Cerebrum: Consists Of two hemispheres.

Connected by the corpus callosum to help facilitate

communication between the two sides of the brain. Left side of cerebrum receives information the
right side of the body. Hemispheres divided into 4 lobes.
 Frontal Lobe
Area Function Dysfunction
- Located front - Voluntary control of movement - Altered Muscle Tone
of the brain. - Selection of movement based on external - Poor Motor Control
Occupies the events - Dyspraxia
area anterior - Acquiring new sequences - Expressive Dysphasia
to the central - Planning - Inappropriate Behaviour
sulcus - Parts of speech and movement (Motor - Personality changes
Cortex)
- Emotions
Parietal Lobe

Area Function Dysfunction

- Located - Concerned with perception of stimuli such as - Altered Sensation

behind the touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. - Visuospatial Dysfunction
central sulcus - Receives sensory information for whole body - Difficulty writing
- Processes visual information for perception of - Aphasia
motor and spatial relationships - Agnosia (inability to
perceive objects)
Temporal Lobe

Area Function Dysfunction

- Located - Concerned with perception and recognition - Deafness

behind the of auditory stimuli (Hearing) and memory - Agnosia
lateral Fissure (Hippocampus) - Receptive Dysphasia
- Prosopagnosia
- Taste Dysfunction
Occipital Lobe

Area Function Dysfunction

- Located at - Concerned with aspects of vision - Diplopia

the back of - Determines basic attributes of vision such - Blindness
the brain, as (Light, Shape, Colour, Size, Direction,
behind Binocular Vision)
parietal lobe - Responds to visual Stimuli
and - Modulated by attention and working
temporal memory
lobe.
Cerebellum: Primarily Involved in the coordination of movements as well as the learning of new movements
(Motor Learning). Ipsilateral Control of movement (Left hemisphere controls left side). Regulates initiation, timing,
sequencing, and force generation of muscles contractions. Assists with balance and posture maintenance. Serves to
modify motor commands received from sensory system, integrates to fine-tune motor activity to make the movements
accurate and useful. Main functions are 1. Act as comparator: to achieve smoothness and accuracy in movement, 2.
Timing Device. Converts descending motor signals into a sequence of motor activation to achieve smoothness and
coordination, 3. Initiate and stores movement. Store and updates motor information.

Brainstem: Connects narrow spinal cord with the forebrain. Divided into 3 regions, medulla oblongata, the pons,
and the mid brain.

Medulla Oblongata: Located directly above spinal cord to form the base of the foramen magnum. Comprised
of the cardiovascular, respiratory, descending motor tracts, ascending sensory tracts and origin of cranial nerves. Helps
control vital processes such as heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure.

Pons: Located anteriorly of the cerebellum. Connects medulla oblongata to mid brain. Serves a functional purpose in
autonomic functions including stimulation of breathing and controlling sleep cycles. Handles all unconscious
movements and processes.

Midbrain: Smallest region of the brain. Extends from the Pons to the mamillary body. Associated with vision,
hearing, motor control, temperature regulation, pain, and acts as a relay station for auditory and visual information.

Thalamus: Usually described as a relay station because almost all sensory information except smell proceeds to
the cortex all stop in the thalamus before being sent on. Plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and
wakefulness.

Hypothalamus: Located above the brainstem. Made up of a collection of nuclei involved within a variety of
functions. Role in the control of the pituitary endocrine function (growth, metabolism, and reproduction of hormones),
also has a role in memory and emotional responses. Plays a role within the circadian rhythms via retinal input to
suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Basal Ganglia: Large group of nuclei. Consists of the Neostaratum. Internal segments of Globus Pallidus,
Substantia Nigra and partially surrounded by the thalamus. Basal Ganglia closely integrated with motor
cortex, premotor cortex and motor nuclei of the thalamus playing a crucial role in the modulation of
movements. Further responsible for motor control, motor learning, executive functions, behaviours, and
emotions.