e 1 + 5c + 10c 2 + 10c 3 + 5c 4 + c 5
+ 4xy 3 + x 4 + y 4
f 1 + 8y + 24y 2 + 32y 3 + 16y 4
The coefficients form a triangular pyramid, with
7x 7x 2 35x 3 35x 4 7x 5 7x 6
g1 + + + + + + 1s on the edges, and each face a copy of Pascal’s
3 3 27 81 81 729
1x 7 triangle.
+
2187
h 1 − 9z + 27z 2 − 27z 3 Exercise 15B
8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
i 1 − + − + − + − + 1 a x 4 + 4x 3y + 6x 2y 2 + 4xy 3 + y 4
x x2 x 3
x 4
x 5
x 6
x 7
x8
b x 4 − 4x 3y + 6x 2y 2 − 4xy 3 + y 4
10 40 80 80 32
j 1 + + + + + c r 6 − 6r 5s + 15r 4s 2 − 20r 3s 3 + 15r 2s 4 − 6rs 5 + s 6
x x 2
x 3
x 4
x5
d p 10 + 10p 9q + 45p 8q 2 + 120p 7q 3 + 210p 6q 4
5y 10y 2 10y 3 5y 4 y5
k1 + + + + + + 252p 5q 5 + 210p 4q 6 + 120p 3q 7 + 45p 2q 8
x x2 x3 x4 x5
+ 10pq 9 + q 10
12x 54x 2 108x 3 81x 4
l 1 + + + + e a 9 − 9a 8b + 36a 7b 2 − 84a 6b 3 + 126a 5b 4
y y 2
y 3
y4
− 126a 4b 5 + 84a 3b 6 − 36a 2b 7 + 9ab 8 − b 9
4 a i 55x 2 ii 165x 8
f 32x 5 + 80x 4y + 80x 3y 2 + 40x 2y 3 + 10xy 4 + y 5
b i −35x 3 ii −21x 5
g p 7 − 14p 6q + 84p 5q 2 − 280p 4q 3 + 560p 3q 4
4
c i 240x ii 192x 5
− 672p 2q 5 + 448pq 6 − 128q 7
12 54
d i − ii
x x2 h 81x 4 + 216x 3y + 216x 2y 2 + 96xy 3 + 16y 4
6 a ( 1 + (x − 1) ) = x
3 3
3a 2b 3ab 2 1b 3
i a3 − + −
b ( 1 − (x + 1) ) 6 = (−x)6 = x 6 2 4 8
4 3 2
7 21 1r 5
5r s 5r s 5r 2s 3 5rs 4 1s 5
j + + + + +
8 a a = 76, b = 44 b a = 16, b = −8 32 48 36 54 162 243
10 a 1.018 14 b 0.815 37 15 6 1
k x 6 + 6x 4 + 15x 2 + 20 + + +
11 a i 1 + 4x + 6x 2 + . . . ii −14 x2 x4 x6
b i 1 + 10x + 40x + 80x + . . .
2 3 2 a 1 + 4x + 6x + 4x + x
2 4 6 8
ii 40 b 1 − 9x 2 + 27x 4 − 27x 6
c i 1 − 12x + 54x 2 − 108x 3 + . . . c x 12 + 12x 10 y 3 + 60x 8 y 6 + 160x 6 y 9 + 240x 4 y 12
ii −228 + 192x 2 y 15 + 64y 18
12 a x = 0 or 12 b x = 0, 1 or 5 d x − 9x 7 + 36x 5 − 84x 3 + 126x
9
13 a −12 b0 c 380 d − 53 126 84 36 9 1

− + − + −
x x3 x5 x7 x9
14 a 97 b 1 10
27
e x 3√x + 7 x 3√y + 21 x 2 y√x + 35 x 2y√y
15 a i 15x 2 ii 20x 3
+ 35 x y 2√x + 21 x y 2√y + 7 y 3√x + y 3√y
iii 3 : 4x iv 135, 540, 1 : 4
32 240
224 448 f + + 720x + 1080x 4 + 810x 7 + 243x 10
b i ii x5 x2
81x 5 729x 6
7 7
iii 9x : 2 iv 81 , 729 ,9:1
920
3a (y + (x − y) ) 5 = x 5 Exercise 15C
( a − (a − b) ) = b
4 4
b
Answers 15B–15C
1a4 b 20 c9 d 35
( x + (2y − x) ) = (2y) = 8y
3 3 3
c
2 a 10 b1 c 11 d 210
( (x + y) − (x − y) ) = (2y) = 64y
6 6 6
d
3 a 3003 b 1287 c 792 d 22 e 429 f 1292
4a i 1024 + 1280x + 640x 2 + 160x 3 + . . .
4 a 4C0 = 1, 4C1 = 4, 4C2 = 6, 4C3 = 4, 4C4 = 1
ii −160
b i 16 ii 0
b i 1 − 12x + 60x 2 − 160x 3 + 240x 4 − . . .
5 a 32 b 32 c 20 d 252
ii 720
6 a i 56 ii 35
c i 2187 − 5103y + 5103y 2 − 2835y 3 + 945y 4 − . . .
b5 c n = 4 or n = 8
ii 11 718
7bi6 ii 10
5 a 2x 6 + 30x 4y 2 + 30x 2y 4 + 2y 6
8 a 8568x 5 b 2 217 093 120x 9
6 a 540 b 48 c −960 d −8
c −19208x 3 d 189
7 a i x + 3x h + 3xh + h
3 2 2 3
1001x 9y 5 33 x 10y 2
ii 3x 2h + 3xh 2 + h 3 9 a 672x 2 b c− d 190a 2b 9
16 1024
iii 3x 2 b 5x 4 11
10 a x = b x = − 73
8 b 466 c 42 2
9 7 11 a 5x 2 : 39 b 5:2 c 18 304 : 1
2
12 a i 1 ii n
10 a 1.104 08 b 0.903 92 1
iii n (n − 1) iv 16 n (n − 1) (n − 2)
11 a i ( x + ) + 3 (x + )
31 1 2
x3 x b i 16 ii 9 iii 4
ii ( x 5 + ) + 5 ( x 3 + ) + 10 ( x + )
1 1 1 iv 6 v4 vi 7
x 5
x 3 x 13 a a = 2 and n = 14 b a = − 13 and n = 10
(x + x 7 ) + 7 (x + x 5 )
7 1 5 1 14 a n = 14 b n = 13
iii
15 40
C20 ≑ 1.378 × 10 11
+ 21 ( x + ) + 35 ( x + )
1 1
3
17 a C0 x n + nC1 x n − 1h + nC2 x n − 2h 2 + . . . + nCn h n
n
x3 x
b i2 ii 2 iii 2 b nxn−1
12 a = 3 or a = −3 18 The second member is nC1 = n, so suppose that n is
15 6 1 prime. Then n is coprime to every number less than
14 a x 6 + 6x 4 + 15x 2 + 20 + + + n, so is coprime to r! and (n − r)! for all whole
2 4
x x x6
b A = −6, B = 9 and C = −2. numbers r = 2, 3, . . . , r − 1.
19 a 3 points, 3 segments, 1 triangle
15 a x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 6xyz + 3x 2y + 3xy 2 + 3xz 2
b 4 points, 6 segments, 4 triangles, 1 quadrilateral
+ 3x 2z + 3y 2z + 3yz 2
c 5 points, 10 segments, 10 triangles, 5 quadrilaterals,
b 19
1 pentagon
16 a The limiting figure for this process is called the
d 21
Sierpinski Gasket. It is one of the classic regular
20 b i 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + . . .
fractals.
ii 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + . . .
iii 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + . . .
iv 1 + 1x − 1x 2 + 1 x 3 − . . .
2 8 16
c Using part b i,
dx 1 − x )
(
d 1
LHS =
b Sierpinski’s triangle
is formed. d
= (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + . . . )
dx
= 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + . . .
= RHS by part b ii.
921
Exercise 15D odd-order subsets. We have seen that they are
paired with each other, so the LHS and RHS are
1 a i 1 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 16 = 24.
Answers 15D
equal.
ii The sum 1 + 6 + 1 of the first, third and fifth
terms on the row equals the sum 4 + 4 of the 9 a i 7C3 = 6C3 + 6C2 = 5C3 + 5C2 + 6C2
second and fourth terms. = 4C3 + 4C2 + 5C2 + 6C2
iii The sum of the first, third and fifth terms on the = 3C3 + 3C2 + 4C2 + 5C2 + 6C2,
row is half the sum of the whole row. and 3C3 = 2C2 = 1
b i 4 (1 + x)3 = 4C1 + 2 4C2 x + 3 4C3 x 2 + 4 4C4 x 3 b i There are 2C2 = 1 subsets with highest element 3.
ii 1 × 4 + 2 × 6 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 1 = 32 = 4 × 23 . There are 3C2 = 3 subsets with highest element 4.
iii 1 × 4 − 2 × 6 + 3 × 4 − 4 × 1 = 0. There are 4C2 = 6 subsets with highest element 5.
4 a There are 10. b There are 10. There are 5C2 = 10 subsets with highest element 6.
c C, D and E. There are 6C2 = 15 subsets with highest element
d Given 5 letters, choose 2. Those that are left 7. This makes 353-member subsets.
form a set of 3. Thus for every set of 2, there is a 10 a A common denominator for the two fractions is
corresponding set of 3. Thus 5C2 = 5C3 . required:
e Given n people, choose r. Those that are left form
n! n!
a set of n − r. Thus for every set of r, there is a LHS = +
r! × (n − r)! (r − 1)! × (n − r + 1)!
corresponding set of n − r. Thus nCr = nCn − r .
5 a To form a subset of S, take each of A, B, C and D in n!
=
turn and decide whether it is in or out. Thus the total r × (r − 1)! × (n − r)!
number of subsets of S is 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24. n!
+
b The LHS is the sum of the numbers of 0-member, (r − 1)! × (n − r + 1) × (n − r)!
1-member, 2-member, 3-member and 4-member (n − r + 1) × n! + r × n!
subsets, and so is also the number of all subsets. =
r × (r − 1)! × (n − r + 1) × (n − r)!
c Generalise the previous argument to an n-member set.
(n − r + 1) + r ) × n!
6 a i There are four of them. =
r! × (n − r + 1)!
b i There are six of them. ii Omit E from each set.
c Let T be a 3-letter subset of S. If T does not contain E, (n + 1) × n!
=
then T is one of the the 3-letter subsets of U. If Tdoes r! × (n − r + 1)!
contain E, then remove E, and the remaining 2-letter (n + 1)!
=
subset pairs with one of the 2-letter subsets of U. r! × (n − r + 1)!
d Generalise the previous argument. = RHS.
7 a Using the addition property, b This is the addition property of Pascal’s triangle.
n
Cr− 1 n
Cr+ 1 2 × nC r 12 a Regarding this as an (a + b)-letter word with
LHS = + and RHS = .
n+1 n+1 n+1
Cr Cr+ 2 Cr+ 1 a identical As and b identical Bs, the number of
Now use the formula for nCr. (a + b)!
permutations is = a + bCa = a + bCb
8 a As explained in Question 5, the LHS counts all a!b!
b 2nCn
the subsets of S. We can also count the subsets by
c i nC2 ii nCn − 2 = nC2
choosing whether each element in turn goes into a
d Consider a 2n-letter binary word with n As and n Bs,
subset of not, giving 2n subsets.
split into two equal halves, namely the first and second
b i First, every subset of S either contains A or does
half. Consider the n + 1 cases where 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n
not contain A. Secondly, a subset containing A
As fall in the first half and the rest fall in the second
is paired up with the unique subset obtained by
half. Using the arguments of part b and c, we have
removing A from the subset. 2n
Cn = ( 2nC0 ) ( 2nC2n ) + ( 2nC1 ) ( 2nC2n − 1 )
ii Adding A to a subset without A changes the number
+ ( 2nC2 ) ( 2nC2n − 2 ) + . . . + ( 2nC2n ) ( 2nC0 )
of members from odd to even or from even to odd.
iii The LHS is the total number of even-order = ( 2nC0 ) ( 2nC0 ) + ( 2nC1 ) ( 2nC1 )
subsets, and the RHS is the total number of + ( 2nC2 ) ( 2nC2 ) + . . . + ( 2nC2n ) ( 2nC2n )
922
Exercise 15E 4 a 1 + 7x + 21x 2 + 35x 3 + 35x 4 + 21x 5 + 7x 6 + x 7
b (1 + 0.02)7 = 1 + 7 × 0.2 + 21 × 0.0004 + . . .
Answers 15E–15 review

1 a 13Ck x k b 7Ck 2k x k
c 12Ck 512 − k 7k x k = 1 + 0.14 + much smaller terms
The first decimal place will be 1.
d 9Ck 29 − k (−1)k x 9 − k y k
5 a 81 + 216x + 216x 2 + 96x 3 + 16x 4
e 5Ck x 5 − k 2k x −k = 5Ck 2k x 5 − 2k
b 125 − 75x + 15x 2 − x 3
f 8Ck (6x)8 − k (−2)k x −k = 8Ck 38 − k (−1)k 28 x 8 − 2k
c 32x 5 + 320x 4y + 1280x 3y 2 + 2560x 2y 3
2 b i 126 ii 36 iii 84
+ 2560xy 4 + 1024y 5
3 b i 10C4 × 26 × 34 = 27 × 35 × 5 × 7
4 1
ii 10C7 × 23 × 37 = 26 × 38 × 5 d x 4 − 4x 2 + 6 − +
2
x x4
iii 10C6 × 24 × 36 = 25 × 37 × 5 × 7 6 a 10 b 35 c 56 d2
4 b i 15C2 × 52 × 2−13 7 a 45 b 792 c 84
ii − 15C7 × 57 × 2−8 d 40 e 84
f 286
5 9
−5
iii C10 × 5
15 10
× 2 8 a 1 (first entry in a row)
5 a C4 × 3 = 5670
8 4
b 0 (reversibility of rows)
b − 12C9 × 23 = −1760 c 25 = 32 (sum of a row)
c 10
C8 × 52 × 28 = 288 000 d 0 (addition formula)
9 n = 8
(2 )
1 4 15 2
d 6C4 × a 2 × = a
16 10 (1 − 3x) (1 + 5x)14
6 a −672 b −112 266 c 969
= (1 − 3x) ( . . . + 14C7 (5x)7 + 14
C8 (5x)8 + . . . )
2
d 21 875 e 40 The coefficient of x 8 will be

49
14
C8 × 58 − 3 × C7 × 57 = 368 671 875.
14
7 a 3640 b −385 c 10 920 d −1241
(0) + (1) x + (2) x + (3) x + .

8a6 b 45 c 84 n n n 2 n 3 ...
11 a (1 + x)n =
9 a a = −24, b = 158 b n = 13, 286
b Substitute x = 2 :
10 3n
Cn ( = 3n
C2n )
(0) + (1) × 2 + (2)
5 n n n
11 a 12Cr (−1)r a 12 − r b r x r b (1 + 2)n =
8
(3) × 8 +
n
12 a 1 − 4x + 10x 2 − 16x 3 + 19x 4 − . . . × 4 + . . ..
9 − 9n
bi c When n = 4,
2
−9 n (n − 1) (2n − 1) LHS = 1 + 4 × 2 + 6 × 4 + 4 × 8 + 1 × 16
ii = 1 + 8 + 24 + 32 + 16
2
= 81
= 34.
Chapter 15 review exercise 12 b This important result is proven in the theory of
1 The answer is in the theory of 15A. Exercise 15D. It tells us that the sum of the row in
2 a 1 + 5x + 10x 2 + 10x 3 + 5x 4 + x 5 Pascal’s triangle indexed by n, that is, containing the
b 1 + 10x + 40x 2 + 80x 3 + 80x 4 + 32x 5 coefficients of (1 + x)n, is 2n.
c The list of all subsets of a set of n objects may
c 1 − 9x + 27x 2 − 27x 3
be partitioned into sets of sizes 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , n.
d 1 − 4xy + 6x 2y 2 − 4x 3y 3 + x 4y 4
The sum of the number of sets of each type
3 a 1 + 35x + 490x 2 + . . . will be the total number of all subsets,
b (1 − 5x) (1 + 35x + 490x 2 + . . .) which is 2n.
= (490 − 175)x 2 + . . . .
The coefficient of x 2 is 315.
923
( √17 + 1 ) m /s
Chapter 16 3
13 b 0.096 m3/s, 125 2
Answers 16A–16B
Exercise 16A dy −x dx
14 =
dy dt √169 − x 2 dt
dx
1 = (3x 2 + 1) 5
dt dt a 12 cm /s b 12 mm /s
3
a 65 b − 14 15 b 1
cm /s
6
1
2 a 240π cm2/s 16 b 24
cm /min, 83 13 cm2/min
b 1
cm /s c 8 litre/min, 200 cm2/min
12π
dr 1
3 a π2 cm /s b π5 cm c 50
cm /s 17 a When r = 10 cm, = 10π cm /s.
9π dt
1
4 a 840 cm /s, 6√2 cm /s
2
b 1200 cm /s, 6√2 cm /s
2 1
b i r = ( 30t
π ) (π) t 3
3 dr 1 30 3 −2
and = 3
×
5 b i 1350 cm /min, 180 cm /min, 6 cm /min
3 2 dt
dr
ii 600 cm3/min, 120 cm2/min, 6 cm /min ii When r = 10, t = 100π s and 1
= 10π cm /s.
3 dt
c 10√2 cm
18 4√6 cm2/s
6 a 90 000π mm3/min
19 0.246 cm /s. Some exact forms are
b The rate is constant at 6π mm /min .
3 1
dA ds dh ds and .
7a = 12 s√3 , = 12√3 2 2
dt dt dt dt ( 27 + 9√3 ) 3 (3 + 3√3 ) 3
b 95 √3 cm2/s, 20
3
√3 cm/s
Exercise 16B
1
8 a i 24π cm /s ii 1 12 cm3/s
dQ
b 32 000π
cm3 1a = 1200e 3t = 3Q. When t = 0,
3 dt
dV dh Q = 400e 0 = 400.
9 = 3πh 2
dt dt b i Q = 400e 6 ≑ 1.614 × 105,
1
a i 160π m /min 3
ii 160π m /min dQ
= 1200e 6 ≑ 4.841 × 105
dt
dA dh 3 2
b = 6πh , 20 3
m /min, 20 √3 m2/min ii t = 1
log e 50 ≑ 1.304 iii t = 1
log e 50 ≑ 0.9378
dt dt 3 3 3
96π dQ
c 25
m3/min 2a = −2000e −2t = −2Q. When t = 0,
dt
4π 3 1
10 a V = 3
h b 32π
m /s Q = 1000e 0 = 1000.
dQ
11 c When it is a square, ℓ = x√2. b i Q = 1000e −0.8 ≑ 449, = −2000e −0.8 ≑ −899
dt
dℓ 1 dx 4
d Put = , then ℓ = 2x, so x = m 1 1
dt 2 dt √3 ii t = 2
log e 25 ≑ 1.609 iii t = 2
log e 50 ≑ 1.956
and ℓ = 83 m .
√
3 b 1350 c 135 per hour d 23 hours
e It follows from part a because ℓ is always greater
4 c 6.30 grams, 1.46 grams per minute
than x. Alternatively, dℓ dx = x is always d 6 minutes 58 seconds
dt dt √16 + x 2 e 20 g, 20e −k ≑ 15.87 g, 20e −2k ≑ 12.60 g,
less than 1 because the denominator is greater than
the numerator. 20e −3k = 10 g, the common ratio is
1
dℓ dx x e −k = 2−3 ≑ 0.7937
f = → 1 as x → ∞.
dt dt √16 + x 2
5 b − 15 log e 10
7
12 1
125π
cm /s, cm /s, √2 cm /s
4
5
2 4
5
2
c 10 290
924
d At t ≑ 8.8, that is, some time in the fourth year 2 b A = 1000, k = 1
log e 6
3
from now.
Answers 16B–16 review

6 a 80 g, 40 g, 20 g, 10 g c 67 420 bugs d 10.4 weeks
b 40 g, 20 g, 10 g. During each hour, the average mass 1
3 b B = 970 000, k = − 10 loge 47 = 1
loge 97
97 10 47
loss is 50%.
c M 0 = 80, k = loge 2 ≑ 0.693 c 158 000 flies d 73 days
d 55.45 g/h, 27.73 g/h, 13.86 g/h, 6.93 g/h 4 b T e = 20, A = 70
[ Alternatively, k = − 16 loge 73. ]

e M 1 7
ck = 6
loge 3
80
d 13 minutes 47 seconds
40 5 a A = 34 b 1
45
loge 2 ( or − 1
45
loge 12 ) c 16.5°C
1
6 a 1 − e −16t is always positive for t > 0. The body is
1 t
falling.
7 b 30
b It is the acceleration of the body.
13 ( 15 )
1
c i 26 ii 5
log e 15 or − 15 log e 13
c −160 m /s d 16loge 87 ≑ 2.14 s

8 b L ≈ 12
7 a As t → ∞, P → B. As t → −∞, P → ∞.
9 c 25 b As t → ∞, P → ∞. As t → −∞, P → B.
8 a The average level is 15 cm, so x − 15 is
d = 12 log e 53 ( or − 12 log e 35 )
k
A the difference between the left level and the
e 6 hours 18 minutes average level. We write x − 15 so that k is
1 positive.
10 b C 0 = 20 000, k = log e 98 ≑ 0.024
5 b Substituting t = 0 shows that A = 15.
c 64 946 ppm c 15 cm dk = 1
log e 53
5
d i 330 metres from the cylinder
ii If it had been rounded down, then the V V
9b− cI → d 4.62 × 10−4 s
concentration would be above the safe level. R R
1
11 a ii k = 1
loge 122 b ii ℓ = 1
log e 217 10 b M → a as t → ∞ ck = loge 100
12 105 12 100 120
log e 525 d 2 minutes 45 seconds
100 Q Qw
c At t = ≑ 31.85, that is, in the 32nd month. 11 a 2w g/min b g /L c g/min
ℓ − k 1000 1000
d ℓC = ℓ × 100 × e 32ℓ ≑ 51 cents per month f −2000 g Q → 2000
12 a y (3) = A 0 e 3k = A 0 ( e k ) 3 and we know that hw = 1000
loge 2 ≑ 2 L/min
345
3
ek = . 13 b A = 1000, I = 9000 and k =
1
loge 3
4 7
b y (3) = 27 A
64 0 c 36 000
( Nc )
2N 20 N0 2 14 Adam’s coffee is cooler.
13 a B = and C =
Nc
B Chapter 16 review exercise
b = 2N c
C 1 a 600 mm2/h.
Exercise 16C b 3√2 mm /h (The rate is constant.)
V r
1 a ii 12 000, P → ∞ as t → ∞ 2 a h = r√3 b = πr 2√3
t t
b ii 12 000, P → 10 000 as t → ∞ A r 5
c ii 8000, P → 10 000 as t → ∞ c ℓ = 2r d = 4πr f 3 m 2 /s
t t √
925
1 13 c The inverse is not a d The inverse is not a
3bk = loge , 80 000 e 18k ≑ 459 000
5 8 function. function.
1 f (x) = x 2 − 4
ct = loge 12.5, year 2036 y y
k
2
loge 2 f(x)=√1− x2
4bk = c 10.07% d about 201 years 1
30.2 −4 −2 2 x
5 a The temperature is dropping, but T − E is positive. −1 1 x
−2
1 y=x
c i A = 500, k = − loge 2, T = 500e 15k ≑ 88°C y=x inverse
6 −1 inverse −4 relation
1 46 relation
ii A = 460, k = − loge ,
6 21 e The inverse is a f The inverse is a
T = 40 + 460e 15k ≑ 105°C
function. function.
6 a The population is growing, and P − M is negative. f −1 (x) = log2 x f −1 (x) = x 2 + 3, x ≥ 0
b As t → ∞, P → M − 0 = M. y y=x f −1(x) = x2 + 3, x ≥ 1
1 y
c i A = 9500, k = 10
loge 19
16
f(x) = 2x
1 y=x
ii p = 10 000 − 9500e −20k ≑ 3260
1 19 1 3
iii t = loge ≑ 91 years, year 2100 . f(x) = √x − 3
k 4 x
f −1(x) = log2 x
3 x
Chapter 17 4 a Both x.
b They are inverse functions.
Exercise 17A
5 a g −1 (x) = √x, domain: x ≥ 0, range: y ≥ 0
1a3 ≤ y ≤ 5 b g −1 (x) = − √x − 2, domain: x ≥ 2, range: y ≤ 0
b domain: 3 ≤ x ≤ 5, range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
c g −1 (x) = √4 − x 2, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0,
c f −1 (x) = x − 3
domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 0, range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
2a0 ≤ y ≤ 2 2
b domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 6 a 3x 2 b 13 (y + 1)−3
c F −1 (x) = x 2 dy 1 dx
7 = , = 2y
d y y dx 2√x dy
4 F−1 8 b They are both one-to-one. y = F(x)
3 y
F
3 c F (x) = −1 + √x − 3,
−1
2
2 domain: x ≥ 3, 4 y=x
1
1 range: y ≥ −1 3
1 2 3 4 x y = F−1(x)
1 2 3 x
−1 3
3 a The inverse is a b The inverse is a −1 4 x
function. function. 9a x = e y f(x) = l – nx
f −1 (x) = 12 x f −1 (x) = √
3
x − 1 b Reflect y = ln x in the e
x-axis, then shift it one y=x
f(x) = 2x y y=x
y y=x
f(x) = x3 + 1 unit up.
y = f −1(x)
1 d f −1 (x) = e 1 − x, domain: 1
−1 all real x, range: y > 0
1 x x
f −1(x) = 2
x
−1 e Both are decreasing. 1 y = f(x) e
x
f −1(x)= √x − 1
3
926
10 b One-to-one. y y=x c Functions whose domain is x = 0 alone, because if
2 − x f (a) = b, then f (−a) = b, so the graph fails the
c g −1 (x) = ,
Answers 17A–17B
2
x − 1 y = g(x) horizontal line test unless a = −a, that is, unless
for x > 1 a = 0 (the empty function is also even).
d x = √2 . It works because 18 b From part a we see, for example, that
1
the graphs meet on the
−1 1 √2 2 x g ( 12 ) = g (2), so the inverse is not a function.
line of symmetry y = x. y = g−1(x)
−1
c i −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
11 a y = √−x
3
1 − √1 − x 2
b (−1, 1), (0, 0) and (1, −1) iii g −1 (x) =
x
12 a No. The graph of the inverse is a vertical line, which d domain: x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1,
is not a function.
1 + √1 − x 2
13 a Shift two units left g −1 (x) =
g(x) = (x + 2)2− 4 x
and four units down. y e Because of the result in part a.
b x-intercepts: −4, 0, y y
vertex: (−2, −4). −2
1 1
x
c Many-to-one.
−4 −1
d x ≥ −2 −2
1 x −1 1 x
e x ≥ −4, increasing y = g−1(x)
−4 −1 −1
f g −1 (x) = −2 + √x + 4
14 a x-intercepts: 0, √3 , − √3 , y
19 a vertex: ( 2, 3)
stationary points: (−1, 2), F(x) = x3− x 10
y=x , y
2
(1, −2) 6
1
b Many-to-one. 2 y-intercept: 4
y = f (x)
c −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 −2 −1
−1 1 x bx ≥ 2 4
10 y = f −1(x)
d −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 −2 cx ≥ 3 2
15 a all real x y = F −1(x)
d The easy way is to solve y=x
c f′(x) > 0 for all x.
y = f (x) simultaneously 2 4 6
x
d Because f (x) is always increasing, the
with y = x. They intersect y=x
y
graph of f (x) passes the horizontal line test. at (4, 4) and (6, 6). y = sinh x
f −1 (x) = ln (
1 − x)
x e4 − N
20 a all real x y = sinh−1x
16 y b0
y = f −1(x) x
1 −x y = sinh−1x
1 d 2
(e x + e ) , which is
y = sinh x
positive for all real x.
1 x
y = f (x) e To y = 12 e x on the right. To y = − 12 e −x on the left.

y=x f sinh x is a one-to-one function.
17 a Suppose that (a, b) lies on the graph of the inverse
relation. Then (b, a) lies on the graph of the Exercise 17B
relation. Because the relation is odd, (−b, −a) lies 1 a 1.16 b 0.64 c 1.32
on the graph of the relation. Hence (−a, −b) lies on d 1.67 e 1.98 f 2.42
the graph of the inverse relation. π π
2a0 b c0 d
b Let y = f −1 (−x). Then −x = f (y), 6 4
so x = −f ( y) = f (−y) because f is odd. e − π2 f π

g0 h − π4
2
Hence −y = f −1 (x), y = −f −1 (x). This proves
i − π3 j 3π
k − π6 l π
that f −1 (−x) = −f −1 (x). 4
927
3 a 1.447 b 1.694 c 0.730 2 a domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, range: − π2 ≤ y ≤ π2, neither
d −0.730 e 1.373 f −1.373
b domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 0, range: 0 ≤ y ≤ π, neither
Answers 17B–17C
4 a π2 b1 c1 y y
p p
π 1 3π 2
d 6
e 2
f 4
g − π6 h0 i π
3
p
2
1 2 x
5 a − π3 b π
4
c − π6
− 2p −2 −1 x
d 3π
4
e − π2 f π
3
c domain: all real x, range: y
7a i 4
5
ii 5
12
iii √5 1
3
0 < y < π, neither
p
8
iv 17 3
v 10 √10 vi − 13√7
p
2
12 c − π2
x
π π
13 a 0 ≤ y < 2
b0 < y ≤ 4
3 a domain: −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, range: −π ≤ y ≤ 0, neither
14 a 2 is within the range of the inverse cosine function,
which is 0 ≤ y ≤ π. However, 2 is outside b domain: all real x, range: − π2 ≤ y ≤ π2, odd
the range of the inverse sine function, which is y y
−1 1
− π2 ≤ y ≤ π2 . x p
2
b It is because the sine curve is symmetrical about
x = π2 . − 2p
x
cπ − 2
− p2
−p
Exercise 17C
c domain: −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, y
1 a domain: all real x, range: − π2 ≤ y ≤ π2, odd p
range: − π2 ≤ y ≤ π
2
, odd 2
p y
2
p
−1 1 x
4
−1
1 x − 2p
− p4
4a i y
p
− p2
p
y = cos−1x
b domain: −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, range: 0 ≤ y ≤ π, neither 2
x
c domain: −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, range: − π2 ≤ y ≤ π2, odd −1
− p2
1
y y y = sin−1x − p2
p p −p
2
b i y ii y y = cos−1(−x)
p y = tan−1(−x) p
2 x p
−1 1
2
p
− 2p y = cos−1x
−1 1 x x 2
− 2p y = −tan−1(x)
−1 1 x
928
5a0 ≤ x ≤ 2 y 8 a −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, even d&e y
p
b − π2 ≤ y ≤ π 2 b 0 ≤ cos−1 x ≤ π, 1
Answers 17C–17D
2
so sin (cos−1 x) ≥ 0.
c y = π2, 0, − π2
1 2 x
dx = 1 −1 1 x
2
− 2p
9 a domain: all real x, d y

6 a domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 2p
y
range: 0 ≤ y ≤ π (2n + 1)π

x ≠ , p
2 2
p where n is an integer,
x
range: − π2 < y < π2, odd −2p −p − p2 p 2p
bx
1 2 x
cπ
b domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 0, y
p
10 sin−1 (cos x) y
range: − π2 ≤ y ≤ π2 2
= π
− cos −1
(cos x),
2
p
so we reflect in the x-axis −p
2
p
−2 −1 x and then shift π2 units up. −2p
− 2p
2p x
It is even.
− p2
c domain: all real x, y

11 a domain: all real x, range: − π2 ≤ y ≤ π2, period:
range: − π2 ≤ y ≤ π2 p
2 2π, odd
1 bx
− p x d y e y
4
p
− 2
p
−2p 2 p
p
−p p p 2p x
7a y y = 2x b y − 2
2
1 − 3p −p p 3p x
y = 21 x 2 2 2 2
π
−1 −
1 1 1 x −2 2 x For part e, cos−1 (sin x) = 2
− sin−1 (sin x) , so we
2 2
−1
π
reflect in the x-axis and then shift 2
units up.
−1
c The first two are odd, and y Exercise 17D

the third is neither even
1 a sin x cos y − cos x sin y
nor odd.
b cos 2A cos 3B − sin 2A sin 3B
x c sin 3α cos 5β + cos 3α sin 5β
1
ϕ ϕ
−1 d cos θ cos + sin θ sin
2 2
tan A + tan 2B
e
1 − tan A tan 2B
tan 3α − tan 4β
f
1 + tan 3α tan 4β
929
2 a cos (x + y) b sin (3α + 2β ) c tan 20° 1 − t2 (1 − t)2 1 + t
2a b c
d sin 3A e cos 50° f tan (α + 10°) 1 + t2 1 + t2 1 − t
63 √5 (1 + 2√3) 3 a tan 20° b sin 20° c cos 20°

5a1 b c
65 12 d sin 4x e tan 4x f cos 4x
7 b i √32√+2 1
ii √32√−2 1
iii 2 + √3 1 1
4 a tan 30° = b sin 30° =
√3 2
− √3 1 − √3
9a1 b c √3 − 2
2√2 2√2
c cos 150° = − √23 d sin 225° = − 1
10 a 1 b 56 √2
65
3π 1 11π 1
c 56
d 10√3 − √5 e cos = − f tan = −
33 20
4 √2 6 √3
1
11 b x = 2
(note that x ≠ −1) 6 c x = 0, 3π , 2π
2
12 a x = 1
bx = 1
or 1 7 b A = 0, 2π
3
, 2π
3 3
13 b √23 √2 − 1 = tan 112 12° ,

8 a ii −
16 a sin α cos β + cos α sin β because tan 225° = tan 45° = 1.
18 x = − 32 or 1 10 a − 34 b − 35 c 4
5
d 3 + √10
3
11 a i cos θ = 2cos2 12 θ − 1
Exercise 17E
1 1
b ii sin θ = 2 sin 2
θ cos 2
θ
1 a sin 2x b cos 2θ c tan 2α
d sin 40° e cos 100° f tan 140°
g sin 6θ h cos 4A i tan 8x Exercise 17G
7
3 a 25 b 1
c 120
d 4
1 b i cos 50° + cos 20° ii sin 80° − sin 16°
9 169 3
1
iii (cos 27° − cos 71°) iv 12 (sin 86° − sin 36°)
4 − 3√8 7 2
12√13 v sin 4α + sin 2α vi 12 (cos 3θ + cos θ)

8 a − 79 b 49
c 4
3
vii cos 2y − cos 2x viii 12 (sin 4A + sin 2B)
9 b √2 − 1
7 b ii 12
2x − 2
10 a y = 2x − 8x + 7 2
by = π 5π 13π 17π 25π 29π
2x − x 2 8 sin 3x = 12 , x = , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18
2 tan θ 12 a cos 3x = 0 or sin x = 0, x = π6 , π2 , 5π , 7π , 3π , 11π ,
11 a tan 2θ = 6 6 2 6
1 − tan θ 2 0, π, 2π
h h b sin 5x = 0 or cos 2x = 0, x = 0, π5 , 2π , 3π , 4π , π,
b tan θ = , tan 2θ = 5 5 5
30 10 6π 7π 8π 9π
, , , , 2π, π4 , 3π , 5π , 7π
5 5 5 5 4 4 4
e ∠AWB = θ using the exterior angle ∠WBC
of ΔABW. Hence ΔABW is isosceles with c cos 4x = 0 or cos x = 0, x = π8 , 3π , 5π , 7π , 9π ,
8 8 8 8
11π 13π 15π π 3π
BW = BA = 20 m, because the base angles are 8
, 8 , 8 , 2, 2
equal. Now use Pythagoras’ theorem in ΔBCW. 5x x
d sin = 0 or sin = 0, x = 0, 2π , 4π , 6π , 8π, 2π
16 a √2 1
2
2 2 5 5 5 5
Exercise 17F Chapter 17 review exercise
2t 1 − t2 2t 1 a −1 ≤ f (x) ≤ 4
1a b c
1 + t 2
1 + t 2
1 − t 2 b f −1 (x) = 2x − 2
c −1 ≤ x ≤ 4, −4 ≤ f −1 (x) ≤ 6
1 + t 2
2t 2
d e f t dy = x
1 − t 2
1 + t2
930
2 a x > −1, all real y 9 a sin 4θ b cos x c cos 6α
b F −1 (x) = e x − 1 d tan 70° e cos 50° f tan 8x
Answers 17 review
c All real x, y > −1
10 a 45 b 7
25
c − 16
65
d 120
169
e 24
7
f 33
56
e Both functions are increasing.
3b x ≤ 2 12 a sin 30° = 1
b cos 30° = √3
2 2
c Q −1 (x) = 2 − √x, because Q −1 (x) ≤ 2 . π 1
c tan 135° = −1 d cos =
4 a π2 π π
d − π4 f − π6
2π 4 √2
b c e
6 3 3 1 π 1 2π √3
e 2
sin 6
= 4
f sin 3
= 2
5a1 b 1
c 1
d − π6 e 2π
f − π3
√2 2 3
15 b π4
2√2 3
6a 3
b 4
18 a x = π2 , 7π , 3π or 11π
7 a All real x, y 6 2 6
− π2 < y < π
2 p b x = π6 , 5π or 3π
6 2
2
2π 4π
1 cx = 3
or 3
x
−1 d x = 0, π6 , 5π
6
, π, 7π
6
, 11π
6
or 2π
− p2
2t 1 − t2 2t
19 a b c
1 + t 2
1 + t 2
1 − t2
b −2 ≤ x ≤ 0, y 1 + t2 2
p d e f t
− π2 ≤ y ≤ π2 2
1 − t 2
1 + t2
20 a tan 135° = −1
−2 −1
1
x b sin 135° =
√2
1
c cos 135° = −
√2
− p2
22 b ii − 2 + √3 = tan 165°, because
c 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, y
1 2 1
−π ≤ y ≤ 0 tan 330° = −tan 30° = − .
x √3
23 a cos 3A + cos A
− p2 b sin 8A − sin 2A
c sin (5A + B) + sin (A + 3B)
d cos (A + 2B) − cos (3A + 8B)
−p
8 a cos 2θ b sin 40° c tan 50°

1
d cos 70° e sin 6α f = cot θ
tan θ
931
932 Appendix A
Appendix A: Bracket interval notation

1
Section 2B discussed intervals, using inequalities such as ≤ x ≤ 3 to describe them. This extra section
3
for Chapter 3 introduces an alternative notation for intervals that can often make the notation a little more
concise. The notation encloses the endpoints of the interval in brackets, using a square bracket if the endpoint
is included and a round bracket if the endpoint is not included.
Here are the five examples from Section 2B written in both notations:
Diagram Using inequalities Using brackets
[ 3, 3 ]
1 1
1
3 x ≤ x ≤ 3
3 3
1
Read this as, ‘The closed interval from to 3’.
3
−1 5 x −1 < x < 5 (−1, 5)
Read this as, ‘The open interval from −1 to 5’.
–2 3 x −2 ≤ x < 3 [ −2, 3)
Read this as, ‘The interval from −2 to 3, including −2 but excluding 3’.
−5 x x ≥ −5 [ −5, ∞)
Read this as, ‘The closed ray from −5 to the right’.
2 x x < 2 (−∞, 2)
Read this as, ‘The open ray from 2 to the left’.
The first interval [ , 3 ] is closed, meaning that it contains all its endpoints.
1
3
The second interval (−1, 5) is open, meaning that it does not contain any of its endpoints.
The third interval [ −2, 3) is neither open nor closed — it contains one of its endpoints, but does not contain
the other endpoint.
The fourth interval [ −5, ∞) is unbounded on the right, meaning that it continues towards infinity. It only has
one endpoint −5, which it contains, so it is closed.
The fifth interval (−∞, 2) is unbounded on the left, meaning that it continues towards negative infinity. It
only has one endpoint 2, which it does not contain, so it is open.
‘Infinity’ and ‘negative infinity’, with their symbols ∞ and −∞, are not numbers. They are ideas used in
specific situations and phrases to make language and notation more concise. Here, they indicate that an
interval is unbounded on the left or right, and the symbol (−∞, 2) means ‘all real numbers less than 2’.
Appendix A 933
Bracket interval notation has some details that need attention.

• The variable x or y or whatever is missing. This can be confusing when we are talking about domain and
range, or solving an inequation for some variable. When, however, we are just thinking about ‘all real numbers
greater than 100’, no variable is involved, so the notation (100, ∞) is more satisfactory than x > 100.
• The notation can be dangerously ambiguous. For example, the open interval (−1, 5) can easily be
confused with the point (−1, 5) in the coordinate plane.
• Infinity and negative infinity are not numbers, as remarked above.
• The set R of all real numbers can be written as (−∞, ∞) .
• The notation [ 4, 4 ] is the one-member set { 4 } , called a degenerate interval because it has length zero.
• Notations such as (4, 4) , (4, 4 ], [ 7, 3 ] and [ 7, 3) all suggest the empty set, if they mean anything at all,
and should be avoided in this course.
1 BRACKET INTERVAL NOTATION
•• A square bracket means that the endpoint is included, and a round bracket means that the endpoint
is not included.
•• For a < b, we can form the four bounded intervals below. The first is closed, the last is open, and
the other two are neither open nor closed.
[ a, b ] and [ a, b) and (a, b ] and (a, b) .
•• For any real number a, we can form the four unbounded intervals below. The first two are closed,
and the last two are open.
[ a, ∞) and (−∞, a ] and (a, ∞) and (−∞, a) .
•• The notation (−∞, ∞) means the whole real number line R.
•• The notation [ a, a ] is the one-member set { a } , called a degenerate interval.
•• An interval is called closed if it contains all its endpoints, and open if it doesn’t contain any of its
endpoints.
For those who enjoy precision, the unbounded interval (−∞, ∞) is both open and closed (it has no endpoints),
and a degenerate interval [ a, a ] is closed.
Using bracket interval notation for domain and range

When the domain or range of a function or relation is an interval, bracket interval notation is a straightforward
alternative notation for the domain or range, as in the next worked exercise.
934 Appendix A
Example 1
Write down the domain and range of these relations:
i using inequality interval notation,
ii using bracket interval notation.
a y b y c y
(4, 1)
8
3 5 x
2
–2
2 x
1
–15 1
2
–8 x
–1 1
SOLUTION
a i domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 ii domain = [ −2, 2 ]

range: −8 ≤ y ≤ 8 range = [ −8, 8 ]
b i domain: all real x ii domain = (−∞, ∞)
range: y ≤ 1 range = (−∞, 1 ]
c i domain: all real x ii domain = (−∞, ∞)

range: y > 0 range = (0, ∞)
Using bracket interval notation for solutions of inequaltions

When the solutions of an inequation form an interval, bracket interval notation is a straightforward alternative
notation.
Remember to reverse the inequality when multiplying or dividing by a negative.
Example 2
Write down the solution of these inequations, first using inequality interval notation, then using bracket
interval notation.
a −15 ≤ 5x < 30 b −2x < 10
SOLUTION
a − 15 ≤ 5x < 30 b − 2x < 10
÷ 5 −3 ≤ x < 6 ÷ (−2) x > −5
The solution is [ −3, 6) . The solution is (−5, ∞) .
Appendix A 935
Example 3
State where y ≥ 0 for each function, using both interval notations.
a y b y c y
(–1, 4)
3
2 –2 –1
x
–3 –1
1 –1
1 x 1 2
2
–1 1 x
SOLUTION
a The solution is −3 ≤ x ≤ 1, or in the bracket notation, [ −3, 1 ].
b The solution is all real x, or in the bracket notation, (−∞, ∞) .
c The solution is −2 < x ≤ −1, or in the bracket notation, (−2, −1 ].
Notation when the domain or range or set of solutions is not an interval

1
The domain of the function f (x) = is x ≠ 0, which is not an interval. This domain is, however, the
x
union of the two intervals (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞) . Notation in such situations is discussed in Section 3A of
the Year 12 book, after the union and intersection of sets have been reviewed in in the context of probability
(Section 12C in the Year 11 book).
Exercise Appendix A F OU N DAT I O N
1 For each number line, write the graphed interval using:

i inequality interval notation, ii bracket interval notation.
a b c
−2 0 2 4 x −2 0 2 4 x −2 0 2 4 x
2 For each interval given by inequality interval notation:
i draw the interval on a number line,
ii write it using bracket interval notation.
a −1 ≤ x < 2 b x ≤ 2 c x < 2
3 For each interval given by bracket interval notation:
i draw the interval on a number line,
ii write it using inequality interval notation.
a [ −1, ∞) b (−1, 2) c (−∞, ∞)
4 Solve each inequation, writing the solution using both interval notations.
a 7x < 35 b 5x ≥ −45 c −3x ≤ 15
d −6 < 2x < 8 e 10 < −5x ≤ 35 f −180 ≤ −10x ≤ 260
5 There are fifteen intervals in Q1–Q4.

a Which are open? b Which are closed? c Which are unbounded?
936 Appendix A
D E V E L OP M E NT
6 Write down the domains and ranges of each function using both interval notations.
a y b y
1 45
40
1 2 x
−1 25
3 6 x
c y d y
–1
x 1 x
7 Write down the domains and ranges of each relation using both interval notations.
a y b y
3
1
x –2 2 x
–1
–1
–3
c y d y
2 3
–2 2 x
x
–2 –1
Appendix A 937
8 For each function, state the values of x for which y < 0, using both interval notations.
a y b y
1 x
–1
0 2 x
(1, −1)
c y d y
1 2
1 x
1 2 x
1 4
9 Repeat the previous question, finding the values of x for which y ≤ 0.
10 Use the given graph of the LHS to help solve each inequation using both interval notations.
a y b y
4 x
3 x
i x (x − 3)2 ≥ 0 i x 2 (x − 4) > 0
ii x (x − 3)2 < 0 ii x 2 (x − 4) ≤ 0
CHAL L E NG E
11 Use bracket interval notation in this question, where f (x) = 2x − 3 + 1.

a Write down the domain and range of f (x).
b Write down the solutions of:
1
i f (x) ≥ 1 ii f (x) ≥ 2 iii f (x) < 9 iv 1 ≤ f (x) < 3
2
12 Write the solutions of each inequation using bracket interval notation.
a x2 ≤ 0 b x3 ≤ 0 c ∣x∣ ≤ 0 d ∣x∣ + x ≤ 0
13 As defined in the notes above, an interval is called closed if it contains all its endpoints, and open if it
doesn’t contain any of its endpoints.
a Explain why the degenerate interval [ 5, 5 ] is closed.
b Explain why the interval (−∞, ∞) is closed.
c Explain why the same interval (−∞, ∞) is also open.
938 Appendix A
Answers 7 a domain: x ≥ −1 OR [ −1, ∞)

range: all real y OR (−∞, ∞)
Exercise Appendix A
b domain: −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 OR [ −2, 2 ]
1 a i −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 ii [ −1, 2 ] range: all real y OR (−∞, ∞)
b i −1 < x ≤ 2 ii (−1, 2 ] c domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 OR [ 0, 2 ]
c i x > −1 ii (−1, ∞) range: −2 ≤ y ≤ 2 OR [ −2, 2 ]
2ai ii [ −1, 2) d domain: all real x OR (−∞, ∞)
–2 0 2 4 x
range: −1 < y ≤ 3 OR (−1, 3 ]
bi ii (−∞, 2 ] 8 a x < 1 OR (−∞, 1)
–2 0 2 4 x
ci ii (−∞, 2) b 0 < x < 2 OR (0, 2)
–2 0 2 4 x c 0 < x < 1 OR (0, 1)
3ai ii x ≥ −1 d x > 4 OR (4, ∞)
–2 0 2 4 x
bi ii −1 < x < 2 9 a x ≤ 1 OR (−∞, 1 ]
–2 0 2 4 x b 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 OR [ 0, 2 ]
ci ii all real x c 0 < x ≤ 1 OR (0, 1 ]
–2 0 2 4 x
(The interval can’t be written using inequalities.) d x ≥ 4 OR [ 4, ∞)
4 a x < 5 OR (−∞, 5) 10 a i x ≥ 0 OR [ 0, ∞)
b x ≥ −9 OR [ −9, ∞) ii x < 0 OR (−∞, 0)
c x ≥ −5 OR [ −5, ∞) b i x > 4 OR (4, ∞)
d −3 < x < 4 OR (−3, 4) ii x ≤ 4 OR (−∞, 4 ]
e −7 ≤ x < −2 OR [ −7, −2) 11 a domain: (−∞, ∞) , range: (1, ∞)
f −26 ≤ x ≤ 18 OR [ −26, 18 ] b i (−∞, ∞) ii [ 3, ∞)
5 a Open: Q1(c), Q2(c), Q3(b) & (c), Q4(a) & (d) iii (−∞, 6) iv [ 2, 4)
b Closed: Q1(a), Q2(b), Q3(a) & (c), Q4(b), (c) & (f) [
12 a 0, 0 ] b (−∞, 0 ] c [ 0, 0 ] d (−∞, 0 ]
c Unbounded: Q1(c), Q2(b) & (c), Q3(a) & (c), 13 a It has one endpoint 5, which it contains.
Q4(a), (b) & (c) b It contains all its endpoints (there are none).
6 a domain: all real x OR (−∞, ∞) c It does not contain any of its endpoints (there are
range: y ≥ −1 OR [ −1, ∞) none).
b domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 6 OR [ 0, 6 ]
range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 45 OR [ 0, 45 ]
c domain: all real x OR (−∞, ∞)
range: y < 1 OR (−∞, 1)
d domain: all real x OR (−∞, ∞)
range: all real y OR (−∞, ∞)

CSM6 EXT1Y11 Ch18 Ans

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CSM6 EXT1Y11 Ch18 Ans

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Answers to exercises

Answers are not provided for certain questions of the type

Chapter 1 j −2s − 10t k x 2 + 17xy l 16a − b

s (x − 10) (x + 9) t (x + 8) (x − 5) d (2x 2 + 3y 2 ) (2x − 3y) (x + y)

f 189 for, 168 against c no solution for x d x = − 32 or 1

d x = −5 + 3√2 or −5 − 3√2 15 a $800 b $160 c $120

19, 21, 22, 23, 24 c Ask the internet.

Answers 2D–2 review

c √15 + √10 + √6 + 2 6 a √3 + 1 b 4 − √10

12 a The square root of a negative is undefined.

iii domain: all real x,

8 a yes b no c yes d yes e yes f no

(6, 9) −1 (2, –1) b

18 b The vertex is ( − , − ) and the axis

7 a Δ = 17, two zeroes −1

7 a degree 1, coefficient 2 b degree 3, coefficient 0 2 −2 2

d r = √17, (4, 1) , (1, 4) , (−1, 4) , (−4, 1) , (−4, −1)

domain: − 32 ≤ x ≤ 32, domain: −0.8 ≤ x ≤ 0.8, iii y b i 1st and 3rd

iii y b i quadrants 2 and 4

( √2, √2 ) and ( − √2, − √2 )

c one-to-many d many-to-one h one-to-one i one-to-one

right 1 unit down 2 units

right 2 and up 5. left 2 and down 1.

b Reflect in the y-axis. ii y iii y

–3 3 b Reflect in the x-axis then shift up 4.

f From i reflect in the y-axis

16 Shift left by a to get y = f (x + a), then reflect in

−x − 2, for x < −2. 3

v y shift right 2, down 1,

x + 2x, for x < 0.

b F ( F (x) ) = 4x, F ( F ( F (x) ) ) = 8x

Answers 4E–4 review

Chapter 4 review exercise

14 a neither b even c odd d odd 2

y 3 0 1 0 −9 f (x) = x 2 (x − 5) f (x) = x (x − 2)2

b x < 0 or 0 < x < 3

2 d i Domain: x ≠ −2 12. When x = 0, y = 1.

9 a zero for x = 0, undefined at x = 3, positive for

c i Domain: x ≠ −2. When x = 0, y = −1.

not a minimum. The statement should be, ‘When −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x

c Because 0 ≤ x 2 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1, the 15 a y b y

−1 1 2 x f (x) odd , g (x) odd

18 a (1, −4), (1, 4) and (2, −3), (2, 3) ii y iii y

2 Original is a function: all except part f. Inverse is a

16 b No. Look at y = x , which is even. Its inverse is

−2 11 a (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = r 2, circle with centre

7a0 < x < 5 b x < 3 or x ≥ 6

14 a i y = f(x) ii y Inverse is not a

18 a ∠QPR = 90° − θ, so ∠RPS = θ.

3 a −320° b −250° c −170° 6 a − 12 b1 c − 12 d 1

d −70° e −300° f −220° g −1 h 1 1

5 a 70°, 430°, −290°, −650° 8a1 b −1 c undefined

11 a 0.42 b −0.91 c 0.91

k k c x = 67°30 ′ , 112°30 ′ , 247°30 ′ or 292°30 ′

9 a 69°2 ′ or 110°58 ′ b 16.0 cm or 11.0 cm

2 a −1, 1 b 2, −12 c 12, −2

Area = 8 12 square units 10 a m = 1, α = 45° b m = −1, α = 135°

b A (−3, 0), B (0, 6)

Answers 7D–7 review

11 a $6000 × (1.03)0 = $6000 g 2x = 64, x = 6 h 4x = 64, x = 3

12 a log10 45 ≑ 1.7 b 101.7 ≑ 50 e −4 = log 3 3−4 or log 3 81

c 5 significant figures. 101.653

iv The quadratic has no solutions 1a x 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 2

v y shift right 2, down 1,

producing a cusp. 8a

13 b √23 √2 − 1 = tan 112 12° ,