ANS - Mathematics Analysis and Approaches HL

804 ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1A B
1 a % b —\/Lg ¢ —% d undefined
2 a cosecac:%, secx:%, cotx:%
. : 7 =
b coseczzf\/ig, secz:%, COtI:*% ;7\-
xr = fi, 12> x
3 a sinz= 74, tanz = 7‘/77, cosecT = 774?, e x:%" or%” f x:‘;—4, 127%, 2;";”,01—%
secac:%, ‘30“‘:_% 8 ax:%,g,or% bxz%,%,%‘,or%’"

b cosx:—%, tanx:%, cosec:c:—%, < Zzg,%w, 4;,01‘57" d z:%,%‘,%’,or%"
4 v 9 a [OD] b [AD] ¢ [BE] d [OB] e [OC] f [OF]
secac:—fi, cotx:T
EXERCISE1B W
< sinx:@, cosm:%, tanx:@, 1 ao0 b -Z <z d - % ez
cosecw=— 5—2=, cotz -= 2
ol f =5 s 3 h &3 .
[ iP ~—-0874
d smx:%, cosx:—é, tanz = ——=, lo~1.24 I~ 155

3 2 a (0,0) b (0, 0) ¢ (0.739, 0.739)
secxzfl, cotxzfx/b_’ . . ~
V3 3 a horizontal asymptotes y = —F, y = 5
e sinf = 7%, cos 3 = —%, cosec 8 = —/5, b No, y = sinz and y = cosz do not have horizontal
B asymptotes.
— _ V5 —
secf=—75, cotf= 4 a arcsin(sinf) = % b arccos(cos(—%)) = §
f sinH:—%, COSQ:—%a tan6 = %, ¢ tan(arctan(0.3))
= 0.3 d cos(arccos 7%)) :7%
cosecf= —5, secf =% e arctan(tan)
= 0 f arcsin(sin &%)
= —%
4 Y secr 5 =
az=1 bz — 35 <z -17
d zzfé e no solutions fz=0
EXERCISE 1C.1 e
Y= cosz 1 a 2sinf b 3cosf ¢ 2sinf d sinf
‘—2# : : { : o T e —2tan6 f —3cos?6
: : : ‘ 2 a 2tanz b tan?z ¢ sinz d cosx
e 5sinz f 2secx
3 al b1l ¢ C,OSZI d cosz e cosz

sin®
4 a 2cosf b —tanf ¢ 0 d —tanf e cotf
f 2cosf g tanf h tan6 i 2tan@
EXERCISE 1€.2
1 a3 b —2 ¢ —1 d 3cos?0
e 4sin?6 f cos@ g —sin?0 h —cos?6
i —2sin26 il k sin6 I sinf
3 a 1+ 2sinf +sin26 b sin?a —4sina+4
¢ sec’a —2tana d 1+ 2sinacosa
e 1—2sinfBcosf f —4+4cosa—cos’a
4 a —tan?2p b1 ¢ sin?a
d sin?z
— tan? @ e 13 f cos260 g 0
EXERCISE 1€.3 B
1 a (1+sinf)(1—sinf) b (sina+ cosa)(sina — cosa)
¢ (tana+ 1)(tano — 1) d sinB(2sinB
— 1)
e cosp(2+ 3cos ) f 3sinf(sin@
— 2)
i T T ot g (tan0+ 2)(tan0 + 3) h (2cos 0+ 1)(cos
0+ 3)
i " i (Bcosa+1)(2cosa—1) | tana(3tana —2)
I (sec B + cosec 3)(sec B — cosec 3)
I (2cotz —1)(cotz — 1)
v m (2sinz + cosz)(sinz + 3cos )
ANSWERS 805
2 a l+sina b tang —1 ¢ cos¢ —sing 54 — 25\/5

16 b —4V5 17 tanA
= +1
d cos¢+sing e —
1
f £os
0 22
sina — cos a 2 18 tan(A+ B+ C)
g sinf h cosd i secf+1 tan A + tan B 4+ tan C' — tan A tan B tan C'
4 T = %, %, or 37"' b no real solutions 1 —tan Atan B — tan Atan C' — tan Btan C
0=-%5. -5~
8 4 2
T
2 4
oy
cz= % ()rT7r d z~0.730, 2.41, 3.87, or 5.55 8
21
22 sin30 = —4sin® 0 + 3sin0
EXERCISE 1D 0= 0.5_= %, m 3£, 2, 2m, 55, U5, orn

2 24
a 3¢ -7 ¢ —%24 3 a—-3 7 bg 1 23 > A= 7
4 a cosa=— 35 b sin2a:4495 ¢ tan2a =45

24 20051+25inz:2\/§cos(z+ %")
_m . 23
T=T13 ' 1
5 a mn,@:f@ b 51112[3:7%
25 A vertical stretch with scale factor /10, then a translation of
¢ tan28 _= ==
421 ~ 0.322 units left.
a3 1 2v2 -51 52
greatest value = 12, least value = 2
6 b == 7 a b
Q0oO
27 2cosz — 5sinz & /29 cos(z + 1.19)
8 atanA:—% btanA:% 9tan%:\/§71
x ~0.761 or m
10 a sin2a b 2sin2a < %sm?a d cos23 z &~ 0.761 (the solution = = 7 has been lost)
e —cos2¢ f cos2N g —cos2M h cos2a 29 0 b Z
o
i —cos2a j sindA k sin6a I cos860
30 i 1sindf+
2 1sin26
2 i 2sin7a+
2 Lsin5a
2
m —cos63 n cos 10a o —cos6D p cos4A
iii sin63 + sin43 iv 2sin560 + 2sin 30
q cosa r —2cos6P
v 3sin7a
— 3sina vi %sinSA—%sinZA
12 3
31 i %005594»%00539 i %cosSa+%cosGa
13 az:O,%’,w,%",orQfl' bz:%or‘%"
cos4f3 + cos2[3 iv 3cos8x + 3cos bz
z =0,
m, or 27
1
15 _ 11 -5,
0=—5F, T 5
%5, or 15
v %COS5P+%COS3P vi —c0561+§60521
8
16 a cosA:1—70 b cosA:% 32 i %cos297%cos49 ii %cos5a7%cos7a
18 _p 2z 4
a:cfo,T”,T",orZW _
bxfgor%5 cos43 — cos 63 iv 2cos30 — 2cos 50
— T 11 Vv 5cos6A—5cos104 vi L10 cosdM— % cos 10M

33 . 1 241 1
5 Im 3w 11 _ sin Acos A = 551n2A, cos® A = 50052A+ 5
dz=0 %, 3, F ™G 5, F.or2r e ax=3F
sin?A = % - %COSQA
fo=2 g z=Zor2Z
cos
S +cosD = 2cos(st'2) cos(S;D)
h x:O,L(;',HT”,orQfl'
19 a Ciis y=cosz, Cyis y=cos2z+1 cos D —cos
S = 25in(S§D) sin(S;D)
b A% %), B(5.0). C(3.0), D 3) 34 2sin 3x cos 2z b 2cos5Acos3A ¢ —2sin2asina

EXERCISE
1E I 2cos40sin 0 e —2sindasin3a f 2sin5acos2a
2 a cosf b —sinf ¢ sinf 2sin3Bsin B h 2005(m+%)sinh

d —cosa e —sinA f —sin6 —23in(x+%) sin% ’
1+ tan@ 1+ tan@ .
g —— _— i tan@ REVIEW SET 1A B
1—tan6 1—tan6
1 V2 b —vV3 ¢2
3 a
<
%sin9+-‘§cos€
7%sin9+%0059
b
d
-‘?sinflfécose
7§sin0+%0059
2 T bF -3
3 z:%or%" z:%"'or%’
4 a cosf b sin3A ¢ sin(B
— A) 4 cos 0 —sin6 ¢ cosf
d cos(a—f) e —cos(¢p+0) f 2sin(a
— B)
g tan@ h tan3A
1—cosf e m f —c;)sa
7 a2+v3 b —2-3 s 97
4 e
10 +T‘/_
9+ 5v2
1 V3 12 tand= -2 -3v7 e —y /4= /4
13 tana
= 25 14 & =28 b2-43 8 60m
N
15 a cos2a b —sin3¢ ¢ cosf d —1 e tan2A 0, %, m % or2r 11 cz=21o0r3

0
806 ANSWERS
13 3sinz — 5cosz &~ v34 cos(z + 3.68) d 72%

4 2(7%) e 2(3%) -1 f 22 +22+3
3 1
14 a 25‘mm+\/§cosx% Tsin(z + 0.714) g 1+5(27%) h 5241 iz 4z +1
b i A=7 il b 243 j 322 453%)+1 k 227 -z
3 1
+5 1 237 -3(22%) -1
15 2 3 a 2% poetl_g b 3%¢ 4 7(3%)
+ 10
REVIEW SET 1B B ¢ 527 —6(5%)
+ 8 d 227 4 6(2%)+9
1 sinz 2V
= 3=, _
tan:c72\/5, cosecx ___3
= s e 32 _2(37)
41 f42%
4 14(4%) + 49
1 4
secr
= —3, gz—4 h4a-9 iz-—= |joP+i+—
T T
2 a
k 72® 24772 | 25 -10(27%)
+ 272
& a 5%(5% 4 1) b 10(3") c© V1477
d 5(5" —1) e 6(67F1 —1) f 16(4™ —1)
g 27(2" —8) h 3(2") i 222
5 a (3"+2)(3%—2) b (27 4+5)(2° —5)
¢ (4+3%)(4—3%) d (54 2%)(5—2%)
e (3% +2%)(3% —27) f (2% +3)2
g (3% +45)2 h (2% —7)2 i (5% —2)2
6 a (2¢+1)(2¢—2) b (3*43)(3* -2)
c (2% —3)(2%— d (2* +3)(2* +6)
b translation Z2 units right e (2% +4)(2’”—5) f (3*+2)(3*+7)
9 (3" +5)(3" -1 h (5" +2)(5"
- 1)
3 — 5T o I
z=-—Foryg 4 _ 3
a z =% — L
b x72+\/§ i (7"—4)(7" —3)
5 a secx b sinz ¢ cosx 1
7 a2 b 10° ¢ 3 d —571 e 5%
6 a cosf b —sinf ¢ 5cos? 0 d —cos@
e cosecl f sin20 e s (BF w5 i 5"
120 119 120 8 a3m+1 b 1+6™ c4n42n d 47 -1
78 15 b 16 ¢ 1o
e 6" f5m g4 h2n-1 il
10 —_2rn
az=-5£ _n-3, _ &3,or
5§ o= 9 a n2ntl b —3n1
1 . _ 33T
sm(9+%)7T 12 tanez%
EXERCISE
2C I
13 3sinz +4cosz ~ 5sin(x + 0.927) 14 1.5m
1 az= bz=2 cx=4 dz=0
15 b y = 2sec2x has range {yly< -2 or y>2} e xz=-1 fm:% g z=-3 hz=2
1 1
=1 has no solutions. iz=-3 jz=—4 k z=2 Iz:%
1+ fisinx \/_sm:t
2 a b z=-3 3 cz=-3 3
dz=-3 1
EXERCISE 2A I
1 3 3 ~1 ez——% fz—fg sz:% 'IZZ%
u|»~
1 a2° b 2 < 22 d 2? e 2 ®
4 3 2 —4 -2 Ix:é lx:% k z=-4 Ix:—%
f 23 g 2° h 22 i23 j2 2
mazxz=0 nz:% oz:7% p z=—-6
1 1 1 3 _3
2 a 3° b3 ? < 3% d 32 e 3 ? 3 Z1 b :
no solution _5
cz=3
1 3 4 5 2
3 a7® b 3% < 2° d 2° e 77 31 e __1
r=—y —
faoz=-1lor3
—1 _3
t7°% g3% h 2 ° P2 i7 4 azxz=3 bz=2 cz=-1 dz=2
1 3 _1 5 _3 e r=-2 fo=-2
4 az? b z? < z 2 d z? ez
5 axz=1or2 b = cx=1or2
5 a ~228 b ~0.435 ¢ ~1.68 d ~ 193 dz=1 e z=2 fz=0
e ~0.523 gzx=1 hz=1lor-1 iz=2
6 3
a V5 B
I’\/5 < 9v3 d mym e 2z jz=—-2o0rl k z= Ix:%
7 as8g b 32 < 8 d 125 e 4 6 z:175.y 1—70
1 .1 Y
f 31 S 31 h 16 ' s I 25 EXERCISE
2D W
EXERCISE 2B N 1 a i~14 i &~ 1.7 il ~2.8 v =04
b izx16 iz~ —-0.7
ol
1 al bz cz or /z
¢ y =27 has a horizontal asymptote of y = 0.
2 a z%+ 2% +2? b 2% 40w cx+1
2 acC b B < E d A eD
ANSWERS 807
3 il Domainis {z |z
€ R}
Rangeis {y |y > 1}
iy~ 3.67
iv as ¢ — o0, y— o0 vy=1
as — —oo0, y — 11
b ii Domain is {z | z € R}
Range is {y |y <2}
iy~ —0.665
4
iv as z— o0, y — —00 v y=2
as x — —oo, Yy — 27
< ii Domain is {z | z € R}
Range is {y |y > 3}
iy~ 3.38
iv as x — o0, y— 3T vy=3
as T — —00, Y — 00
d ii Domain is {z | z € R}
Range is {y |y < 3}
iy~ 2.62
5
iv as z— o0, y— 37 vy=3
as T — —00, Yy — —00
Domainis {z |z
€ R} 10 aa=5 b=-10 by =310
Range is {y |y> —2} 11 a P(0,25) ba=15 c¢y=35
12 a Domainis {z |z € R}, Rangeis {y|y>2}
b Domainis {x |z # 0}, Rangeis {y|y >0, y< -1}
¢ Domainis {z |z > 1}, Rangeis {y|y = 0}
7 a i7 <
. 13 a (fog)(x)=3V"—9
i 2 =42 Domainis {z |z
> 0}, Rangeis {y|y> —8}
16 b (gof)(z) =v3" -9
b y=4 Domainis {z |z
> 2}, Rangeis {y|y
= 0}
d Domainis {z |z € R} ¢ iz=4 i z=3
Rangeis {y |y >4} 14 a0 f(x): y=-3, g(@): y=1
il f(x): Rangeis {y|y > —3}
L7 . g(x): Rangeis {y|y>1}
8 a iy o ¢ iii f(z): y-intercept —2, g(x): y-intercept2
i =7 b ¢ —1++5
by=1
d Domainis {z |z € R}
Rangeis {y|y <1}
808 ANSWERS
15 a x~3.46 b =~ 246 ¢ x~1.16 < d = 346 years

d z~ —0.738 e z~1.85 f z~ 0.0959
g z~6.03 h z~50.0 i z~310
EXERCISE 2E.1 I
a 100 grams < W (grams (24)50
b i ~13l¢g
i ~197 g 4001y 0
0 1000 (years)
~ 507 g 200
a 100°C
ours) b i ~80.9°C il &~ 75.4°C i ~33.3°C
O 10 0 T < AT(°C
a Py =50 100
b i & 76 possums il &~ 141 possums
il ~ 396 possums
50
<
400 (10, 396)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
200
3 a 1000 g
b i ~82g i 125g il £9.31x1077 ¢
o ) n( earsl
<
0 10
1000
d = 11 years e =~ 11.1 years
a 4 people b =~ 393 people ¢ =~ 19.9 days
a Bp =200
b a = 1.1, the bear population is increasing by 10% every
year.
500 1000
¢ A~ 1350 bears d ~ 159% increase e = 24.2 years
iV ii 2Vp b 100% d = 221 years e 1000(1 — 270-03¢ ) grams,
¢ = 183% increase, it is the percentage increase at 50°C 4 a P(t) =400 x (0.92)
compared with 20°C. b i 368 orangutans ii A 264 orangutans
a A(t) = 5000 x (1.1)t b i £6050 i £8052.55 < P (orangutans
A d =~ 4.93 years 400 Hb',
¢ 10 UUUT ®
A(t) 5000 x /l” 64
P(t) =400 x (0.92)"
1 (years)
5000 t (yFari) 9% 5 0
0 2 4 6 d = 8.31 years, or = 8 years 114 days
a Lo = 10 units b =~ 2.77 units ¢ ~179m
a a = 1.08, the expected value of the house is increasing by
w
8% per year. d between ~ 23.5 m and ~ 44.9 m

k = 375000, the original value of the house was $375 000. a $24000 b r=0.85 ¢ 7 years
o
b ~ 4.98 years a i 22°C ii 6°C iii —2°C

N
a When t=0, V=c—60=0 b k=-1=-02 b T(°C)

c =60 20
T(t)
= —10 4 32/x 2702
¢ x486ms™t d Aymsh
V=60 —60x 2702 10 56
60
1 15
40 0 i »
(10, -2) t (minutes
20
v
0O 5 10 15 20 25 ¢ ~ 839 min or ~ 8 min 23 s

e The parachutist accelerates rapidly until he approaches his d No, as 32 x 2792 >0 for any value of t.
terminal velocity of 60 ms—1. a Wo b ~12.9% ¢ 45000 years
t
9 ~2.27 hours a A(t) = 150 x (1.48)%, B(t) = 400 x (0.8)" + 100
EXERCISE 2E.2 b i t~4.16years il t~3.45years Iii t~ 1.69 years
1 a250¢g b i x~112g ii =~504¢g ~226g a The initial weight of the isotope is 10 mg.
ANSWERS 809
1
b a = 0.7937;
~ 20.63%.
each day the isotope’s weight is decreasing by
2 (Fog)@) =e” —1
¢ ~6.30 mg d i ~5.21 days il ~9.00 days Domain is {z | z # 0}
11 ~ 33.2 minutes or ~ 33 minutes 13.2 seconds Rangeis {y|—-1<y <0 or y >0}
EXERCISE 2F W
1 y y=e; The graph of y = e® lies
(99 £)(@) = —— 1
between y = 2% and Domain is {z | z # 0}

y = 3%. Rangeis {y |y < —1 or y >0}
13 i2g b AT (grams)
i~ 2. (6,40.2)
. 4 z; € 40
iii =~ 4.
2 One is the other reflected
iv ~402§ 30 W) L 2
in the y-axis. ’ 20| 3.257)
10] /1 Uz,4.23 o
2
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 rfl
14 T = % bzrz=-4 cx=0
3p 15 i ~ 64.6 amps b T (amps)

o 75 |
h a e*>0 forallz il ~ 16.7 amps 60 (1,64.6
b iy~412x107° il y~9.70
x 108 ~ 28.8 seconds 45 F(t) — T75e=0:15¢
5 a ~739 b ~20.1 ¢ ~2.01 d =~ 1.65 30 , 16.
15 ( )
e ~0.368
1 -1 2 0
02468 1012141618>
6 ae’ be ? c e2 d e?
t (seconds)
7 a ~10.074 b ~0.099261 ¢ &~ 125.09
d ~0.0079945 e ~41.914 f =~ 42.429 16 k=39 b =~ 272 trout
9 ~3540.3 h ~0.0063424 A P(trout)
8 a 42"+1 b 1-—e?® ¢ 1-3e” 800
9 a e"(e"+1) b (e +4)(e®"—4) ¢ (e*—6)(e” —2) 600 Pt) = — S0

10 a 400 Lt kes0
200 (6.272)
2030 5 10 5 » | (months)
As t increases, the population approaches a limiting value of

800 trout.
~ 9.52 months
b
.
Domain of f, g, and his
.
{z |z € R}
17 [ (@) =log.@ b Domain of f~1 is
{z |z >0}
Range of fis {y |y >0}, Rangeofgis {y|y >0},
Range of f~1 is
Range of his {y |y >3}
11 a
{ylyckr}
19
1
18 eln o 1% ~ 2.718 281828
=0 "
b Domain of f, g, and his {z |z € R}

REVIEW SET 2A B
Range of fis {y |y >0}, Rangeofgis {y|y <0},
4 b 51 <3 1
Range of his {y |y < 10} 1
¢ For f: as z — o0,
y — 0 2 =2 bz:% czzfi
as z — —oo, y — 0t
Forg: as z — oo, y — —00 3
1+ e2® b 222 1 10(2%)
+ 25 ¢z —49
— — 5 _ _ 3
as ¢ — —oo, y — 07 4 z=05 b z=—-35 cz=3 5 k=3
For h: as & — 0o, y — —00 6
i ~22 il = 0.6
as r — —oo, y — 10~
810 ANSWERS
b i xzx145 i z~—0.6 iz~ 1.1 14 a 80°C <

b i ~26.8°C
7 a3 b 24 < ~ 9.00°C
~ 3.02°C
d ~ 12.8 min 0
0 10 20 30 40
t (minutes)
REVIEW SET 2B I
1 a =395 b ~0.517 ¢ ~3.16
2 a9-6e*+e* bax—2-z! ¢ 2T +1
3 a 8(3%) b (2* —4)(2*+3) ¢ (e*+5)(e® —3)
4 azxz=-4 b xz=0or2 cx=—1lor—2
5 a \/Li+1z1.71 ba=-1
7 a clock: £525, vase: £428

b clock: V() =500 x (1.05)*
vase: V(t) = 400 x (1.07)t
¢ clock ~ £1039.46, vase ~ £1103.61 the vase
d 500 x (1.05)¢ = 400 x (1.07)* and solve for ¢;
t ~ 11.8 ycars
8 Domainis {z |z > —1}, Rangeis {y|y > 1}
9 a f(x): y-intercept 2, 9(x): y-intercept
—1
b 72+% 5 units
1 a (fog)(x)
=2 10 a 81 [
Domain is {z |z
€ R}, Rangeis {y |0 <y < 8}
11 a y? by
b (gof)(z) =3—2%" =3—4°
Domainis {z |z
€ R}, Rangeis {y|y <3} 12 a 1500g
¢ iz=%V2 i z=2 i ~90.3¢g

il 544 ¢
12 a
d =~ 386 years
13 a A(t) =10 x (1.15)*

b i 13.225 m? il ~20.1 m?
<
4004 ('
300
b For f(z): domainis {z |z e R}, rangeis {y|y > 0}
For g(x): domainis {x |z € R}, rangeis {y|y >0} 200
For h(z): domainis {z |z € R}, rangeis {y|y < 3}
100
¢ For f(z): as z — oo, f(z)— oo
as x — —oo, f(z)— 0t 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
For g(z): as = — oo, g(z) — oo
d =~ 24.3 days
as © — —oo, g(z) — 0T
For h(z): as x — oo, h(z) — —oco EXERCISE 3A B
as x — —oo, h(z) — 3~ 1 a4 b -3 < 1 do e
w0 ol
=l
S
1
3 h1l i 2 i 1 31 k
13 about every ~ 7.92 days
vl
W=
ANSWERS 811
2 an b a+2 cl—-m da—-10

el f log(i)1 g log20 h log25 :i log, n®
i
a 100 < 237 < 1000 b ~ 237
log 100 < log 237 < log 1000
2 <log237 <3 a2 b 2 <3 d i e —2 -2
4 a —1<log(0.6) <0 b~ —0.22 5 For example, for a, log9 = log(32) = 2log 3.
a ~1.88 b ~2.06 ¢ ~0.48 d ~ 2092 aptgq b 2¢g+r ¢ 2p+3q dr+%q—p

e ~—-040 f =351 g ~—2.10 h does not exist e r—>5p f p—2q
6 axz>1 bzrz=1 cl0<z<l1 dz<0 azx+z b z+2y crztz—y d2m+%y

a A 1007782 b A 1017782 ~ 103-7782 e3y7%z f22+%y73z
d ~ 10—0.2218 e ~ 10—2.2218 f ~ 101.1761
2
g ~ 1031761 h A~ 1001761 i~ 10-0-8239 a 0.86 b 2.15 ¢ 1.075 10 z = 3
a?—1
i ~ 10—3.8239
240
1 a log384 b 4+ log, 45 12 log =
8 a i =0477 i~ 2477 Y
b log300 = log(3 x 10%) = log(10'°83 x 102) = ....
13 log /3 14 Hint: Subtract 2zy from both sides.
9 a i ~0699 i~ —1.301
b log(0.05) = log(5 x 1072) = log(10'°85 x 1072) = .... EXERCISE 3D M
10 a z=100 b z=10 cz=1 1 a2 b 4 ¢ 3 do e -1
d _ 1
z=1; e —
z=+10 — L
fx—m f 31 g —2 h -5 1
g = = 10000 h z =0.00001 i z~6.84 2 a3 b9 [ 1 d 21 e a
iz~ 140 k z ~0.0419 I =~ 0.000631 flta g a+b h ab
EXERCISE 38 I 3 a ~2485 b ~4.220 ¢ ~0.336

d ~ —0.357 e ~6.215
1 a 102 =100 b 10% = 10000 c 1071 =01
1 4z does not exist such that e* = —2 or0 since e > 0 for all
d 107 =10 e 28=38 f32=9 z €R.
—2_ 1
g22=1 h 315 1.5 _=27 Py
577 — L
=2 5 a m el 7918 b A 40943 ¢ A 86995
d ~ e—0.5108 e A 51160 f v e27081
2 a log,64=3 b logs 25 =2 g ~ e7-3132 h s 04055 i 18971
log; 49 = 2 d log, 64 =6 j A e—8:8049
e logy(3) =-3 f log;(0.01) = —2
6 a x=~20.1 b z~272 cx=1
g logQ(%) =-1 h logS(%) =-3 d =~ 0.368 e x~ 0.00674 f z~230
9 x~8.54 h z ~ 0.0370
3 a5 b -2 1 d 2 e 6 f7
a iz i z b They are inverses of each other.
g 2 h 3 i -3 i3 1 k 2 I 71
a In45 b In5 ¢ In4 d In24
m5 n 31 o 3 P 33 q 0 ril 6
e Inl1=0 f In30 g In(4e) h ln(—)
s —1 t 33 u -3 1 v 35 w -33 x —33 e
20
4 a2 b -1 <3 1 d 3 e 31 f 33 i In20 i In(4e?) k 1n(—2) I In1=0
e
g -2 h-%2 i3 9 a In972 b In200 ¢ Inl= d
-
bzrz=2 ¢ T=13z1 d _
z=3 e In6 fin(4) 3 In(}) h
3
f z=+3 i Inl6 i In(16e2) k ln(—) 1
€
7 r— 29V 2y +1
10 For example, for a, In27 = 1n(3%) = 31n3.
5
et gy=— 1
1M z=e€* 6—2
EXERCISE 3C I
1 a logl6 b log20 ¢ log8 d 1og(£) EXERCISE 3E I

m
e 1 f log2 g 3 h 2 1 a logy = zlog2 b logy = log20
+ 3logb
i log24 i1l k0 I log28 < log M =loga + 4logd d logT:10g5+%logd
2 a log700 b log(%) ¢ logy6 longlogb+%logl f logQ =loga —nlogb
d logy (%) e log200 f log(0.005) logy =loga+ xlogb h logF:IOgQO—%logn
40 i logs(3) i logL =loga+logb—logc
g log(10t x w) h 1ogm(—2)
m logN = %logaf %logb
3 a log96 b log72 ¢ log8 d logs(Z) log S = log 200 + tlog 2 | logy =mloga—nlogb
812 ANSWERS
5 log g 252 log (2 log ( 0 .

2 a D=2 bF:? ¢ P=yz d M=b%
5 azxz= bm:—(7) :x:—Og(Ofi)
log 2 log1.5 log(0.8)
m3 1 a2
— =
e B= —
n2
f N=—
Ip 9
P=10z3
v
h
Q T dzg=——"""" 10g(0.03) ¢
10log(42)
g=—->1-37 f z=4In8
2 log 2 log5
3 aD=ex b F=% ¢ P=.%
P 6 az:10g3 bzzflOgS cx=-1
log 5 log3
=
d M=edy?e3y ==
eB—fi fN= T= 2In2 3In2
7 z=— T =
In3 In5
9 Q~ 8.66x> h D=~ 0.518n04
9 az=In2 baz=0 c¢z=In2o0o In3 daz=0
4 a logyy =logy3+x b leogz(%)
e x=Ind4 f z:ln(%) or ln<#)
¢ ixz=0 i =2 il ~3.32
10 a (In3,3) b (In2,5) ¢ (0,2) and (Inb, —2)
5 axz=9 b a=2o0rd ¢ x=25/5 d x=200
exr=>5 fz=3 gz=3 h z=-2 11 a (—In2,2) b ln(%) units
6 azxz=2 y=4 br=2 y=38 12 a = 2.37 years b =~8.36 years
a2vr=7 log2® =log7 b 13 a = 3.90 hours b ~ 15.5 hours
zlog2 =log7 14 a,b sce graph below
log 7
z=log, T = —2L ~ 281 A (hectares)
log2 12 000
8 a Taking the logarithm in base a of both sides, = = log,, b.
10 000
b loga® =logb
¢ Using b, zloga=Ilogb 8000
logb 6000
= loga
logb 4000
and using part a, = = log, b= 0%
loga 2000
EXERCISE
3F I 0 y » 1 (weeks
0 1 {3 ¢ )
o
1 a =177 b ~ 532 ¢ ~3.23 d ~ -10.3 ~28
e ~ —2.46 f ~542 approximately 2.8 weeks.
2 2 15 In~ 5.86 years or ~ 5 years 10 months. 16 9 years
4 az=16 ba=4% cx=V5 da=64 8.4%
17 a =0.7% = 0.007, =1+ 0.007 = 1.007
e x=2o0r4d
b after 74 months
5 8 6 2m+3 18 a =~ 17.3 years b = 92.2 years ¢ ~ 115 years
T
7 a Weget logg2 #0. b z=381 ¢ z=at 19 Hint: 0.1 x Iy = Iy x 27002

k 0.1 — 9—0.02¢ and solve for ¢ using logarithms.
d Hint: First show that log, 2 = k" '.
20 a Hint: Set V =40, solve for t.
EXERCISE 3G I
b t= 751n<17 K) s
1 a 33=27, 3*=381, if 3% =40, then 3<a < 4 50
log 4 21 a P{mice) b ~ 4.32 weeks
b o= 2840 ¢ o~ 336
log3 B t_logP—Z)’
$000
. 1 L log2
2 a iz=
log2
il z~3.32 gooo| P10 71000 < 2
log 2
boie=820
log3
o 4000
2000
¢ =80y ok
log4 l
05 T 3 > t (weeks)
d iz=4 i z=4
3 —
1 22 a 2 osWw
e iz=- il x~8.00 1000 0.041og 2
log(%)
¢ i t~ 141 years
f i z=1o0g(0.000015) iz~ —4.82 it~ 498 years
3 a x~229 b z~5.13 ¢ z~0.194
a r=1Inl0 b z =1n1000 ¢ z =1In(0.15)
d z=2In5 zz:%lnl8 fz=0 0 100 t (years)
ANSWERS 813
23 a e i Domainis {z |z >2}, Rangeis {y|y e R}

100 ii vertical asymptote is « = 2, z-intercept 7,
no y-intercept
i
0
0 100 t (min)
b t— In96 — In(T" — 4)
0.03
¢ i =~ 50.7 minutes il ~ 152 minutes
v z=27 v fiz) =542
2h a decreasing b i 3900 ms~?! il A~ 2600 ms—1!
¢ ~11.8s f i Domainis {z|x >0}, Rangeis {y|ye R}
ii vertical asymptote is @ = 0, z-intercept v/2,
EXERCISE 3H W
no y-intercept
1 a i Domainis {x|x >0}, Rangeis {y|yec R} fii
i vertical asymptote is @ = 0, z-intercept 4,
no y-intercept
v z=2
v fl(z) = 2042
l1—zx
v z=2 v fl@)=2"7
: . 0
b i Domainis {z |z > —1}, Rangeis {y|y e R} a | A translation through ( ~ 1)
vertical asymptote is = = —1, x and y-intercepts 0 ii Domainis {x |z >0}, Rangeis {y|y € R}
i iii vertical asymptote is 2 = 0, z-intercept e,
no y-intercept
iv
v z=-2 v fl(z)=3"—1
¢ i Domainis {z |z > —1}, Rangeis {y|y € R}
ii vertical asymptote is = —1, z-intercept 2, v fia) = et
y-intercept 1 b i A translation through ( ; )
i Ay
il Domainis {z |z > 1}, Rangeis {y|y € R}
vertical asymptote is x = 1, z-intercept 1+ e2,
: y=1-log,(x+1) no y-intercept
; x iv
ive=8 v fY(z) =371

d i Domainis {z |z >2}, Rangeis {y|y e R}
i vertical asymptote is x = 2, x-intercept 27,
no y-intercept
v fiz)=e"2 41
¢ 1 A vertical stretch with scale factor 3, then a translation
through ( Bl )
ii Domainis {x |z >0}, Rangeis {y|y € R}
iii vertical asymptote is = 0, x-intercept e? s

no y-intercept
814 ANSWERS
iv Yk,
fl@)=3mhz—1
6 A vertical stretch with scale factor logs 2.
V@)= 7 a Ais
Bis
y=logy(z+2)
y =3 —logy(3z+ 1)
since it is increasing.
since it is decreasing.
3 a Ais y=Inz asits z-intercept is 1. Bis y = In(z —2).
b A: z-intercept —1, y-intercept 1,
vertical asymptote & = —2
B: z-intercept I, y-intercept 3,
vertical asymptote = = —%
¢ (2.3 —logy3)
a fl(z) =loggz
Domain is {z | z > 0}, Rangeis {y |y € R}
b fl(z) =logyz—1
Domain is {z | =z > 0}, Rangeis {y |y € R}
¢ y=Inz has vertical asymptote = =0
y = In(xz — 2) has vertical asymptote = = 2 ¢ flz) = %lnx
y = In(x + 2) has vertical asymptote = = —2 Domain is {z | z > 0}, Rangeis {y |y € R}
4 y=In(z?) =2Inz, so she is correct. d 7 (z) = logs(w +3)
This is because the y-values are twice as large for y = In(x?) Domain is {z |z > —3}, Rangeis {y|y € R}
as they are for y = Inz. 2Inb
a b? T b 2Inb
nb+x ¢ T x= w1
a 2, Domain is {x |z€ R}, Rangeis {y|y€ R}

e
b z—1, Domainis {z |z € R}, Rangeis {y|y€ R}
1 a Domainis {z |z < %}, Rangeis {y|y € R}
b P
iz=-3%17 g1
he=3-3551
¢ 7Y @) z)=
1-2%
=
Domainis {z |z
€ R}, Rangeis {y|y< %}
fiz) = %lnz
a (flog)(z)= %ln(?zf 1)
1
2
13 a k=3 b g-intercepts 1+ 2v/2, y-intercept logs8

c g l(z)=1-+/9—3%
Domain is {z |z < 2}, Rangeis {y|—-2<y <1}
REVIEW SET 3A B
a i b —1 ca+b+1
a3 b8 ¢ -2 d 1 e 0
£l g -1 h 3, k>0, k#1
3 a ~ 1431 b ~ —0.237 ¢ ~2.602 d ~3.689
4 z=2-3%
5 a Inl44 b In(%) c 1n(§> d In3
€
6 alogl4d b logy(d8) ¢ log,80

a 24+2B b A+3B ¢ 34+ 1B
d 1(A+B) e 4B —2A f 3A—2B
ANSWERS 815
8 a logM =loga+ nlogb b 10gT:10g57%logl

flz)=Inz+2
¢ logG = 2loga+logh—loge
9 a xz=5.19 b z~429 ¢z~ —0.839
10 a z=1In3 b z=1In3 or In4
11 a P=TQ" 1.5 e’
b M=-"=
VN
12 a =0 or ln(%) b z=e¢?
13 ag=1% b 2~ 827 ¢ z~0.0316

hoa 2= 80 G oise
log2
b Qo= i z~071
log7
—2
¢ iz=——mm il 2x9.02
log(0.6)
1
15 log, (;) = -z 16 4logz5
17 Hint: 2% —5x 2% =0
18 a z=¢€® br=e3 ¢ x = In400
In11-1
dm:nT e x=2In30
19 b%ln(%) 20 :c:2,y:§ or x=064, y=4
26 9 b Inb
21 a A translation through ( :g )
REVIEW SET 3B IS
b Domainis {z |z > —2}, Rangeis {y|y e R}
a2 b 2 ¢ a+t+b
¢ vertical asymptote is = = —2, z-intercept is 7,
y-intercept is ~ —1.37 a7 b -3 ¢ -2
wnn oW N
d g’l(z) =37+t2 _9 a ~ 101-5051 b ~ 10—2-8861 ¢ A 1040475

e
a b -3 c¢20 dil-uz
a3 2 bz 6 <8
a zt b5 :% d 3z e —z f logz
o
A m 29957 b oy 80064 o o —2.5903

N
1
a io= log
875 i @121
. 1 .
b iz=- iz~ —3.32
log2
a In3 b In4 ¢ In125
22 a =~ 13.9 weeks b ~ 41.6 weeks ¢ =~ 138 weeks 1
In70 log (% 10log( =16
23 a ~4.96 years or = 4 years 11% months b ~ 74.9% . b oo eE) _100s(2)
2 log 1.3 3log2
24 a i Domainis {z |z > —4}, Rangeis {y|y e R} 1 =1
ii vertical asymptote is = = —4, z-intercept —2, 13 a log P =log3
+ xlogh b logm = 3logn
— 2logp
y-intercept 1
14 Hint: Use the change of base rule.
i 2=-4 18 3
15 axz=2" b z=10"
22
f(x) =log,(z +4) -1 16 aT=— b K=nVt
Yy
17 a 5In2 b 3In5 ¢ 6In3
b i Domainis {z |z >0}, Rangeis {y|yeR}

i vertical asymptote is 2 = 0, z-intercept e~2,
no y-intercept 19
816 ANSWERS
1 EXERCISE 4A B
¢ irz=-
P 1
20 a 9 )
:ln(m+ 5
¢ Domainof
gis {z |z
€ R}, Rangeis {y|y
> -5} 2 a 3i b 8i ¢ L d v/ e iV
Domain of g~ is > —5}, Range is eR
d
"9 (zle 7}
g has horizontal asymptote y = —5,
e is fyly €RY | o i ;
b z— +5 3 co=+V55.
z-intercept is ln(%) 2 0.916, y-intercept is —3 d z=+iV5 e x=%5 fo=d+5i
g~ has vertical asymptote z = —5, 4 axz=5+2 b z=-3+4i ¢ x=—T+i
z-intercept is —3, y-intercept is ~ 0.916 d x:%i%i e z=+3+i f x-%it#
21 Hint: Set T = 40, and solve for t.
22 a 2500¢
I
b =~3288 years ¢ ~42.3% EXERCISE 4B
210g9 1o 1 a (@+3)(z—3) b (@ +3i)(x
— 3)
Boae=n b z=1In30 ¢ z=—7p ¢ (+VT)(z—V7) d (z+ivVT)(@—iVT)
24 a . e (2z+1)(2z—1) f (2z +1i)(2z
— 1)
g (V2z +3)(v2z —3) h (V2z 4 3i)(V2z
— 3i)
2 (a-+bi)(a
=a? - b%% =a? +b>
—bi) {since i? = -1}
3 az==4i b z==£6i ¢ z=%iV5
d o=+l e a==+3i o= xidZ
4 a zz+1)(z—1) b z(x+i)(r—1)
b ¢ (z+1)(z—1)(z+1i)(z—1)
d (z+2)(z—2)( 2i)(zz+
— 20)
5 axz=0
or +£2 b =0 or +2¢
cx=0 o +V3 dz=0 or £iV3
e x==+1 or +i f x==43 or £3i
6 a z=+iv3or +1 b 2 =+v3or +iv2
¢ x=%3i or £2 d =27
or £iv2
25 a e x==1 fo==+i
T'=2In(n+ 1) EXERCISE 4C W
6 1 a7-1¢ b 10 —44 ¢ —1+42¢ d 3—-3i
e 4—-Ti f 1244 g 3+4i h 21 —20¢
4
2 a =3+Ti b 2¢ ¢ —242 d -1+
2 e —5—12 f —541 g —6—4i h —1-5¢
; 3 (a+bt)
+ (a —bf)
= 2a which is real
(number of ¢l OlTefl T .
0[] 10 20 30 40 50
b i & 3.58 seconds ii ~ 5.55 seconds

¢ = 1.34 seconds longer
26 a i fl(z)=3"%2
Domainis {z |z € R}, Rangeis {y|y >0}
i (f09)(e) = logs(3 — v/3) — 2
Domainis {z |0 < 2z <9}, Rangeis {y|y < —1}
iii (go f)(z) =3— y/loggz —2
Domainis {z |z > 9}, Rangeis {y|y < 3}
b iz=4 i @=3"=177147
¢ (gof)~Yz) = 3m2—6z+11’ <3
Domain is {x | # < 3}, Rangeis {y|y > 9}
ANSWERS 817
_ a2 —b%2—1 2ab . ¢ 323 4222 — 11z + 19 d 223

22 —2+5
12 a w
AR@r e e 2% —z* — 23 + 822 — 11z + 10
b purely imaginary if a? —b*> =1 and a #0, b#0 f ot — 203 + 522 —dw+4
13 2=14+2i or 1—1 3 a 223 —-3z2+4z+3 b ot a3 -T2 472
EXERCISE 4D NS ¢ 2®+622+120+8 d 4zt —42® +1322 — 6z +9

e 16a* — 3223 + 2422 — 8z + 1
1 az=0,y=-2 b z=-2
— 2 — 3
f 18z* — 872 + 5622 + 20z — 16
de=-15 y=-13 4 a 62%— 11z + 18z —5 b 8% +18z2 —z+ 10
2 az=0 y=0
¢ 20+ 7224132 +10 d 22%—T2? 44z +4
ba=3 y=-2o0 v=4, y=—3
e 2% — 2% — 922 4 11z — 2
cr=2 y=-5 0;;,5:—%,1/:6 f 152 423 — a2 470 -6 g at— 223+
722 — 62+ 9
daz=-1 y=0 h 4zt + 423 — 1522 — 8z + 16
3 _
2=5—-4 i _
llmf— 4 _ 8
fi,n,H i 823 + 6022 4 150z + 125
5a=3 b=-5 or a=-3, b=5 j 264225
+ 2t — 423 — 422 + 4
62:%+§i or z:7%7%i 5 degrec of Q(z) is4 {(z—1)x a3 =z}
6 degree of Q(z) is 3
EXERCISE 4=E I
. ac+ bd be —ad) . 7 degree is 6, leading coefficient is —15, constant is —10
re e <c2+d2>+<c2+d2)1 8 a If p#q, the degree of P(x)+ Q(x) is the maximum
7 a 22=(a®—b?)+ (2ab)i of p and ¢ since the highest power of x is the maximum of
pand gq.
b 2% = (a® — 3ab?) + (3a%b — b3)i
If p = g, the degree of P(z) + Q(z) < p, since the
8 aa=0 or b=0, a# -1
coefficients of the higher powers of may cancel.
ba?2-b2=1and a#0, b#0
b kP(z) has degree p since any non-zero scalar multiple ofa
REVIEW SET 4A B polynomial results in a polynomial of the same degree.
1 az=3+iv/2 b a=+2+i ¢ P(z)Q(xz) has degree p+q since the highest power of
2 az:iV“gi b z=+v3or +iV5 is P x 29 = zP+a,
d (P(z))? has degree 2p since the highest power of z is
3 a 12456 b —1+i ¢ 18 4 26i
P X xP = 2P,
b Re(z)
= DB, Jm(z)
= -2 5 2=2-2i
EXERCISE 5¢ I
6 aa=4,b=0 ba=3 b=-4
1 a yes b no ¢ no d yes
¢ca=3 b=-7 or a=14, b= —
wlw
7 2=28-1; 8 a=0, b=—1 10 2=5 (y=0)

2 a-1,% b -3+ ¢ 3+V3 d 0 %2
5 5
e 0, +iV2 fo+1, +iV5
REVIEW SET 4B B
a 1.—% b —1 +iV3 c0,1+i
1 a (z-1li)(z+115) b (V3z—iVT)(V3z +iVT)
2 x=0, £3i 37 4 —142 d 0,+V5 e 0, +iV5 f +iV2, +V5
_ 3737 4416 a (2z + 3)(z
— 5) b (z—=3+iVT)(z—3—iV/T)
5 2= 5 T qe0¢
o o @D 2 2 +< 2(a +1)b )1 < z(x+1+V5)(z+1—+5) d 2(32—2)(2z+1)
(a+1)2+0b? (a+1)2+02 e (z+ Dz = D=+ VB)(z - V5)
w is purely imaginary if b= +(a+1), a# —1, b#0 f (z+i)(z = D)z + V2)(z — V2)
7 az=0,y=0 b x=5 y=-7 a (z — 8)(x +2); zeros are 8 and —2
cxz=0,y=0, or z=1, y=0, b (2z+ 3)(x — 5); zeros are 7% and 5
or x:—%,y:@, or x:—%,y:—% ¢ no real linear factors; no real zeros
dz=-1 y=2 d z(x 4+ 1+ V5)(z+1—+5); zerosare 0, —1++/5
8 z2=3—-2t or =342 e 2(3z —2)(2z + 1); zeros are 0, %, or 7%
EXERCISE 5SA IS f real lincar factors (z + v/3)(z — v/3); real zeros are ++/3
1 a i3 ii2 i 5 b i4 il i —2 P( @)= P(9) = P() =0
¢ i5 i =3 il d i3 ii5 iii 0 & a Pa)=0, P(B)=0, P(y)=0
e i4 ii -1 iii7 f i3 i -4 iii7 b If P(z) has a factor of (z —a), then P(a) =0 which
2 a7 b —4 <0 d 1 implies that P(x) has z-intercept a which is distinct from
the z-intercepts of «, 3, and ~.
EXERCISE
5B Wm0 But P(x) has only three z-intercepts and since
1 a322+6z+9 b 5z2+7r+9 ¢ —T22-8z—9 a # a, 3, or v, a cannot be one of them.
d 4z + 1323 + 2822 + 27z + 18 P(z) cannot have a factor of (z — a).
2 aaxd+a-—4dax47 b a3 —22-22+3 9 a P@)=az(3x+2), a#0
818 ANSWERS
b P(z) =a(x®
-4z +1), a#0 Q(x) =222 + 10z + 16, R = 35,
¢ Pl@)=alz+1)(z—1+v2), a#0 223 4 622 — 4z + 3 = (222 + 10z + 16)(z — 2) + 35
d P(z) = a(z? — 62+ 10), a #0 2?2 —3z+6= (z+1)(x —4) + 10
o
e P(z)=a(z? — 2z +10), a#0 22 44z — 11 = (¢ +1)(z +3) — 14
O
f P(z) = a(z®+4z +29), a #0 22?2 — Tz +2= 2z —3)(z —2) — 4
an
g P(z)=a(z®+6x+7), a#0 223
+ 322 — 3z —2= (22 +z—2)(2z+ 1)
&
h P(z)=a(z®>+2), a#0 32 4+ 1122 + 8z + 7 = (22 + 4z + 4)(3z — 1) + 11
0
i Plz)= LI(ZQ — 22z + 3), a#0 204 — 23— 22+ Te+4 = (28 —202+ 32— 1) (20+3)+12
-
11 a P@)=a@®—-4)(z—-3), a#0
+2+ b 2z+1-—
b P(z) = a(x + 2) (x> + 16), a #0 “ z—2 “ z11
¢ P(z)=a(z—3) (2> +22+2), a#0
3z —4+ 3 d 2243z -2
d P(z) =a(z +5)(z? +62+13), a #0 T +2
e P(x)=a(z+1)(22 —62+7), a#0 5 124 5
2z° — 8x
+ 31 — f z°+3z+6+
t P(z)=a(x—v2)(z® +4c+6), a0 T +4 z—2
12 a P(z)=az(z+2)(x —1)(z—5), a#0 322 —8x +4, (x+1)(3z—2)(z—2)

b P(z) = a(x® —1)(z%2 —2), a #0 222 + 11z+ 12, (z—2)(2z +3)(z +4)
¢ P(x)=a(z—2)(z+1)(z2+3), a#0 422 4z —3, (z+5)(4x —3)(z+1)
3 3
d P(z) =ax(z —4)(z%2 — 4z +1), a #0
ta =122 — azx + a?
e P(z)=a(z?>-3)(z2 -2z +2), a#0 T +a
f P(z) =a(z? —4z — 1)(2? + 42+ 13), a #0 i (22 —z+1)(z+1) i (22 -2z +4)(z+2)
13 a Hint:
Show that the sum and product of the zeros must be iii (22 — 5z + 25)(z + 5)
rational. Then use the fact that the sum of the zeros
22 —a2 23— a? 5 5
is rational to derive the form of the second zero. i =z+a I =z“+ar+ta
ba=-2 b=-1 r—a r—a
¢ Px)=a(z?
-4z —1), a#0 4 4
e T —a
i =% + az® + a%z + a®
14 a Hint:Let the quadratic be ax? + Bz + v and use the T—a
properties of complex conjugates.
.ox 5 —a 5 . ;
b a=-6, b=10 iv =z* 4 az® + a?2? + Bz + ot
T —a
¢ P(z)=a(z?-2v2z+3), a#0
(z—a)(@" ' +az" 2+ a2z 3+ ... +a" 2x+an "t
da=-2 b=8 or a=0, b=0
< i (x—2)(z?+22c+4)
EXERCISE 50 IS
i (x—1)(z3+22+z+1)
1 aa=2 b=5¢c=5 ba=4, b=5, c=14
il (z—2)(2® + 222 + 4z + 8)
ca=3 b=4, c=3
iv (z—3)(z* + 323 + 922 + 27z + 81)
2 aa=2b=-2 or a=-2, b=2
ba=2 b=—-1 or a=-1, b=2 EXERCISE 5E.2
ca=3 b=-1 1 quotient is z + 1, remainderis —z —4
ha=-2 b=2 z=1+i or —1++3
Co
quotient is 3, remainder is —x + 3
5 c=+V12, d=TFV12, o= —V/3+v2 V3+2 quotient is 3z, remainder is —2x — 1
Qna
quotient is 0, remainder is = — 4
6 a a=3, zerosare —4, 1,%
2z 9 2
b a=—4, zerosare?,fl.fg 1*m, P —r+l=1"+z+1)—2z
7 aa=-9 b=—1, zerosare 71,7%,2,4 2
x7z212, 2 =a(z? +2) — 2z
ba=1 b=-15, zeros are —3, s 4,1+
5 \/5
3z —4
8 k=13 ot 34
9 ot —22% — 322 + 4z + 3= (2% —2)? —4(2® —z) + 3, z?2 —x+1
14 V5 14 Vi3 et 4322+ —1=(2®+2+3)(a? —z+1)+3z—4
Zeros are 3
3 ES g E% 5 + 2
If k=20, P(z) = (z—2)(z+5) 2 T ++ 4+ — 12
+(171)2
If k=-32 P(z)= 23z 13)(3z+8)2 228 —z+6=(2z+4)(x—1)2
+ 5z +2
b P(x)=(z+3)%(z—3) or P(z)=(z—1)%(z+5) 4z +3
¢ If m = —2, zerosare —1 (repeated) and 2.3 2?2 20 +3 - ——,
(z+1)2
If m _= 575,
14 zeros < are 1g (repeated) and _145 2t = (22 -2z +3)(z +1)2 -4z -3
EXERCISE 5E.1 I 15— 10z
22 -3z +5+ —————,
1 aQ@x)=z, R=-3, 22+2c-3=z(x+2) -3 (z—1)(z+
2)
b Qz)=2-4, R=-3, 22-5zc+1= (z—4)(z—1)-3 2t =223 +z+5 = (22 -3z +5)(xz—1)(z+2)+
15— 10z
ANSWERS 819
3 quotient is x2 + 2z + 3, remainder is 7 EXERCISE 5) I

4 quotient is 22 — 3z + 5, remainderis 15 — 10z 1 a Ay
EXERCISE 5F I Y=
1 a P(z)=Q(z)(x—2)+7, P(z)divided by = —2
leaves a remainder of 7.
b P(—3) = —8, P(z)divided by x+ 3 leavesa
remainder of —8. [ P >
¢ P(5) =11, P(z)=Q(z)(xz—5)+11
2 al b -19 «c1 3 aa=3 ba=
Y
4 a=-5 b=6 5 a=-3 n=4 6 —7
7 a P(z)=Q(z)2x—1)+R b i -3 b
P(3)=Q(3)2x3-1)+R i 7 N1 £
—4
=Q(3)x0+R
=R
y=1(x—1)>° -4 ". —4
8 -7 9 a=3 b=10 10 a -3 b1
11 R(z) = -5z +3 12 32-5
13 Hint: P(z) = (z —a)(z — b) Q(z) + (Cz + D)
-0 §
EXERCISE 5G M
1 a yes b no < yes
2 aa=5 ba=-2
(2.5)
3 ak=-8 Plx)=(+2)(2c+1)(z—2)
S
b k=2, P(z)=a(z—3)(z+V2)(x—V2)
h a k=18 b P(z) = (z — 4)(32% — 5z — 2)
cz=-320r4
5 a=7 b=-14
6 k=—1or—2
If k= —1, zerosare 0, —2, and 3.
If k=—2, zerosare —1++/2, and 3.
m=-—
8 aa=7 b=-6 b 60
¢ Px)=(z+3)(222+3z-2) d —3,-2,1
9 aa=7 b=2 bao=-2+6 1M1 a=2
EXERCISE
5H I
1 a=-4,b=7
2 P(z) =a(2z +1)(z? — 22 +10), a #0
p(z) = 423 — 2022 + 36z — 20
oW
a p= -3, q=52, other zeros are 2+ 3i, —4

a = —13, b= 34, other roots are 3 — i, 72i\/§
wn
a=—4, b=15, other roots are 2 — i, +iy/3

O
a=3, P(z) = (z+3)(z+iV3)(z —iV3)

N
k=2, P(z)=(z+iV5)(x —iV5)(3z +2)

O
a 22— 2+ (1+k?) b k=0,

%1, +2, +3
0
¢ pg=-1,-2,-5,-10 d 1,-2,1+2i
EXERCISE51 I
1 a sum= %, product = 2 b sum = %, product = g
¢ sum = 1, product = —4 d sum = %, product = 4
e sum = 0, product =9 f sum = 0, product = —1
2 a sum= %. product = 1:—;4 b —40 c —28
3 a sum = 3, product =3 b -2 < —2

4 a k=4 b5 5m=-2 n=1
6 a=+2 7 bp=-1¢g=-1,
r=1
9 a2n b 10 <9 d9
820 ANSWERS
9 boOo<z<l15
y=5+4)>3z - 2) fl@) =52z - 1)(z +3)(z - 2)
d 10cem x 10em or ~2.19 cm x 2.19 cm
EXERCISE 5K
y=(z—3)(2*+22+3)
y=2z+1)(z—2)(z —3)
o
y=(z+1)(z—3)?
O
y=2(z+4)(z+2)(z—1)
n
y=-2(x+3)(2x—-1)2z+1)
O
y = %(w+4)2(w—3)
&
y= %(z+5)(z+ 2)(z —5)

-
y= 127 hy=4(+4)@ -3
W
y=-2(x+3)(z+2)(2z+1)
—
f(=2)=0 <
o0
(z+2)(2z —1)(z —3)

0
Domainis {z |z € R}
QL
Rangeis {y|y € R}
a xr — 00, Yy — o0
as r — —00, Yy — —00
flz)=22%—32% — 112 +6
y=(x-3)(z—1)(z+2) b y=3z(z+2)(2r—-1)
y=(@-12@+2) dy=—1@e+2)2@—4)
—2(z +3)(z — 1)? b
as T — 00, Y — —00
as & — —00, Yy — 00
3 ay=2z+1)>2@x-1)?
. b y=(z+3)(z+1)%@Bz—2)
y=—22°—222+102 -6 A y:72(z+2)(z+1)(1‘72)2
P(e) = 52z — (@ +3)(z — 2) dy=—3@+3)@+D2e-3)(=-3)

fy=s@+2)@-3)
o
P(z) = —2(z +2)%(z — 1) ey=i+@-9>

O
P(z) = (z — 2)(22% — 3z + 2) 4 a y=(z+4)(2c—1)(z—2)?

A
a = 700, the time at which the barrier has returned to its b y= %(31 —2)%(z +3)?
o
original position. ¢ y=202c+1)2c - (e +2)(z—2)

k:fi, j‘(t):fit(tffljo)2 d y:(w_l)Z(%w2+%w_1)
ANSWERS 821
5 a y=3a? +7x3+sm —2z-8 e —1.20 <z < —0.125 or = > 1.33 f z<—-0.924
b y=—2z%— 423+ 822 + 42—6 5 March W(t)
400
6 a f(x): m72)2(x2+3x+3) where 22 + 3z
+ 3 has
A <0, so x2+ 3z + 3 has no real zeros.
300 W(t) = —t> + 30t — 131t + 250
200
V{t) = 100
1001+ >
— 522 +12
REVIEW SET 5A B
a 223 —22422+6 b —224 4+ 723 — 722 +122
T
¢ =222 —5z—19+ 57
33—z
a ~ 877 joules s~1 b 2900 joules s—! a 12z% — 92% 4+ 822 — 26z + 15
(2 +a+1)(z? — Bz +7) b 4z* — 423 + 1322
— 6z + 9
b z2+z+1 has a>0 and A<O
aa?—2z+4— b 222 +2z—1+
22 —52+7 has a>0 and A <0 T+ 2 r—1
the graph lies entirely above the z-axis. cz_ 54 1 9z + 30
(z+2)(z+3)
a yes b no 5 (22 -22+42)(22+22+2)
=
P(z) = a(z* — 623 + 1422 — 102 — 7), a #0
o
a=7b=0 or a=4, b=+/3
y=a' — 423+ 322 + 22 + 7 N
aa=-7 b=12 ba=3 b=1
®
x (2z = 3)(z +5)(z —2) 10 a=7 b=-20

0
“When a polynomial P(z) is divided by x —k until a constant

-
9 a a=120, b=200 b k= 1000000 ¢ 6.75m remainder R is obtained, then R = P(k).”

EXERCISE 5L B 12 7 13 267214 14 a=—-14, b=—-24
1 a -1,2++3 b 1,144 ¢ I -1+2 15 k=3, b=27, ©=3,-3; k=-1, b=-5, z=-1,5
d 3. +iV/10 e +1,3 -2 f2,1+3i 16 k=—4, zerosare 3+2i, —1++v2 17 £2i, —1+i

18 a sum = 2 product = g¢ b sum =0, product = —5
2 az=-2+iV/3 b a=-2-11
19
¢ x =2 (treble root) d z=-2, %,3
20 Another hint: Show that (a8)® + (af)? —1 =0
e x=-321+2 fo=-1.32+i 21 a=0, b=0 or a=3, b=18
3 aax=2L1+i4LL b oo=—3
42 We translate y = 23
2 units left and 3 units
< :%21\/' dz=21+2i down.
erx=-413% fo=-22 +iV3
g z=-14%1+iV3 hoz=-5 42
4 a z~—3.27,—0860,2.13 b z~ —2.52 —1.18,2.70
5 ~x1.11m or ~£9.94m
EXERCISE 5M W
1 a (z—2)(z+3)(z+2) b 3<z<-2o0rz>2
2 a3(—%)3—10(—§)2—17(—§)—6:0 v
b 247 cax<—2 o 2-Vi<z<24+VT
3 az<—-4dorl<z<2
b 3<a<1-vV6
or z>1+6
:m<27\/50r%\m\2+\/_
d*l*\/fi<z<7% or > —1++1I1
e o< VT or —3<z<VT
*/_<z<
=15 or ac>i’2—‘/fi
4 a 72409<z<0.572 or z > 251
b < —1.66 or 0.327 <z < 1.84
¢ —2.55
<z <0.290 or z > 2.26 da + 1 = (z + i)(z — i) is a factor of

y=(3z—1)*(z +2)* 21041 ifboth (z+4) and (z—1) are
factors.
b l-a
16 (22 +1)(z +iV5)(z — iv/5) 17 a= -8, b=17
18 a = —21, other zeros are 5+ 1, %
19 a sum= 7%, product = —3 b sum = 0, product = %
20 b If m =+/3, coefficient is —4 — 2/3

25 P(z) = (z +2)%(z — 1)(4z — 3)
If m = —+/3, coefficient is —4 + 2\/§
22 P(z) =223 — 6z — 4
23
26 P(z) =2(z +4)(z — 1)%(z — 3)

27 a P(z)=az(z+2)%(2z—1)
b y
y=2z"+72% + 42% — 4z
28 az=-3 -3 bao=-12-1+3i
29 ax< -3 or 1—\/7<z<1+\/7
26 a f(z)=(z+5)(z? —2z —4)
f(=5)=0 .. —5isan z-intercept.
b —V5<z< -25 orz>V56
b 1-vh~—-124, 14+V65~3.24
REVIEW SET 5B B <
1 a f(z) —g(z) =2* — 323 — 32> + 22— 8
i7 -2 iii —7 fa) = 2%+ 322 — 142 — 20
O
32° + 132%
— 92% — 22 + 42
—2
o
26 — 42% + 42t + 223 — 422

4+ 1
O
(3z —2) and (x —3), zeros arc % and 3

o
(x—1), (2z+1), and (22 —2z+7),

o
zeros are 1, 7%, 1 :tz'\/g
P(z)=a(z+4)(z—1)(z —6), a#0

o
P(z) = a(3z — 1)(z? — 6z +4), a#0

d as z— oo, f(z)— o0
P(z) = a(2z — 1)(z2 +2), a #0
as ¢ — —oo, f(z)— —o0
QA
P(z) = a(z?® — 2z + 2)(z? + 6z + 10), a #0

25 0<v <100 < P(watts)
o
a=1 b=-1, ¢=3

4320 watts
T
a 22 +3z—-2+ b a®+a?+20+2+ d ~794ms™ !

2z +3
8 — 6z
< z2—1+4+(z71)(z+2)
Bz —2)(2z —1)(z+5)
T = 7% (repeated), and = =3
10 Other factor is (22

— 3z +3), A <0 .. no real roots
~7.94
1 ak>0 b k<O 12 2 13 m=7
14 quotient is 2 + 3z — 9, remainder is 5z + 17,
a=4, b=-18 26 a y=1(z—-3)>3x+2) b y=-3(z+1)3(z—2)?
ANSWERS 823
27 (z+ 1)(z —4)(22% — 6z +5)

222 — 6245 has A <0, so 222 —6x+5 has no real zeros.
¢ A horizontal stretch with scale factor %

4 ab
y =2z —122% + 1522 + 9z — 20
28 a —% and +iVB b —7,—1,and 2

29 a < —1.10 or 0.854 <z < 4.25 b z>233
EXERCISE 6A W
4 a odd b neither ¢ even d odd e even
f neither
5 (~1,3), (5 —2) 6 (—4,—6), (1, -2) 7 a=-3% ¢ (1,0) and (3,1)
8 b=-1 9 bb=0,d=0 cb=0 d=0 6 Domainis {z |0 <2 <5}, Rangeis {y|0 <y <16}
10 a Even, the graph of the function is symmetric about the y-axis. 7 a z-int. =2, y-int. —4, VA z =1, HA y=2
b Odd, the graph of the function has rotational symmetry about b z-int. —2, y-int. 16, VA z =1, HA y=4
the origin. ¢ (—=5,1) and (—2,0)
¢ 0Odd, the graph has rotational symmetry about the origin.
11 a k=nm nez b k=% +nm nck
ck#£5F, neL
13 even 14 odd
EXERCISE 6B Wm0
1
824 ANSWERS
4 a
5 a
Domain is {z | z < 4}, Domain is

Range is {y |y > 0} {zl-4<o<4),
Rangeis {y[0<y<2}
8 a i{z|-6<xz<6} il {ylo<y<T}
b No, we do not know the behaviour of f(z) on —2 < z < 0,
i which is discarded when we find f(|z |). This may or may
not affect the range of y = f(|z|).
9 a zx-intercepts —3 and 4, y-intercept 2
b z-intercepts 4 and —4, y-intercept —2
10
r—2, =2 b y— z+1, r>—1

12
v= —z—1, z<-1
ANSWERS 825
1, z>0 e 230 d —$<a<i e —224<z <211

e y =< undefined, =0 fy:{sm’ <0 f-280<e<-1 or 2<a<292
-1, <0 ’ g —1<2<-0.189 or 0.254 <z < 0.937
Y, y= lz| h —387<x<—-297 or —1.72<z<219 or
z 259 <z <35
EXERCISE 6D.1 B
1 a vertical asymptotes =2 and = =6,
horizontal asymptote y = 0
b z-intercept %, y-intercept — -212
) 5 22 - 2 a i vertical asymptotes * = —3 and z =2,
z—2, > 1, Tz horizontal asymptote y = 0
g yY=42 0<z<2 hy=q20-10<2<1 i z-intercept1, y-intercept&
22, 2<0 -1, z<0 Py "
y=lal
= |z =1|
EXERCISE 6C.2 I
1 az=43 b no solutions cxz=0
d z=4o0r—-2 e x=—lor7 f no solutions
g:czlor% h z=0o0r3 ix:—2or%
2 _ 3,3
az=zory _
brz=-20or—% 4 _
caz=-lor7
3z+1
3 a In the case +1 =3 weget 3z +1=3x—3 which
T —
has no solutions.
b z:%
_3 1 _ 4 _1 . .
5 az=gor—yg bez=—30-6 cz=3 b i vertical asymptotes z =1 and = =3,
d z= % e = % or ,% [ — % or —6 horizontal asymptote y = 0
o . 8
6 a b 2= —150r3 il z-intercept 4, y-intercept —3
4
7 axz=1 ba=—zor4
¢ x~0.714 or z=5 d x~269
e x~1.28 or 2.43 f oz~ —1.91, 0.304, or 2.09
EXERCISE 6C.3 NS
1 a -3<z<5 bz<-9o0rz>5
cl<z<2 d:cg—% or
z > -1
3
e —3<zr<3 5 fz<—g5 9 orz>—1 7
2 azx<-2 baez<—-1oraz>1 Ll
A
cal z€R da<-L ora>-3 S
o . ¢ i vertical asymptotes © = —2 and z =4,
e x<—10 or x>3 f <17 horizontal asymptote y =0
3 a %ézé?m,z#? bz>7%,z7§l ii z-intercept3, y-intercept —3
¢ z<—10 or ©>2 ifi _ +io
x
4 al<z<3 bz>3 ¢ <279
or x> 2.30
826 ANSWERS
v As £ — —27, f(z)— oo i z-intercept 3, y-intercept 7§

As z— -2, f(z)—» —c0
As ©— 47, f(z) — o0
As x — 4T, flz) — —c0
As — —oo, f(z) —0F
As = — oo, flz) — 0~
d i vertical asymptotes © = —3 and z =0,

ii z-intercept —4, no y-intercept
g i vertical asymptotes z = —6 and z =1,

i a-intercept 2, y-intercept 4
iv
52— 9
222 + 10z — 12
e i vertical asymptotes z = —1 and z =5,
il z-intercept —%, y-intercept —1
h i vertical asymptote = = —1,

horizontal asymptote y =0
i x-intercept —2, y-intercept 6
T =—1 =5
f 1 vertical asymptotes « = —3 and z =6,
ANSWERS 827
. .
i vertical asymptotes z =_ —3 1 and _
x =5,
z-intercept 4, y-intercept —z4 7—dx
f(x) T 2148z— 422
I 1 vertical asymptote = = %,
i a-intercept 1, y-intercept %
i vertical asymptotes z = —2 and z = %,

il z-intercept —g, y-intercept —%
iv
3 ay=0
b 22— 52+7>0 forallz
4z — 6
y = 0 is defined for all = and has no
22 — 5z + 7
vertical asymptotes.
¢ z-intercept %, y-intercept —%
v d
. . 3 7 8r —3 . 3
i vertical asymptotes z = —3 and z = 3, 4 a flz) = m, vertical asymptote = = 5
2 — 12z
horizontal asymptote y = 0 Sw— 3
iil z-intercept
z-i Z 7, oyy-intercept 13 or f(z) =— 1622 " °
— 242+ 9 vertical asymptote
vertl ymp z=7
= 2
b ..
. 3—
v As z— -5, f(z)— -0 13T
As = — 7%+, f(z) — oo
As 7 — L7, f(z)
— —o0
As ze% + s f(z) — oo o= S 3
As ¢ — —oo, f(z) =0~ =4 J@) = o 2 s
As = — oo, flz) — ot
828 ANSWERS
vi
y=2x—2
222 — 8z e+8
z—3
d iz= 7% i z-intercepts 0 and %. y-intercept 0

EXERCISE 6D.2
il y=4-3z iv
1 az=1 b z-intercepts —1 and %, y-intercept 2
2
¢ y=3cx+4+ T oblique asymptote y = 3z + 4
z— v f(z) — oo
2 a iz=1 ii z-intercepts —3 and 2, y-intercept 6

il y=z+2 iv
Ly=4-3z
e
.
iz=-35
. . . 1
Il no z-intercepts, y-intercept -3
b iz=0 ii z-intercepts 1 and 2, no y-intercept

il y=3—=
As ¢ — 0T,
As © — —o0,
As = — oo,
Vi y
fi
ii
iii y:l—;—ékc iv
¢ iz=3 il z-intercept 2, y-intercept 7§
i y=2x—-2 v _ o +
<—‘—‘—>l‘
2 v As 1}%%7, f(z)
= —o0
v As z—37, Yy — —00 As ze%t f(z)

— oo
As x — 3T, Yy — 00 As © — —oo, f(:c)—»%—élx_
As ¢ — —o0, y—2x—2" As = — oo, f(z)~>1—25—4zJr
As x — o0, y—>255—2+
ANSWERS 829
vi 6 a {z|-H5<z<5} b {y|0<y<5}
f(f):w 7 a odd b even ¢ neither d even e even f odd
1-2 8 a b (0,0) and
(In2, 1)
flx)=e"—1
1
9 a
b
a b ae
b = = - =
vEIttIT e
EXERCISE 6E
1 1 3 1 2
2 a — < +
rz+1 x+42 r—3 r+2 -4
d 1 + 2 o 3 4 5
z+2 z-2 2z +1) 4(z-3) 10 az=lor7 ba=-6ors
foL 4 g L 3 11 a 9<2<3 ba<loz>2 ¢ -fZ<z9 b —714<z<1.91 or x> 3.53
—26 + 11 i 5 2 13 a vertical asymptotes © = —2 and x = 3,
TBx+1) T(z—2) dr—1 2z+5 horizontal asymptote y =0
2 2 5 b z-intercept —1, y-intercept —%
z+2 x+3 (v+3)2 ¢ i
-3 3 7
5 b - +—
z+3 -1 (z—1)2
4 3z —2
6 b + -
2c—1 a2+az+4
REVIEW SET 6A
1 a odd b neither < even
2 ak=%+nm nel b k=nm, ne’
14 a z= b z-intercepts *% and 1, y»intercept%
830 ANSWERS
15 a 2 + 1 b —2 + 2 13 az= % b z-intercepts 7% and 4, y-intercept 2

3x+5) 3(z-—-1) 2e+1 x+3 c = .
16 =2 4 2 4 3 <;I_.;}1L>T
z+4 -1 (z—1)2
REVIEW SET 6B I €
1 (2,6) and (—1, —4)
2 b Let f(z) =x+3, g(z) =2 — 3, neither of which are g(z) >z — 3+
odd nor even. f(z) x g(z) = 22 — 9 which is even. g g(z) —» -3~
3a=T4+5 neZ b=0 '
gy B2t —4
T -2
y=1f
5 |—z[=lz|. . f(l-=])=f(=]) -3 1 —10 11
So, f(Jx|) is. even. 14 a -3 + z-1 b z+3 + ax+4
6 a 3 turning points, 2 x-intercepts 1 4 5
b cannot say abo_ut the_m -i mtercel?ts or turning
i i
points 15 b % 3 + 212 -
(@io®
¢ 3,4, or 5 turning points, 2 z-intercepts
7 a 16 a i even i odd
b [@HICD)
z)+ f(—x @)
z)— f(—x
2 2
EXERCISE 7A B
1 a 12 routes b 36 routes
2 30 meal combinations 3 26° = 11881376 codes
4 26% x 10* = 175760 000 number plates
8 a
. EXERCISE 7B
a
<75 1 a5 b 7 ¢ 11 d 14
c o< -8 : 2 a3 b9 3 9 routes
10 a z~0315 178 0or1l2 b z>1 EXERCISE 7€
I
1M1 a=6, b=-12, d= -5, e=—12 7
. 3 1 a2 b 6 < 24 d 120 e 720 f 3628800
12 a vertical asymptotes z = —3 and z =2,
. 2 6! 8! 10!
horizontal asymptote y =0 2 a 4! b 7! 1
5 a4lx6 b 10! x 10 ¢ 5!'x43 d 10!
x 131
e 7!'x81 f 6! x 62 g 11! x 10 h 8!'x 32
6 a 11! b 9! c 8! d9
e 34 fntl g (n—1)! h (n+1)!
EXERCISE 7D.1 B
1 a WX VYZ
b WX, WY, WZ, XW, XY, XZ, YW, YX, YZ, ZW, ZX, ZY
¢ WXY, WXZ, WYX, WYZ, WZX, WZY, XWY, XWZ, XYW,
XYZ, XZW, XZY, YWX, YWZ, YXW, YXZ, YZW, YZX,
ZWX, ZWY, ZXW, ZXY, ZYW, ZYX
2 a AB, AC, AD, AE, BA, BC, BD, BE, CA, CB, CD, CE, DA,
DB, DC, DE, EA, EB, EC, ED
ANSWERS 831
b ABC, ABD, ABE, ACB, ACD, ACE, ADB, ADC, ADE, 11 10 different selections
AEB, AEC, AED, BAC, BAD, BAE, BCA, BCD, BCE, BDA, 12 a (152) = 792 teams
BDC, BDE, BEA, BEC, BED, CAB, CAD, CAE, CBA, CBD,
CBE, CDA, CDB, CDE, CEA, CEB, CED, DAB, DAC, DAE, b i (g)(g”):uo ii (f)(lf):zuo
DBA, DBC, DBE, DCA, DCB, DCE, DEA, DEB, DEC, EAB,
EAC, EAD, EBA, EBC, EBD, ECA, ECB, ECD, EDA, EDB, 13 (5)(6) () =162
EDC 14 a 364 b 120 i 120 iii 168 v 56
2 at a time: 20 3 at a time: 60 15 a 1820 b 756 ¢ 1470
3 5! =120 ways 16 a The answers for 1 are given an order. The answers for 2 are
ticks without specifying order.
4 a 6—'7120 b 1!:2520 < 2—e'!mlmxlolg
3! 2! 11! b question 1 ¢ 1 210 ways ii 35 ways
5 72 ways 6 1680 ways 7 336 ways d 7350 ways
8 a 64 numbers b 24 numbers 17 a (g)(?)(;):ms b (5)(%) = 1800
9 al2 b 24 ¢ 36 10 a 120 b6 ¢ 6
< (155)7(3)(;):4347
11 a 360 b 60 c 12
12 a 294 b 108 c 42 d 150 18 (3)-20=170 19 11200 ways
13 a 24 b 6 c 18 d 12 e 6 20 a 46200 ways b 700 ways
14 a 48 b 24 ¢ 15 21 a i (Y)=66 i (V)=11
15 a 48 b 72 16 a 3628800 b 241920
17 a 360 b 336 c 288 b i (Y)=220 i (})=5
18 a 15120 b 720 22 () =126
19 a 3628800 b i 151200 i 3600 iii 33600 23 a Selecting the different committees of 4 from 5 males and
EXERCISE 7D.2 IS 6 females in all possible ways.
1 AAAB, AABA, ABAA, BAAA
a1
I = 4 distinguishable permutations v
24 a
12
(—7 L (00 a1 = 5775
2 AABB, ABAB, ABBA, BAAB, BABA, BBAA
a1
25 ()(3) =945
26 (5)(3)+ () 6) +(5)G) + (5) (D))
o = 6 distinguishable permutations v
3
5
a
a
60
10
b
b
30
2
<
6
30
a4
4 90
b 12 <8
(V)G + (N)(R)(35) =258
27 a (73) =635013559600 b (y) = 1677106640
EXERCISE 7E I
(48) _
1 a3 b 15 <5 d 21
5 _ 25! == ~ 0.00264
2 a PQ,PR,PS, PT, QR, b _=10 v 5\
(2) =5
QS, QT, RS, RT, ST
3 a ABCD, ABCE, ABCF, ABDE, ABDF, ABEF, ACDE, ACDF, REVIEW SET 7A B
10!
ACEF, ADEF, BCDE, BCDF, BCEF, BDEF, CDEF 148 2 as b
b (§)=15 v
7!
3 ann-1), n=>2 b n+t+2

4 a i4 i 7 iii 10 4 PQ, PR, PS, QP, QR, QS, RP, RQ, RS, SP, SQ, SR
n! n(n —1)! 5 a 840 numbers b 360 numbers
b (") —7m/ — = —
(1) (n—1! (n—1) 6 a JKL, JKM, JKN, JKO, JLM, JLN, JLO, JMN, JMO, JNO,
5 a i i1 i 1 v 1 KLM, KLN, KLO, KMN, KMO, KNO, LMN, LMO, LNO,
n n! n n! MNO
b i 0):m:1 ii (n)*m*
b (5)
(8 =3L
7 a 120 b i6 i 2 i 48
8 a(5)=20 b12 9 a200 b 30 i3
n n! n! n 10 a (1) =49
° (k):k!(n—w T =(2)
7 k=3or6 e DO+ +G)E)E)
=2
8 a %n27%n, neZt, n>2 < (g): 6
1,4 — gn®
1.3 + 53n®
112 — %n,
b 5gn® neZt, nx=2 11 a 45 b 37128 ¢ 3628800
9 6435 different teams
12 a (%) =752538150 o [(%)] = 37015056
10 a 80730 different committees
b 14950 different committees ¢ ~0.0492
832 ANSWERS
REVIEW SET 7B B i 642 — 1922 + 2402* — 16023 + 6022 — 12z + 1

1 6 paths 2 a 72 b 56 15 6 1
iii % + 62* + 1522 +20+—2+—4+—6
3 arn b l+(n+tn=n2+n+1 x x T
4 a6 b 6 ¢ 36 5 336 ways 6 a 7T+5/2 b 161+ 725 © 232

- 1642
6 a (8+;+6) = (251) = 20349 committees 7 a 64+ 192z + 24022 + 160> 4 60z* + 122° + x6
b 65.944 160601201
b i (g) = 56 committees ii 14140 committees 8 25 + 11z* + 2423 + 2622 + 142 + 3
7 a (5)9y _=L9! _=126 9 a 270 b 4320
EXERCISE8B MM
(3) x (%) =36 x 35 = 1260 # 126 1oa (Y (2x)1+(121)(2m)2
b Miles did not take into account the number of ways that the (31)15
two selected groups of people could be ordered in the final
group of 5, which is (;) = (g) = 10. He would need to
divide the RHS by 10 to get the correct result.
8 4320
9 a 43758 teams b 11550 teams ¢ 41283 teams +(39)( 3 (-3
10 a 1680 b 180 i 300 2 a Tp = (7)) b Ty = (§)(=)Sy?
1 a () =12870 b 2627625
12 (3) (D) + G G)+ (G)(1) (1) =302 ¢ Ti=(F)0° d To=(Y)e*(-2)°
EXERCISE 8A B e o= (D)ea () 1= ()
1 a p®+3p2q+3pg® +¢° b 3 +3224+3c+1 A a Ty = (§)adr2r b 448
23 — 922 + 27z — 27 d 8+ 12z + 622 +z? 5 a Topr = (7)™ b b=-2
a
64 — 48z + 1222 — 2° f 2723 — 2722 + 9z — 1

s 2 Tn=(2)(39) ()
0
823 + 602 + 150z + 125 h 8 — 3z* 4+ 322 — 1

=W
8a® — 12a2b+ 6ab® — b3 | T —3x+3/x—1 b P i 25 il 522

6 1
2723 — 92% + @ — 5= I 823 + 122
+ = + —
x T 7a () e ()« ()@
1+4z+6z + 423 + 2% 8 a ()32 b (5)2%(=3 ¢ (§)23(-3)°
OCo
4 8z + 2422 — 32z
+ 16
81 — 108z + 54x? — 1223 4 z* d ('7)28(-*
4
A
1+ 8z + 24z2 + 3223 + 162* 9 Ts= (g)( 2)2¢8y8 10 n=09, Ty =84a3

0
16z* — 9623 + 21622 — 216z + 81

1M aa=+3 ba=32 ca=- da=2
-0
162* + 3223b + 2422b2 + 8zb> + b*

4 1
ot + 422 +6+—+— 12 a (§)(=3°+4(5)(-3)2=0
z x
8 1 2(3)3%67(
b )3%26= 9185425
h 162 — 3207 424 — S+t
3(— 2t —4(5)(-2)% +4(-2)* = 86
izt 4 423z+ 62% + 422 /T + 22
e 3(9) =2+(5)(-22 =2 3(3)(-22=72
i a®—3a%b+ 3ab® — b3
13 n=6 and k= -2
i a* — 4a3b + 6a%b? — 4ab® + b*
b The terms are the same, except for their signs. The signs in 14 a 11 b
1 21
the expansions of (a +b)% and (a+b)* are all positive,
1 3 3 1
whereas the signs in the expansions of (a—b)? and (a—b)*
1 46 41 iv 16
start with a positive and then alternate (a > 0, b > 0). 1 5 10 10 5 1 v 32
4 al 5 10 10 5 1
b (a+b)° =a® +5ab + 10a%b? + 10a2b> + 5ab* + b° ¢ The sum of the numbers in row n of Pascal’s triangle is 2.
i 254 102* + 402® + 8022 + 80z + 32 e i Hint: Let z =1, in the expansion of (1 + z)™.
i 2® — 10z*y + 4023y? — 8022y + 80zy* — 32¢° il Hint: Let z = —1, in the expansion of (14 z)™.
iii 1+ 10z + 4022 4 80z + 80a* + 322° iii Hint: Let = =1, in the expansion of (1 + z)2"+1.
() -
n
v z° et 100 - 2 4 53 15
x T x r=0
5 al 6 15 20 15 6 1
15 a B+z)"=3"+ (?)3n—1z+ (2)3"*2z2+
b (a+b)% =a®+6a°b + 15ab? + 20a°b° + 15a%6* 4 an
(n’il)Slxn—l
+ 6ab® + b° (§)3n—3x3+,“,+
¢ i 204 122° 4 60zt + 1602 + 24022 + 192z + 64 b 47

ANSWERS 833
16 1+ 10z + 3522 4 4023 — 30z REVIEW SET 8A B

17 When we expand (a + b)(a + b)™ and collect like terms, we 1 a 234922427z +27
can use Pascal’s rule (:) + (Til) = (fill) to simplify the b 25— 10z* + 4023 — 802? + 80z — 32
coefficients. 2 a Tp=(7)(20)53" b Ty = (3)y5(-32)°
18 (—1)100 =
19 Hint: Write out (1 + z)?(1 4+ z)™ and (1 + )27, then
<
7= (2)@e(-3)"
_ (12 5(_1\7
@ 1= (9) e _ (10 6
(-5) )
equate coefficients of z™. 3 a 170+ 78V3 b 2% — 2% — 623 + 1422 — 11z + 3

EXERCISE 3C I 4 64.964808
1 a3 1 b ¢3 <3 d1 e -1 f =5 5 a (a+b)8
= a® + 6a®b + 15a*b? + 20a%b% + 15a2b* + 6ab® + b6
1 .
2 a =l-z+a22—2%+ ... b —l<z<l b i 25— 182% +1352% — 54023 + 121522 — 1458z + 729
1+x
i ey 192 240 160 60 12 1
¢ ~0.909 (using technology, 711:0.9_)
T 2 3 zt x5 28
3 a 1 1 1
m:5+fiz+mz3 .2 + so8%”
5 .3 o 6 a (2)26(-3)5 b 8(5)-6(¢) =84
b —4<z<4 7 14+24(3)(=3)+16 (3)(-3)2 = 1081 8 c=3
~ 0.527031 (using technology, —i= ~ 0.527 046)
V3.6 9 a 2n g (7)2ntal4 (5)20 22 4 ()20 30 4
a
4 a YT¥se=1+z—a?+
3z - Lot . At () 2tan Tt e
b 1
—3<z<3g 1
b 37 Hint: Let =1 ina.
¢ i ~1.091667 il ~1.091333 10 a =44
d /1.3~ 1.091393 1M1 al+z+z2+z3+... b -1<z<1
5 a ———
REPTSE =1+4a+
+4dx + 1222 ++ 3223 ++ ... ¢ =~ 1.052625 (using technology, fi ~ 1.052632)
1 1 1 1 5
b The expansion is valid for —% <z < % 12 a = - z + 2 — z3
V3 V3 6v3 243 432V/3
< W ~ 1.085056 b 3<z<3
6 a \/l+x:1+%x—§x2+%x3—,m ¢ i &~ 0.427667 (using technology, 715 ~ 0.447214)
b The expansion is valid for —1 <z < 1. il ~0.559014 (using technology, \/% ~ 0.559017)
¢ The series only converges provided —1 <z < 1. Our estimates are more accurate for = closer to 0.
d ~6.082763
13 a — 1 1,2 qgz°
Vli-z=1-35z—gz°— 1.3 — ...
7 a (1+2)5 i_=1+ gz 1 — gz2 .2 + 6 e’.3 + .
b The expansion is valid for —1 <z < 1.
b ~ 1.001992
¢ The series only converges provided —1 < = < 1, but to ¢ ~ 3.872986
1
estimate /2 we would need to substitute @ = 1. 14 a ———=1+6
1 —32° + 6x + 272227x* +4 10823
108z° ++ ... b 91
1
8 a ——=1-4do+1222-3223+... b 75
T+ 20)2 + + REVIEW SET 8B M
3 -2 1 aazd — 622y + 122y — 8y°
9 a
r+1 -2 b 81zt + 21623 + 21622 + 96z
+ 16
b z—-8 5 13,2 _-2+
z27172:4—§x+7x 23,3 2 (§)2%5%
= 20000
¢ -l<z<1 d = 3.882766
3oa ()220t b (3)(-6)2 )
10 a i (1+3®)Z:1+%m7§;1‘2+}§§ ad 4
1 4 a 792 — 560v/2 b 8z* 4 36x3 + 4222 + 19z + 3
provided —l <z<i 3 5 a (—4)10 b 3(§)5%2% —5(%)2°

ii (271)’_ \/'(1+ z+128z +1024z + .. ) 6 a (5)37=78732 b (§)3® =2268
provided —2 <z <2 7 8(3) (=23 + (1)(-2)
= —264
1+3z 1 7 22 4 1449 3 8 k=-% n=16 9 k=180 10 g=+
b Q_x:%(1+§z7128 + f022%° + - )
11 aa==+1 b a=42V2
1 a i1 —1_
= x+ 5,2 15,3
3527 — 15 %" e
b —-l<z<1
GW:1741
1 82 1+ 43,4_ 4056
T8 T =+ ... 13
834 ANSWERS
2\ 3 . L, 5 s EXERCISE 9E' _
14 a 1+ 5) = L+ gz — 5627 + gage” + oo 3 Hint: 7% +2n = (n® —n) + 3n, then use the result of 2.
provided —2 <z <2 5 Hint: Let n =7k, 7Tk+1, .., 7k+6, and show that n>
. never leaves remainder 3 when divided by 7.
b z\73
(17§> _
=1+1 + g7
gz 2 2, + o520
14 3 + - 7 Boxo C i i . )
8 Hint: Let the distance between consccutive points be 1 unit. For
provided —3 <z <3 a given selection of5 points, consider the distance around
643 the circle to the next chosen point.
+ 3z
(6,21) =1+ f5o+ 5310 + Haeee” + - EXERCISEoF INENSSSSSSS—
1 aleta=1 b=1 22#1+1
provide
ided —2 <z< 2
b Let p=17, 2p+ 1 =15 which is not prime.
EXERCISE 9A W ¢ Let k=31, 6k—1=185=5x 37
1 a The cat is not black. bz is not prime. 6k+1=187=11x 17
¢ The tree is not deciduous. 2 a Let py =2, po=7, then p=2x7+1=15 whichis
2 a False, z may be —3. b True, 32=9. not prime.
¢ False, 22 =9 does not imply that z = 3. b If n=6, then
L . p=2x3x5xT7x11x13+1=30031=59
x 509
3 a True, as the square root of any positive number is real. . 5
b False: for example, v/0 =0 € R but 0 is not positive. 3 For n=6 there are 31 regions. 31 7 27
¢ False, VZER # g is positive. 4 333333331 is not prime.
4 a “If Socrates is an animal, then Socrates is a cat.” b false 5
5 a equivalent b not equivalent
6 We need to turn cards D and 3. We do not need to turn cards K
and 7.
EXERCISE
98 I
1 b If 22—-2—-6=0 then == —2o0r3.
2 Hint: Use Pythagoras’ theorem. b n=11, 2' —1=2047 =23 x 89
4 Hint: Let the middle number be . EXERCISE 9G I
6 Hint: (a—b)2>0 forall a,beR. 1 a If you do not get wet then it is not raining.
7 Hint: sin20 = 2sin 6 cos b If it is not Thursday then penguins cannot fly.
8 Hint: The 3-digit number “abc” has value 100a + 10b + c. ¢ If you are not aged 18 or over then you do not drink alcohol.
9 adz2=3z » 4do=3 d If k is prime then k is not divisible by 5.
b (z+3)2-2)=4 % z+3=4 V 2—z=4 e If a and b are not even then a?
+ b2 # 2.
3 Hint: The contrapositive is “if a and b are rational then the
EXERCISE 9C ) 5 product ab is rational”.
1 a Hint: (a+b)"—(a—b) 4 Hint: The contrapositive is “if n is a perfect square then
=la+b+(a—b)lla+b—(a—0) n =0 or 1 mod4”.
2a=14 . \ \ ) EXERCISE 9H BN
3 Hint: (z—-y)°+(z—-9)°=(z—y)>[(z—y)*+1] 1 a Hint: Suppose logy 5 = 2, where p,q € Z, q#0.
4 ant*+44 b n=+1 q
5 b i 121 and 81 ii 676 and 576 b Hint: Suppose logz5 = 2, where p, g € Z, q #0.
_ _ _ q
6 @ (4a - bi(()a +Z) - I;(Oa b # atb=b ¢ Hint: If p? is a multiple of 3, then p must be a multiple
b 20 _ 7 4 6-z=13-=z of 3. i )
6—x 13- d Hint: If p? is a multiple of 2, then p must be a multiple
7 a6x—12=3(x—2)
% 6z—12+3(z—2) =0, of 2.
6z —12+4+3(z—2)=0 # 12z—-24=0 2 Hint: If p? is a multiple of 4, thenp is not necessarily a multiple
b # =3
z(z—6)=3(-3) V z—6=-3 of 4.
1 1 4 Hint: Use Exercise 9G question 4.
8 b No, + is undefined for n =0, —1 while 5 No. > we
W
could find another
2
n+1 n2+n
1. solution by reversing the
— is only undefined for n = 0. 2s and 3s. So, the solution
n is not unique, and the
EXERCISE 9D sudoku would not be
1 Hint: Let =09, . 10z=99=9+z andso on. well-posed.
1 3[2
3 Hint: u; =4—+2, r=
! 3-2 2[3
6 Hint: Let the 2 odd integers be 2a+1 and 2b+1, a, b€ Z.
7 Hint: Let p=2a+1, ¢g=2b+1, a,beZ.
ANSWERS 835
6 No (Hint: Consider the first player employing the same 3 a2+44+6+8+10+...+2n=mn(n+1),

strategy S.) n
7 Hint: Suppose there is a largest prime p, then consider > 2i=n(n+1) forall nezt.
N=4B3x7x11x...xp)—1 i=1
b U+4+2x2143x3+4x4l+....+nxnl=(n+1)-1,
REVIEW SET 9A n
3 a The boy does not have blue eyes. Mixil=(n+1)!-1 forall neZt.
b =z is not larger than 4. i=1
a True, by definition. 1 2 3 4 n _ (D1

ottt T
b False, the period of f may be g or %, and so on. 20 31 4 B! (n+1)!
¢ False, f(z+p)= f(x) forallz # f is periodic with DLA (n+1)!—1
_nrly-1 forall n € Z*t.
period p. = @+ 1! (n+1)!
Hint: (3a—b)2 >0 forall a,b€R.
Lo
2x5
L
5x8 8
Lo
x 11
... to n terms = L
6n +4
5
b i The LHS is undefined for 6 = (2n+1)7r, nez
n 1
while the RHS is defined for all 6 € R. == forall ne€z*t.
; (3i—1)(3i+2) 6n+4
a i 9, composite ii 35, composite
iii 91, composite iv 189, composite e (1-H0-H0-D
(- 5) =
¢ Forall ke Z%, k%+ (k+1)® will always have factors
(2k +1) and (k% +k+ 1) and is hence composite. forall ne€Z*t.
9 Hint: n% —n=n(n+1)(n—1)
10 b Hint: Expand (10m + k)°.
1 If p=>5, 5!4+1 =121 which is not prime.
12 Hint: The contrapositive is “if either a or b are divisible by n
then ab is divisible by n”.
1-3)0-3)0-9)(1-)
15 b Hint: 4n? —m?2 = (2n + m)(2n —m)
REVIEW SET 9B IS
2 Hint: (va—+vb)2>0 T 2 2
3 a true b Ifsinz is positive then z is acute. ¢ false H(l—_ ):— forall n € Zt.
=1 i+ 2 (n+1)(n+2)
4 a not equivalent b equivalent
4\
n=>5
5 Hint: k3 4+ k%2 —k—1=
(k2 -1)(k+1)
6 Hint: Divide the triangle into 3 smaller triangles, then find the
sum of their areas.
7 Hint: “ab” has value 10a + b, “ba” has value 10b+ a.
(-9 (-8 #9-3-2-1

10 and 15 both divide 30, but 150 does not divide 30.
Hint: Consider the cases a b and the value of
b
Vi
Proposition:
S
The maximum number of triangles for n points
12 Hint: The contrapositive is “ifn is odd then n? is odd”. within the original triangle is given by
14 ¢ Hint: Use your answer to part b. w=2n+1 neZt.
a definitely a THOG b definitely not a THOG
n=4
definitely not a THOG d definitely a THOG
EXERCISE 10A NS
1 The nth term of the sequence 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, ... is
4n —1 for n€ ZT.
b The nth term of the sequence 25, 22, 19, 16, .... is
28 —3n for ne€ Zt.
The nth term of the sequence 8, 12, 18, 27, ... is
8 x (%)"71 for n € Z*.

b Conjecture: The number of regions for n points placed
3" >1+42n forall n€Zt, n>2. around a circle is given by C, = gn—1
Co
11™ — 1 is divisible by 10 for all n € Z7. nezt.

7" + 2 s divisible by 3 for all n € Z+.
anan
8™ — 3™ s divisible by 5 for all n € Z+.

836 ANSWERS
1 2 0
a 2 —1 | —1 ), overspecified
-1 1 2
1 2 —-1|1 .
b ( 2 1 2 | 4 ), underspecified
1 1 -1(4
< 1 -1 1 | 8 |, neither underspecified
2 1 =-3]|0 nor overspecified
2%— y+3z= 3z +y—2z=-3

a 43y 2=5 b —y+2z2=38
v - 2z — z=2
No. By the conjecture we expect 2° = 32 regions, but there {417 y+2z2=-3

are only 31. < —x+3y+3z=2
2c+ y—2z2=5
EXERCISE 10B
11 7 3628799 EXERCISE 11B W
1M b 55 126 55 13 ¢ 353ss00
15 aa=3 b=4 <3
18 a Conjecture: un =n? forall n €2+ ¢ ugo = 400
bi~2766 ii~0778
19 a Conjecture: up = " forall nezt 2 1 |-2 2 1 |-2
2n+1
50
c uso = 101
20 a Ay =2, By=1;, As=17, Ba=4;
A3 =26, B3 =15; Ay =97, By =56 a 1 14 b 3 3|12
¢ For n=1,2,34, (4,)2—3(Bn)?=1 3 3|a 3 3| a
Conjecture: (Ap)? —3(Bn)%2 =1 forall ne€Zt ¢ a=12
1—sin"z 2 1|5 2 -11|5
22 a ———,
1 —sinz
sinz#1 ? (71 a 3) ° N(z —2a —6)
1 . . ca=1
b — if ~1<sinz<1,
1—sinz 11 1]p 11 1| p
not convergent for sinz = +1 a 1 0 2|g¢q b~|2 1 3|p+tqg
¢ p=Ix o Ux 2 1 3|r 2 1 3 T
in 20 in2 cptqg=r
23 b i sin8z i 2= i
2sinz 2sinz
24 b O EXERCISE 11C W
(o 7[5)
20 b i sin(2%z) i sin(20z) 1 -3 2 1 -3 2
24 26 2 1 |-3
sin(2" 1) czx=-1 y=-1
¢ sinxcosxcos2x....cos 2"x =
on+1 a The lines are coincident, the system has infinitely many
31 f Hint: Show that P; and P» are true. Then consider the solutions.
cases where k is odd or even to prove that if Py b The lines are neither coincident nor parallel, the system has
and P, are true, Pjq is true. a unique solution.
¢ The lines are parallel, the system has no solutions.
REVIEW SET 10A NS
d If a =4, the lines are coincident, the system has infinitely
7 a us =9, ug =27, ug =81
many solutions.
Conjecture: unp =3", n€Z, n=>0 If a#4, a € R, the lines are parallel, the system has no
solutions.
EXERCISE 11A B
az=1 y=3 bz=4 y=-3
1 a It contains a product of two variables, zy.
cr=-1 y=-2 daz=2 y=-3
b It contains the squared term 72132,
a The equations represent coincident lines, which meet at
¢ It contains the square root term —,/%.
infinitely many points.
2 a z:%, y=t, where t €R the system has infinitely many solutions.
1 3|4
b z1=25s—t+10, 220 =s, 3 =1t, where s,t € R b (2 6 8)
cx=-2—-s+2t y=s, z=1t, where s,t € R
(1 3|4
3 a inconsistent; x + y cannot be equal to both 2 and 3 0 0[0) Ry—2R;—
Ry
simultaneously.
The second equation is a multiple of the first, so we obtain
b consistent; z = %, y =0 is a solution.
a row of zeros when we use row operations. The second
¢ consistent; x =1, y =1, z =3 is a solution. cquation adds nothing to aid the solution of the system.
ANSWERS 837
¢ x=4-3t y=t, where t € R The system has infinitely many solutions if the last row is all
4 — zeros. This occurs when k = 13.
daz=s y= s’ where s € R
The solutions have the form z = 1 — %t, y = %t + 2,
. 4 L . z =1, where t € R.
e Hint: Let (s, be a point in the second solution
z=1% y=3% z=-1 forall k#13, kER
set.
1 -5 |8 3 3 a—1
e (2 ~10 a)
cowr
-7 -5 9—2a
2
(1 -5 8 0 a+1 a+1
0 0 |a—16 Ry — 2Ry
— Ra The system has infinitely many solutions if the last row is all
b When a # 16, the second row gives Oz + Oy # 0 which zeros. This occurs when a = —1.
is not possible. 19 — 6t —5t — 11
The solutions have the form z =
7
SY=——— 7
there are no solutions.
z=t, where t € R.
¢ x=>5t+8, y=t, where t R
x:%a+2, y:%a—l z=1 a# -1, a€R
4a — 3b b—8
If a # 6, the unique solution is = =
a—6 T a-6 1 4 m —m
o If a=6, b=8, the lines are coincident and infinitely ~[0 —am 1-m?—m m?4+m+1
many solutions exist. 0 0 —(m—=3)(m—1) | (m—=3)(m+1)
The solution setis ¢ =4 —3t, y=1¢, tER. If m =1, the last row gives Oz + Oy 4 0z = —4 which
e If a =6, b+# 8, the lines are parallel and the system has is not possible.
no solutions. 442t —13 — 11t
< T = 3 5 Yy =—— 2 "~ z z=t teR
€
c=2 batb=-1, 2a+b=2
ca=3 b=—-4, y=3z2 -4z +2 m m+ 1
=0, y=——, z2=——
a b|m 2(m —1) 1-m
c d|n
REVIEW SET 11A B
(e b m —2—t
0 bc—ad cm — an cR1 —aRz — R2 1 T = 5 , y=t, where teR
b For a unique solution, the left hand side of the second row b r=1+4s—3t, y=s, z=1t, where s,t € R
must not all be zero.
ad # bc 3 214 , neither underspecified
1 5 | -8 .
¢ For infinitely many solutions, the second row must be a row nor overspecified
of zeros. 2 -1 2| -1 .
(3 2 0 | 6 ), underspecified
bec—ad=0 and em —an =20
EXERCISE 11D B 1 —41 0

5 —11] 2 |, overspecified
1 ac=4y=-2 2z=1 bao=4 y=-3 z2=2
-3 1 -7
¢ no solutions
d m:lfl—glt, y:%t, z =1, where t €R 4 —6| -1 b 4 —6| -1
a 2 3 —3a —6| -3
e no solutions fo=4 y=-2 2=1
2 ay=x>+3z-6 b y=-2z2+4x+9
-
cy= %z2 +3z—4 r="T y=—-2 bz=-1y=4
3 We find that a =0, b= —2, and ¢ =5. So the three points k+#-15 keR
lie on the line y = —2z + 5, but not on a quadratic. The unique solution is = = 33 y=0.
4 a P(n)=4n’+4n+1, n>0 b 79 pieces If k= —15, there are infinitely many solutions of the form
3+ 5t
1 2 1 3 = , y=t, where t € R.
5 a~|0 -5 2| -5 b k£8 2
0 0 O0fk-38 r=1+2t y=t 2=0, teR
r=4, y=-2, z=1
¢ The system has infinitely many solutions if the last row is all
=t y:%72t, z=1t, where t € R
zeros. This occurs when k = 8.
The solutions have the form =z = 1 — %t, Yy = %t + 1, —3a+ b+13d =39
z=t, where t € R. b— 2d=0 b oy= —2td
d In row echelon form, row 3 reads Ox + Oy + 0z = k — 8. 3a+3b— d=1 z+2
From b and ¢ the system has no solutions if &k # 8 or
infinitely many solutions if k = 8. 1 -3 2 |-7
the system never has a unique solution. ~lo 7 -5 |19
0 0 k-5]|28
1 2 -2 5
6 a~|0 -3 5 —6 When k = 5, the system is inconsistent and therefore has
0 0 k—-13|-k+13 no solutions.
838 ANSWERS
L LB 28 B9 2 eyt
8, 4
s YT 7 Tk=s k5
kER, k#5
iizzfg,y:75—71,z:714
REVIEW SET 11B B 2 a N

1 a consistent; z = %, y = 0 is a solution 100 ms ms™! W E
b inconsistent; the lines represented by each equation are
parallel. S
2z —3z2=-2
2 {sfi_yf;’::il b { —z+6y _3
- 3+ 3y —4z
= -7
1 -1 3 a
3 a 5 1 -1 1b
2 4 —10 | ¢
1 -1 3 a
b~|2 4 -10|b—3a ¢cb—3a=c
2 4 -10 c
t+1
4 a a=2; z:7< ),y:t, where t € R 3 a
4 b Scale: 1cm=10ms~!
b When a # 2, the system is inconsistent and therefore has
no solutions.
5 e If a= -8, b= 20, there are infinitely many solutions of
the form = =5+ 2t, y =t, where t € R.
o If a=—8, b# —20, there are no solutions.
w 36ms!
o If a# —8, the system has the unique solution
b—20 b—20
z=5+2 5 = .
( a+8 ) Y a+8 ¢
6 azxz=4 y=-3, z=2
b no solution, system is inconsistent
{—2a+4b+c: —20
a+3b+c=-10
a=2—1t, b= —4—3t c=10t, where ¢t € R. d
b There are three unknowns and only two equations. The
system is underspecified.
¢ i g =2; acircle passing through the points (—2, 4), Scale: 1ecm=30kmh~! runway
(1, 3), and (4, 2) cannot be constructed because the
points are collincar. EXERCISE 12A.2 W
il 22 +y?2 -2z — 16y +40=0
1 apaqst b p.qr.t ¢ pandr, gqandt
1 4 —1 k dq,t e pandq, pandt
8 a~|0 8 —1 342k
2 a true b true c false d false e true f false
0 0 k-3|3—-k — —
3 a i BC iil E
b infinitely many solutions when k = 3: — —
t—3 t+9
b i FE BC
teR Lo = — = 3 3 = — 3 —
x:T,y: ; , z=1t, where ii DL, EF, FE, FA, AF, AB, BA, BC, CB, CD, D
— —
k41 ¢ FC (or CF)
cr=-2
x y y= 1 , z z2=—1
EXERCISE 12B.1 NS
EXERCISE 12A.1 B 1 a a b ptaq
1 a b <
N ground
+ P q
P
30 cm min—!
< d
p+ q P+q q
P
P
ANSWERS 839
e f EXERCISE 12B.3 NS
1 Note: Other answers are possible.
Ptq at=r+s br
cr=-p—-q-s dr
P ep=tt+s+r—gq fp=-u+t+t+s—r—gq
2 a ir+s i —t—s i r+s+t

— — — —
2 a AC b BD <0 d AD e AD fo b ip+gq i q+r iiip+q+r
3 a i ii EXERCISE 12B.4 N
q+p
1 a b s <
P F %r/
P S
Ptq
b yes
2r—s T
5 a 825 km h~!
35kmh~!
800 kmh 1 1350
Scale: 1em=125kmh™!
b We use vector addition.
¢ A~ 825 kmh~1, 88° east of nort
6 a,b ~70.0N, in the direction ~ 357°
EXERCISE 12B.2 B
1 a b 1
3
P-q
P
-q
¢ d 2 a b < .
p P P P2
q 4 /
q
2 a b
—r
q p=-3q
p P-q-r
¢ 3
-p 3
~q-p
— — — —
3 a AB b AB <0 d AD e 0 f AD Z|m
840 ANSWERS
b a parallelogram EXERCISE 12E W

4
5
a —p
ab
bptq
b 2b
cip+q
cb—a
d3@-p
db—a
ve(e) e () <(B) < (B)
6 a
d on
—=
BD=
OD=b+3a1
3a b
—
AB=b
NAD=b
- 3a1
—a ¢
—
BA=—-b+a
PA — 1
<(3) (3 () ()
e (7)) 2 (5) () 4 (V)
e f DA=3a—b
T T ) .
EXERCISE 12C NS
<(5) (%)
< (%) z-sa da(g) o 0)=(5r0)= ()=
2
(e a 3i+4j b 2i
() e
¢ 2i — 5j d —i—3j
—1
() () e (Y
_5 13
b The vector expressions are equal, as each consists of the sum

of 2 ps and 3 qs. Each expression is equal to 2p + 3q.
. (-4 . Lo (-1 .
3 a i (71), —4i — j ii (75), —i
— 5j 6 ak=6 b k=-1
7 a /13 units b V17 units ¢ 5v/2 units
ili (0), 2i iv (74), 3i — 4j
d /10 units e /29 units f 2v/13 units
-3 . . . (3
v <4 ) —3i + 4j vi (5) 3i . + 5§ . g 11 units h /29 units
8 a i /10 units i 24/10 units iii 24/10 units

. 5 . . Lo (2 s
vii (73), 5i — 3j viii (1), 2i+j iv. 3v/10 units v 34/10 units
. —4 L EXERCISE 12F NS
ix (71), —4i —j
— 3
b BA=ED, AB=DE, AD=BE, DA =EB 1 a b oT=| -1
4
co ) 2 () (%) < (B ¢ OT = /26 units
Ao ;
1 -5
R 2
2 aoOP=|0|=2i+4k
4
* (o)
6 aa=3
0
b=5 ba=4 b=6 cz=4 y=1

b
—
OP=
-3
1
2
2k
=-3i+j+
EXERCISE 12D W — 0
cop=| —2 | =25
1 a 5 units b 5 units ¢ 2 units 0
d /8 units e 3 units
3 a 3 units b 5 units ¢ /21 units d 3 units
2 a /2 units b 13 units < 17 units
d 3 units e | k| units 4 a b o, -1,9)0
3 a unit vector b unit vector < not a unit vector
d unit vector e not a unit vector
h o a k=+1 b k==+1 c k=0
d 4L7
k=+ e —
k==x%43 x¥ oP(0,0,-3)
OP = +/5 units
5 p==+3 OP = 3 units
ANSWERS 841
3
2,3, 47 4 1 3
Ha 3 ax=| -6 b x= 7% cx=| -1
-5 5 5
1 y 3 2
....... -4
EXERCISE 121 Wm0
(i) () ()
X 2 -2 3
OP:\/fiunils
2 a (71) b (74) ¢ /17 units

5
s 4= (3)
3 a AB=(2),
— = —
AC=
2= (5)
— — 1
b BC=BA +AC = —AB +AC < (75>
5 a M(L4) b C= 7<5),
7 Py 5
CM7<3). C= 7<1>3
6 ba=4b=2 c=1
2 1 3 —5
6 a 5 b 0 < 1 d —4
7 a, ¢, and d are unit vectors.
2 —4 -3 —2
8 a k=+Y1
_ 11 b k=+2
_ .2 ¢ k=t
4
. 3
d k=+V14 7 AB = 4 |, AB
= /29 units
—2
9 a m==3 b m=+V11
4 —4
a — —
10 5 < b < V34
8 aAB=| -1, BA=| 1
c
-3 3
b | AB| = /26 units, | BA | = V26 units

EXERCISE 12G IS
3 1 1 . 5 . -5
1 a 1 b -3 < 4 9 aNM=| —4 b MN = 4
-2 4 -9 —1 1
-1 1 4 ¢ MN = /42 units
d | 2 e | —4 f 2 10 a AB =4i
— 5§ + 3k b /50 units
_z 2 7 -2
11 a /13 units b /14 units ¢ 3 units
2 a V10 b V6 ¢ 2¢/10 d 2v10 12 AC = —i — 2k
e —3V6 f 3V6 g 3v2 h V14 ~1 -3 -3
0 2 4 ~14 13 a 5 b 4 < 6
3 afo b [ -8 ¢ [ —10 d 24 -1 —2 -5
2 8 3 9 — 4 - .
14 aAB:(kig), | AB | = /16 + (k — 3)2 units
L
VIT it b k=0 or 6
e V38 tV3 g | -3Vl h 71 15 a A(0.4.0) b (0,2,0) and (0, —4,0)
2\/fi 3
16 a B(4,2) bC@22 17 a (f) b Q@3 3)
5 -5
18 a (1> b (_1> ¢ D(—1, —2)
20 C(5,1, -8), D(8, —1, —13), E(11, —3, —18)

EXERCISE 12H I 21 B(0, 3,5), radius = /3 units
1 ax:%q b x=2n ex:—%p N 3
dx:%(rfq) ¢x:%(4sft) f x=12m — 3n 22 a AB=| —2 |, AB = V17 units
—2
1 6 _%
2 ax=|-% b x=| -15 cx=| 3 . 2
9 12 b AC=| -1 |, AC
= +/30 units
842 ANSWERS
- 5 z—X
¢ CB=| -1 |, CB=+/35 units 16 a |y-V b (- X2+ (y—Y)2+(z-2)2=12
3 z—Z
d ABC is scalene, and not right angled. EXERCISE 12K B

24 a right angled b straight line (not a triangle) 1 all b6 c 2 d -9
25 a | AB | = v/158 units, | BC | = v/129 units, 2 a7 b22 ¢29 d66 e52 f3 g5 hl
— 3 a2 b 2 c 14 d 14 e 4 f4
| AC | = v/29 units, and 29+ 129 = 158
b area &~ 30.6 units? 5 a1l b1 <3 do e 0 f5
26 ar=2 s=4, t=-7 br=-4 s=0,t=3 6 a i23 i 12 iii —7 iv -2

8 Hint: |a+b>=(a+b)e(a+h)
27 9 aeb isascalar and so a e b e ¢ is the scalar product of a
scalar and a vector, which is meaningless.
10 16
b ABCD is a parallelogram.
11 Hint: Let a = kb where k is a scalar, so |a| = |k||b]|.
28 a S(—2,8,-3) b midpoints are at (7%, 3,1)
EXERCISE 12L W
29 a parallelogram b not a parallelogram
1 a1l b ~49.8°
30 a R(3,1,6) b X(2,—1,0) 2 a ~T71.6° b ~ 177° ¢ ~184° d 45°
EXERCISE 12) B 4 Hint: Show aeb=bec=aec=0.
1 a parallel b not parallel ¢ parallel 5 a ~69.0° b ~94.1° © ~114° d ~725°
d parallel e parallel f not parallel 6 at=6 b t=-8 ct=0o0r2
__3
dt=-3 __5
et=-3% _ r—-3
ft=0o0
2 aa=3 ba=-6
3 ar=3 s=-9 br=-6 s=-4 7 r=-2 s=5 t=—-4
8 Note: The negative of these vectors are also valid answers.
4 a AB| CD, |AB|
= 3|CD|
e
b RS | KL,
directions.
I
|RS| = 5|KL/|,
— . .
RS and KL are in opposite
()
-3
2 G)% (V)
13 13
9 10 and 10
Vi3 Vi3
10 =~ 3.089 11 as b -9
14 a aeb#0 b |a]=12 15 ac=d b c=-d
1 2 2 3 1 1 1 0 0
@it E i gEl ¢ Et 16 a=( 0|, b= 1], e=|0
a fi(2i+3k) b fi(—i«k?]—k) 0 0 1
¢ f@2i-2+K a
17 Hint: Choose a vector b |, where a and b are integers.

6 2 -1
() (T cvi( c
a 1
v i 1 Solve for ¢ such that b |e 2 =0.
1 c —1
d 5|2 18
—
AB e AC=0, .. BAC
~
is aright angle
2 — —
19 b | AB| = v/14 units, |BC| = v/14 units,
2 -2 ABCD is a rhombus
10 a 41| 1
-1 b +2( 2
-1 ¢ 0; the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
-2 2
20 ABC ~ 62.5°, the exterior angle A~ 117.5°
— 22 — 3422 21 a =54.7° b 60° ¢ ~35.3°
1 AB = b OB=
: (72\5) (272\/§> 22 a =~30.3° b ~54.2°
¢ B(3+2V2, 2—2V2) 23 a M(3.5. %) b ~51.5°
a X(4, 1) b X(-42,3 L) EXERCISE 12M e
3 Hint: B M and N are the midpoints of
[AB] and [BC] respectively.
—
14
M Let AM=MB=a and
3 N —
— L= BN =NC = b.
d PQ=—30R A s
Find MN and AC in terms of
15 aa=7 b=-1 ba=-1 b=-3% C aand b.
ANSWERS 843
— — — — EXERCISE 12N.2 SSSS——

i PC=r, DP=s ii AB=r+s, DC=r+s
— — 1 aixk=-j kxi=j
b AB | DC, |AB|=|DC|
¢ If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other then the 1
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. 2 aaeb=-1, axb= ? bcost9:—\/#2—8
6 a P(cos@,sin0)
b B — cos‘9+1 . AP — cos'Hfl < sinB:% d sinG:\/%
sin 6 sin6
—
¢ APeBP =0 4L apeq=0 plq b :l47
d The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. —5
7 a Hint: Square both sides.
< lpxql=v330, [p|=v30. |q|=VII
b Consider the parallelogram.
—
Find AB and OC, and so on.
— [pllal=+v30x11=+330=|pxq|
— —
o 5 a OC is parallel to AB baxb=bxc
. — EXERCISE 12N.3 S
9 Hint: Let parallelogram OABC have sides OA = a and
—L — 2 -1 7
OC = ¢.
Find AC and OB. — J
1 a OA= 3 |, OB= 1 b -3
10 a B
AB=-r+s, 00 — 3
OQ:ZrJr 3
I8 —1 2 5
Ox — 1 Ry _ 1 op — 1 1
13 a OX=3(a+b), BZ=35a—b b OP=3a+ 3b ¢ é@ units?
< W’:éa—%b, ?:%a—%b
2 a @ units? b 3@ units? < 3@ units?
EXERCISE 12N.1 EEESS 3 a %\a x b| units?
2 2 3 — —
1 a 5 b 4 < 14 b iBO=-b, BA=a—b
11 1 1 ii % | —b x (a— b) | units?
-8 b z=2+2v33
d -i—j—k e i— 6j + 2k f -5 — —
5 a CB=0OA and AB=0C
1
—11
.. opposite pairs of sides are parallel and equal in length.
2 aaxb=|( -2 b ae(axb)=0=be(axbh) b /222 units?
5 6 82 units? 7 a D(—4,1,3) b /307 units?
¢ a x b is a vector perpendicular to both a and b. 8 a PQ=QR=RS=SP
3 aixi=0 jxj=0 kxk=0 All sides are equal in length. PQRS is a rhombus.
a x a=0 forall vectors a. b /1197 units?
bixj=k jxi=—k
ax b=
—b xa forall vectors
a and b. 9 a i |bxc|units? ii |a]|sin@ units
b Hint: Let ¢ be the angle between a and b X c.
¢ ijxk=i kxj=—i
ihixk=-j kxi=j ¢ 9 units®
10 a Hint: Volume = % arca of base x perpendicular height
1
5 a 4 b 17 b 3% units®
2
REVIEW SET 12A B
a2i-j—k b5 c2i+4—k d2+4—k 1 a
8 aaxbh b o ¢ 2(bxa) do0 60ms”!
—4 5
10 akl 1 ], keR k#0 Scale: 1em=10ms~t runway
3
6
bkl 22 |, keR, k#0
—15 Scale: 1em=10m
¢ (-i+j—2kn, necR, n#0

d (5i+j+4kn, n€R, n#0
4 4 4
1 k[ =5 |, keR k0, Y0 5 ) and ~¥T0( 5
-7 -7 -7
2 2
12 a5 b |o
1 1
844 ANSWERS
Note: Other answers are possible. -3

aq=p+r bl=k—j+n—m 7 a PQ= 12 b /162 units ¢ +/61 units
3
4 a (g) 4i + 3j - 5j
b (:é) —i k=+1 9 a=-2b=0
o (2 ), —4i + 2j +4(3i—2+k 11 a CD=(k—1b—a
2 Vid
12 b AD = kq d Tt is parallel to the other two sides.
13 (2,2, -7), D(5,3, —11), E(8, 4, —15)
14 X(6, 5, —13) 15 vew =16
Y=<
T
= 4 2
17 OoT = (8 ) or ( 72)
2
— —
a AC=—-p+r, BC=—-q+r
. 5
19 aPQ=| -2 b ~41.8° 20 =~ 61.6°
4 7 apta b 3p+3q —4
-9
21 t=2+2 22 = 80.3° 23 ~16.1°
-3 2 -t 0
a 0 b V14 < -5 d 3 24 k|l -2 |, K#0 25 uev=+y199
6 -8 _2 1
3
3v53 4
24 6 18
e —v53 f V65 27
3 ° C(*m* - *m)
2v/53
¢ % units? d % units®
a=1,b=1 c=—5 10 a Sunits b 2i — 5j+ 4k
() ()0
m=5 n=—% 13 a ipitgq i 4p+ 1q EXERCISE 13A Wm0
14 a iq+r r+q i
b [DB] and [AC] are parallel and equal in length.
iihz=1-X\ y=4+2\ AER iii 2z4+y=6
3
15 ~A5 ,21 16 a —13 b —36
()= () (7))
Y rem
i x=5-2\ y=2+5\ AE€R i 5z-+2y =29
17 a aeb=—-4 b bec=10 caec=—10
18
21
a8
1.
EI‘F 2
fik
b ~62.2°
22
19
~~40.7°
=~ 64.0° 20 t=—-4
()= (0) 2 (7) rer
il ze=-64+3\
Yy
y=7\, AcR i 7Tx—3y=—42
()= () (5) rem

-3 3 3 (T 0 1
23 a | -7 b0 ¢ 7 26 3| 7
1 -1 Voo 1 iihz=X y=24+3\ AeR il y=243z
26 @ units? (5=
(T
(5)+a(3)
3 4
rem
27 =24[laxb[+|axec|+[bxec|+[(b—a)x(c—a)] il 2=3+4), y=2X\ A€R il z—2y=3
REVIEW SET 12B B i (;):(EQ)JM(?G“)‘ AER

a b
il z=-24+6) y=5—11\ AeR
Q 2 iii 11z +6y =28
-+ y = z=4—-X\ y=-34+2\ AER
—X
Points are: (4, —3), (3, —1), (2, 1), (5, —=5). (7, —9)
— — (0, 8)
a PQ b PR
)
It is parallel to ( and in the opposite direction.
()= (8) (L(-

) wem
T
i y | = 3 +A 1 . AER
z -7 3
iihz=14+2\
y=34+A, 2=-T+3\, AER
ANSWERS 845
i z—1 73_z+7 4 a ~286° b ia=-% i ~82.0°

2 VT 5 ~76.7° 6 A 49.9°
T 0 1 7 a ~T78.7° b ~634° ¢ ~63.4° d =~ 71.6°
b i y |l=11]+Xx 1 |, AeR
z 2 -2 EXERCISE 13C W
iihz=X y=14+X 2=2-2\, AeER 1 a (1,2 b yA‘(l_jt:
T
i z=y—-1=
=y
—z+2
3
(2 -9 s
-5 " o (3.-3) t=1
T -2 1 d /29 cms—! 8 ol
c i y | = 2 +A[ 0 ), AeR
8 2 5 R
z 1 0 € 7\/_2_9(—5) It W (7,13) (=3
iihx=-24+X
y=2 2=1, AeR
v 14
il y=2, z=1 12
T 0 2 2 a i (-4,30) ii 5 i ~14.3ms™?!
d i y = 2 J+A|l -1 |, XeR 6
-1 3
2
i z=2\ y=2—-X z=—-1+4+3\, A€R b i (3,0,4) i [ -1 i 3ms™!
e T z+1 —2
i —=—-y+2=
3 Y
3oa (B)=(2)
v) =3 4 5 ) t>0
t= b (8, , —4.5)—4.
0
e i +A| 0 AER ¢ 45 minutes
1
i z=3 y=2 z=-14+X AeR 4 a (72)“(4), -3 2

>0 b (8) 2
il 2=3, y=2
¢ it=15s
1 —2
5 a Y = 2 |+ 1
z 1 1
T 0 3
b ly|=(1]+A] 0
z 3 —4
T 1 0
< y|l=12]+Xx]| -3
z 5 0
T 0 120 _3 301785
d y | = 1 +XAl -2 ], AeR 5 b <
z -1 4 —90 7.2 VD
17
-2 -1 3 21/66
6 a 0 b 1 < 2 d
d
7./66
3 e
L2
30
3 -3 1 V&8 —84
7 a (0,41) b (40,9 ¢ (-3 3.0 2
6 a Aisat(4,5), Bisat (1, —8)

l
1 2
8 a (zo, Yo, 20) b m b Yacht A: (72), Yacht B: (1)
n
‘ xfmo:yfyo:zfzo’ Lmn#0 ¢ Yacht A: /5 kmh=!; YachtB: /5 kmh—!

1 m n 1 2
d (_2) . (1) =0
9 (0.7.3) and (%, -42 -1
e ()= = —5+3t,
() ()
1\ _ (-5 3
10 a \/fiunits b A=0
2 —4 w(t)
z1(t) =4—t
M alLe r=|0]+s| 1 |, ser
3 0 b /10 km min—!
a minutes later, (¢ — a) minutes have elapsed.
b oLy oY _zf?2
EXERCISE 138 I
—4 —16 3
.
N2
T2
)= (7)o(%)
z2(t) =15 — 4(t — a), ya(t) =7— 3(t—a)
1 =~ 75.7° 3 =~ 75.5° d = 55.3°
846 ANSWERS
e Torpedo is fired at 1:35:28 pm and the explosion occurs at i | AC | = V544 units, | DB | = v/544 units
1:37:42 pm.
3 iv. midpoint of [AC]: (8, 15), midpoint of [DB]: (8, 15)
8 a -3 b (100, —87, 45) ¢ 810m d ~19.5° ¢ Diagonals are perpendicular and equal in length, and as their
1.5 midpoints are both (8, 15), ABCD is a square.
-3 EXERCISE 13F.1 I
9 a 1 b ~19.2 kmh~! 1 a intersecting b parallel ¢ intersecting
—0.5
d coincident e intersecting f parallel
T 6 -3 5 15
clyl=[9 )+t 1 | ter o (P F 1 ) The lines are intersecting.
z 3 —0.5
0 1]-1
3 a The second equation is a multiple of the first. The lines are
d 1 hour e = 8.98° coincident.
EXERCISE 13D NS b It gives no more information than the first. Gives the same
solutions for and y.
1 a 3‘/_ units b % units ¢ 9‘2,/_ units d O units
33—t
¢ ixz=t, y—T,tER
2 a
S
6i—6j b
6 — 6t
(—6+8t) ¢ when t =
s% hours
iily=s, =3—-2s, seR
d t=0.84 and position is (0.96, 0.72) 4 b The system is inconsistent and so has no solutions.
e ¢ (80,()60) e ()= () (5F)

—120 T 200 —120 the lines are parallel.
5 b The lines are coincident. Infinitely many solutions exist of
5—2t
the form z =t, y= , teR.
d The aircraft is exactly 100 km from O at 1:00 pm.
6 b If k#4, the system is inconsistent and so has no solutions.
e at 1:45 pm and dpin = 1010 km f 2:30 pm The lines are parallel.
4 a (2,-1,4) b /27 units If k =4, the system has infinitely many solutions of the
form =z =1t, y=3t—2, t€ R. The lines are coincident.
5 a (2 ; 5 b % units
3 -1 8
—0.1 7o (o 0|k 16)
6 a —0.8 b i after 40 seconds il V18 m t+8
b k =16, solutions are x:%, y=t teR
0.4
¢ k # 16, the lines are parallel.
EXERCISE 13 I
1 2 1
1 a ; b A2, 4), 8 a 4 b a#—4
0 2a+8|-21
B(8, 0),
C(4,6) ¢ When a = —4, thelastrowis 0 0 | —21.
no solutions exist, the lines are parallel.
¢ BC =BA
9 a A unique solution exists for m # 2 or —2.
52 units
6 6
AABC is If m#+2, z=
isosceles.
mt2 T mre
The lines intersect at a point.
b If m = 2, there are infinitely many solutions of the form
2 a b A(-4,6), z=1t, y=3—1t, te&R. The lines are coincident.
B(17, 15), If m = —2, there are no solutions. The lines are parallel.
C(22, 25),
EXERCISE 13F.2 W
D(1, 16)
1 a Intersectat (1,2, 3), angle ~ 10.9°.
b Skew, angle~ 62.7°. ¢ Parallel, . angle= 0°.
d Skew, angle ~ 11.4°.
y ¥ 0 e Intersect at (—4, 7, —7), angle &~ 40.2°.
3 a A(2.3), B(8.6), C(5.0) f Parallel, . angle= 0°. g Coincident, . angle= 0°.

2 Line 1 and line 2 are parallel.
b AB = BC = v/45 units, AC = /18 units
Line 1 and line 3 are skew with angle ~ 48.2°.
4 a P(10,4), Q(3,-1), R(20, —10) Line 2 and line 3 are skew with angle &~ 48.2°.
— -7 — 10 — =
b PO= (_5), PR = (_14>, PQePR =0 EXERCISE 13F.3 I
2 . .
1 a 7% units b 2v/2 units
¢ QPR = 90° d 74 units?
5 a A2, 5) B(18,9), C(14,25), D(-2,21) 2 a :
0 units b T111 :
2.87 units
oo (o) e m8= (5)

. 12 20
¢ Y ";gfig ~ 4.05 units d 3\/_ units e 0 units
ANSWERS 847
f A@ A 7.86 units g 0 units 5 a ~837° b ~84.8° ¢ ~86.2° d ~73.2°

e ~62.3°
EXERCISE 13G N 6 k=4
1 a2x—y+32=8 b 3z+4y+2=19 7 ak=-2 (237 b 8+
11y —22 =35
2 3 0 1 d i ~54.0° i~ 72.6° iii ~ 53.4°
2 a 3 b -1 < 0 d 0 e 180° kst
-1 0 1 0
3 ay=0 b z=4
4 Note: Many vector forms exist.
2
x -1 1 2
a i y | = 2 +s 1 +t 1 ], s,teR
z 4 —4 -2
i —2z+6y+2=18
x 0 -3 0 8 a ~55.5° b k=5 ¢ B(6,0,17)
b i y|=10]|+s 3 +t 4 |, s,teR
d i lisparallel to both P; and Pa, so [ must be perpendicular
z 1 —2 —1
to the normals of each plane.
il =5z + 3y + 12z =12
2 1
x 4 -2 —4 1 has direction -1 | x| —4
c i |lyl=|-3)+s| -1 )+t 2 |, steRrR 3 1
z 0 —1 2
e 32z — 65y + 41z = 385 f i =~36° il &~ 19.5°
i —y+2=3
g sum = 55.5°, this is equal to the angle between Py and Pa.
53c+Ty+2=3
6 x+3y+2z=10 (Other answers are possible.) EXERCISE 131 EEESSS
7 ay—32=-7 bz—2z=-2 c3z—y=1 1 a 3 interpretations: the planes are intersecting, parallel, or
coincident.
x 1 1
b i a1 =kas, by =kba, c1 =kea, di # kd2
s aly|=(-2]+x]-3] rxer for some k
z 0 4
il a1 = kaz, by = kba, c1 = kea, di = kd2
T 3 1 for some k
b y | = 4 +Al -1 |, AeR ¢ i Planes meet in a line
z -1 -2 r=—-2+3t y=t z=5 tER
9 yes, the X-axisat (2, 0, 0) 10 y—2z=28 ii Planes meet in a line
8 —2t _t=1
11 a (-1,3,1) b 6x — 8y —5z=—-35 T = 3 Y= ,z=t t€R
12 a k=-2 b Bis (3.6, —4) or (-1,-2, %) iii Planes are coincident
13 2=2—t, y=—1+3t, 2=3-3t, teR;, (—1,8, —6) r=6-2s+3t y=s, z=1t, s, teR
14 a z=1+t y=—-2+2t, z=4—-5t, teR 2 a If k = —2, planes are coincident with infinitely many
b i (0,-4,9) i(1,—-2,4) il (=5, —14, 34) solutions.
If k # —2, planes meet in a line with infinitely many
15 azxz=1+2t y=5—-5t, z=3+t teR
solutions.
b (3,0,4)
b If k = 16, planes are coincident with infinitely many
16 a (-1, —1,4); 3 units b (0,1, —=3); 2v/11 units solutions.
(77,1 .26 _17)y. 2\/:3 units
yni If k # 16, planes are parallel with no solutions.
< -2, 77),
h a xz=1 y=-2, 2=4; meetat the point (1, —2, 4)
17 (1,-3,0) 18 a z+5y+32=-10 b (3, -2, -1)
9—t 6 + 5t
b Meetinaline z = —, y= ,z=t teR
19 a N(%, g, 1), d= 723 units 3 3
¢ Meetinaline ¢ =3t—3, y=t¢t, z=>5t—11, teR
b N(é, %, 7%), d= \/ig units
d No solutions as 2 planes are parallel and intersected by the
21 d i \1/—% units i 21/3 units 3rd plane.
e Two planes are coincident and the other cuts obliquely at the
22 a 19e units b Trre
|d2 — di] o .
units 23 T
2% .
units line 2 =32+34t, y=—-3+3t 2=t teR
f z=3, y=-2, z=0; meetat the point (3, —2, 0)
24 20 —y+2z2=-1 and 2z —y+2z=11
5 a No solution, the line of intersection of any two planes is
EXERCISE 13H IEE———— parallel to the third plane.
1 a =~13.1° b 0° (the line and plane are parallel) 2—-2t 8t —11
b z= RS ,z=t teR
¢ ~11.3° d ~30.7° 3 3
6 If k=5, there are infinitcly many solutions. The planes meet
2 b 1 unit 3 a ~360° b ~11.3° ¢ ~51L.7°
inaline =—10t, y=—-1-7t, z=1t, teR.
4 a ~236° b C(0,-8,0) If k # 5, there are no solutions. The line of intersection of any
¢ i 3z—10y—5z=-15 il ~30.1° two planes is parallel to the third.
848 ANSWERS
7 If a =2, there are no solutions. The line of intersection of any 4 a OABC is a thombus.
two planes is parallel to the third. " So, its diagonals
If a # 2, there is a unique solution = = L, bisect its angles.
18—
Yy=—,
3a 2=
3 The planes
4a—2)
meet at a point.
4(a —2) a—2
1 2 3 4
8 a 0 0 5 5
x 0
0 0 9-k|7
b y | = +A[ 1], AeR
b If k # 2, then Rz and R3 of the reduced matrix in a are z 1
(7,38, -3
inconsistent with one another.
Two of the planes are parallel if k =9 or k = —6. For the
<
remaining values of k for which the system is inconsistent, 5 a A(5,2), (6 5), C(8.3)
the line of intersection of any two planes is parallel to the
b |fi\: V10 units, \]?C>\:\/§units,
third plane.
¢ k =2; the planes intersect in a line. |AC | = /10 units
< isosceles
1 2 m -1
9 0 -3 —1—-2m 5 6 a i —6i + 10j il —5i — 15§
0 0 (m+1)(m+5)|-7T(m+1) i (—6 —5t)i + (10— 15¢t)j, t>0
a If m = —5, no solution. The line of intersection of any b t = 0.48 hours
two planes is parallel to the third. < Shortest distance &~ 8.85 km, so it will miss the reef.
b If m = —1, infinitely many solutions. Two planes are 7 a z1(t) =2+t yi(t)=4—-3t, t=>0
coincident and the third meets in a line. b zo(t) =13 —t, y2(t) = (3—2a) +at, t>2
¢ i If m# —5o0r—1, there is a unique solution. The < interception occurred at 2:22:30 pm
planes meet at a point. d bearing ~ 192.7°, ~ 4.54 km min—! e ~31.2°
1 -4 1 23 2 8 (38 °3I, 43
10 alo 2 a 6—a 9 a br+y+42=3 b z=5t y=t 2=4t,
teR
0 0 a(a—4)| (a+8)(a—4)
5 1 2
b a = 0; the line of intersection of any two planes is parallel
< Crilvil;
to the third plane. 10 b ~ 28.6° ¢ 14 units
5 — 5t T 3
ca=4 z= ,y=1—2t,
z=t, teR
11 a y | = 2 0
The planes intersect in a line. z -1 5
12 a a+8 b —4z
+ 52 =24 ¢ (—5,2,9) and (11,2, —11)
d a#0or4; r=——=—-——, y=—-1l—a, z=
a a 12 (6, ~1, —10)
The planes meet at a point.
13 a They do not meet, the line is parallel to the plane.
When a = 2, the solutionis z = -7, y= -3, z=25.
The planes meet at (—7, —3, 5). b \}16_4 units
1 3 3 a—1 14 a 3 units b (1,2,4) ¢ /116 units

11 a [V -5 | 9—-2a
5
0 0 a+1l| a+1
15 a n=| —1 b D(-1,-1,2) ¢ /140 units?
19 — 6t —5t
— 11 3
bz=
x - L Yy y=———
= 2=t
z teR
€
The planes meet in a line.

d (12215 2
0 3
< z:%a+2, y:%a72, z=1 16 a A(2, —-1,0) cr=| -3 |+u 1 |, ueR
The planes meet at a point. 2 —4
12 They meet at the point (%, —58 %), d 3z —y+22="7 e /14 units?
ldz +20y —42=32 b ~55.9° ¢ r=2£/00
) () () e
REVIEW SET 13A I 17 a
18 a ~ 15.8° b ~65.9°
19 a a=2b=1 ¢=6 b (3, -11)
br=-6+4, y=3-3t, teR ¢ 3z +4y=—6
3 —6
2 m=10 < r=| -1 |+t 5 |, teR
T 2 -2 1 3
3 a y|l=1-1/|+A 2 |, NeR
e 44x + 45y + 13z = 100 f ~29.2°
z 3 —4
-1
b c(zffig, 1+ 37745), or 20 a 5 1 bm=1 crx—y—2=0
1
C(2+72E, —1— 26, 3+745) d t=2 e =~ 22.0°
ANSWERS 849
21 If k= —2, the planes meet in the line x 2 1 —4

z=% y=—H4+t 2=t teR < y|=10]+A 4 +pl -1 |, A peR
z 1 -3 4
If k# —2 the planes meet at the point (%, —1—34, —1).
22 b k=-1 (Other answers are possible.)
¢ t(p+10) = g+ 2 has infinitely many solutions for ¢ when 18 b (-3,-2,5)
p+10=0and ¢+2=0, .. p=-10, ¢g=—2 ¢ i ~45.5° (= 45.47°) il ~45.5° (~45.51°)
REVIEW SET 13B I 19 b 2v/2 units
¢ (16, —14, 14) online 1 and (16, —12, 16) on line 2
1 a (52 b ( 4 ) is a non-zero scalar multiple of (2s ) 20 =~ 7.82°
5 21 b i p#0, p# —2, 3 planes meet at a point

=r7(2)+s(10),sefl£
il p=0or—2, g+# 0, 3 planes have no common point
of intersection, planes 2 and 3 are parallel
x 2 4 iii p=0or—2, ¢=0, planes 2 and 3 are coincident
2 a i y|l=1-3]+X 2 ), AeR cp=-2¢g=0 z=2t-2, y=t, z=1, teR
z 1 -1
1
il 2=24+4), y=-3+2\, z=1-X, A€R p=0,¢g=0 z=-2t y= ,z=t teR
x -1 6 22 e The three planes have no common point of intersection. The

b i y | = 6 +A -8 ], AeR line of intersection of any two planes is parallel to the third
z 3 -3 plane.
1 -3 2 —5
3 ~8.13° 23 a 0 10 —4-k]25
0 0 k+4 | -5
4 a (KL) is parallel to (MN) as ( 752 ) is parallel to ( -5 )
b No solutions if k= —4. Two planes are parallel and
intersected by the third plane.
b (KL) is perpendicular to (NK) as ( 752 ) . ( 140 ) =0
¢ i Unique solution when k # —4.
and (NK) is perpendicular to (MN) as ( 4 ) . ( 75) =0 10 -5
iie=14——, y=2, 2= ——
10 2 kra Y kt4
¢ K(7,17), L(22,11), M(33, —5), N(3,7) d 261 units? The planes meet at a point.
5 ~30.5° il 2=3, y=2, z2=-1
6 a | AB| =33 units EXERCISE 14A B
b A lies on the line r where A = —3 and B lies on r where 1
A=0 the line between A and B is the same as line r,
so it can be described by r.
¢ ~70.5°
7 2v/10(3i — j) 8
8 a (—4,31) b (28,27, -7) < | 6
d ~10.2ms" ! —2
6
9 a (-10,5,12) b 14 ¢ ~152ms~t
—0.4
d 30 scconds e (170, 425, 0) f (50, 145, 8)

10 a A(3,—4) and B(4,3)
-1
bforA(2>‘ -3
forB<72) ¢ ~~ 829 o
o
d at t= 1.5 hours
11 a Intersecting at (4, 3, 1), angle & 44.5°.
b Skew, angle &~ 71.2°.
¢ Intersecting at (—1, 2, 3), angle ~ 27.0°.
12 a dx+2y+2=3 b ~64.1°
13 N(-2,7, —4) 14 L units
15 a (3.4.9) b (-1.31) ¢ 6z—8y—52=-35
16 \/SIITO units
— 1 — — —4
17 aPQ=| 4 |, |PQ|=+26units, QR= [ —1
-3 4
bz=2+X y=4\, 2=1-3\, AeR
850 ANSWERS
d —445¢
AT
21
21 5
3zt 229 T
= %
v
5 Ay
—Z
- é'—zt— x
v
z — z* is purely imaginary z—2"=0
¢ —1+5¢ d -7 when # 0
Jm(z)
9 a Ay
[
2 zZHw
w
w* R
2¥| SEHF W (4 )Y
w,
v
5 ab5—1
z+1
21
1
>
b 4+ ¢ 4+ 2i =(zuwj* [R
1+2
2i
2 10 a zw=4+3i b zw=—-2+4i
AT AJ
d4-1i =
atd
5 S > 2
271 c- v ?
v
6 a —1+56 b _5_ 4 ¢ zw =13 d zw=—-2+4i
%4 J
AT 4 J
+ < =
* [-21 12 R 4 W
3 2a% 2 * w,
\ - —
] Q T s 12 % le ol
3 —
R
— Z* o v ?
v v
ANSWERS 851
EXERCISE 14B B 7 a =~bcis(—0.927) b = 13cis (—1.97)

1 a5 b 13 ¢ 217 d 3 e 4 ¢~ 17.7cis (2.29)
2 a |z| =5 argz~0.464 8 a 2cis% b & v/19cis (—2.50)
b |z| =5, argz~ —0.464
EXERCISE 14D.2 W
¢ |z| =5, argz~ 2.68
1 a cis30 b cis20 ¢ cis30 d 23 +%z
d |z|=+5, argz~ —2.68
e V2+iv2 18 9 —2i h -4 04
3 a |w|=+13, argw
=~ 0.588
2 acist=-1 b cismr=-1 < cis§:%+ 231'
b |w|=+13, argw
= 2.55
¢ |w|=+13, argw~ —0.983 3 a|z|=2 argz=90 b 2cis(—0)
d |w|=+13, argw~2.16 ¢ 2cis
(0 + ) d 2cis(m — 6)
4 a=—+3 4 a cis(fg) b Tcis(97%)
av5 b5 5 d5 e 5/2
f 52 ¢ A clockwise rotation through % about the origin.
95 hos 015 i5 k 551 5V5 5 a cism b —z=rcis(0 +m)
¢ An anticlockwise rotation through 7 about the origin.
7 a1 b |r| 9 < (3)" ~s08 6 z* is the reflection of z in the R-axis.
10 a6 b4 c2/5 d2 e i f 4 * = rcis(—0)
a? +b%2-1 2a EXERCISE 14D.3 NS

11 a
v =
<a2+(b—1)2
59—
+(a2+(b—1)2>l —— )i bO 1 a z:2x/§cis(7%) <
12 2=2+6: 13 a8 b 6 ¢ 10 d 10
b 2f cis 12
55
14 a 15 b J
15:
R
—15 15
d 2z has been dilated with scale factor =,31 then rotated

\\—15
anticlockwise through % about the origin.
2 a z=2cis 5(;” <

16 a 4450 b |z4+w|=+v41l, arg(z+ w)~ 0.896
CI18 5 =1
¢ 0~0.353
17 ay=z by=—getl e>0 ¢ 7a?+16y2=112
EXERCISE 14C
1 a i 4+/2 units i (1,4)
b i 5v/5 units i (-2,2) d z has been dilated with scale factor %. then rotated clockwise
2 a /32-32cos¥ through% about the origin.
b perimeter = 4 /32 — 32 cos % + 8 units 3 a z:fi01s4, w:2cis(—§) b 2\/5(:15—
area = 8sin ¢ units? ¢z has been dilated with scale factor 2, then rotated clockwise
through % about the origin.
3 a reflection in the R-axis b rotation of 7 about O
4 a cos12 V2B
T _ V62
Sln%—T
¢ reflection in the J-axis d clockwise rotation of % about O
EXERCISE 14D.1 B -
1 a4cisO b 4cisF ¢ 6eism d 3cis(—3) 7 a|-z|=3, arg(—z):977r
b |z*| =3, arg(z*)=—
e ZCiS% f Qficis(f%) g 2(:is%r h 4cis%
¢ |iz| =3, arg(iz) =0+ %
2 0, no angle exists with the positive real axis.
d |(1+i)z| =3V2, arg[(1+i)z] =0+ %
3 kV2ZeisF if k>0, —kvZcis(—3F) if k<0,
not possible if k=0 e f =3, arg(i)z&—%
T 7
5 a2 b 4V2 + 4V/2i ¢ 23 +2i 2 |- 3 z — =

f ‘171 vz arg(172)79 4
di1-i e -L13 f -5
5 a775+751
1 . b1 c1l
6 a ~—-141+1.013 b ~1.27 — 3.06i

¢ ~ —2.55 —-1.25¢
852 ANSWERS
— —
9 a zp—21 =AB, 23— 29 =BC ¢ i k=6, |z><22><z3><““><25|:221
ii Hint: k(k+ 1) is even for all k € Z.
b 2_2 =1, arg(z2izl):2.7" c1
23 — 22 23 — 22 - cosnf — cosf — cos[(n + 1)0] + 1
15
10 a a(@®+22+4)=0,
a#0 T 2—2ces0
b a(@?-22+2)=0, a#0 16 b 2" cos"(fi)2 cos("?e)
EXERCISE 14E B EXERCISE 14G.1 [
1 a -1 b 148
+ ¢ 11, V3
—%j:zTS
2 a \/EcissT", V2e
3%
* b 33 2 az=v3-4 2, —V3-i
¢ —14+/3i, 2cis2E bo=38 3 3 33
2
3,
2
a oa 0 b40+Z x 29 _ =
¢ 20-Z T
dZ-Lg1 3 -1 1408
1 -V/3
5 o |VE|
= VA are(van)=
b Zl_2
| =5 i
arg(fi)—offlb
< ‘wsxfi‘:QYfi, arg(wSXfi):3¢+%9

_z
2
6 a =~0.540
+ 0.841i b = 0.455 + 0.891¢ < e
d -1 b a z=42, +2i
io 3 T
EXERCISE 14F IESSS—— SCISB, cis 3
2 a 32cis2m =32
¢ 6dcis I2 = —64i
b cis3r
= -1
d Beis 7 & 2.18 + 0.498i
as(-3). is(~%)
e 2cisE =3+ f 32cis
T =16+ 16v/3i
3 a 128128 b 1024 + 1024+/3i
1 1 1. 1 ;
< m(*fi*fil) d 5(1-19)
6 a z:\/icisl—’;,
a T
b in=4k kel i n=2+4k, kcZ
7 a ‘zS‘:& arg(23)
= 30
b ‘iz2‘24, arg(iz?) =20+ %
1, 1Z)=-9
¢ -
|=|=3 =4 arg(z>
i i
d |[——| =41, (7_) =20z
‘ =T ¥ T2 2
— —
9 a AB=29—21, BC=23—29
Hint: Notice that BC is a 90° rotation of BA about B.

b O*]>);z1+z37z2
— 3
10 b tan3f = 3tand — tan®§
1—3tan?60
< iI z=r=-L1
7 €os 5mT3, C€OSs 1im
5
iiii z= z
m—tang, tan 4m5 tan In5
11 a cos40 =8cos* —8cos?0 + 1

b sin40 = 4cos® Osind — 4 cos fsin® 0
1\3 1
12 a iii <z+—> i34 L
z z 2’,3
. 1
b Hint: When n =1, 2isinf = 2z — —. Now cube both
z
sides.
13 a r5cis60
ANSWERS 853
¢ 3-2i Ay
Z 9
< =
L, R
&
Y
d —9—i J
w
~ w* — 2 %
-9z w*
¥
s
A
7 3 a |z|=+v29, argz=~0.381
b |z|=+v29, argz~2.76
¢ |z|=+v29, argz~ —0.381
d |z|=+v29, argz~1.95
a25 b2 ¢5/10 dif eZ£ 1
5 a A reflection in the R-axis, followed by a stretch with scale
factor 2.
b 2% +1=(22-V2z+1)(z2
+ V22 +1) b A rotation of 7 about O, followed by a stretch with scale
8 a |z|=1 and argz = — 2 b 23 =cis(-2m) =1 factor %3
¢ Simplifies to 2(z+z*)75 where z 4+ 2* is always real. ¢ An anticlockwise rotation of % about O, followed by a
9 a 16cis(7%) b i 2cis 78" ii 2cos 77r+[2sm 77’]i reflection in the R-axis.
7 Real part is 16+/3. Imaginary part is 16.
EXERCISE 14G.2 N
9 2v3—2i, 23— 2i, 4i
1 a iz=w"-3 (n=0,1,2) and w—c15237r
10 ‘(2z)‘1|:%, arg[(?z)_l]:—
il z=2w"+1 (n=0,1,2) and w—clsZI;"
1— wn b |lfz\:251n%, arg(lfz):%fg
= w (n=0,1,2) and w-cnszg'
i/3 = 2cis 2% _ 3k
2k
11 —1+iv3=2cis & m= k€L 12 11
g5—si
13 a 5+2i b 2V2 ¢ 175 d ~-2.03
14 az=0,y>1 b 3z2+3y2-20c+12=0
15 deis(~%), n=3k+4). kez 16 §+28i 3
17 ‘23‘:64, arg(z3):39
4 b i Hint: The LHS is a geometric series.

b
¢
1
[=| =1,
iz"| =4,
-4 () 1
Z)l=-0
arg(iz*)=35
-0
REVIEW SET 14A B 18
1 Ay
5
b
—1+5i
<t 15 .‘7»”
20 1+4+2z=2cos§cis§, [1+2|=2cosg, arg(l+2)=%

[y a3-+2i
zZ2 — 21 z2 — 21
21 b =1, arg :%
2 al+3: b 8+3i 3 z2 z3 — 22
w 22 1, w, w?, w3, w* where w:cis2?7r
v 2z _3 Iow?4l
az—2,w+2,w+2,w+2,w+2,w—0135 wlal whil e g2
At 3 2z—w 3
bz2=0, w—1, w2—1, w3—1, wi—1, w=cis2
w+1l w2+l w3+1 wi+1 . on
€ z=—0f ) , w=cis
w—1" w2—-1" wd3-1 wi-1
854 ANSWERS
REVIEW SET 14B IS EXERCISE 15A N

J 1 a7 b 7 cl1l d 16 e 0 f5
2 asb b7 <c 3 a -2 b7 ¢ —1
4 As x # 0, we can cancel the zs, to give
€ z+3i
lim Z = lim 1=1.
z2—0 T z—0
b|*
5
R
az =
a 12 b8 ¢ 2 d4/I0
zw = —1-—3i AJ
w ? 6
7 lim f(z) = limI

z—a z—a
Y
lim f(z)— lim =0
a V10 b V10 < 10 d 10 e 10 z—a z—a
f1 g 10 h 10V/10 lim (f(z) —1)=0
z—a
22 +y2+62=0
wn
EXERCISE 15B NS
a 50is(7%) b 4cis(7%) < 7k\/§cissT", k<0 1 a y b i -1
N
— 1 i 1
b= 3
®
iii does not exist

b (172)z:4cls(a7§), arg[(1—d)z] =a— %
©
2 2
a % =1, arg 2 =7
22 22
Re <2)4
1 = =—,o g Im| (2)4
(= ==av'3
w w 2b b o1
i-3
a 1, w, w?, w3, and w* where w:cisQT7r i does not exist
1
i —4
13 a (cis6)® b (cisf)
"2 ¢ (cis0)~! i does not exist
i —1
14 z=293cis 35> 20-3 cis g—g, 20-3 cis 127—(;r.
-2
20'3(;15(—;—;]‘), 20'3cis(—3T")
a a(z272cosz?"z+l):0, a#0
(
22 i il cosO=13=0=
argv = QT"
iii argw = 727"
)
. (vmw
iv arg
-~
T(4m —T7)
6
ANSWERS 855
b9 ¢ iasz——%
¢ yes, lim f(z) =9 since lim f(z)= lim f(z)=9
z—3 z—3~ z—3+ as z— —27, f(z)
— oo
6 No, since lim +/ does not exist. as z — —oo, f(z)— —%
z—0~
7 a -1 b1 ¢ does not exist as x — oo, f(z)
— —%
8 ao0 b1 ¢ does not exist
9 ao b0 ¢ does not exist d does not exist horizontal asymptote y = —2 3
10 a ii mErfoof(z) =-2, lim f(z)=-%
z—00
d ias z—17, f(z)
— oo,
as = — 1T, f(z)
— —oo,
as & — —oo, f(z) —» —17T
as x — oo, f(x)— —1"
vertical asymptote = = 1,
horizontal asymptote y = —1
b f(z) does not approach any value as z — 0 from above or i lim f(z)=-1, lim f(z)= -1
below. It oscillates over values between —1 and 1. z——00 200
¢ lim f(z) does not exist since neither lim f(z) nor 4 a
2—0 z—0—
lim f(z) exist.
20+
11 a i % i 0 i 0
b i,ii The limits do not exist. As = — % and = — 2
from either side, the function oscillates between z and 0,
never approaching any value.
iii lim f(z) = 0. As z — 0 from ecither side, the
z—0 b ilim (e*—6)=-6
function oscillates between = and 0, but eventually z——c0
approaches 0. lim f(z) = lim f(z)=0. il lim (e® — 6) does not exist
20~ 20+ z—00
12 a o0 y = —6 is a horizontal asymptote of y = e* — 6.
up = o r= L , f@)x) = =1 forall
orall =2 #£0 5 a b lim ze =0
T Tt a2 1+ 22 ~ 0.000454 e
c1 d Yy ~ 9.64 x 1021 € yes
~ 3.72 x 10742
~ 2.77 x 10=8%
6 a lim (2e~® —3) does not exist
z——00
lim (2¢e7* —3) = -3
z—00 1
b lim (e”* +5e”) does not exist
EXERCISE 15C N z——00 1
10 lim (e”® +5e”) =5
, oo
2 a3 -2 ¢-1 d1 e i fo
g0 h does not exist i does not exist
73
EXERCISE 15D B
3 a iasz—0, f(z)> -0
1 a2 b1 <1 do e 4
as = — 0T, f(z) — o0 Pl
fi 1 9 37w hZ 7 i3
as z — —oo, f(z) — 0"
as = — oo, f(z) — 0T 2 a does not exist b0 c%
vertical asymptote = = 0, horizontal asymptote y = 0
EXERCISE 15E NN
il lim f(z)=0, lim f(z)=0
1 az=6 bz=5 cz#50r6
2 a :
b ias z— -3, f(z) > o0
as z — —3%, f(z) —» —c0
as « — —oo, f(z) — 3T
as x — oo, f(x)— 3~
vertical asymptote & = —3,
i lim f(z)=3, lim f(z)=3
z——00 z—00
856 ANSWERS
b f(xz) is continuous for all = € R, = # +2 b continuous for x > 0, discontinuous for =z < 0
aa>0 bz>0 REVIEW SET 15A B
a f has an essential discontinuity at = —2. 1 a -1 b
f is continuous for all = € R, x # —2.
b f has a removable discontinuity at = = —1.
f is continuous for all z € R, = # —1.
We could define the function g(z) = z. il does not exist
¢ f has an essential discontinuity at z = —2 and a removable
discontinuity at = = 4.
f is continuous forall z € R, = # —2 or 4.
1
We could define the function g(z) = ——.
z+2
d f has an essential discontinuity at = = 0.
f is continuous for all z € R, = # 0.
e f has an essential discontinuity at = = 3.
f is continuous for all z € R, z # 3.
f f has removable discontinuitics at = = & + km, k € Z.
f is continuous for all z € R, = # % + krn, k€ Z.
We could define the function g(z) = sinz.
a lim2 31 :hm—(m 2 1 {z#1}

21 T —1 a1 (17
=3
f is continuous on R if k = 3.
bas z—47, y— —o0, as x — —oo, y — 17,
b lim 28— as © — 4T, y — oo, as © — oo, y— 17
z—0 T
vertical asymptote @ = 4, horizontal asymptote y = 1
f is continuous on R if k= 1.
2 2
¢ f(2)=2%2=4 ¢ lim 2% 1 pm 2E%4
Tz——00 T — r—oo T —
[ is continuous on R if k = 3.
1 b
d f(x) = — has an essential discontinuity at = = 0. 5 Hint: First show that sin% =50
T
there is no k € R such that f is continuous on R. 6 a
e y = kax always passes through (0, 0).
f is continuous on R for all k€ R.
fIf k+2>0: If k4+2<0:
k> -2, k< -2
and f(z) has graph: and f(z) has graph:
b i0 i does not exist

7 a f has an essential discontinuity at = = 0.
f is continuous for all z € R, = # 0.
b g has an essential discontinuity at = = and a removable
(2 k+2)
lw
discontinuity at = = %
f(z) is continuous f(z) is discontinuous
g is continuous for all = € R, = # % or %
forall z e R at x =2
So, if k> —2, k€ R, fiscontinuous on R. 1
We could define the function h(z) = .
If k< —2, k€ R, fiscontinuous forall z € R, = # 2. 4 —3
6 a, b Hint: Show that while lim z, = a, REVIEW SET 15B IS
n—oo
lim
n—oo
g(zn) # g(a). 1 a -3 b 3 ¢ —1
2 ax=4-3 b i 7% ii does not exist
¢ The Dirichlet function is continuous nowhere.
3 a
7 a
ANSWERS 857
b lim (2—e*t!) =2, < -2

T——00
lim (2 — e®t1) does not exist
z—r00
cy=2
4 a Area of sector = 12 720, area of triangle = 1r2sin
3 0
shaded arca = %726 - %7"2 sin@
= %72(6‘ — sin6)
5 k=-1+2
6 a vertical asymptote « = 0, oblique asymptote y = x EXERCISE 16C B
b (3+h)2—9
1 a (3+h)
(3+h)? b ———
Gih 3 + =6+h foror h#0
h#
i7 i 6.5 ii 6.1 iv 6.01 d 6

2 a i2 i 8
Gradient of tangent to f(z) = 2
¢ i does not exist il 0

¢ 2a
242
d As |z|— oo, — z. This is shown by the oblique 3 asb b 3 ¢ —1 d 4
asymptote y = x. EXERCISE 16D NS
1 a f0)=4 b f(0)=-1 2 F(2)=1
3 a positive b negative < negative d positive
4 a0 fl(-2)=-3
At x = —2, the derivative function is —3, or the
gradient of the tangent to y = f(«) at the point where
r=-2 is —3.
i f(0)=1
At x =0, the derivative function is 1, or the gradient
b lim f(z) =5, lim f(z)=2 of the tangent to y = f(x) at the point where = =0
z—4= z—at
is 1.
¢ ecssential discontinuity, lim f(z) # hm+ f(z)
x4~ 4 b (=
8 az=nm necl bae=2n+1)5, nel
EXERCISE 16A.1 N -
1 a Yes. The distance increases by the same amount each time
interval.
b 600Adist ce (m) ¢ 3mpers
400
200
time (sec
1 a flley=1 b f'(2)=0 ¢ f'(z) =3z
00 30 60 90 120 l;(fi %80
2 a fllzy=2 b fl(®)=22-3 ¢ fl(z)=-22+5
2 a3 b -2 ¢ -1 3 3 3 a1d
b o1 d d
o Eos?a
dx dx dx
EXERCISE 16A.2 B
4 a 12 b 108
1 a No. The graph is not a straight line.
1
b i 60 km per hour ii 100 km per hour 5 a fl(z)= -=
i
2 a 100 m per hour b 100 m per hour (downwards) b f/(—=1) = —1; the tangent at the point where = = —1
a 51 b £2 ¢ -35 d -2 has gradient —1.
4 a i3 ii 2.5 iii 2.1 iv 2.01 v 2.001 f(3) = 7%; the tangent at the point where = = 3 has
b The average rate of change approaches 2. gradient —é.
EXERCISE 16B NS 6 a i3 i —1 b fl(z)=—-22+3

1 a 05ms™' b 2ms! 2 al b 4 c f10)=3, f(2)=-1
858 ANSWERS
dy
=322 -3 b (—1,2) and (1, -2) 7 a L9 32 b (- V3, —6v/3) and (v/3, 6v/3)
dz dx
8 a fle)=-3z+1 8 f(z) is not continuous at = = 2.
f(z) is not differentiable at = = 2.
b f(-2)=2 [f(3)=-3
Gradients of tangents are 2 and —%, and 2 x —% =-1
.. tangents are perpendicular.
9 a f’(z) =m, a constant function
b f/(z)= 2az + b, a linear function
¢ f'(z) = 3az? + 2bz + ¢, a quadratic function
d 1
10 & y =/ is differentiable for all z > 0.
dz 2\/_
11 a REVIEW SET 16B IS
1 % 2 a 2°C per hour b 72%°C per hour
3 a,b Ay < 4
b If f(z)=2a", then f/(z) = na™1.
12 (o) = —sinz 13 ¢ f'(z)
= —sinz y =t —2 ©
4
EXERCISE 16F 7 >
1 f(x) is not continuous at x = 0. f'2) =
f(z) is not differentiable at = = 0. —6
2 f(z) is not continuous at = = 0. Y

2
_[—x*+bx+6, z=>1
b a f'(z)=4z% -2
i f(’”)_{sm—lo, z<1 b f/(—2)=-34
a The gradient of f/(x) at the point where @ = —2 is —34.
d
5 0a Lo9z45 b (—4,-6)
dx
6 a i 4472m i 4328 m b f/(t) = —9.6t ms~!
¢ i 96mst il 19.2ms™!
7 a fl(z)=4z+2 < Ay
z=1 b (-1, -12) »
€T
b i f(1)=3 ii fjr(l):72(1)+5:3
¢ No, although f’ (1) = f/ (1), f(z) is not continuous at
z =1 —12
5 c=2 d=-1 6 a=1, b=-1

+2
REVIEW SET 16A I
13 2 f(3)=—% 8
9
fB+h - fB)
12.2
12.02
12.002
12.0002
¢ lim
fB+h)— 1) =12
h—0 h b f(z) is not continuous at = = 3.
The gradient of the tangent to y = 222 at (3, 18) is 12.
f(z) is not differentiable at = = Z.
b dy =-6
dz v EXERCISE 17A W
1 a 3z? b 827 ¢ 1129 d 6 e 622
b gradient = 16 cx=-3
f 14z g 15z% h 3025 i5 i 2z
b f((-1)=9. f(3)=9 k2c+1 1 2c+3 mdz+1 n 6z—7 o —4zx
Gradients of tangents are both 9. p 23 — 12z q 322 -8z +6 r o6z +1
the tangents are parallel. s —1-— 1222 t 22270
ANSWERS 859
2 5 3 12 d f/(1) =2.5 The gradient of the tangent to the curve

2 a - b - < -z d -
4
f(x):\/i—fi at =1 is2.5.
28 6 6 6
e = fQ—F 92z+x—2 h o
ds ds . .
12 a E = 4t +4 ms L, E is the instantaneous rate of
4 36 1 4 W 1612
e 1M aETE faa change in the car’s position at the time ¢.
ds
b When t = 3, 5 = 16 ms—L. This is the instantancous
1 2 m 4+ L nl+
5z3 4z2 z2
rate of change in position at the time ¢ = 3 seconds.
4 2 10
° o Pt 13 When z = 1000,
dc
= 7. When 1000 toasters per week are
1 1 1 X
3 a — b ¢ — being produced, the cost of production is increasing by £7 per

2V 32 2z+/T toaster.
1 2 3 1
d 322 - — e —— +— f2-— 14 a The gradient of the tangent is
W~ = T e
3 h —
3 3
i4 by~ — X bz
8 3veE 222/ ot /T
1 +4 L 5 | 7 3Vz 6
b If 6z is too large, 6_y will not accurately estimate the
! 2z/z 22 2z 2zz 2z\/T 2
gradient of the tangem.z
3T -10 9 ¢ i =251 il ~65.92 il ~26.46 v ~14.4
m 6r — — n o 2
“ 2 z3\/z +2z2\/3?
EXERCISE 17B.1 B
522 2 2
P37 3% ws 1 ag(f(a)
= (2z +7)2 b g(f(z))
= 222 + 7
dy dy 16 ¢ g(f(z) =v3-4z d g(f(x))
=3 -4z
4 a —=e =2 T b —= =6z+—
m+zg 2 4
e g(f(@) = — 3 f9(f(2)=—+3
d
c_3 5 d
d Yo 12ma2 2 Note: There may be other answers.
dz z 2 dx
d d a g() =23, f(z)=3z+10
e 7502 28z f 10 b g(x) =2° f(z)=7-2z
dz dx
s @W_op1
d
h 121
d d
i o010
¢ g(z):%, fl@)
= 2¢ 1 4
dr dr dx
d g(z) =vz, f(z)=2-3
d
R N d
= Ae
dz dz ¢ ge) = = f&) =501
p Ay _3vE 3 9
de 2 VT 2zT fg(x)= 2 f@) =8 -a?
x
1
5 a f'(z)=-3+6z—
3z
EXERCISE 17B.2 NS
81 3 1
b f/(z) = 8122 —
f'(@) =81z > Yo 1 aw? wu=2zr-1 b ui, u=z2—3z
—1 L
d d -3 3
6 a Lo 1 b g7 2 c2u 2, u=2-—22 d u®,
dt dt tVE e du3, u=3—z f 100", u=a2-3
ar -2 =
1 =4
473 dy
¢ — =1t
dat 3 + 32 B 2 a —==4(2z+3)=8z+12 b =dy =8z+12
dz dz
dP 3 5 d d
d — = —5u"2—-15u>
= —— —15\a 3 a Y _gu4z—5) b ¥ = o5 22)2
du u2 dz dz
d 1
7 a4 b 22 ¢ -2 d -7 e 3 c fi:%(gzfl?) (3 20)
f 313 S 31 h —11 d; d:
d o 190132 e Lo 1805 - 2)2
8 ab=3 c=-4 b b=2 c=-3 dz dz
d _2
9 fL(2)=16#f,(2)=14
'fizfi(%‘g*z?) ® (6% — 2)
.. not differentiable at x = 2.
d;
10
dy
— =4+ —,
3 dy
— is the gradient function of y = 4o — —
3 g Y= 60(50—4)3
dx 22’ dx T dx
d;
from which the gradient of the tangent at any point can be found. h = 52— 5zt 8)4(2z — 5)
dx
1 2
11 a {z|z>0}
¢ {z|z>0}
b @ =3Et e i
dy
= =6(22-2=
dx (:c z)
22 2 =
(x+zz)
2
860 ANSWERS
A a -2 b 18 ¢ -8 d-4 e (0 il <0 and z=1
5 a=3, b= 6 a=2, b= 7 a=2, b=3 7 b iz=-3ad z=2 iix:—%

d d -2
8 a Log2 o175 Hint Substitute y—a° 8 b iz=-2+v11 i z=-2
dz dy
d d: d EXERCISE 17E.1 NS
b X% {chain rule} =1
de dy dy 1 a fl(z)=4e** b f'(z)=e" ¢ fl(z) = —2e2
EXERCISE 17C B d )=t e fla)y=—eF 1 fllr) =27
1 a fllzg)=2z-1 b fl(z) =4z +2
1 _ 1 g fl(z) = 26% +3e® h f'(z) = ¢ _26700
¢ flx) =2a(z+
+ 322
1) +1) *
z*
d fl(z)=2z+2
i fl(a) = —2xe®" i fz) = 7%
¢ F@) =@ - a2 -1
1 1
z
f fl(z) = (z+1)? +2z(zx+1) ke f'(z) = 20e%® | f'(x) = 40e—2®
m f(z) = 225 +1 n fl(z) = %e%
2 a d—y:21(2171)+2z2
dx
o f’(z):74zel’212 P fl((t):*040267()'()21‘
b dy 4(2x+1) 3 +24x(2+ z1) 2
d—: T_ o
z 2 a e® +ze” b 3z2e
% —g3e® < e S c
1 1 T
< 3—2:21(37@2 7%z2(371) 2
ze®
— Le®
dy 1% d e 2xedT
4 3x2e3® f 2
d &= 2° (z
— 3)2 2 + 2y/z(z
— 3) et z\/T
T 94 9T
e % = 10z(3z2 — 1)% + 6023 (322 — 1) g 20e0-52
_ 10ge—05% p E£F2+2e
A (e=* +1)2
dy -3 dy dy e’
f d—:%:c
'z
2(915—932)3-¢—3\/5(9:—:4':2)2(1—2:15) 3 a — =4e%(2+¢%)3 b ==
dx e ¢ dr 2y/e* -1
3 a —48 b 4061 1 < 13 i11 Y _ 3.
< a:g(e +e —eyd
T (e e —e -z ")
4 b x=3 or —;
d 3
dy is {z | = > 0}. Domain of original function d _y:7621(821+2) 3
¢ Domain of T dx
T
. dy . 4 108 b - —1 = a2
is {x |z >0} d—y is undefined when « = 0. @ v =
T
5 x=—1 and x:—% 6 r=1 and xzfé 5 a {z|z<In6} b i P(n2,2) i —3

d;
7 az:% bz=0 Bazf% andazf% 6 k=-9 7 2 Looeino
dx
EXERCISE 17D B
8 P(0,0)5 or P(24)
5 9 ¢
S x d —
1 a Wd __ 7T b diW _ 2242w
22 + 2 e? [C)?
dz (2 —x)? dr (2z+1)2
EXERCISE 17E.2 M
. dy_me—B d dy 2z +1
de (22 —3)2 de 2yx(1 — 2x)? 1 a d—y:2mln2 b @:5"‘ln5
dz dz
dy 322 —6x+9 dy 2 — 3z
e N3 f = < d—y:3“”ln3+2><7“”1n7+(—3I
dz (3z
— z2) dx 21— 32)2 3 dx
2% In2 2%
4 —3z2 -3 423
— 322
a W _ge ey o W _Zh2Z 2
2 a —— —_— ¢« — dz dz T x2
(3—a)? (z2 —1)2 (22 —1)2 ¢ dy 1—zln3
g 2220 . 32243 —z% — 6z dr 3
(@—5)2 3 21/2(3 ——22)2
a?) (@2 +3)° 3
2 o X222 d: In4 d;
b Y 9et31n2
12 x 9o I3
dx 4z dx
-3 7 d-£28 z—2 d dyL2
322 —2%In6
T 0D
3 al bl ¢ 4 fl(z)
= ———
2(x—1)2
¢ (322 +1) o
gt temsx
dx dx 6%
dy 1
5 a —=—7"— dy 3(1—5zln2)
dz (z+1)2 e - =——"_"""7
dx 25z—1
d d
bAte=—2 2 1 Atz=0 ¥__1 . dy 4e22/z(1 — zIn5) — 3VZ(In3 — 42/z In5)
dx dx
So, the gradient of each tangent is —1 do 2z 5%
the tangents are parallel. 3 a32ln2 b —3In3 ¢ 30ln2 d Z(2-3n5)
d
6 b i never {_y is undefined at z = —1} 4 P(-1,%)
dx
ANSWERS 861
EXERCISE 17F.1 I d dy_i 1 . dy 1

T B _1 2 dy _1-2 de ~ 2zlnb de xlnz xIn2
de = de 2zx+1 dr z—2? 22
dy
f 22 _ (iojtato — 2elog(d—2)
dd_y:72 ed—y:Qzlnz+z fd—yzlilnx dx (z2 —1)2
dx z dx dz 2z2
1 9 1—-2In2
g@*ezlneri h fi:flnx
3 a b 18 ¢ ——— d &
2In2 t s 4e21n2 50
dx T dx T
|fi: L jd—yzi—e”lnx
b o2 B2
dx zln3
dz 2zvInz dx T
d; 1 1
b _‘7’/:74_7
K dy _ In(2z) 1 | dy lnz—2 dz (z+4+5)In2 (z—1)In2
de 2z
dy 4
VT
dy
de ~ z(Inz)?
2z2
edr d;
xInl0
1
1LInl0 1
—= = — =lIn(z? +1
i g dz n(a:+)+x2 1 d dy 2 1
dy 1—2Inz dr (2¢—1)ln5 (z+2)In5
0o - =—"
dx z3 o dy 2z —1 1
1 de (22 -z)In2 (z+3)In2
2 a fl(z)=-— b In(kz) =Ink+Inz f dy 3
o
1
So f(z)
= — since Ink is constant de ~ (4z — 4/z)In2
T
5a=1 b=-%
32 By b B_3 dy _ i1
dzx dr =z de zt4z EXERCISE 17G.1 B
dy 1 dy 9 d
d w13 e =T [In(2z
+ 1)] 1 a —y:ZCOSQZ b fl:coszfsinz
dx dx
'@:17111(4@ sd_y:_l d d
¢ Y 3sin3z—cosz d —y:cos(z+1)
dx z2 dx T dx dx
d; di
h d_y: 1 i fl: —1 e —y:2sin(3—2x) t 2 5sec?
s
dz zlnzx dz z(lnz)? dx dx
d; di
5 a dy_ 1 b by _ 2 g d—z:%cos%JrBsinx h £:4cosx+23in2$
de 2z—1 de 2x+3
.
cd_
dx
12z 11
dr =z 22-2)
i
dy
—
dx
= —3sinbxz
— 20 cos 4z
2 a 2z —sinz b sec?z —3cosz ¢ ePcosz

— e sinz
e _ 11 f_2, L
de x+3 x-1 de x 33— d —e *sinz+e Fcosz e Cf)SCL‘
sin
5
o ! — 9 b f
F@) =
1
=
=4 o 2z
f 2e2*tanx + e**sec?z g 3msec?wxz h 7% sin %
rcosT —sinx
2x + 2 1 i 6sec? 2z i cosz —zsinzx k 2
¢ fl(z) = -
F@ 2242z x—5 | tanz
+ zsec’z m 3%(In3sin
2z 4 2 cos 2x)
3 1 1 n _ 2tan2z o 2x cos2x — xsinx — 3cosx — 3sin 2z
d fl z) ==
— —— —
F@ z x+4 -1 In10 z4
1 1 3 sinx
62 7a=3b=- 8a=4, b=¢€> 9 (-3,1n6) 3 a 2zcos(z?) b 72fism(\/§) < 7@
10 a=1, b=2 d 2sinzcosx e —3sinzcos®z
EXERCISE 17F.2 I f —sinzsin
2z 4 2 cosx cos 2z g sinzsin(cosz)
1 1 h —12sin4x cos? 4z
1 a flzg)=—— b fl(z) =
F'@ zIn2 (@) z1n10 4 a —cosecxcotx b —coseczcotx
/ — 1 _ 1 d = log. -1 5 a secxtanz b —cosec’x 6 a —% b 0
¢ S'@ xzIln3 2zInb (@) 0g32+1n3
7 a fl(z)=0 b f(z) =2(cos?z +sin®z) + 1
z2 3z —
e f/(z)= E—= =I5 ( (22
— 3)logs
) logs = =2(1) +1
(22— 3z)2 = 3, a constant
¢ e - Aoz) 3 8 a tangentB
zln2 b d_y = —sinz

+ 4cos 2z
2 A d_y: 3 b fl: 8z +3 dx
dr (3z—1)In2 dz (422 +3z)In5 When = = %, %:% Whenm:%’, Z—Z:%
dy whichis > 3 v
— = 3% |1n3 X log;(2:
¢ dz [n x logs( I)erlnb’]
862 ANSWERS
10 a lim f(z)= lim f(z)=0 12 — 6z

z—0~ z—0+ ¢ f(z)=122—6 d f(z)= o
f(z) is continuous at x = 0.
However, f/(0)=5# f,(0)=1 e f'(x) =24 — 48z f f(z) 20
(2z —1)3
d2y d2y
, _ fcosz, x>0 2 6
a=Y—- b Lo =30 d2yYy _ 9.3-5
dx? dax? 4 dz? 4
b f(’”)—{zx+5, z<0 d?y 8 d?y 2 2
11 b1 . cos9+ezsm6‘:1 dP:F ¢m*6(1 — 3x)(5z% — 15z +9)
e . d2y 2 d?y
e% = cos +ising f — =2+ — —Z — ge3%
dz? (1—z)3 g dz? ¢
EXERCISE 17G.2 MS——— h dz_y _ —22e™® —2re T 42— 2%
2 a —4cosec4xcotdx b 2sec2ztan2z dz? z3
¢ —1cosec?
3 (i)
3 d —8cosec? 2z cot 2z d2y z3 — 322— 6z — 6
i —_——
e 712cot2(%) cosec2(%) f %\/sec%”tan‘%” dx? z3e®
d; 3 a9 b 10 c 12 d 6
3 2 ¥ secz(l + x tan)
dz
d; d:
b & e®(cotz — cosec? ) ¢ 2 _ 8sec2ztan2e
dz z
d;
d d—z =—e® (cot 5+ %cosec2 (%))
d; 8 b f’(z)=3sinzcos2z + 6coszsin 2z
e ¥ o x cosecz(2 — x cot x)
dz d2y 1 d?y 1 d2y 2
9 a —=—= b —=-— ¢ — =—(1-1
f
dy <
—:\/cosecz[lfgcotz] g —dy =tanz dz? 22 dz? dz? 2 ( na)
dx dx 10 a 0 b 3 c0 d 6
d, 2
h &= cosec(x?) [1 — 222 cot(z2)] 11 Hint: Find fl and fi and substitute into the equation.
dx .
dx dz?
dy —/ cosec? & — %affi cotx
i = =_ coszsinz + 2z 16 a i flle)=—e%(xz+1) i f"(z)=e"*(z)
dz z 2/ sin? z
il f(x)=—eT(@—-1) v fO(z)=e"(z—2)
EXERCISE 17H B
2 b -3 . 1 b S (@) = (~1)e*(z —n +2)
1+ 422 V1—9z2 V16
— z2 EXERCISE 17) I
d d d; 4 d
d — ¢ 22 [ 1 a2 b 3¢ ceprd g4 2 Y
V25 — 22 14at dx dx dx y2 dx
5 a
dy
—=
dz arcsi ine x + —
m
T ol dz
a2
2\/y
1
dz
2
y3 dx
dy e’
b —
dx =¢€"
€7 arccosr ——_— m hy+md—y i 290y+12fl i y®+3zy? —
dx dx d
¢
dy
— = —e Tarctanz +
- g aW_2 yH__ = Bz
dx ! 1+ 22 dzx y dzx 3y dz Y
d
dy
—=
7o =322 i _—
z3
22 arcsinz + Nipr gl 2y dz 3y? dz
—op
oy 4 T
—
dz
2
2x
oy
d 3(x2+1 g B_2_ ¥
dy 2 Y
hLo dy —1—-2y
e & 2z arctan 3z + M
dx 1+ 9x2 dx fa T dz 2x
+ 2y
dy ( 2 g Ay 1-32
-y Ldy y
f — =3%(In3arccos
2z — ———
dx V1 —4z2 de 2wy —4y ! de x—y?
6 {z|-1<z<0or 1<a<2}, 7 a P(V3.%) K dy 1 | dy —e¥
2 —1 1
f(z) = ——our= b 7 d:c_siny dx_cosy+a:ey—2
1—(1+4z—x2)2 d
L dy_ z 272 Ly y
8 f'(z) =0, arcsinz + arccosz = %, a constant dx 3¥In3 dz x(ye¥ —1)
(Hint: sin0 = cos(§ — 0)) o dy 1+ secyv1 —a?
dy a dy 1 dx 7(1+acsecytany)m
9 b —= —_— =, —a<z<
de a?
+ 22 dx @2 — ase=a
dy —(54e72% + 322e3Y + 8zy?)
EXERCISE 171 W dz 3x2(ze3Y + 4y?)
1 a f@)=6 b (o) = — da a*h — 2ae?* —a

db ~ 4abe2?Inb — 3a3b2 + b
ANSWERS 863
L Py
dz2
-2t
y3
o Py _v -
dz2 ~ y3
_ PR
sz(z +5) —2(z+5) }
b g'(z) = =
Py 6et® — 8zel®
da? 22 ¢ W(x)= ————
@) = o2
adV_V—l b d’q 2q-3V -3
dg 3V —gq vz (1-V)? 14 a d—y:c052zfsin21
2 dx
s W _3-v b i -3 i -1 b Hint: cos2z
= cos?z — sinz < —%
15 s f(5) =1 b FE=0 < f1F)=2

de 2zy—1 v
a -z 1 b -2 c1l d —3 1 e <9 f 31
16 2
2 Gy Az3y + 4> dy
10 18 a — = —4cosec4zcot
4z
de 2z4t
xy? dx
b i P(1,1), Q@ -2) dy rsinz
b Y _ Jcosz—
ii AtP, gradient= % At Q, gradient= —%, dx cose 2+/cosx
d; 3y —2 < dy = e”(cot 2z — 2 cosec? 2z)

1 a W _y— b (V7.0) and (—/7,0) dx
der 2y —3z d dy —1
a (0,0), (1.0), (-1,0) de ~ Vi_z2
o (£.4) (£-4) (£ 4)
dy 325
( - 9
e — = 5ztarcsin 3z + ———
4 4 ’ 47 4 ? 4 4 ?
dz V1— 922
dy . 2%
4 4
f = =2%1n2 x arctan(z— %)+ i@ 22
%3 19
d?
afi:%mZer—%
d?
bfi:—Ze‘”Jra:e‘L
14 (0, 4), (0, —4), (—3v/5, —1), and (35, —1)
1
20 a f’(x)zQficos4:c—4\/5sin4x,
REVIEW SET 17A B
a f'(z) = 1522 b f/(z) =625 -5 1 4
f”(z):742\/5005417fisin4Z716\/Ecos4z
< f’(z):14z+i2 d f’(z):3+i3
T T L2 ii — 82
b i fi(fi V) -8
e F@)fl(z)=3 =3vF f f)=fl(z)=—2t e 2 1
dy ; dy 1
a — =6z — 423 b —==1+—
dx v dx +an
—W oy—
=2z\x 2 —_—
dx 2V— 2
_3
2 fl@=@+1) 7 b (0,0
B b _ 12
dx de x+3 =z
b (1,2)
< @:3xzezz+21362z
dx ¢ The gradient is e® = 1 for both. The tangents to each of
a f'(z) =5""%In5
x cosx the curves at this point are the same line.
2x In4 dy d2y
b fl(z) = ————— ¢ fl(z) = — 20 Y1 ZY_y
F'® = G me F@ =13 dx dz?
a 10 b —15 25 a i f'(z)=3"(1+=zln3)
1 1 il f(z) =3"In3(2+ zIn3)
a 543272 b 4(32% +2”)3(6z+ 42 7)
i f®)(z) =3%(In3)2(3 + zIn3)
¢ 22(1—22)3 — 6x(x? + 1)(1 — 22)?
v f®(z) =3%(In3)3(4 + zIn3)
(—2,19) and (1, —2)
b fM(z) =3%(n3)" 1(n+zln3)
inb
a (5c035x)1nm+sm ? b coswcos2a
— 2sinzsin2z 7l'2
z 26
¢ —2e 2 tanz 4 e 2T sec? z
243
10 3 REVIEW SET 17B B
: 246z —3 2 1 a fl(z)=62—7 b f/(z) =2z + 10
12 af’(z):% b - cz=3+6
ev e < ! x—23
f’(z):—+ d f'(z) = 15z/z
13 a f'(z) = 8z(z? +3)3 7z
864 ANSWERS
dy dy 3 15 d2y 10 d2y _5
a —= =622 -122+7 b ==-—+4—= 19 a —=-————— b — =6 z ?
+ 3z
dx z o dx z2 g4 da? (1—2z)3 da? 1
o5
d;
X 1}3
5
. dzy_7
de? (20— 3%)2 x In2
3%(In3)2 x 20
a f(8)=-17 b f/(3)=-17 < f'(3)=—6 21 az=-6+v33 bae=+/3 <¢az=-300r3

dy 1 1
a — =322(1-2%)? —z%(1—2?) ? 22 a f(xz)= —5sindx b z:%,%’ %’Qr%
dx s
2 W _y—cy b0
2_ _x
y U _ 2z -3)(z+1)° - 2(x? - 3z)(x+1) ° 03
de er — 2y
dx z+1
27 a fl(x) = e*(az + 1), f'(z) = ae®(ax + 2),
dy
a — =e” +xe” b (Le) f"(z) = a2e®(az + 3), fV)(x) = ae
' (ax + 4)
dx
b fM(z)
@) == re)=—
e” 3 1 = a" e (az + n)
a f’ = b f —_—
EXERCISE 18A NS
¢ fl(@) =212+ 1) 1 a fllz)=2z—4 by=-2z-1
s f@)=1-= < ®)
2
2 ay=-Tz+l1l b y=1z42
&
d y=-2z+6
b i -1
i 4 ° sy=32-1z
3 ay=21 and y=—6 b y=23 and y=-9
gradient = —1
- - =T cy=2
-3
4 a k=-5 b y=4z—-15 5 y=-3z+1
gradient = £
6 a=—-4, b="7 7 a=2 b=3 10 a=4, b=3
flz) = 3 fif} 1M1 ak=1 b y=8z—7 < I
d 322
12 a2 2 b y=4r-22
dx 2y
when = =1, fl =0
dx 13 ay=— LBEY 2
A — L,
VYEBE 2 b (2,0)
dy 322 -3 dy e"(x—2)
a —= b —= 14 a y=—e2x+3e2 b y:—%17%+ln3
dr 23 —3z dx z3 2
c y=der—e dy:%zfg e y=3exr —be
<
15 a Domainis {z|z <0 or =z > 2}
a
cosec
T secT b f/(z)= < y:%zf4+ln3
b fl(z) = ———
f'(@) In10
16 a i -1 iii —3 b y-intercept is —a
1 1 1
c f _-—— 3
f'(@) 1n3<z+5+zf4) 17 x-intercept %, y-intercept —2e 18 i/ units?
a f'(x) =24z2
— 24z — 18 b mzféor%
19 ay=z by=z ey:—%m+%+§
a 10 — 10cos 10z b tanz
in 5: dy=1 e y=2
¢ (5cosbz)In(2z)+ snoe 20 Hint: Show that there are no tangents which have gradient = 0.
a & b8 14 a=4, b=e¢? 21 %(%+1)2units2
d; 2si 1
15 a —1 b Hint: Showthat 2L — 2T Hl 22 a y:fizffi(§fl) b y:72z+27"+\/§
dx (sinz
+ 2)2
16 b
dy
iz=%1
1
iiz<0
z
cy=teri-i (2
d yf( WJrT")er% 1
18 a E = *ZCOSCC2(Z)
23 (-4, —64) 24 (4, —31) 25 (—1, —2)
26 a P(1)=1-3-1+3=0
b dy = zsec3z(3z
tan 3z + 2)
dx The zeros of P(z) are = =1, —1, and 3.
dy
€ =
- * cosec(e®)[e® cot(e®) + 1]
T
d dy 5
dz /1— 2522
e —idy = e 2¢%*(arctan2
(arc an 2x + 1+4x2)
f dy _ sec? @ Pz)=2°-32>—2+3
de \/1—tan?z
ANSWERS 865
cy=-z—1 d (-1,0) 5 a=2 b=4 6 (—1,-2) and (2, 1)

e Hint: Let P(z) = a(z —a)(z —b)(z —¢) 7 =0 8 y= I +4V1d
27 ay=2a—1z—a2+9 d
a d—x:ey(y+2) b 4e2zfy=2+12% 10 b=3
b y = 5z, point of contact (3, 15), and Y
y = —Tx, point of contact (—3, 21)
EXERCISE 18C NS
a y=(2a+4)zr —a? a iz>0 never b i never —2<z<3
b y =12z — 16, point of contact (4, 32), and ¢ ixz<2 iixz=2 d i xzeR i never
y = —4, point of contact (—2, —4)
e il1l<z<5b iiz<1l, z>5
29 y=5x—15 and y= -7z —3
f i2<az<4, z>4 iihz<0, 0<z<2
30 a y=e'z+e’(l—a) b y=ezx
a iz<1l, z>3 ih1<z2<3
31 a y+4r=-2 and y—12z=-18
b (—1,2) for y+4z=—-2 and b ff(Z)—f}Z;z— )(9;4:1)9
= 3z° — 12 v W
(3,18) for y—12z=—18 1 3 T
¢ For a tangent to pass through (1,4), 4 =4a—2a? must
a f'(z)
= 32% — 12z (g
have real solutions. But A < 0, so no real solutions.
= 3z(z —4) .;k;l;,)
d y=2a2 &Y 0 4 T
b increasing for < 0 and z > 4

decreasing for 0 < z < 4
i (3, 18)
increasing for x > 0, decreasing for = < 0
never increasing, decreasing for all =z € R
O a0
y —12z = ~18 increasing for x > 0, never decreasing
-0
(=12 increasing for x > —%, decreasing for = < -4
o
-3 T
never increasing, decreasing for all = # 0
y+de=-2 increasing for « > 1, decreasing for 0 < z < 1
never increasing, decreasing for >0
TW
32 a increasing for =z < 0, and = >

decreasing for 0 < z < 4
i increasing for — \/g EASRVA-
@il
decreasing for x < \/Z > \/—
| increasing for —5 <z < 3,

ol
24 decreasing for = < — 2. z >3

b 16z + a’y = 24a ¢ Ads (8a,0), Bis (0, —)
ke increasing for z > 0, decreasing for = < 0
18
d arca = fi units?; as a — oo, area — 0 I increasing for = < 27x/§, T > 2+\/§,
a
decreasing for 2 — \/5<z <2443
33 a= i. point of intersection (%, -‘é) f(z) =322 —62+5
34 ~63.43° b A=36—-60<0 and a>0
35 a Hint: They must have the same y-coordinate at = b and f'(z) lies entirely above z-axis.
the same gradient. f'(z) >0 forall z.
_ 1 1 f(z) is increasing for all @.
ca=4L e dy=e 2 T3
36 a y=2asz
— 2 as?, y=2atz
— at?
<
. AY
6ol [(@) ==
/
3 — 32 b
22 4 5 +2
EXERCISE 18B N
a z+ 8y =132 b z+7y=26 ¢ r—3y=-11
d z+ 6y =43 e 64z + 4y = —65 fr=2
g 4z + 5Ty
= 1042 hz—2y=-1
ay=4-2z byzf z+11%&569
a {r|z<2} ¢ 3r—2y=1 d 8z +3y=-19
ay=z+1 berty=e2+1 ¢ z+2y=1+2e
1
d2z+y:27"+3§ ey=1-——z fy=-z
© In4
g 20 —2V3y=mr+3 hx—fiy:% b increasing for z < —3 and z > 3,
2In6 decreasing for —3 <2 <0 and 0 <z <3
i (3ln3)z+2y=6In3+
In3 — + — fll=)
jz—2V3y=%-4V3 k 6z +y=V6r+2 -1 1 T
866 ANSWERS
b increasing for —1 <z <1, e AY (z) 214
Sal]
=
©
|
+
decreasing for # < —1 and =z > 1 9
8 a never increasing, decreasing for all = # —1
b increasing for —1 < x <1,
decreasing for =z < —1, >1 4
¢ increasing for —1 <z <1, 1<z<3, -3
decreasing for z < —1, = >3 Ly
d increasing for @ < V3, >3,
v 3,-14)
decreasing for —V3<az<—1, -1<z< 1,
L<z<V3 . §oa @)=
oo
|
—
B
—
|
2
|
&
=
+
=
>g
5
|
e increasing for « > 0, decreasing for = < 0 ,
f increasing for z > 2, decreasing for z <1, 1 <z <2 P + - .g ()
9 In this case, f(x) is only defined when z > 0. -
f'(z) is only defined when = > 0. b increasing for —1< x < 3,
decreasing for # < —1 and z >3
onoco
increasing for all = € R, never decreasing

increasing for & > —2, never decreasing ¢ (3,47) is a local maximum, (—1, —17) is a local minimum
never increasing, decreasing for all z € R d As x — oo, g(x) — —o0, as & — —o0, g(zx) — oo.
increasing for @ > —1, decreasing for = < —1 e AU
(3,47)
increasing for x > e’%, decreasing for 0 <z < e % Y
increasing for < 0, decreasing for = > 0
increasing for = > 0, decreasing for = < 0
increasing for = < —1,
decreasing for —1 <z <0, >0
1 1
increasing for x > 6_2’ decreasing for 0 < z < - 20
e (=1,=17) v 9(2) =227+ 62 + 180—
never increasing, decreasing for —1 <z <1
anOCo
increasing for —1 < @ < 1, never decreasing

increasing for all = € ]R, never decreasing 5 a i flx) b
< (2k+2)m, ke€Z, inflcctiflony
stationa 4 lo(ciallnla)x.
increasing for (2k + 1)
decreasing for 2km < z <(Zk + ), kel
4k — 1 4k +1
e increasing for % <z < %, kelZ,
4, 1 4
decreasing for W <z < M kezZ (1,0)
2 local min.
(2k + 1)
f increasing for = # , k € Z, never decreasing
<
1
g increasing for w <z < @, kez,
—1 1
decreasing for M <z < w, keZ
h increasing for all = € R, never decreasing
EXERCISE 18D I
1 a A -local max., O - stationary inflection, B - local min.
stationary
¢ iTz<-2and z>3 i —2<z<3 inflection
- + - + f(z)
—4 0 5 fl@)=2%—622+12z
+1
a P is alocal maximum, Q is a local minimum.
b f'(z) =322+ 12z — 15 = 3(z + 5)(z — 1) g
¢ P(—5,60), Q(1, —48)
a fl@)=a>-9 + - + )
= (z+3)(z—3) 3 3 T
b increasing for z < —3 and = > 3,
decreasing for —3 <z < 3 (=1,-9) | (1L,-9)
¢ (—3,22) is a local maximum, (3, —14) is a local minimum local min. ¢ local min.
d As z — o0, f(z) > o0, as z — —oo, f(z)— —oo.

ANSWERS 867
b (0,1), (m, 1), and (27, 1) are local maxima,

(", —1) and (%, - ) are local minima
f(z) local maxima

(0,1) (m1) (2m,1)
(1,0)
stationary
(—2.727) inflection
local min.
b Lo .
6 axz= “%a b local min. if @ > 0, local max. if a <0
a
7 a (2,1) is alocal minimum ¢ (0,0), (m, 0), and (27, 0) are local minima,
(1 ) and (— 1) are local maxima
T(@)=Va®—dz+5
b (0,0) is alocal maximum, local minima
(2, 4) is a local minimum

f(=) d (%, e) is a local maximum, 3m
(T’ ) is a local minimum
e
f(z)A local maximum
2, 4) local minimum
local
maximum
< (71, 7%) is a local minimum, 3m ) —\/5) is a local minimum,

1
v ) is a local maximum (%r, \/5) is a local maximum
Nl
t2.2)
local maximum
f(x) =cosz —sinz
(1.7
local minimum
(#-v2)
1 local minimum
8 a (1, —) is a local maximum
4
e
(52 3v3
is a local maximum,
&
a3
b (—2, —2) is a local maximum, (0, 0) is a local minimum

e
¢ (1, e) is alocal minimum d (—1, e) is a local maximum (5“, 7342@) is a local minimum,
9 aa=9 b (-4, 113) (377", 0) is a stationary inflection
10 aa=-12, b=—13
)
local maximum
b (-2, 3) is alocal maximum, (2, —29) is a local minimum
11 a=3, b=6, local minimum 12 az>0
f(x) =sin
2z +2cosz
) is a local maximum, (‘—;, —1) is a local minimum
2 z
(32—", O) stationary inflection
%‘, —%é) local minimum
(37", - ) local minimum

14 P(z) = —92% — 922 + 9z + 2
868 ANSWERS
15 a greatest value is 63 when z =5, 3 a concave up b concave down ¢ concave down

least value is —18 when z = 2 d concave up
b greatest value is 4 when z =3 and z =0,
least value is —16 when = —2 4 a ixz=20 iihz<0 i zeR iv never
¢ greatest value is 20 when x = 4, b i never i zeR <0 v z>0
least value is 12 when z =2
¢ izeR i never zeR iv never
d greatest value is 0 when 5
least value is —4 when z =4 d iz>0 ii never never v z>0
17 a f'(z) =6cos®z — 5cosz e ixz>0 i never iii never v z>0
¢ local max. at (0.421, 0.272), (2.72, 0.272), f i —V6<2<0 and z>6
local min. at (%, —1) < —v6 and 0<
2 < V6
d y |II:c<—x/§andac>\/§ iv —fléxéfi
(0.421,0.272) (2.72,0.272)
5 a z-intercept is 53; ! ~ 10.5
- =
™2 T z b no, .. there is no y-intercept
y =sin z cos 2x ¢ Domainis {z |z > %} d gradient = 2
e f'(z)= m <0 forall > %, so f(x) is

(3.-1) concave down.
18
Ve
a= -5 b=_ -5 1
. Inz . . Lo
19 Hint: Show that —— has only one stationary point, which is
x
a local maximum.
20 Hint: Show that f(z) > 1 forall z > 0.
T 37
21 az= 272
6
b (0,1) and (2, 1) are local minima,
(m, —1) is a local maximum
¢ f(x) has period 27
d local
local fla) =seca minimum !(x) = 7;1 : _ i "z()
minimumé
0,1)— ; 0
x : i
>
T
f(z) is concave down for z > 0.
certy=e?+1
(m, —1)
7 a concave up for & < 0, concave down for = > 0
local
maximum b never concave up, concave down for all z # 0
¢ concave up for 0 < < 2, concave down for = > 2
d concave up for « > —2, concave down for x < —2
22 by=z+1
e concave up for & < —1, concave down for = > —1
f concave up for 0 < z < 0.753 and z > 2,
1—4/1+2 concave down for 0.753 < =z < 2
and —1, <
2 8 a -1<z<1 bz<—-1and z2>1
¢ —V3<z<0 and 2> 3
dz<—v3 and 0<z< V3
9 a f(z) does not have any x or y-intercepts.
b as z — oo, f(z) — o0, as & — —oo, f(z) — 0"
+ - +
¢ local minimum at (1, e) d iz>0 il z<0
= 0
+ + € f(z)
+ 0 local minimum
0 — (1,¢)
b B is a local minimum, D is a local maximum 2 horizontal asymptote
< C
vertical asymptote y="0
2 a f'(¢)=3224+6z—-5 b _ L [ z=0
f"(z) =6z +6 1 T
¢ iz>-1 iz -1 f2r+ey=-3
ANSWERS 869
EXERCISE 18F B d i local maximum at (—2, 29), local minimum at (4, —79)
1 b B ol
minimum.
il non-stationary inflection at (1, —25)
iii increasing forz< —2 and z > 4,
decreasing for —2 <z <4
B = 0
iv concave down for = < 1, concave up forz > 1
@ 0 +
v
D ar 0 local maximum @)
(=2,29) non-stationary
¢ C is a non-stationary inflection point,
inflection
D is a stationary inflection point.
2 a stationary inflection at (0, 2)
b non-stationary inflection at (2, 3) flx)=2°-32% - 24z + 1
stationary inflection at (0, 2)
non-stationary inflection at (—1%, 11;—?) (4, —79) local minimum
d no points of inflection
e i local minimum at (—1, —3)
e stationary inflection at (—2, —3)
f non-stationary inflection at (1, 9) il non-stationary inflection at ( %, —21—6)
g non-stationary inflections at (—1, 5) and (1, 5) stationary inflection at (0, —2)
h non-stationary inflections at (—+/3,4) and (v/3, 4) iii increasing for @ > —1, decreasing for = < —1
. . . . 1 iv concave down for 7% <z<0
i non-stationary inflection at (— &2 —%)
concave up for = < 7§ and >0
. L 5 9
3 a i local minimum at (5, —%
v non-stationary
i no points of inflection inflection f(x) = 32" + 4z
ii
iv
increasing for
concave up for all
@ > 2,
z € R
decreasing for @ < % (-3-28)
v
(0, -2)
stationary
local minimum (=1, =3) y infiection
f i local minimum at (1, 0) il no points of inflection

increasing for © > 1, decreasing for = < 1
iv concave up for all z € R
b :i local maximum
: at (-3,8 256
52),
local minimum at (0, 0)
ii non-stationary inflection at (7‘—1, %) local
minimum
iii increasing for x < —% and z > 0,
(1,0)
decreasing for —% <x<0
iv concave up for x> —%, concave down for = < —
g i local minimaat (—v/2, —1) and (v/2, —1),
Wl
v
local maximum ( 256
W) local maximum at (0, 3)
il non-stationary inflections at (\/g, %) and
non-stationary
inflection
V3.3
i increasing for —V2<2<0 and = >
decreasing for x < \/5 and 0< 2z < V2
minimum iv concave down for 7\/2 <z < \/_
concave up for = < — % and x> %

¢ i no turning points ii no points of inflection
iii increasing for @ > 0, never decreasing non-stationary non-stationary
iv concave down for = > 0, never concave up inflection inflection
v
(-v53)
(—v2.-1) (V2.-1)
local minimum local minimum
870 ANSWERS
h i no turning points i no points of inflection 7 az#0

increasing for x > 0, never decreasing
b f’(l):; 2 i @/|
iv concave down for = > 0, never concave up
0 T
v
f(x) is increasing for > 0 and decreasing for x < 0.
f”(x)zffi )
0 T
4 a g-intercept In+/3, y-intercept —2

b f'(z) =2e** >0 forall z€R
¢ f'(x) =4e** >0 forall z €R
das z — —oo, e2* -0 - e** -3 -3t
e
8 a local maximum at (0, ;). increasing for z < 0,

V2
S decreasing for © > 0
1
b non-stationary inflections at (71, \/_) and
e
5 a f(z): a-intercept In3, y-intercept —2 ¢

(- 7=)
as z— oo, f(z)— 0T, as = — —oo, f(z)— 0"
g(z): z-intercept ln(%), y-intercept —2
d
b f(z): as @ — oo, f(z) — oo f@)=oh=e
— 2
(
g(z): as = — oo, g(z) — 3~ non-stationary non-stationary
inflection inflection
4 f'(x) + f"(x)
X(7)
D D
f(z) is increasing and concave up for all = € R.
+ g'(z) _ g9"(x) 9 a The inflection points coincide with the z-intercepts.
=z D b non-stationary inflection points at (%, O) and (T", O)
g(x) is increasing and concave down for all = € R.
¢ im<z<2m o<z il T<a< sz
d (0, -2) and (In5,2)
v O0<z<3 2 and =
e
f(@) '
— local maxima _
non-stationary (2m,1)
/ inflections \
f(z)=cosz
«, —1) local minimum
6 a g-intercept In+/3, y-intercept —2 10 a-intercept 0, y-intercept O

o
Qnan
b fl(z)=€e"+3e* >0 forall zeR as x — o0, y—00, as x — —oo,

Yy — 07
i
local minimum at (—1, —3)1
¢ y is concave down below the z-axis and concave up above
the z-axis. y is concave down for < —2 and concave up for = > —2.
d 1 y=e"—3e "
®
(ny3,0)
non-stationary
inflection
ANSWERS 871
11 a i Hint: Show that f/(t) = Ae %' (1 — bt). b local

i Hint: Show that f'(t) = Abe % (bt — 2).
b f) : 1
local maximum (_ _)
- >
non-stationary (2 24 non-stationary
inflection — f(z
inflection b, b L y=1(x)
y=r(x)
f(t) = Ate?t min
3 y
A(0,2)
_slé;{lon:_a Y non-stationary
Inflection inflection y=g(x)
12 a y-intercept d
B(2,0)
non-stationary / ¢
inflection (glflA, 7) C(4,-2)
local min
EXERCISE 18H
1 a % b % ¢ 1 d limit does notexist e 0 f 1
13 a non-stationary inflection (0, 0) g % h 0 i limitdoesnotexist j 0 k ln(%)

b non-stationary inflection (%, 0) 22
2 f(z) = —, as — oo, f(z) — 0T as e becomes larger
EXERCISE 18G €
1 a much more quickly than 22

3 After applying I’Hopital’s rule once, we return to where we
started. 1’'Hopital’s rule does not help us here.
. § —arccosz—x
4 No. lim 2 =3
5 a{z|z#0, -1}
C(a? —z— 1)+ 2z +1
b f’(z):%
2+
¢ (0.774, 0.851)
b domainis {z |z # 0, —1}
d ia z— —oo, f(z) =0~ i lim f(z)=1
z—0
e
-
(0.774,0.851)
< Y local i
non-stationary o
max inflection y=1)
6 a 2 b limit does not exist 70
y=f(x)
a limit does not exist b limit does not exist
9 ao
b The result in a implies that for large x, e® is greater than z*
for any fixed k € ZT.
e” increases more rapidly than any fixed positive power
of x. .
2 a local Don-stationary . . nx
10 Hint: Consider lim —=, k€ 7+,
inflection 4Y z—00 T
1
stationary 13 lim o% =1 Hint: Consider z= = (e“‘m)’ =e T
Bl
inflection T—00
REVIEW SET 18A N

1 ay=4c+2 b y=7x—-14 cy=-1
2
d3z—ey=-1 e y=-x
€
872 ANSWERS
2 asct+3y=44
x
Y
= b Y
-+
6e2
—
6e2
Ly e+l
¢ z—5y=11 d x4 2y = e+ 4e%¢
local maxima 4
4 (—2,19) and (1, —2) 5 Ly
p=1 g=-8 -F.3622 (=5:2)
5a=64 6 a=9 b=-16 7 (-2 —25)
local minimum (-7,
— a = -
8 a y7—2€2ux+2€2u+e“2 by~~ -1.12z - _m T
2
9 P(0,7.5), Q(3.0) 10 3287 ~ 215 units? 11 EYI0 yngs

12 a2 2V8e-y=28%5 bdrty=4V3+71 local minimum (%, —3)
1% a ¥d, __T°Y
2z —
by:%zfg
de = +3y% -2 23 fl(z) =622 —6z+1, b _ + @
15 a 6<z<2 bz<
-6 and z>2
f'(z)=12z -6 L z
16 a local maximum at (—2, 51), local minimum at (3, —74) z< 3 d (3, -12)
b increasing for
2< -2 >3
d
local max. (—2,51)
24 concave up for x > %, concave down for x < %
concave up for = < —3,
decreasing for concave down for —3 <z <0 and = >0
—-2<z<3
concave up for —4 <z <2 and = >0,
¢ as ¢ — oo, concave down for z < —4 and —2<x <0
f(@) — oo, 25 x>0
as & — —oo,
f(z) — —oc0
local min. (3,—74) Fla)=1+-
! 1
T
"
@) = —— T
1
17 a {z|z# -3} b z-intercept %, y-intercept 7% | + f'(x) ] — /"(x)

—_— —_—
: T : T
11 /
¢ f(=@)fl(z) = ———
Groe - + — oy -J@ 0 0
f(z) is increasing and concave downwards for all = > 0.

d no stationary points
18 greatest value is ~ 10.3 when z = 10,
least value is 6 when x =4
. L 1 .
19 b iz>0 iiz<j ¢ local maximum at (3,11 5)
20 a increasing for = < 7\/5 and = > \/5,
decreasing for “V2<z<V2
b increasing for = > 1, decreasing for = < 1
¢ increasing for all = € R, never decreasing r+2y=3
21 a local maximum at (1, 3), local minimum at (%, % 26 f(z) = e”"‘/g(cosz+\/§sinz) b z=3Z or HT”
b local maximum at (—6, —12), local minimum at (0, 0)
22 a (—m, —1) is alocal minimum, (7, 1) is a local maximum
27 (0,1n5) is a local minimum

(—V/5,In10) and (v/5, In10) are non-stationary
inflections
local minimum (—m, —1) increasing for @ > 0, decreasing for = < 0
(==, 1), (0,1), and (7, 1) are local maxima, concave up for V<< V5
concave down for # < —v/5 and = > V5
(—=%.0) and (%, 0) are local minima
*y
In(z
(ml) —m 1 _—
local maxima
T (m, 1
-+
o (*?O)klocal 1nini1na/'(%~0)
!
ANSWERS 873
28 az=2% 2 b f(z)= esin’ (sin? 2z + 2 cos 2z) L oa=-14, b=21
¢ (0.999, 2.03) and (2.14, 2.03) are non-stationary 5 a f3)=2 f'(3)=-1 b f(z)=2a?-Tz+14
inflections. 7 aa=2 b y=3z-1 ¢ (—4, -13)
29
8 (3.1 9 (0,2In2-1)
10 a 20+3y=2+2/3 b a+2V2y=73%+2
11 az+4V3y=3%-8/3 b 2r—2y=m—2
12 y=34+32 13 a=2, b=-32
1% a3z4+y=4 V3z—y=—-4 b (0, 4)
d: ZE s
7w co + 8x
15 a—y:—2 y:%x—%
30 'lof:al y dx 4y
o 16 a d
—1<z<0Oa>4 b z<—-1ad 0<z<4
non-stationary y=1'(x)
inflection 17 a a=-9
local b local maximum at (—1, 55), local minimum at (3, 23)
minimum
18 a z-intercepts 0 and 2, y-intercept 0
b local maximum at ( 23> 32
27/ local minimum at (2, 0)
and =z > 2
1 , as & — —00, Yy — —00.
In2 € Av y=[z?
L 4d® +J4c
32 a fl(z)=e " (1—222), f(z)=2ze
" (222 — 3)
. 1 1
b local minimum (—fi, 7\/?),
:
local maximum 1
(\/5, T1
~——
¢ as z— —oo, f(z) —07,
d non-stationary inflections at
SN—
|
e
>
=
=
e
—
|
o
o
19 a
SN——
and (\/g, \/ge’

e
20 a local minimum at (0, 1) b as z — oo, f(z) — o0
¢ f'z)=e" + J"(x)
f(z) is concave up for all z € R.
y=e'—x
33 6
34 a After applying I’'Hopital’s rule twice, we end up where we
started, so I’Hopital’s rule does not help us here.
b1 21 (1—a, e*1) is a local maximum 22 a=2, b=3
35 a pe)=a(z—7)2+ 2ar+b)(z—r)+ar?+br+ec 23 r< —1.96 and 0.238 < = < 3.22
¢ The tangent to p(z) at z =r is
Co
—1.96 < < 0.238 and z > 3.22

p(z) = p(r) + p'(r)(xz — r). We can use the form in a to
—1<z<2 dz<—-1 and z>2
A
find p(r), p’(r), and hence a formula for the tangent to

24 stationary inflection at (0, 9),
p(z) at z=r.
o
non-stationary inflection at ( 32’ 6316

REVIEW SET 18B IS non-stationary inflections at (—1, 8) and (%, %)
o
1 a y=23lz—43 b z+ 128y = 41
3v3 =-3 d y:%x+%
25 a0<e<? ad T <o
cy=3z+=5~ e y=1In3 sinx . .
b f'(z) = 72\/%, increasing for 377" <x<2m,
1
2 azxz=1 bz=0 Cy=—x+—— decreasing for 0 <z < 5
Nl
Nl
€
874 ANSWERS
30 ay=2x—-3
¢ f'(z) >0 forall z€ R
f(z) is increasing
d %<m<2
26 a
31 a2 b1
f(z) = 1222 — 24z + - + @)
0 2 T
33 To differentiate (2 + h)™ with respect to h, we would need to
use the rule that we are trying to prove.
b (3, —20) is a local minimum
(0, 7) is a stationary inflection
3% a i3 b limit does not exist
a
2b
(2, —9) is a non-stationary inflection 35 b iy=——z+0b il when =0, y="»
d iz>3 i xz<3 il <0
and z>2
a
iii Hint: Let P be the point on the line y = —b where
vog<z<?2
the distance to P is shortest.
€ Af(@) Show that FP = P"'P.
1 fl@) =2t =4z + 7
¢ i Hint: Show that AFPP’ is congruent to AP//PP’.
““1(0, 7) stationary inflection
ii Hint: Show that the tangents meet at (a ; c’ Z—Z)
»
EXERCISE 19A B
19 2, -9) dP
“| non-stationar; 1 a $118000 b o = 4t — 12 thousand dollars per year
inflection
¢ 20, which means that in 8 years from now, profits will be
v (3, —20) local minimum
increasing at a rate of $20 000 per year.
27 a local maxima at (0, 1), (m, 1), and (2, 1), 2 a 190 m? per day b 180 m? per day
local minima at (%, 0) and (37”, 0)
a 1QUO)=100 i Q(25)=50 i Q(100)=0
b n?’n-st?tionary inflccti(l)ns at (I, %), (‘%’, %), b i decreasing by 1 unit per year
(5> 3), and (5, 5 i decreasing by % units per year
< 5
= COSQI
¢ Q'(t) 7
Q(t)=——=<0 forall t>0
(0,1) (2m,1) 4 a 05m b i ~158m i ~21.7m iii 249 m

¢ t=0: 6.9 mperyear, t=25: 1.725m per year,
t =10: ~ 0.767 m per ycar
GON, 7 d
dt
d—H:fi>0
(t+5)2
forall t=0
local minima
The tree will continue to grow forever.
28 a —1 ba#l 5 a C'(z) =6+ 8.42~93 dollars per pair
¢ f(z)<0 for <1 and 1<z <2
b (C’(220) ~ $7.67, this estimates the cost of making the
and f'(z) >0 for z >2 221st pair of jeans if 220 pairs are currently being made.
f"(x) >0 for >1, f’(z) <0 for z <1 C(221) — C(220) ~ $7.66, this is the actual cost of making
The function is decreasing for all defined values of = < 2,
the 221st pair of jeans. The answer in b is a very good
and increasing for all x > 2. The curve is concave down
cstimate.
for < 1 and concave up for > 1.
i 4500 euros ii 4000 euros
e tangentis y = e?
b i decreasing at ~ 210.22 euros per kmh—!
i increasing at ~ 11.31 euros per kmh—?!
¢ ~79.4 kmh~!
dv t
— =—1250 (1— —) L min—!
dt 80
dav
—
.
dt( (L min~")
-1
29 non-stationary
inflection . 80
local maximum
stationary t (min)
inflection av
= —1250(1 - L)
dt 80
—IQSOY
b t =0 when the tap was first opened

ANSWERS 875
d’V 125 18 b i 0 metres per radian ii 1 metre per radian

— =—>0
dt? 8 iii &~ 1.11 metres per radian
This shows that the rate of change of V is constantly
EXERCISE 19B W
increasing, so the outflow is increasing at a constant rate.
1 250 items per day 2 b 15mx30m
The near part of the lake is 2 km from the sea, the furthest
part is 3 km. 3 b Luyin ~28.3m, when z ~ 7.07 <
dy 3.2
iz =3¢ —T+3 3 14.1m
d;
When @ = 1, 2% — 0.175, the height of the hill is
dz
7.07m
increasing as the gradient is positive.
dy 4 10 blankets per day
When z = 1%, d_ = —0.225, the height of the hill is
T 5 a Hint: V=200=2xxzxh
decreasing as the gradient is negative. . 100 . .
b Hint: Show h = — and substitute into the surface arca
= 2.55 km from the sea, ~ 63.1 m deep
equation. £
When rrin 0, the population is not changing over time, ¢ Amin ~ 213 cm?, d _———
so it is stable.
when =~ 1.22 “! 562em
4000 fish ¢ 8000 fish 943 om 4.22cm
dpP
Hint: Show that E is increasing for 0 Pyyple. 1L = 1000 cm®.
k=— £51n2~
1 ~ 0.0139
b Hint: Recall that SAcyjnger = 2772 + 277h.
O o
i 20 grams il &~ 14.3 grams iii =~ 1.95 grams < 5.42 cm

A
= 216 hours or =~ 9 days (==

i~ —0.0693 gh—! il ~—264x10"7 gh™! 10.84 cm
2
dW
Hint: You should find - = — L 1n2 x 20~ % 1"
dat
1 k=3mn(4)~0123 b 100°C 7 b 6cmx 6cm
c=—k~ —0.123 8 a0<z< W67
i decreasing at &~ 11.7°C min~ 1 b 1=100, z=10~318 A= 200006370m2
ii decreasing at ~ 3.42°C min™ 1
iii decreasing at &~ 0.998°C min— 1 9 ay=30—-=z b A(z) = 2(30 — z) em?
¢ Al(z) =30 —2z d =15 15cm x 15 cm
12 ~~ 43.9 cm b ~ 10.4 years
i growing at &~ 5.45 cm per year 10 a area=4dzvV25—z2cm?2 b 5v/2cm x 5v/2 cm
i growing at ~ 1.88 cm per year 1 -1
11 20 kettles 12 C(W’e 2)
When ¢t =0, A =0 litres
o ln23
(= 0.231)
13
14
(3.544, 8), length of pipe required ~ 15.64 km
b 0~ 191, A~r 237cm?2
ii & 0.728 litres of alcohol produced per hour 15 a E'(t) = 750e~ 1% (1 — 1.5t)
14 cm? per radian b 40 minutes after the injection
15 b 10 cm per radian 16 ¢ 0= %, area &~ 130 cm?

I = /800 — 800 cos6 cm
16 i 0 volts i 340 volts 17 3% km 18 after ~ 13.8 weeks
i —34 0007 volts per second ii 0 volts per second 19 a Hint: Use the cosine rule. b ~ 3550
17 2000 bees b ~37.8% ¢ yes, 3000 bees ¢ ~ 5:36 pm
2595
B'(t) = el 73L(1 + 0.5e 1-731)2 >0 forall £t>0 20 V3:42
21 ¢ 0=% d ar
+ - do
B(t) is increasing over time.
~ 0.0806 bees per month 0 L_r T o
2
B(t) e i Row from P to Q at an angle of £ to the diameter of the
lake, then walk from Q to R.
ii Walk from P to R.
22 d =~63.7%
23 a X is between A and C.
¢ x & 2.67 This is the distance in km from A to X which
minimises the time taken to get from B to C.
876 ANSWERS
2502 ¢ ~79.4 kmh~!

24 b v=2%3m [0 b C(V3,6)
< V(o b A =200z
— 222 — Lra? <
ol
400 ®
350
300
250 28.0m
200
150
1 56.0m
100
50 adians ay=—,
Y s z z>0
0 >
¢ baseis /2~ 1.26 m square, height is =~ 0.630 m
d 0~513 dD
a s —3.4476sin(0.507t), this tells us the rate at which
25 b ~337Tm 26 4 m from the 40 cd lamp
27 ¢ L &~ 7.02 m. This is the length of metal tube which can the depth of water is increasing or decreasing ¢ hours after
be carried around the corner from one corridor to the other midnight.
without bending. dD
b ~515m ¢ rising, when t =8, T ~273>0
2 3
28 a tana=—, tan(a+0)=— d midnight and &~ 12:24 pm, maximum depth of 16.1 m
x
b 0= arctan% - arctan% d V6m a i 5km i 2¢/10 km

29 ~1.34m a A= 3@12 b %é cm? per minute
EXERCISE 19C NS d
b = (A2?) = 5000 — 43 ¢ z=25V2
da db
1 a b —+3a?—==0 T
dt + dt a V(r)= %m‘3 m?
b a is decreasing at 7.5 units per second. b decreasing at z£— ~ 0.00679 m min~!
dA d:
2 a A=2? b 20 Z ¢ 24 cm? per second a a? +b? —2abcosd = ¢ + d? — 2cdcos
dt dt
dz dy REVIEW SET 19B _
3 a xzy =100 by—+z =0
Y VT 1 a C'(z)= 2.8052~915 4 1.42795 curos per item
¢ i 0.25 cm per minute ii 1 cm per minute b C’(1000) &~ €1.04, this estimates the cost of making the
1001st item each day.
& a 4m m? per second b 87 m? per second
¢ C(1001) — C(1000) ~ €1.04, this is the actual cost of
5 increasing at 0.375 m per minute
making the 1001st item each day. The answer in b is a very
6 decreasing at 0.16 m® per minute 7 230 cm per minute good estimate. .
30000e™ 4
8 decreasing at % ~19.2ms! 9 ~ 1.35 cm per minute 2 a P(0) = 20000 b Pt = ——
(142e77)2
10 a 02ms™ ! b A ms!
¢ Hint: Use the fact that e~¥ is never negative.
11 a increase b increasing at 2\’/'5= 1.21 cm per minute P(t) is increasing for all ¢ > 0.
t t
12 % radians per second
g prgy = 0T T
7500”4 (2e" 4 —1
L)
13 a decreasing at 155
10 radians per second (1+2e77)3
e 3750 per year when ¢ = 41n2 years
b decreasing at ——
100 radians per second
fas t— oo, P(t)— 60000~
14 increasing at 0.128 radians per second
g
15 increasing at 0.12 radians per minute
16 increasing at ~ 24.3 ms~!
17 a &35 mems ™! b 0cms™!
18 a \2/01%7r radians per second b 1007 radians per second
19 b L150 m per minute 3 a A=2427(1 — cosf) cm?

b 12127 ~ 538 cm? per radian
REVIEW SET 19A B
4 6 cm from each end 5 z-coordinate ofP is Ina.
1 a 60cm b i &~ 4.24 years ii =~ 201 years
6 ~
z~211 7 b L
—5 metres
¢ i 16 cm per year il ~ 1.95 cm per year
8
a £20000 b £146.53 per year 8 a lLQ=-—-
x
3 a =~ $4930.25
b Hint: Show that
b i decreasing at ~ $1.39 per kmh—?! (length of pipe)? = (LQ + 1)% + (8 + )2
i increasing at ~ $2.83 per kmh—! then simplify.
ANSWERS 877
_ Rational bounds for b n =10000

d ~11.2 km 2.9045 < 7 < 3.3045
3.0983 < 7 < 3.1783
9 a Hint: Use Pythagoras to find h as a function of z and 3.1204 < 7 < 3.1604
then substitute into the equation for the volume of 3.1312 < m < 3.1512
a cylinder. 3.1396 < 7 < 3.1436
b radius &~ 4.08 cm, height &~ 5.77 cm 3.1414 < w < 3.1418
10 ~3.60 ms~ ! 1 QOT‘/E ~ 21.1 m per minute EXERCISE 20B N

T2 Y2 dy 2cos @ 1 a
12 a —+ZL -1 b 2 =—
9 + 4 dx 3sind
¢ 6 units?, when g = X,T 2020y

3% 57 o Im
EXERCISE 20A B
1 a i 0.4 units? il 0.6 units? b 0.5 units?
2 a ~0.653 units? b =~ 0.737 units?
Ap, and Ay converge to %
4 a i
0.16000 | 0.36000
0.20250 | 0.30250
0.24010 | 0.26010
0.24503 | 0.25503
0.24900 | 0.25100 50 | 3.2016 3.2816
0.24950 | 0.25050 100 | 3.2214 3.2614
0.24995 | 0.25005
500 | 3.2373 3.2453
ii
o
S—
5@
»o
X
=
w
=
0.40000 | 0.60000
"
8
2
0.45000 | 0.55000
3
0.49000 | 0.51000
0.49500 | 0.50500
0.49900 | 0.50100
0.49950 | 0.50050
0.49995 | 0.50005
fii -3
0.54974 | 0.74974
0.61051 | 0.71051 b lower ~ 1.2493, upper ~ 1.2506
0.65610 | 0.676 10 ¢ lower ~ 1.2493, upper~ 1.2506
0.66146 | 0.67146 3 L2
0.66565 | 0.66765 d/ e ° dr~24999, V27
~ 2.5066
0.666 16 | 0.667 16 -3
0.66662 | 0.666 72 4 a 18 b 45 ¢ 27 5 b io0 ii 22
EXERCISE 20C W
iv
z2 23 ab . 1
0.61867 | 0.81867 1 a i — i — i — v ——
0.68740 | 0.78740 2 3 6 x
0.73851 | 0.75851 1 4 . 2 5
vVogg v 227 vii 3z vii £z
0.74441 | 0.75441
0.74893 | 0.75093 antl
b The antiderivative of= (n# —1)
0.74947 | 0.75047 n+1
0.74995 | 0.75005 1
2 a i iet i Le5® i 2e? iv 100e0-012
1 1 _— .3 1
b iz i 3 i % v 3§ ¢ area =
v Lleme
e vi 3e?
878 ANSWERS
1 REVIEW SET 20A B

b The antiderivative of e*® is Ee’“‘ where k # 0 isa
2
constant. . _ 17 _ 25 2 ~ 21
9z 93z 9—= 92 1 a A=, B=% b/(4—x)dm~T
3 a — ii i iv 0
In2 3In2 —In2 3In2 5 1 3
ok 2 al b —— ¢ —2 2 d sinx e —
b The antiderivative of 2%% is , where k is a constant. 5 2z In3
kln2
3 a y i
d . 1 y=sinz o
4 a —(z%+22) =322+ 22
dx
the antiderivative of 6z2 + 4z is 223 + 2z2.
b L @va)
= 3vF
the antiderivative of /z is %xfi
T %
. L)
d(l) = L -3
1,72 1 2
dz \\/z 2 2x+/T b lower rectangles upper rectangles

1 Y N
the antiderivative of 1 y=sinz 1 Y y=smz
/T
d
d —(cosz) = —sinz 2 2
dz
1 1
the antiderivative of sinz is —cosz. 2 2
e i(435 +1)* = 16(4z + 1)3

dz - 2 = =
xT xT
the antiderivative of (4z +1)3 is 1—16(49: +1)4
f % (tan %) = %sec2 (%) (1 +v/3) z (3 +V/3)

—_— < sinz de < ———
12 o 12
the antiderivative of sec? (%) is 3tan £.
d T
g — (sin(3z — 1)) = 3cos(3z — 1) or 0.715 < sinz dr < 1.24
dx
0
the antiderivative of cos(3z — 1) is % sin(3z — 1).
4 a 2w b 4
EXERCISE 20D W 5 a i % units? ii 2% units? iii 2% units?
d
1 a —(2?)
7 ) =22 "2 1 2
b/dem:/xdeJr/a:de
- the antiderivative of 2z is z2.
Jo 0 J1
b 8 units?
2 %
3
REVIEW SET 20B I
2 a3z b £2 units
a2
1 a
< % ~ 0.67 .. the answers are the same.
3 a0 4units? il 164 units? i 203 units?

3 2 3
b / zsdz:/ zadz+/ 23 da
0 0 2
) ) W2-2
4 a 3% units? b 8% units? < —3 units?
3 lower rectangles upper rectangles
d (eZ — 1) units? e 2 units? y
6 27 ynits?
* 1
7 ¢ i / (7102) dx = 7%, the area between y = —x? and
0
the z-axis from =0 to z =1 is % units?.
= =
1 T 02040608 1 =
ii / (z? — z) dz = 7%, the area between y = x? —
0
dx
and the z-axis from =0 to z =1 is % units?.
0
iii / 3z dz = —6, the area between y = 3z and the
-2
z-axis from = —2 to = =0 is 6 units?.
d -7
ANSWERS 879
d d
d—(13 —2z) =322 -2 — (sinz) = cosz
x z
the antiderivative of 3. 22
—2 is 2%
— 2z
/cosz dr =sinz +c¢
d % 4% 43
b (x):;x =3z
dz d
4
= (cosz) = —sinz
the antiderivative of ¥/z is %zg. z
. d ( ) 1
—(arccosr) = ———— /(7 sinz) dz = cosz
+ ¢
dx Vi-22
S 1 . d
the antiderivative of is —arccosz. — (tanz) = sec?
1—x T
4 a3 b L 5 a 18units® b 18 units®
a /sechdx:tanerc
6 b Area of top half = / v/ a2 — 22 dz units?
Qo
—a
a % (m3 +m2) =322 + 2z
total area = 2 X / v/ a2 — 22 dz units?
Qo
a /(3x2+2x) de=a%+22+¢
b
24/a? — 22 dz units?
a —a % (32* - 22%) = 122" — 42
¢ 2vVa? — 22
EXERCISE 21A B ‘/(3z37z) dz:%z‘lf%zQJrc
d
1 —(kx)=k
7 (k)
f@) +9(2)
/kdz:kz+c % (3%) =3%In3
‘/i’;“”ln?;da::3“g
3z
/ 3%dpT = —
1n3-¢—c
d TV _ g7 ]
= (a®) =a"Ina
/azlnadatc:am
x
/afidz—a—, a>0, a#l
" Ina
d
— (cosecz) = — cosecz cot
dx
/(— cosecz cot z) dor = cosecx + ¢
d
— (secz) = secz tanz
dz
secz tanz dx = secx + ¢
d
— (cota) = — cosec? z
dx
(— —cosec” cosec?)s) dodr == cotx + ¢
d 1
=
— ( (arcsinz) ) =
V1 2
dx = arcsinz + ¢
d 1
— (arccos) = ———
d: ¢ ) V1—a2
) dx = arccosx + ¢
880 ANSWERS
d (arct ) 1 ¢ —tatt4a®—3x+ec d f2 + 128+ iat4e

— (arctanz) =
z 1+ 22
e %x57%x37%x2+21+c f%x3+ln\m|+c
1
dx = arctanz + ¢ g %zfi76fi+c h éln|z\+§+c
/1+z2
_1 5
10 a 1 b ;1:1 i 222z -9z tc i =6z % +2zt +e
T -z =z
2 a2°—32224+c b dln|z|+ 32—+
1 Inz+ec, z >0
< —dx = ¢56“+%13+c d %zfi+e“‘+c
z In(—z) +¢, <0
2
e 3em+fi+c f %In|z\+%137%ez+c
1n a2 b — -1
zlna —zlna zlna
3 a —3cosz—2x+c b 222 — 2sinz
+c¢
. 1 do — I og, T + . s T >0 ¢ —cosz —2sinz+e*+c d %I:3fi+1080512+6
zlna log,(—z) +¢, =<0 e .3 1.2
1gz’ — sz +tanz +c f cosx+ 4ga/ZT +c
d 1
12 a — (sin3z)
= 3cos 3z h ay=6z+c by:%13+c cy=——+c
dx T
2
dy=3z>+¢ ey:%m4f4m+c
/005395 dr = %sin3x+c
fy=at+ad+c g y=2z—In|z|+c
h y=—cosz+2sinz+c | y:2€$75x+%x2+c
b diz(cos(%—x)):sin(%—x)
5 We cannot divide by zero.
/sin(%—x) dx:cos(g—x)-%—c 6 a i-%—c b 3In|z|+logy x|+ ¢

In4
< % (sin (1 — 5z)) = —5cos (1 — bz) < i—ZXW#—c d —cosecx

+ ¢
Inb In7
e sinxz —cotx + ¢ f—3zf/zfésecx+c
/cos(l—59:)d:c:—%sin(l—5x)+c
7 a 2e'+4cost+ec b 3sint—In|t|+c
d i (e3z+1) _ gedutl < —5cost—%t\/f+c d tanz —2coszx + ¢
dz
e %92+c050+c f 2In|0|—tan6
+c
/631‘+1 dr — %eiafl»l +e g —2cotf
— 3cosecd + ¢ h 4secf+c
i tanf
— 0 +c
e i(./5z,1)_2(5171)*5:; 8 a 4darcsinz +c b 5arccosz
+ ¢
dz 2 26z — 1 ¢ Tarctanz +c d 3ln|x|+ 5arcsine + ¢
1
\/fi 2
dr = £Vbz —1+c¢ e arccosz+%z2+c f 6z — 2arctanz
+ ¢
9 Both are correct. Notice that:
o —(@e+1)?) =820 +1)° cos(—arcsinz + %)

= cos(—arcsinz) cos 5 — sin(— arcsinz) sin &
= sin(arcsinz)
/(2x+ 1)% da = %(2:1&-%— D*+ec
=z
—arcsinz + § = arccosz
g 4 (@2 =) =3(22 - 1)(2* — 2)?
dz So the answers are equivalent.
1
/(21 —1)(2? — 2)? do = %(zz —z)’tec 10 a §z3+2z2+z+c b %zs+2zf—+c
T
2
< — -8z +c d %z T—2y/T+c
o=d (2%7%)
(o32-5) =32
_ x2 3z—5
e %x2—2x+ln|x\+c fln|ac\—%x2+c
93z5
9305 g _ 4 .
/ CT e ¢ g ——+dln|z|+z+e
z
h izt + 322 4+a4c
d 2 i lad—at
2% — 22+t
i = (arctan %) = P
‘s 8
|§xfi+fi+c k 3a? —4z+10In|z|+c
3 de = —3 arctan£ + ¢ 5
x2+4 2 2 |%z272z7—+c
z
EXERCISE 21B 11 a f(z):z—2z2+‘—§z3+c
1 a8+ 322-2w+c b 233322t
tc
b f@)=3avE-4Fte ¢ @)=zt
ANSWERS 881
f(x) = 2z 4 3arctanz 3
2 $(2e-17)% +2 3 (-8,-19)
e f(z)= —%cosecac+%cotx+c
4 2z —1)3+¢ b L4z —5)3+c
1
12 a d2°—22-=4c¢ b 22z Sa/mH ATt < 7—(173z)4+c d 7%(275z)3+c
A
< 7827 \/571—52z2\/5+%z\/5+c e ——(5—:c)2+c f %(7x+1)5+c
d
13 d—(zcosz)—coszfzsinz 5 y= ;z
/xsinxdm:sinmfxcostrc 6 a 7%cos3z+c b 7%sin(74z)+z+c

< %tan2m+c d 6sing +c
14 —d (ze®)T = e”T + ze T
e 7%c052z+e’m+c f %e2zf4tan% +c
dx
g —cos(2x+%)+c h 351n(z—:c)+c
ze® do =ze” —e®
+ ¢
i —Qtan(§—2x)+c i %sian—%cost+c
k —%c0s3x+%sin4x+c 1 1—651n8x+3cosx+c
15 (zlnz) =Inz+1
Inzdr=zlnz—z+c < %e ’gzfi»c d %e2m+21 %e 2 4
d . e —%e’2®—4e””+4x+c
.
16 a d—(?zsmz):?smz+21005z
2z f %631710617256714»0
d . 8 y:zf2em+%eh+n
—_— (7z2 cos z) = —2zcosz + 22 sinx
3221 L 5T
b /zzsinz de = —z? cosx + 2z sinz 4 2cosz 4 ¢ ? " oms T s e
o «251‘ 7172@
EXERCISE 21C B NS Tmr ¢

1 a flz)=22—z+3 b f(z)=a%+a2%
-7 10 f(z)
= —e 2% +4 1 p:*%, f(z):%c055+%
¢ flw)=e"+2/z—1-¢ d f(z):%1274\/5+1—21 13 y= %zfif %e"lm + %e"’ - %
e f(z) T—2c+5 f fl@)=In|z|+1
14 /(sinz+cosz)2dz =z — %cos?z+c
2y:%x2 %x3+% 3 y=x—e*+23 -3
4 af(z):%z374sinz+3 15 a sinzm:%—%cos%: 0052$:%+%C0822}
b f(z) = 2sinz +3cosz

— 2v/2 b i §m——511129:+c ii %x+lsin2$+c
< f(z):%z z72tanzf%7r\/7_r 16 a % +% sin2z + ¢ b %a: %31n2x+2x +c
d f(z) =e” +3sinc—e™ e f(z)=2secz+3 < % +é sindx 4 ¢ d %z%»ésmfiz%»c
f flz)= Q arcsinz — 3 arctanz — % e % +—sm8x+c f %x+25mx+%sin2$+c
6 f(z)=3z%+1 9 zfésm2z+cosz+c
Stia?tati h m+6005x—9511129:+c
i
b f(z) = 4a?Vx + da/T — 4z +5
17 b §51n4z+—sm21+ ST +c
¢ f(z)=—cosz—z+4
3% T 3 18 a 6ln|z+4|+c b 2lnj2z—1|+c
4@ =057 W3 ez < 7gln\173z\+c d 4z+%ln|5zf2\+c
e f(z)= %z 7—z+5 e z—224+4ln|z—3|+ec
8 f(z)=cosz —sinz+ ;z -3 I—%cos2x+%ln|l—2:c|+c
EXERCISE 21D B g —e*—2In|2z+1|+c¢
1 a $@2z+5)%+ec b 4z —3)8+c h Injz+2|+2In|z—3|+c¢
)3 1 i 51n|a:76|7§ln\3m71|+c
¢ —2(1— 5
+ d — +
sl—a) e 26-22) ¢ 19 Both are correct. Recall that:
-2
e m+c 2
f5Bz—4)" 3 +c d
— (In(Az))
= —(nA+Inz)=—,
d 1
A z>0
dx dx z
g —4V/1—-5x+¢c h —2/3—4x+c 20/953 2 — 1 de=3z—Thn|z+2|+ec

5 T+2
GG T 21 %13+4z+1n|171|+c
882 ANSWERS
22 f(z)=22+2In|l1—=z|+2—2In2 d 2z —3
3 — (In(5 -3z 42?)) = ——
23 b i Llogg|2z+5|+c il —3logy
|1 —a|+e dz( ( )) 5— 3z + a2
4xr — 6 2
/md1721n|573z+z +c
24 b i /sec(az+b)tan(az+b) dx
1
4 a %(z3+1)5+c b %ezs+1+c < %sinsz+c
= —seclar +b)+c, a#0 z—1
a d sin(z? —3) +¢ ee” +c
ii / (— cosec?(ax + b)) dx 5 a %(2+z4)4+c b 2VzZ {3 +e¢
1 3
1 ¢ ————=+tc¢ d 223 +a)? +c¢
= —cot(az+b)+ec, a#0 3@ 17 (@ +o)” +
a 1
e 10,3
(z3+2z+1 5 c f —————+¢
[ 7%cosec(29:f%)+c ii 73sec(§79)+c st y 8(1712)4-*—
fii 72—locot(4zf7r)+c 1 . . 1 .
———+e¢ ————tec
-1
¢ Y4z 3 7B— 1P
25 b i /—dz i %(z2+z)5+c
\/1— (az + b)2
1 6 ael 2@ yc b e"2+c ¢ 2eV® ¢
= —arccos(az
+b) +¢, a#0
a d —em—%
4¢
1 7 a1n|x2+l|+c b—%ln|2—x2‘+c
ii —— dz
1+ (az +b)?
c 721n|51712|+c d 7éln|1373z‘+c
1
= —arctan(az+b) +¢, a#0 e ln|e"767I|+c f%z2féln|l+12|+c
a
¢ i arcsin(z+2)+c ii 2arccos(z
—5) + ¢ 8 a —iB-z%)3+4c b —%(1—x2)%+c
i %arctan(2x+3)+c .2
¢ —gel7" 4 d I(nax)t+c
26 b i arcsinf tc il 4arccos
§ +c¢
e 4In| n|lnz|+c
L +
20 s
ii 6arctan
§ +c¢ iv arcsin2z
+ ¢ f + te
v 5arccos3z
+ ¢ vi 4arctandx
+ ¢ gsine
g —V/6—e*+c h 3 +c
EXERCISE 21E N n
1 b 3lnjz+2|—-In|z—-2]|+c¢ 9 a gsinztc b —tcosbatc
2 b ilmj2z—1|-3m|22+1|+c ¢ —2y/cosz +c d —In|cosz|+c¢
8 4 2(a 22 1
3 a — b 4In|2z — 3| —41 + 1|+
-3 o+l nl2e =8| = dlnje 1] +e e Z(sinz)”
5 )
+c f ———+¢
2+sinac+
4 a —>3 g
1
+c h In|l—cosz|+ec
2@ +1) 2(z—3) 2cos?x
b 5 3
S3lnfz+1|-35nfz-3|+c i In|sinz—cosz|+c i In|sin2c —3|+c
5 alnjz—2|—Injlz+1|+c¢ k 7%c05(12)+c 1 %tan‘lerc
b 3lnjz+3[+njz—1|+c
m %arctan2z+c n In|cosz|+ +c
< %ln\z\fgln\z+2|+c 2cos?@
d %ln\z+l|féln\Z72\+c o SinZ*%Sinb}I‘FC
e 71—541n|21+1|7;ln\z73\+c P %sinGx—%sinstrl—losinwarc
f ¥ln|3zf5\+%ln\2z+3\+c 10 a —cosa:Jr%cosSm—%cosstrc
2 4 3
6 a + - — b ésin5zfésin7z+c < %Sin42z+c
z+3 x—-1 (z—1)2 11 a —ecos® 4o b etane 4 o ¢ —eotT
4¢
3
b 21n|x+3\+4ln|x—1|+—1+c
z— 12 a %ln\sin3z\+c b %sec2z+c
EXERCISE 21F SS—————— 3
< —%cosec3x+c d %(tana:)2 +c
d
1 — ((22 = 52)°) = 3(4z — 5)(22* — 52)” 2
dx e —%cot(m2)+c f %(secalc)3 +c
/(4zf5)(21275z)2 dz:%(21275z)3+c g —2Vcotz +c h —%cosecs(Qm)+c
i ésec5z+c
2 4 (sin(m2)) = 2z cos(z?)
dx 13 a %[ln(z2+7)]2+c b 8arcsin(y/x)
+ ¢
I 5 3
/zcos(zz) dr = %sin(zQ) +ec 15 2(z—16)7 + L(x —16)” + 22(2
- 16)7 +c
ANSWERS 883
15 a 2(z—3)% +2(z—3)° +¢ 6 a —lc052x+c b, ¢ lsinzachc

5 7 7—(sm4zsmz + 4cosdzcosz) + ¢
b 2(1-2)% —2(1-2)7 +c
8 a —ucosu+sinu+c
¢ 2@t 2t 2t 4o b —V2zcosV2zx +sinv2z
+ ¢
d %(173)%+6\/m+c 9 %\/stin\/&v + %cosx/Sx +c
e 7(3—3:2)% +%(37x )? +ec REVIEW SET 21A B

d
T (x4—9:2) =42 —
,’(t2+2)% 2(t24+2)% +¢ T
16 2z
—1—2arctanvx
— 1 +¢
/(29:3—55) dx:%x4—%:c2+c
17 a 1—123rctan§+c b %M—%arccosfiJrc
d
18 a 173arctan§+c b %arcsinzfézm+c P (sin(% - 2z)) = —2cos(§ — 2z)
< %arcsin%+%zm+c d 21n(1+(1nz)2)+c
/cos(% —2z)dz = 7% sin(§ —2z) +c¢
éarcsinz — %zWJr izstr c
m72arccosg+c ] %arcsin%#»c 2 2 2
a 3z x+;+c b 22— 223
3 t¢
arctan( QI"m) +c i arcsin%+2\/m+c
o=
¢ 4z/Z+ 10z + ¢
In(x? + 4) 4 2arctan £ + ¢
3
=
a 8yz+e b —ZInfl—-2z|+c
x 35 arccos 2= + ¢
+c I 1 2
5
1.4 2
e
Va2 +16 ¢ et tatte d ——+

2x2 :1;+c
V16 — 22 1 arctan(w>
z41
m — +c n 7 +c
16z a —%x5+2x3+c b %xz—
x 5
o In +c < %z37%z2+%z2+c d 4e* —3In|z|+c
2 +1
e —Xcos(4z —5)+c f—Let3o 40
p 2arcsm—7—zx/4fz +c
52—
32 s — 5 +c h 2tan%+c
1 T 1 /x—¢
Yot @i e °¥<x+s> +c
i —cot(x—%)+c
20 QZ% 73z +62° 761n(z +1)+¢ a y=-3e"—-2cos(§ —x)+e

2 2ax +b b y= —sm4a: —x3+c
21 — arctan( )+d if b2 < 4ac,
Vdac— b2 Viac— b2 flz)=a% 222 4z +2 8 y=—222+3z+2
1 2az+b7\/m flz) = % m+2 10 a=6v2, f(z)=2v2sin3z—1
+d if b2 > 4dac,
b2 — dac " 2azx + b+ Vb2 — dac
a %a: —7ln|z|+c b %eh_37%ln\3m71|+c
2
+d if b? = dac.
" 2az +b < ——(4 3z)% + lcos( 2z) +c¢
d 3arctanz +2In|5 — x|+ ¢
EXERCISE 21G W
a %z+2coszfisin2z+c b VzZ—4+c
1 az e? —e” 4 ¢ b —zcosz+sinx+c
13 15 (Inz) 2 ¢ —dcos(z?+Z)+ec
< se°lnz —gad e d +c
13 b 4dlnjz —2[+3In|z+1[+c
3@ 3¢ a slnjz+2[+Zn|z—4|+c
W n g n e ! gveosdrigsindzie 14
b tInf2z—5|+In|z+1|+c
g %zsin?er %cos?z+c h ztanz +In| cosz|+c
15 %tangz+tanz+c
2 azhz—z+c b z(lnz)? —2zlnz + 2z +c
3 zarctanz — %ln(l +z2)+c 16 a %ln|:c2+4x|+c b er’~lyc
4 a —a%e® —2ze™® — 2T+ < l—losinmerc d —1n|cos2z|+c

b %em(sinz+cosz)+c < 7%e_z(cosz+sinz)+c %(a.rcsin:m)2
3
d —z2cosz
+ 2zsinz + 2cosx + ¢ 16 3 —2(4-2)°
s % tc
17 a —%(4—9:)2 + FM@A-2)"
. Inz)? 421
~(nz)®+2Inz + 2 ‘e 12 4
T b —x+61n|27x|+—fm
9 +c
5 a uZe® —2ue¥ + 2% +c ) 33
b z(lnz)? —2zlnz
+ 2z +c ¢ 2(z+2)° —(z4+2)—2vVz+2+2In(vz+2+1)+c¢
884 ANSWERS
18 a %z‘g(ln(zg)f 1)+e b %SQE(ZSiH(L‘*COS(L‘)‘FC 19 a %e’z(sinz —cosz)+c
19 al L ln|:c2—9‘+c %ln|x+3|+%ln|x—3|+c b 2%(In2 x sinz

A — Pt
cosx) 4
14 (In2)2
< ln|cos(arcsm )| +ec
< \/z27472arccos%+c
20 a %e“(sinufcosu)Jrc b %z(sin(lnz) —cos(Inz))+c 1
20 a Sarcsin§ +c b Earctan%i»c
21 %arctan(% tanac) +c < %ln|z2+l‘+5a.rctanz+c
21 The argument has not accounted for the constant of integration c.

REVIEW SET 21B IS
EXERCISE 22A
1 % (efh) = —2¢72®
/572'1E do = —%e " +¢
2 —d (In(2z
(In(2z + 1)) = 0
dx 2z +1
2 ai 1 b I7 < £8 d 1
1 1
/2x+1dz:§1n\2z+1|+c 3 a —4 b 225 =67
_pnl
¢ 9 _o1
3=2z
2 P 4 a3 1 b 32 c1
3 az+=+c b 32®—122+16c+c ¢ dz—Zad+c
z 5 a3 1 bZ 2 c18 d3=14
3_ 11
e 18l
101
=162 5
4
4 a 3% +3z+4c b a®—2x+c 220 =62
_p2
g 22 h &=21
61 _ 1
i 2141n4
5
¢ 9z + 622 + 22% + ¢ d 122 —2z+In|z|+c 6 341 __

a ===68z 1
b2 ¢ 514 =45
_ 42
e 5logy|x|+c f 3arccosz
+ ¢ 7 ae—1 b 23 —11 ¢ 1(ef-1)
5 f(z):%zS 3 2+2z+13 1 3
1 de—1 e 3 ——— =4+ 41
6 ay:%z57§z*+z+c b y =400z —40z2 +c ¢ 2 2et 2e2 e+
8 a3 1 b 31 ¢ V3-1 d 31 e 1
7T
< y:73111\773x|+m+c
s5+1 h g i3
1 1 1
f 5
7 a %z" 5 224+ Tz +c b %12 —In|z|+e¢
9 a —In3 b In3 ¢ 4m2
4
d 2In(%)
13
[ +3m5 lx7+c d —2e"* 43z +c

1 amzflor% b m=-5
e 2sin2z +c f91+3eh’1+%e4“’2+c
12 a 221 b 3z
3
¢z d 1n(3)
1 3
8 f(z)=2In|z|—z+e+2—2In2
2 5 e 243
5 3v3
f —3r
9 y=—gad+ H(@-1)° + 32
13 a 13In2-7In3 b 2In3-2mIn2 ¢ 2In10-In2
10 f(z) = —2v4—3x+8
2 241
11 a —iIn[3-2z|+c b 2|5z +1|+c 1% aZ-1 b1 ¢ 3m3-2 d
e
< z+50052z+c 15 a~1.49 b ~—-0.18 ¢ ~0.783
2 3 3 In2
12 a -6 %11 b 2lnfz—6|—-35n|2z+1[+c 16 a%—— il a~0.822 ¢ a= 0937
7 9
13 —In|z+2|+2Infz—1]|+c
3 2
18 a/f( /f c/g(m)dm
-3 5. 4
15 a w:12+5+ 2 1
r—3 z—3 19 a -5
b /z373z2+5z+4d1 21 a4 bO ¢ -8 dk=-1 22 0
z—3
:%z3+5z+191n|173|+c
1 a 8 =204 b & ¢ ()~156
16 a 1322 +2)° ¢ b 2vVzZ —5+¢ d & =204 e (e72—e78)
~ 0.0337
1
<
3cosdz
+c d —2e72"
4 ¢ f 2n(2) ~ -0.626 9 1(In2)? ~0.240
e 7cosz+%c0531+c fcoszfécossa‘/Jrc h 0 i 2In7~3.89
1 4
3 2 a2-v2 b g ¢ iln2 dm2 eml2 f1
g garccos— +c h —9v9—a? 4+ 3(9 —22)? t¢ 3gn+1
2 2-n , n# —1, undefined for n= —1
17 (cosz)™2 +ec for n#2, —In| cosz|4c for n =2 2n +2
n—2
28V3 4432 48654 10543
18 —31n|1—tan2:c|+c L b 5 ¢ T35
ANSWERS 885
EXERCISE 22C NS 7 a 333 cm? b 662 ~ 66.7 L

1 a 6 units? b 6 units?
EXERCISE 22 W
2 a 30 units? b 41 units? ¢ 131 units®
1 a 10% units? b 1% units? ¢ L ite2
units d 13 units?
12
3 a 53 units? b 12% units?
2 % units? 3 a 36 units? b %'541 ~ 7.00 units?
4 a %units2 b 63% units? ¢ 22 units?
d 652 units
e 2 4 a A(%» %), B(2, 1) b (2—81 — % ln(%)) units?
5 k= 23489
5 a A(-2,0), B(3,0) b 202 units®
6
6 a 4% units? b 9 units? ¢ 4v/3 units?
8 1 unit? 9 32 units?
10 a regionA
b A: %unitsz, B: L1 1 L7 its2
~ 0.293 units
region A is larger.
1 a x b —In|cosz|+c ¢ In+/2 units?

4
12 a 31 units? b (e — 1) units? ¢ 451 units

units2
2
d 18 units> e (257 —) units? enclosed area = (v/2 — 1) units?
€
3In3—1 a Cpis y=4sinz, Cais y=sinz b 6 units?

f ——— uwnits? g Z units> h 4arctan% units?
In3 a Cpis y=cos?z, Cais y=cos2x
sin 2 .9
13 b ————— ~ 1.56 units b A(0,1), B(Z,0). C(%.0), D(3£,0), E(r, 1)
14 cos2
a
14 b (8In2— 3) = 2.55 units?
15 a —wxcosx+sinz+c b (1+cosl— sinl) units?
2
16 a b=(2)% ~1.3104 ba=+3
3e04 — 1
¢ k= ~1.7377 d k=25
EXERCISE 22D N
b (0,0) and (In2, 1) ¢ (3In2 — 2) units?
1 a 4% units? b (1+e~2) units?
-1 3
¢ 2 units? d 2% units? 10 aA:/ (z3f7z76)dz+/ (—23

+ 7z +6) do
2 a 40 units b 8 units? ¢ 8 units? 2 1
5 b 322 units?
3 a / f(z) do = — (arca between =z =3 and z =5) 11 a
3
3 5 7
b / f(x) do — / f(z) da +/ f(z) dz
1 3 5
4 Region B is larger.
4
/ f(x) dx = area of region A + (—area of region B)
-2 {region B is below the z-axis}
= area of region A — area of region B
=6 b —2,1,and 3 ¢ 21 units?
arca of region B > arca of region A
12 a 8 units? b 101% units?
5 _3
k=gor6
13 a Cpis y=sin2z, Cais y=sinz
a
b AL, ) ¢ 23 units?
y=2sinz+1
14
b (2v3— &) ~ 1.37 units? enclosed area = %31 units?

886 ANSWERS
15 a 5 a A(5 1) b umts 6 2472 ~ 237 units®

7 b V = 36r units3, Wthh is independent of r.
EXERCISE 22H B
1 a 20 cars per minute b ~ 8:05 am
< rOA R(t) 15
° / R(t) dt represents the
10 10 )
total number of cars going
b 0 and In2 < (211127%) units? 30 past the pedestrian crossing
from 8:10 am to 8:15 am.
EXERCISE 22F NN 20
—1 — 1
1 af (y)7y7 b 51 units a2
10
45 31
2 a < s units> b 12 units? ¢ £ units
00 10 20 30
o
d 23w’ e [6-3In(3)] wit® ¢ 42 units® d 1031 cars
3 a 3% units? b 122 units? 2 a i ~1.65L per minute ii & 1.09 L per minute
4 a [ln(%) - 1] units? b 2 1n3 units? ¢ Z units? b The rate of water leaking into the kayak is greater than the
rate of water being bailed from the kayak after 2 minutes. So,
EXERCISE 22G.1 NS the amount of water in the kayak is increasing after 2 minutes.
1 a 367 units® b 87 units? < 127" units® 3
< i/Rl(t)dtw3.72
d 255" units? e 992" units® f 2530" units? 0
g % units 3 h 40
3" units? About 3.72 litres of water have leaked into the kayak in
3 the first 3 minutes.
2 a 1867 units® b 146"' units® < %(58 — 1) units
5
a a cone of base radius r and height h i / Ro(t)
dt ~ 5.27
r 2
b y:*(z>z+r < V:%fl"r'?h
About 5.27 litres of water have been bailed out of the
4 a asphere of radius kayak from ¢ = 2 minutes to ¢ = 5 minutes.
2 2 8
5 a - units® b = units? ¢ 27 units® iii / [R1(t)
— Ra(t)] dt ~ 5.09
d mV/3units® e Z units® f m(2—%) units® 0
6 . There are about 5.09 litres of water in the kayak

y=sinz+cosx 8 minutes after striking the rock.
d ~6.31 litres
ot
Cpis y=3sin =
10°
Cais y =sin ’1'5 b fl units
¢ The area in b represents the difference in the total amount of
cnergy that enters the greenhouse in the first 10 hours on a
sunny day versus an overcast day.
AE®)
7 a 300
B(t) = nsin(("*‘”“) +70cos (L5107 4 196
b 272 units®
8 a ~186units® b a 30.2 units®
EXERCISE 22G.2 WSS
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t
1 a 8runits® b % units® ¢ Z(e* — 1) units
4
d 48?" units® e 256" units? b i / E(t) dt ~ 220.12
3
2 487 units® 3 327 units®
The power consumption of the United Kingdom in April
4 a 637 units? b 637 ~ 198 cm®
is about 220.12 TWh.
EXERCISE 22G.3 NS 8
1 a A(-1,3), B(1,3) b 1367 ynigs? ii / E(t) dt ~ 392.96

5
2 a A2 b m(e? 4+ 1) units® The power consumption of the United Kingdom from
3 a A(L1) b M units® 4 1627’ units® June 1st to September 1st is about 392.96 TWh.
ANSWERS 887
12
drw ( 3"478) units®
/ E(t) dt = 2352
0
19 a w(?,‘—gf 1
sfi) unitsi3 b ~& 124 units
ite3
The yearly power consumption of the United Kingdom
is 2352 TWh. 20 a 3ir
=5 units® b “T‘” units® 21 o5 unitsounits3
1
EXERCISE 221 W 2
1 a % b does not exist < does not exist d 1—58 22 a i/ Ro(t)

dt =~ 0.655
0
1
e —e [2 About 655 millilitres of water leak from the watering can
in the first 30 seconds.
2 a g units’ b Z units? ¢ In3 units? 1
3 a2 b 2 ¢ —
1
4 % ii / — Ra(t)] dt ~ 5.03
[R1(t)
In2 0
oo I~ o
There are about 5.03 litres of water in the watering can
5 a / e =1, / ze T =1, / % =2,
22e after 1 minute.
0 0 0
b = 199 seconds
oo
2
/ z3eT =6 23 a does not exist b does not exist < 2
n
0 24 % units?
oo oo
b / z"e " dx = n! 25 a f(z)iseven,s0 V=m [f(@)]? da
0 —oco
6
22
£ units oo
=27 [f(@)]? da
REVIEW SET 22A W
b 1 unit?
1 a8 b iogs ¢ A=l
REVIEW SET 22B IS
2 ab=3 b b~186 ¢ b=3In2 2v2
1 a2-— - b -3 < =8
3 oal@=125 b V2 c2m3 dF-§ e %
d 2 aa % b a=7Z%or 3T"
4 . E(e 2zsmz) = e 2% (cosx
— 2sinz)
3 a 2(/5-v2) b 4n(}) ¢ I+V2
/ [ 2’”(cosalc—Qsm:tc)] de=e" " V3
dg+4 e 1
5In2 f 1.3 +3e? 2 +12e
e’ — 322
0
4 a =~ 3.528 b ~ 2963
5 ~2 boe(e-2) ¢ 2 d 13 5 b -1 6 b 3In5—2In2
e1% f —15In3 5 19 147 609 e-1
6 a6 b3 ¢ k=-3 72 L R
.9 et —1 .9 4x 0
7 a (3m+1) units? b 36 units?> ¢ (3103
— 2) units? 8 a In3 units b 3 units ¢ = units
8 a 39units2 b (% 72\/5) units? ¢ 3 units? 9 4% units?
9 4% units? 10 k= V16 10 Hint: Show that the areas represented by the integrals can be
arranged to form a 1 X e unit rectangle.
11 aa=Im3 bb=In5 12 403 units?
13 a b (1— %) units? 11 a 3-m4umits? b 28 uis? 12 k=4
13 m=2% 14 a a=-3 b A has z-coordinate /4.
15 a L
2155 units?
units b (% - 2) units?
¢ ( —%) units? d In2 units?

16 a = v ™
15 a —2.3566, —0.7292,and 0 b 0.2009 units? =72 =7 y=2—sec’x
16 a 2% units? b (\/52’1) units?
17 a b % units?
T T Ly .
—_%
bzr=- and z=7F—z
i
¢ z-inte rcepts Sm _ 3w—=%, —_m%, mZ, 3woL, 5w2
are —=fF,
18 a 3127 units® b 402 units® ¢ 27 units® y-intercept is 1
888 ANSWERS
d (7 — 2) units? ¢ t=0.35s, 0.225 m to the left of the origin

17 a (61n3 — 4) units? b (3&3/_7 %) units? dat 0<t<02s and 05<t<1s
€ t=05 =02 t=1

18 a — [In(tanz + secz)] = secx t:o.35¢_,7;'t:0
dx
/seczdz:ln|tanz+5ecz|+c
3
y = sec 2z
l4
ii & 0.965 units? ¢ 14 cm to the right of the origin, at ¢ = 0.0625 s, and

2
2 cm to the left of the origin, at ¢ = 0.1875 s
19 a "'Tunits3 b 187 units®
d t=0.25
20 a —cosec’x b 27 units?
t=0.1875 art
= 0.125
21 a 16.cm b 12807 o3 ¢ ~192mL o t=0.0625
12 4—‘—‘—‘—'—». t
-2 0 6 14 *®
22 a/ E(t)
dt = 10.7
5 EXERCISE 23B.1 NS
The solar energy transferred into Callum’s solar panels from 1 a i3m i —3m b —2ms~! < —% ms~!
5 am to 12 pm is about 10.7 kWh.
2 a —2ms ! b v(t)=2t—6 ms !
20
b/ E(t) dt ~ 12.9 ¢ i —4ms! i 4ms™?t

1 2 3 a 2cm to the left of the origin b t=6s
The solar energy transferred into Callum’s solar panels from ¢ to the right dt=3sand t=9s
12 pm to 8 pm is about 12.9 kWh. e i - + s -t =
20 6 t 3 9 t
¢ / E(t) dt ~ 235 0 0
5 f lems™!
The solar energy transferred into Callum’s solar panels from 4 a % cms~! b 3 cm to the right of the origin
5 am to 8 pm is about 23.5 kWh. 1
23 a 1lforall a>0 < 11(15):7Ecms_1 d i %cms_1 ii %cms_1
The area between the 5 a v(t)=3t>—22t+24 ms!
curves and the z-axis
b The object is initially at the origin, moving to the right at
appears to remain
constant. 24 ms—1, with decreasing speed.
¢ -+ () F =+ ()
3 8 t
=Y
0 0
b
d at0s,3s,and
8 s
26 b i T1)=1 e atfsand6s; s(3)~14.8m, s(6) = —36m
EXERCISE 23A IS f The object starts at O, and moves towards the right at
1 a 5 cm to the right of the origin 24 ms~1. Its velocity is decreasing. After % seconds, when
b i 2cm to the right of the origin catt=>5s it is 14.8 m to the right of O, it changes direction and moves
ii 5 cm to the left of the origin to the left, passing O after 3 seconds. After 6 seconds, when it
d No, the displacement function s(t) is linear, so it has no is 36 m to the left of O, it changes direction again and moves
turning points. towards the right, passing O once more after 8 seconds.
e t=10 t=5 t=3 t=0 S
t
position
—40 -30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30
2 a 1 m to the right b
of the origin 6 b i 69.58ms™! i ~247m
EXERCISE 23B.2 NS
1 110m
2 a i travelling forwards
i travelling backwards (opposite direction)
ANSWERS 889
b 16 km ¢ 8 km from starting point (on positive side) v(t) =98 — 9.8t ms~! a(t) = —9.8 ms—2
3 a 20Avélocly ms 1) ot) = ¢ a(t) |—{7 t
15 0 20 0 20
b s(0) = 0 m above the ground, v(0) =98 ms~! upward
10 At t = 55, the stone is 367.5 m above the ground and
moving upward at 40 ms ™. Its speed is decreasing.
At t =12 s, the stone is 470.4 m above the ground and
o
moving downward at 19.6 ms~?. Its speed is increasing.

0 60 120 180 240 300 490 m e 20 seconds
b 3.3 km v(t) = 100 — 40e=5 ems—1, a(t) = 8¢~% ems—2

5(0) = 200 cm to the right of the origin
aoa 04 Velocity (kmh 1) b Gé km v(0) = 60 ecms—1, a(0) =8 cms—2
40
as t — oo, v(t) — 100 cms~! (below)
30 as t — oo, a(t)
— 0cms™2
20 2
v(t) =1— cms™t
10 e 2t +1
it;% ii0<t<% e%cms’2
00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 TIITP
1+41n(2) ~ 0.777 om
5 aatt:%second b%cm ¢ Ocm “1 b ~478ms~! ¢ 2In2
~ 1.39 seconds
6 a s(t)=1t3— 242 —2tcm b 5% cm as t — oo, v(t) — 50 from below
< 1% cm left of its starting point e a(t) =5e"%% andas e® >0 forall z, then a(t) >0
for all ¢.
a s(t) =294t — 492+ 1m b 45.1m
5
t=— 2111(5) seconds
a s(t)=32t+2t2+16m
b There is no change in direction, h ~134m
so displacement = s(7) — s(0) = / (32 +4t) dt

¢ 160 m 0
9 alm bs(%):‘/gfzm
10 a Au(t) (cms™!
25
20¢
15 12
(1) = 20 4 Bsindt v(t) = 50 3t + 45 ms—!
10
60
5 / v(t) dt = 900 The train travels a total of 900 m
t (seconds) 0 in the first 60 seconds.
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 .
Hint: Show that v(¢) = 100 — 80e 20" ns=! and as
b ~16.2 cms™! ¢ ~41.4 cm t — oo, v(t) — 100 ms~1.
3
11 a s(t)=-4t+2t*m b t=16s ~ 370 m
¢ = 10.5 m left of the origin d ~322m o(t) = — m+l

! ms ¢—1
ke
12 a1 10ms™! 0 10vV2Zms™! b os(t) =24t m

2
S (t) = Lo
—_— - m
t+1
< / v(t) dt ~ 18.9 The motorcyclist travels about The particle is % m to the right of the origin, moving to the
0 18.9 m in the first 2 seconds.
right at % ms~!, and accelerating at 2—27 ms~2.
d i 4 seconds
i Yes, he only needs 53% m to reach the required speed. ~5.28 cms! b ~5.07 cms™2
13 a ~513m b ~0.637 cm
s(t) = — e 2(9sin 5t + §cos5t) + 220 cm
~ 0.221 cm
EXERCISE 23C M
1 a 16ems™?! b 6cms2 EXERCISE 23D NS
¢ a(t)=10—2t cms~2 d 4cms—2 v(t) =2t —6ms™! a(t) =2ms?
2 as(2)=-1m v(2)=8ms"! a(2)=10ms"2 _ L () + a(t)
1 3 t t
bt=zs
3 0 0
890 ANSWERS
b s(0)=7m, v(0)=-6ms~!, a(0)=2ms"2 c0<t< 3 dt>4

Initially, the object is 7 m to the right of O, moving to the
9 a lion: ~13.6 ms~!, zebra: ~ 1.90 ms~?!
left at 6 ms—, with acceleration 2 ms—2.
¢ 2 m to the left of O b Ayt) (msT
20
d t=3¢ > t=0 15 () = 20— 2(e=0-1t
Ly
-«
-4 -3 -2-10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 position 10
origin
e 0<t<3 5 vy (t) = 15101t
a l2m
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 t(s)
b s/(t) = 28.1 — 9.8t represents the instantancous velocity of
the ball. The lion’s speed wvy(t) decreases over time whereas the
~41.5m zebra’s speed v2(t) increases over time.
3
Qa
i 28.1ms™?! i 8.5ms™t i 20.9 ms™?!

v(t) =12 — 6t2 ems™!, a(t) = —12t ems™2 ¢ / v1(t) dt = 150 — 150e ™3 ~ 38.9
o
0
5(0) = —lem, v(0)=12cms™!, a(0)=0cms™2
C
The lion has travelled about 38.9 m in the first 3 seconds.

The particle started 1 cm to the left of the origin and was
3
travelling to the right at a constant speed of 12 cms™1.
d / [v1(t) — v2(t)] dt = 290 — 350e 03
ct=+2s s(v2)=8/2-1 cm 0 ~ 30.7
d it>v2s ii never In the first 3 seconds, the lion has gained about 30.7 m on
the zebra.
-« e At the time when vy (t) = va(t), the lion and the zebra will
210 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 117 be moving at the same speed. Since the lion’s speed decreases
origin position over time and the zebra’s speed increases over time, the zebra
1
a v(t)—f—ms -1 1
a(t) = ——5ms —2 will be faster than the lion after that time. So, they will be
4(t+1)2 closest at the point when their speeds are equal.
i
f —10In() ~5.60 s
|—£(’ |—.
g No, the lion was about 1.92 m from the zebra at their closest
point.
b s(O) =3m, v(0)=—-5ms -1, a(0) = 7 ms”
Initially, the particle is 3 m to the right of O, moving to the REVIEW SET 23A N
left at % ms~! with acceleration % ms~2. 1 a 12 m to the right of the origin
b i 10 m to the right of the origin ct=6s
¢ After 3 seconds, the particle is 2 m to the right of O, moving
il 6 m to the right of the origin
to the left at 311
ms , with acceleration 12
55 ms™ %
d No, the displacement function is linear, so it has no turning
d The particle’s speed is continuously decreasing. points.
a k~1.87
e t=10 t=6 t=3 t=1
b o(t)=-98t+49ms™' a(t)=-9.8ms2
-l 1y
+ —[ - alt) ) 0 e o W
t t
ol
0 ~1.87 0 ~1.87 2 a 13cms™! b i 9cms! il 17 cms™?!

¢ a(t) =4 cms?
¢ i decreasing ii increasing
a z(0)=—1cm, v(0)=0cms™!, a(0)=2cms2 3 a o(t)=6t2— 18t + 12 cms™!, a(t) = 12t — 18 ems—2
b At t= 7 scconds, the particle is (v/2 — 1) em to the left + =+ ) - + alt)
1 2 t t
of O, moving to the right at v/2 cms™1 , with acceleration 0 0 !
V2 ems—2. b s(0) =5 cm to left of origin
¢ changes direction when ¢ =m s, z(m) =3 cm v(0) = 12 cms ™! towards origin
d increasing for 0 < ¢ < % and ™ <t < 37" a(0) = —18 cms ™2 (decreasing speed)
a i right il left b v(t) =4cosf ms! ¢ At t =2, the particle is 1 cm to the left of the origin, is
instantancously stationary, and is beginning to accelerate.
c i left i right d a(t)=-2 sin% ms~2
datt=1s, s=0cm, andat t=2s, s=—1cm
e decreasing
a u(t) (ems™Y)
&8 272
ANSWERS 891
b The particle moves in the positive direction initially, then at 5 a i 72ms2 il 9.6 ms2 il 0ms™2
t=2, 6% m from its starting point, it changes direction. It iv —12ms™2
L . 1 . . 3
changes direction again at ¢ = 4, 55 m from its starting
b / v(t) dt = 27 The human cannonball travels
point, and at ¢ = 5, itis 6% m from its starting point again.
0 27 m in the first 3 seconds.
2
¢ 65m d 931 m
5 a i 275ms?! il ~1.62ms™!
b Hint: Show that a(t) and v(t) arc opposite in sign for all
5 0<t<6.
< / v(t) dt ~ 4.54 The kayak travels approximately

0 4.54 m in the first 2 seconds after d ¢t =10In2 seconds
the kayaker stops paddling.
120 1 _ 360 2 t(s)
6 a v(t)=15+ m ems™1, a(t) = —m cms
b At t = 3, the particle is 41.25 cm to the right of O,

moving to the right at ~ 16.9 cms—1!, with decreasing speed
(a(3) =~ —1.41 cms—2).
¢ The particle’s speed is never increasing.
7 a z(0)=3m, 2/(0)=27rms"!, 2//(0)=0ms2 7 )=-—mems™!, v(1)=0cms™},
b t=2111 2431 415 ¢ 20m v(13) =7 ems™!, v(2) =0 cms™!
8 alm b 6m ¢ 4m b 0<t<1, 2<t<3, 4<t<5, andsoon
9 a v(t)=-2t+65ms"! b s(t) = —t% + 65t m So, for 2n<t<2n+1, ne€ {0,1,2,3,...}
¢ i3ls ii 1054 m 8 a ~6.76ms™!

10 a v(0)=25ms™!, v(3)=4ms ! b a(t) = 0.15(t"" + 3t)%2(1.1t%1 + 3) ms~2
b as ¢t — oo, v(t) — 0 from above ¢ ~1.79ms™2 d ~ 109 m
< o(t) (ms™1) 9 a s(t)=—g5tt— Ht2+2m b ~346s
10 a Tyson
5
b / vi(t) dt ~ 42.0 Tyson has travelled about 42.0 m

0 in the first 5 seconds of the race.
¢ s1(t) =10t + 8 1% _8m d Tyson
t(s) s2(t) = 10.5t + 10.5e~* — 10.5 m
e Hint: Find t such that sy (¢) = 100. f Maurice
2
d / v(t) dt =25 The boat travels a total distance of EXERCISE 24A HE
0 25 m in the first 2 seconds after 1 a fM(z)=¢"
its engine is turned off. 0o (k) (0)k
e 3 seconds et = Z f IE?)Z
k=0 :
REVIEW SET 23B NS izk z2
1 a 1 m to the right of the origin b 8ms! — =14zt
— 4.
¢ vt)=2t+4ms?! d 6ms™! K=o ! 2
3
T Z
2 200 m b M;;(m):1+m+§+§
3 a o(t)=3t2 30t +27 cms~! 2 3 4
T Z x
b —162 cm (162 cm to the left of the origin) M4(z):1+z+g+5+z
4 a v(t):3—%\/fcms’1 a(t>:_4i\/f cms™2 -'172 xs 334 -'175

Ms(z):1+z+§+5+z+5
+ - o(t) = a(t)
z? ZS 14 z5 ZG
0 4 t 0 t
MG(I):H’”*g*g*Z*g*g
b z(0)=0, v(0)=3 < Ay
The particle is initially at the origin, moving to the right at 6 Ly
3cmsL.
Y= Ma(z) 3
¢ The particle is & 3.17 cm to the right of the origin, travelling
to the right at ~ 0.879 cms™!, with decreasing speed
y=Mu(x) y= iz
(a(2) ~ —0.530 cms—2).
d at t =45, 4 cm to the right of O e 0<t<4 -3 T
y =|M(x v
P =4 g ~4.70 cm
The accuracy of the approximation is improved by the
<—;|—>x(1)
addition of extra terms.
892 ANSWERS
As n increases, Mpy(1) gets closer to The series appears to be convergent for z = 1, as the values
f(1) = e~ 2.718282. approach V2~ 1.414.
3 Inz and all of its derivatives are undefined for x = 0. 1
1 oo
c (1.8)7+;lz—;312+ ! = z°
4 a b . i(—l)"z’“
2(1.8)2 8(1.8)2 16(1.8)2
1+z: Z(;l)zk
k=0 1+z =
- 2 T at + ! 9 a®
5 b cosz is even, so its Maclaurin series representation will only 128(1.8)% 256(1.8)2
contain even powers of .
n 1 2 & 4 5
2?2zt
< M4(x):17?+z
My (%)~ 0.502, cos % =05 The Maclaurin series for v/z + 1.8 approximated v/2 much
more quickly and accurately than the Maclaurin series for
6 b sinx is odd, so its Maclaurin series representation will only
va+1 (0.2 is closer to 0 than 1 is to 0).
contain odd powers of .
z3 oz EXERCISE 24C W
< M5(z):zfg+;
e 1-ao
2 §r2
/=
k=1 +x2 +m4 +,. ..
M5(%) ~ 0.500, sin % =0.5
EXERCISE 24B IS b 1 :i(*l)kzk:17z+z2—z3+z4f

1+z ;=
1 a Forany z, we can find a value of n for which n! grows faster
n 1 &, .
than ™, and — will reduce in size. < =Y 2kzF = 14 22 + 42 4 82% + 162 + ...
n! 1-2z ;=
T2 x4 !6 o
cosxz =1—— 4 — — — 4 ... converges forall = € R. d 2 =25 (~1)ka*
20 4! 6! 1+ =0
b Forany z, we can
n
find a value ofn for which n! grows faster 2242
+%2+ 2
=2-2¢—22 — .
than =™, and — will reduce in size. o0 (_g)kg2k 224 4z
n! 2 a cos2z= Z¢:172z2+l,i
=0 (2k)! 3 45
. 23 2% 27
sing =2 — — 4+ — — — +.... converges forall z € R. oo (—1)ka2k
31 517! b cos(—z) = Y
¢ Forany |z|> 1, the terms increase in size. = (2k)!
Forany |z| < 1, the terms decrease in size. .,z +z4 z6 .
arctan®
t == z——+-———
z——+———+....
23 2 2T
converges g for |z]<< 1.
- 2 24 720
o (— 1)k 4
¢ cos(z?)
= Z—:17_+-‘
d Forany |z|> 1, the terms increase in size. = (2k)! 2
Forany |z| <1, the terms decrease in size. 3 5
00 (_1)kg2k+1
The series does not converge for @ = +1 where d zcosz= Z%:xfx_er_,
1+=x . k=0 (2k)! 2 24
ln( ) is undefined.
11—z . 0 (—1 1g 1,2k+1
(L )k+1yk+
3 a sin(—z) = Z T
ln<
1
+x) =2z + %zg + %z5 + %17 + .... converges im0 (k+1)!
11—z oo .
. (—1)k(3z)2k+ 1
for |z| < 1. b sin3z = Z (Qk—+1 )'
k=0 :
2 a yes
) O (—1)kgth+?
b In the coefficients of ¥, the product of the k terms in the ¢ sin(z?) = Z T
numerator counteracts the effect of the k! in the denominator, = @k+1)!
so we require |z | < 1 for the series to converge. 00 (L 1)ky2k+2
3 b The interval of convergence needs to include 0, and not d osing= =3 U
@k+1)
include —% =2 and 3 where tan z is undefined.
4 a S =1+3 z+ 2
—+ g3
— o7gd
ii no
kzzo %! “ 2 3
oo .2k 4
b e$2:2z—‘:1+12+—+
k=0 ™"
< 2%
& zF(n2)*
S5 Tw 2(1n 2)2 3(1n2)3 4(1n 2)4
:1+zln2+—x(n) z(In2) z(In2)
ANSWERS 893
oo (—1)k(g 4 Z)2k+1 EXERCISE 24E I

5 a sin(z+ %) = E %
k=0 2k +1)! $
. (—1)k
0
k=0 (2k)!
b sin(z+ %)
5)=( % m
= % I_ T 58m0 T T
~GaTm
3 a 1 2 z° 3 ...
=l—z+z*—
2 4 6 +
1+x
+e(1-% + 35 — om0 + ) 1
b — 171 2 +az* 4 -z 6 4 ...
1+:c27
2% 3 _ 5
*z+g—*m+-~-) d 1
¢ Hint: —(arctanz)=
dx 1+ a2
o (—1)kgtkt2 26
4 a 2) = A 24
i
18 ~ 52
T
T 52160
7\""i
) sin(a®) ;0 (2k+ 1)1
Since sin(z + &) = cosz, the coefficients of the odd
powers must be zero.
So, 0, 11— — 5+ %4 I
337 — 76080 T - = 0 = =0 an and 5 a
) =0
1 2 4 '2 4
76+%72§04+"" (1* s +384 b

5 7
il ~ 0.9973
Also, § — Z_ + 3830 ~@asTR0 T = L L S k .3k 3, .6
3 5
6 1T = ];]( —1 Vea -1 23+
—5 % ~ 7m0 T
1 3 5 1
:77<§7 ZS +3g407 ) =3
31
3 5 b dx ~ 0.3303
and 4_7;5 - 17{52 + 92”16() o 1+
~4(3-F+-) =4
_ 1 3 o _ 1
7 a (1+z?)
oo
Z (—1)Fa?* =1 —a? 42—
k=0
_ o (—1)kak 2?2 28 & (DRl
1)kg2k+1
1l ==
23 25 LT
a ie*=
k; ! o w b arctanz = —p =t
Z2k +1 3 5 7
oo k k
i e C3a _=%
o (ZDF(B2)
o which is Vall for |z| < 1.
k=0 26 g0 14
2 973 ¢ arclan(z
arct Nma?
)T - —f 3 —= — —=
ey 2
! 3!
i e—(2ntDz / arctan(z?) dz ~ 0.2944
0
oo
_ i DF(en+ D2)* 8 .
a arcsinz =z + —_—(2k)! 2k+1
kgl 4k (kN2 (2k + 1)
k=0 k! -
_
=1-(2n+1l)z+
(2n
4 1)z
o -
(2n+1)
T I
- 6 ' 40
b
)sin(e™?)=~ oo (=1 k (=1 k+1 which is valid for |z| < 1.
,CZD
2k +1)! ,CZD
(2k)!
EXERCISE 24F I
¢ sin(e™ %) ~ sin(1) — cos(1)x ) T o _ 2, 321 3_ 1.5
1.5 1.6
1
1 e"sinc =z+z°+ 36% 99T T e
d Ms(z) = sin(1) — cos(1)z + (cos(1) — sin(1)) z—l
2 a QSinzcosz:sz%z3+%z5+4..4
EXERCISE 24D W b sin2z:217%z3+1i5z5+....

a sinz
+ cosx 3 a e“‘arccosz:%+(£71)z+(171)z2+(1—"27%)zsfi».m
-, 22 23 g4 g5 g6 o7
= +x_?__+_+fi_a_fi+““ b |z| <1, arccosz only converges for |z| <1
323 | 11z° 43a7 K a e = Z fi—*{j’” :1—z3+%6—...4

b sinz
smx +sin2z
S 2x =3z T — —2 + 20 - 1630
1122 27z 203z° b e_”"scoszzlfézfifz +24z +3 1. +$gg 6

¢ sin(z?)
— cos3x = —1 + - -
2 8 240
— 310~ Jog0e— 1R
a EXERCISE 24G B
1 = :z+%zs+254z°+.“
< cosx
2 tanz _=z + 1.3,
3a° + 2.5
{5T° + ...
894 ANSWERS
1
— 2 Gz 4 —z° 6 + ...
2
T
& 2hak =2z +2z° 2, + 3x°
i
3 a ie*-1= 4.3 + ... 1+x2717z
3
oo 1)k 42k+1,2k+1 4 a (1+e)’ =1+30+ 202 - La®+ ..
ii sindx = Z b
= (2k+1)!
b 1 =4z %x‘Jr%xr’— = (E—1)! k!
:672ez+%ez 7§ez3+
2 L3 15 b1
4 a sine g% T30%
1 L1 1,2, 1.3
In(1+ x) - 122+ 13 4 (1+52z)2:2_5:‘+2x +5T
6 a € et e Sg24
290 +6m Spdy
e
+ 5 ~0708 6 aVIte=1+iz—fa2+ ka4
7 aa =1, a;=-1, az = —3, a3:2
b sin(e?* — 1) = 2z + 222 — 10 zt +. c0
8 a 2
icosfz=1-2°+g372, 1.4 _ =T
2.6
7 a sinz has zeros nm, n € Z.
2.
il sinz=u2x .2 — 3T+
1.4 5T 2.6
sinx
has zeros nw, n € Z, n#0.
g EXERCISE 25A B
sinx x
2 aB b C < A
T 3! * 5! 7 = _3 5
4 b }GU/ ¢ y=2z?
cz=nm, n€Z n#0
sl d y:4x7§
d This evidence supports Euler’s claim. f g 8 e
REVIEW SET 24A IS
6
1 .
1 a =3=
33—z 3k+1 44
b Ms(z) =%+ $z+ %27 + Fa° 2
Ms(1) =48,
4
f(1)=3 - =2 >
[ -1 1 2
2 ~0.99939 c=1+2
3 Forany |z| < 1, the terms decrease in size. =2
The series converges for |z | < 1.
4 a —2<z<2 5 b y
00 (_1)k+1gkk cE2,
4
5 a 1n(1+3:c):2()—z
c=1
< — —
=
2 T
i not convergent i convergent

1 _9
¢ —3<zr<31
6 ~1.463 7 secx =1+ 3o + ot + ... c= c=F2
1 —4
8 a =1—a3+2%
— 2%+ ... c=-1
1+ 23
—_— a? 2 — 22°5 + 32 8 cy=2r—2+3e"7" dy=—z+1

=1
(14 23)2
EXERCISE 25B
9 a itan2c=2z+
823+ $tab 4 . b 2
2
et =1t—
REVIEW SET 248 I
1 e =z+a?
+ fad 4 $at 4.
n 2 4 6
b x| <2
3 a §ol
arctan
= 3z 1.3,
2420 1 5_
+ T60% 1 T .7 -
Tog
b arctan(¢?) = 22 — 220 + 1g10

£ _ 1x14 + e
ANSWERS 895
2 a i ~3.4865 il ~ 3.8283 2 a y=Ae" by==+V2zFfc ¢ y=Aet+4

b y(0.5) = Se ~ 4.0774 dP=(8t+c)° e Q=Act—% f1=Q+3Q+c
The accuracy of Euler’s method was improved by decreasing
the step size. 3 ay=AY3z+1 b y=Ae*® +2
3 y(1) ~ 0.7869
¢ y=3/3In(z2+5)+ec d y=Ae2Vi—7
11
4 a y(0.5) ~ —0.4851 b y(0.5) ~ —0.4795 1 2
¢ y(0.5) = —sin(0.5) ~ —0.4794 e y=—"7"°" fy=(2n(®+5)+c)®
The accuracy of Euler’s method was improved by decreasing Y 7%12+2z+c Y (2 ( ) )
the step size.
4 oy= , defined for = # ¢
5 a~1 b ~ 13021 ¢ ~1.3018 c—
EXERCISE 25C B 5 ay:\s/%x2+1 by = (x—26)°

1 ay=zt+ec by:%13+3z2+c
< y:e’”Jr%’”3 d y:arcsin(%xz—%)
< y:%e3"'+4m+c d y:sinx—%cosZerc 2
e z:%t+isin2t+c e y:(%sin2x+3\/§)3
fy:ln\:c+4|7§1n\3x—5\+c fy=In[V2eT
+4z+1 (e +3) -3
g M:ln|t374|+c hy=-vV25—22+c 2 1—-z
6 y=(z+3)? defined for z > —3 7 by—( T2
i f(6) = —de Pl 424 | S=2(md+c x
5 3
8 a +
ky:zfésin3z+c I y= r—4 x+3
2 ay=222—-2z+5
2
b y= b y:%(SIH‘E*4‘+3IH‘Z+3‘+C)2
¢ y=In|z|+1n6 1
9y:7
3 ay=eXiet-2 bM:%sin2a+3cosa+2 (z+2)2(z—1)
2
In|——F——[+2
3
< P:2151nz+2coszfg
-1
4 f(-2)=2 S 2| Z2 | 43m|e—1]+2
ay=e+e -1 b AY fi
-1
10 y:Ae”"(x )
x4+1
11 a P=40eb b~ 803 rabbits

12 a I=350e 04 b =~ 47.4 milliamps
< -2 | 41
0ol 2 13
¢ ~ 7.16 milliseconds
& 5.19 minutes 14 0.8%
¢ 3z —2y=3In2-3 Y 15 a (Vo — V) is the amount of water remaining
1
6f(z):%z2+;7% 7 y=In(z®+2) +In3 dv
soS0 ——-oc(Vo—V)
Vo—-V
8 a f(z)=a®—222+4z—1 b yzfisin21+4z dv
o =k(Vo — V) for some constant k
9 £4250
10 a P(z) =15z — 0.015z2 — 650 pounds b ~17.7%
b maximum profit is £3100, when 500 plates are made
16 a = 12.5 minutes b midnight
¢ 46 < x < 954 (you cannot produce part of a plate)
11 = 225°C 17 a I(t) = Ae— 820 42 b I(t) =2 — 2 8%
12 a =~ 400°C b ~0.387m ¢ ~0.187m ¢ 2 amps d ~ 0.138 seconds
13 a y= (%13 — —0‘10359:4 — O'—gsx) metres 18 4 hours
dh r?
b ~3.33cm; yes, it seems reasonable that the maximum sag 19 a8 —=———
occurs when z = 2. dt wh? —2wrh
¢ 2.375 cm d ~1.05° b ii ~ 14.4 hours iii & 20.9 hours
20 b = 35.6 minutes 21 224 y2 =
EXERCISE 25D W
1
1 ay= \3/%’124»0 b y=In(z?4c¢) < y:Ae%z2 22 Y y=—
7 or y=
y=+T
5 2
T
dy= (?4»0) e y=Ae ©o5% EXERCISE 25 M
200
1 a P=——-+—1— b P~90.2
fy:(fiz2+c)271 g y=Ax 1+ 9e—0-2t
h y=—In(c—2?) i y=Az—1)—2 ¢ as t — oo, P —200
896 ANSWERS
d _'}(}* P EXERCISE 25F NSSSSS——————

z A 2 +3 z+ 3T
y=—"=
1 ay==4— b y= 2
160 Y 2+:c Y 2x Y 2
120 Pr=
200 3 ay:_lnfilz\ b y=zarctan(ln|
Az|)
1+ 9e0-2t
~90.2] -
80 ¢ y=+VAz
— 22
_x 1
40 h og=+/2e * 5 b yzlen(—fi»c)
x
1 20 30 | 40 t EXERCISE 25G B
Y 1 ay=3+ce™ b y:*%eerge"”
2 a The population P grows logistically over time ¢. 2 y:3700521
b The graph would increase exponentially at first, but then level 2cosx
off to approach the maximum value.
3 ay:$*1+%ez+61717%62*1
3000 3 c
¢ P=———-— . cost ¢
1+ Be 0.1t b y=sinz+ + - cy=3—x——+—
R T T ze®
d i = 924 rodents il ~23years iii 3000 rodents
EXERCISE 25H B
500
3 a A= ———
1+ 2401t
b ~ 118 cm? ¢ 500 cm? 1 ay=-2o+ia?+ &0+ .
600 2 ay=-3+z+222+.. by=222+z-3
4 a N= m b ~ 21 people ¢ 600 people
3 ay=2+a—a+.. b y=sinz+2cosx
d ~ 5:08 pm
h b y=AQ1+z)P
10%0
5 a Neooo b k~1.12
x 10° REVIEW SET 25A B
14 (5 x 1027 — 1)e—kt
¢ after 2 6.09 x 10~° seconds 2 a=2 b=-1 3 y~1.0088
6 a The population of foxes increased quickly at first, but later 4 a y=3sin2c—Lao+c b y:3x+%e“2m+c
levelled off to approach a maximum.
95000 cy=32In|2c+1|+2 dy=32+e’ +3e-1)
b i A=95000 i Py —
1+ _941‘186 —0.146t 5 a P(z) =20z — ga? — 250 pounds
¢ ~ 85100 foxes d i ~1894 i ~ 1911 £550 per day when 80 vases are made.
O
between 14 and 146 vases per day inclusive

€ AR
an
100 000
V1] e 160 spectators per minute
A 249 spectators per minute
80000
b d ( 1 )_ 0.2¢~0-05¢
60000 T J 55, —0.146t dt \ 1+ 4e—0.05t ) — (1 + 4e—0.05t)2
40000
/S’(t) dt—fl+c
T 1+ 4e—0.05t
20000
60
1 (years)
> ¢ / S'(t) dt =~ 12700
00 30 60 90 120 150 0
f In 1905, it appears as an inflection on the graph. About 12700 spectators entered the stadium between noon
20000 and 1 pm.
7 aP=——F —— — bb=2 ar~0133
1 4+ be—0-1t(1-3aVi) d =~ 19500 spectators
5,3 —1
< AP P 20000 7 a y=Ae® b y=
z271+c
20000 ~1+-§e—(.lt(1—§xl.l..( T)
2
15000 < x:(—%0052t+0)3
10000 dM
8 a ——=kM, M(0)=Mo b ~ 93.2 days
5000
9 y=In(e—3z)
(]0 50 100 150 5200 t 10 a ¢t=—-100In(10C —_—
01-C
d ¢t~ 56.9, maximum population ~ 18200

n(10 ) + S 6 x 107
e P(220) =~ 32, so the model predicts that, if nothing had b ~ 509 seconds (& 8 minutes 29 seconds)
been done, 32 numbats would still exist today. 222
1M 2= —
f The introduced species will drive the numbat population to Vo310
extinction, that is, P — 0 as t — oo.
694
Realistically, it is possible for the numbat population to 12 a N=——— b x~5lpeople ¢ = 7.49 weeks
become extinct in a finite time. 1+ 693e~t
ANSWERS 897
13 y2 =22%(In|z| +¢) no correlation
® 0Qan
strong, negative, non-linear correlation, with one outlier
14 a y=2zyz—
4z b yzfécotzcosz
-
moderate, positive, linear correlation, with no outliers
15 ay:127%z4+%16+...4 b y=In(z%+1) weak, positive, non-linear correlation, with no outliers
& () Hours worked is the explanatory variable.
o
16 a z(t)= b z(t)
= cosmt Number of customers is the response variable.
kgo (2k)!
b A number of customers
REVIEW SET 25B IS 12 °
2 a d—y:ce”:(cezi»l)fl:yfl v
dx o
8
b AY ¢ y=3"+1 °
o
e o
| d y=3z+4 4 °
“ c=1
=9 hours worked
0 >
2 cl= 0 2 4 6 8 10
< i Monday and Friday il Wednesday and Sunday

T % d The more hours that Tiffany works, the more customers she
a= 70 c=—1 is likely to have.
104 Judge B
v s o
8
3 y(0.5)
~ 0.8555 °
)-4
oo
7
6
4 a y=Inle* -2|+c b y:—isin(s—Qa:
z
4 °
6 a b P=AVt2+1
2
! +2)?
7 y=(z2+2)
ay=(iz+2)? b y=¢
y=eine3 8 TPy
:—(z
00 2 4 6 8
o
Judas 10
9 a T=65"0%+20 b ~63.6°C
cas t—oo, T— 20 There appears to be strong, positive, linear correlation
d 100y e between Judge A’s scores and Judge B’s scores. This means
that as Judge A’s scores increase, Judge B’s scores increase.
No, the scores are related to the quality of the ice skaters’
performances.
i job G ii job C
time A
(hours) 10 4
s
6 °
T s 12 16 20 m 4 O—I—O
* °
e i = 3.68 minutes ii ~ 8.11 minutes 2
5 0 » number of workers
10 V= y=— 0 2 4 6 8 10
v dh k There is a strong, negative, non-linear correlation between

11 a —=-kVvh b V=2x2xh —=-—=Vh number of workers and time.
dt Vh dt 4\/_
¢ 20 minutes D b A < B d ¢
200000 . There is a moderate, positive, linear correlation between hours
12 a P(t)~ T 7o o1 b = 42800 ostriches
of study and marks obtained.
¢ after=~ 15.1 years The test is out of 50 marks, so the outlier (> 50) appears to
1 be an error. It should be discarded.
13 y2 =322 -2z -1 1hy=2°-—2
Yes, this is a causal relationship as spending more time
15 a y:1+%127%z3+4... b y=(z+1)=He™ studying for the test is likely to cause a higher mark.
16 d y? =2cx +c? Not causal, dependent on genetics and/or age.

e The mirror is a parabola (z is a quadratic in y). Not causal, dependent on the size of the fire.
Causal, an increase in advertising is likely to cause an increase
EXERCISE 26A N in sales.
1 a weak, positive, linear correlation, with no outliers Causal, the childrens’ adult height is determined by the
b strong, negative, linear correlation, with one outlier genetics they receive from their parents to a great extent.
898 ANSWERS
e Not causal, dependent on population of town. 7 a5 number of car acciden
EXERCISE 26B B 40
°
°
1 weak, positive correlation

30 °
°
2 aB b A <D d C e E
0p———
3 a0 104y il 7~ 0.786
° °
8 iii moderate, 10 oo
positive o T urfiber
ber of of sypermprkets|
si
6 11 * i
correlation 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
4
° b r~0.572
2 ° ¢ The point (3, 37), which represents 37 car accidents in a
0 >
T
town with 3 supermarkets, is an outlier.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
d i r=~0.928
b i Y i r=-1 i strong, positive correlation
16 Yle
iii Removing the outlier had a very significant effect on the
° perfect,
value of 7.
12 ° negative
e No, it is not a causal relationship. Both variables depend on
° correlation
the number of people in each town, not on each other.
8
8 a
300 A MS/incidence per 100 000
o
°
4 °
250
0 o
0 4 8 1216 200
¢ 012y I il 7~ 0.146 150 .

)
®
o
o
10 very weak, 100 ° ° e
s I o positive o
° correlation 50 L.
0 ° 0o ¢ g
6
° 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
4 °
b r=~0.849 ¢ moderate, positive correlation
2 °
d The incidence of MS is higher near the poles.
°
0 =
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 EXERCISE 26C NS
1 af
Ay
4 a 10Alcxtmcs ages received 3 30
8 °
6 : 20 /.
nean point (14, 16)
°
4 °
10 o
20 o °
o Ehon callt received T
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OU 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 >
b r~0.816 b negatively correlated ¢ r~ —0.881

¢ moderate, positive correlation d strong, negative correlation e (14, 16) g y~T
d Those students who receive several phone calls are also likely 2 a,e Ay (beats per mfin)
to receive several text messages and vice versa.
90
5 a r~0917
80
b strong, positive correlation
meal nt (4
In general, the higher the young athlete’s age, the further they 70
can throw a discus.
60
6 a ——
120A dr&lmg time (y inutes
° Ty &)ki
80 ! 20 30 40 50 60 70
b r=0.929
40 T ¢ There is a strong, positive correlation between weight and
ol . . . t #mfiera ur.e (zzPC >) pulse rate.
24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 4 d (45, 64.6)
f 68 beats per minute. This is an interpolation, so the estimate
b r~ —0.987 ¢ very strong, negative correlation is reliable.
ANSWERS 899
3 ae d y~ —1.06z +52.0
Ay(m) e gradient: ~ —1.06; this indicates that for every additional
30 o
speed camera, the number of car accidents per week decreases
by an average of 1.06.
20 * o ° y-intercept: = 52.0; this indicates that if there were no
speed cameras in a city, an average of 52.0 car accidents
10 < mean poi t (45, 15.7)
would occur each week.
. + 1 z 6m) f = 41.4 car accidents

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 ad 13Ace‘ling( ‘m)
b (20, 22) ¢ very tall and thin d (45,15.7) - °
12 *
f ~ 37 m. This is an extrapolation, so the prediction may not
11 °
be reliable.
10 °
°
g ~ 25 cm. This is an interpolation, so the estimate is reliable.

9 -
EXERCISE 26D W maximum
i spee ( kmh~!
m >)
1 a,c¢ 20 Y
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
16 b r & 0.840
12 0 Ao ¢ moderate, positive, linear correlation

d y~0.00812z + 6.09
8 o
e ~ 0.00812; this indicates that for each additional kmh—1,
4 the ceiling increases by an average of 0.008 12 km or 8.12 m.
00 - f ~11.0 km g ~ 605 kmh—!

2 4 6 8 10
ad 28Ay( ours)
b y= 1.92z — 0.0667 241 o
2 a 604 y/(minutes) 20
50 ° o © 16
o 12 &
40 1 P 3 °
* °
30 ¢ o o $ 4
o (hours)
T 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
© 36
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
b r~—0.927
b r~-0.219 ¢ There is a strong, negative, linear correlation between time
¢ There is a very weak, negative correlation between exercising and time watching television.
temperature and time. d oy~ —2.13z +22.1
d No, as there is almost no correlation.
e gradient: ~ —2.13; this indicates that for each additional
r~ —0.924 hour a child exercises each week, the number of hours they
There is a strong, negative, linear correlation between the spend watching television each week decreases by 2.13.
petrol price and the number of customers. y-intercept: ~ 22.1; this indicates that for children who do
Yy~ —4.27x + 489 not spend time exercising, they would watch television for an
~ —4.27; this indicates that for every cent per litre the average of 22.1 hours per week.
petrol price increases by, the number of customers will f i 9 hours per week il 2 7.22 hours per week
decrease by approximately 4.27.
i This particular child spent more time watching television
~ —5.10 customers f ~ 105.3 cents per litre than predicted.
In e, it is impossible to have a negative number of customers. 3 bgye .
This extrapolation is not valid.
In f, this is an interpolation, so this estimate is likely to be 4 o ° ? °
reliable.
o
Gflly('ar ccident$) 2l e
50| w2 o (g per m%)
0 >
40 ° 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
30
(50, 4.4) is the outlier.
20 8
b i reduces the strength of the correlation
10
z qucd ameras) ii decreases the gradient of the regression line
0 >
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 ¢ i r=~0.798 il r~0.993
b r~ —0.878 d i y=0.0672z + 2.22 il y~0.1192 4 1.32
< There is a strong, negative correlation between number of e The one which excludes the outlier, as this will be more
speed cameras and number of car accidents. accurate for an interpolation.
900 ANSWERS
f Too much fertiliser often kills the plants. In this case, the b negative ¢ r~—0.906
outlier should be kept when analysing the data as it is a valid a
data value. If the outlier is a recording error caused by bad 12 y ($ x 1000
measurement or recording skills, it should be removed before 10 °
analysing data. o
o
o
o
8 °
n ° o0
6
=1
b g n 4
°
o o
E z? 2
i=1 z ($ % 1000)
0 >
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
EXERCISE 26 I
a The y variable, money spent on fast food, can be measured b r~0.776 ¢ moderate, positive correlation
exactly. The x variable, time spent on homemade meals, will 5 a mean time &~ 13.3 min, mean spending ~ €57.07
not be measured exactly.
b z~ —0.0576y + 8.29
b 160y ‘money (€)
mean point ! °
i~ 5.70 hours il ~ $57.13 120 13.3,57.07)
3 6047 (uin) 80 ° ° °
50 v
40 o 40 ° °
time (min).
30 ° 0 ° >
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
20
10 ¢ There is a moderate positive linear correlation between time

{ in the store and money spent.
(e i)
0 5 10 15 20 25 a 170 G
bz against y, since a student’s time taken to travel to school can °
be more precisely measured than their distance from school. 150 T °
< ~ 33.9 min
130 >
d This is an interpolation, so this estimate is likely to be reliable. o
a Lo 144 110 ®e
140 °
136 90 (years,
Rl 14
132 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
128 b y~ 598z + 80.0

124 ¢ =~ 5.98; this indicates that each year, a child grows taller by
120 an average of 5.98 cm.
d ~ 110 cm e 10 years old
60 64 68 72 76 80
a IGOAy
tomatoes) °
b iy~ —1.28z+219 iz~ —0.693y + 160
¢ The two regression lines are very similar. The regression line 120 °
of x against y is slightly steeper.
4 b The regression lines are the same if 72 = 1. 80 *
REVIEW SET 26A B

40
a strong, positive, linear correlation, with no outliers
weak, negative, linear correlation, with one outlier @ (mL per Ifi
O
0
strong, negative, non-linear correlation, with no outliers 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
A
The correlation between water bills and electricity bills is b 7~ 0.340. There is a very weak, positive, linear correlation
o
likely to be positive, as a household with a high water bill is between spray concentrations and yield.
also likely to have a high electricity bill, and vice versa. ¢ Yes, (15,82) is an outlier.
b No, there is not a causal relationship. Both variables mainly d r A~ 0.994. Yes it is now reasonable to draw a regression
depend on the number of occupants in each house. line.
a Ay e y~9.93z + 395
18 °
f gradient: &~ 9.93; this indicates that for every additional mL
15 per L the spray concentration increases, the yield of tomatoes
12 ° per bush increases on average by 9.93.
9 o
y-intercept: ~ 39.5; this indicates that if the tomato bushes
6 o o 5
are not sprayed, the average yield per bush is approximately
3 2 39.5 tomatoes.
0 > g 1 ~ 109 tomatoes per bush il &~ 16.2mL per L
ANSWERS 901
h In g i, this is an interpolation, so this estimate is likely to be ¢ There is a very strong, positive correlation between area and
reliable. price.
In g ii, this is an extrapolation, so this estimate may not be e = £43.42, this is an extrapolation, so it may be unreliable.
reliable. 6 a As
600 o
a 36y d (km:
32 > 550
° °
28 * 500
°
24 3 450 %o ]
e
20 400 o °
T(°C) p(S)
{\/\ >
20 22 24 26 28 30 140 1.80 220 2.60
b The values for the distance travelled d are more precisely b Yes, the point (1.7, 597) is an outlier. It should not be deleted
measured than the daily temperature which Thomas is just as there is no evidence that it is a mistake.
estimating. ¢ s —116p+ 665
¢ T~ —0.689d + 42.3 d ~17.9 km d =~ —116; this indicates that with every additional dollar the
REVIEW SET 26B NS price increases by, the number of sales decreases by 116.
e No, the prediction would not be accurate, as it is an
1 a Negative correlation. As prices increase, the number of
extrapolation.
tickets sold is likely to decrease.
Causal. Less people will be able to afford tickets as the prices a,d 3004 7
increase.
b Positive correlation. As ice cream sales increase, the number 200
of shark attacks is likely to increase.
Not causal. Both of these variables are dependent on the
100
number of people at the beach.
8 90p A project mark i
00 2 4 6 8
oo
80 There is a very strong, positive correlation between number
of waterings and flowers produced.
70 %o |0 b f~34.0n+19.3
¢ Yes, plants need water to grow, so it is expected that an
° increase in watering will result in an increase in flowers.
60?
W » Mathematics test mark e i 104 flowers (n = 2.5), 359 flowers (n = 10)
60 70 80 90 il m =25 is reliable, as it is an interpolation.
b There is a strong, negative, linear correlation between the n =10 is unreliable as it is an extrapolation and
Mathematics and Art marks. over-watering could be a problem.
¢ r~—0.930 a Ky(hits)
a (50, 2.51) 10
ke
° °
4 mean point 8 ° ° °
3 50.9.5
50, Z.\{i o o
6 °
2
4 °
! v (kmh~1ty
0 ° o
0 20 40 60 80 100
2 °
¢ i = 2.68 seconds il ~ 4.44 seconds
x (m)
d The estimate in ¢ i, since it is an interpolation. 0 >
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
4 a r~0.983 b y ~ 3.36z + 8.64 ¢ x42.2
b The number of hits can be measured exactly, while the
5 a,d 40p
y(£ distance from the target might not be exact.
¢z~ —7.89y +93.7
d & —0.8 shots, but it is impossible to make a negative number
of shots. This extrapolation is not valid.
EXERCISE 27A B
a continuous b discrete ¢ continuous d continuous
0
Y
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 e discrete f discrete g continuous h continuous
b r~0.994 a i X = the height of water in the rain gauge

902 ANSWERS
ii continuous i 0 <X <400 mm ¢ mode = 1, median

= 2 d P(X < 3):%
b i X = stopping distance il continuous 7 a X=1,23,0r4
il 0< X <50m
i number of switches until failure i discrete
iii any integer > 1
X has a set of distinct possible values. ¢ mode = 2 bedrooms, median = 2 bedrooms
X =2,3,4,56,7,8,9,or 10 8 a X=123,0r4
X =4,5,6,0r7 b i X=5 i X=6o0r7
X =0,1,23
0r4
VYV VY VVxx xxxv Xxxx
VVxV VxVx xxvx ¢ mode = 1 shot, median = 2 shots
VxVvy Vxxyv xvVxx 9 a P0)=4. P)=3. P2 =5 PB) =%
xvV VY xxvVV Vxxx
0 < P(z;)<1 in each case, and
l xV xV l n
xV V% ZP(Z,):E+E+—+10:1
(X=4) (X=3) (x=2) X=1 (Xx=0
i X=2 il X=23,0r4
X =0,1,2,0r3 b P()=2.T PR =2, PB)=F
HHH HHT TTH TTT 0 < P(z;) <1 in each case, and
HTH THT n
THH HTT Z P (z)=F+5+5=1
_ 6 3 2 _
(x=3) (x=2 (X =1) (X—O)

¢ No, for example there is probabnlny that X = 3, and
probability 2g that X =2. 10
EXERCISE 27B IS 1
i yes ii no iii yes iv no 12
For a iii, X is a uniform random variable.
14
o O
k=02 b k=1
nCo
a=0.2
No, as the probabilities of cach outcome are not all equal.
2 d P(X >2)=065 15
P(2) = 0.1088
o
a = 0.5488 is the probability that Jason does not hit a home 16

run in a game.
P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) = 0.4512 and is the
probability that Jason will hit one or more home runs in a
game.
P(z)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0 1
<7 d P(S>10)=1
mode = 0 home runs, median = 0 home runs
2)n —-0.2
k=0.04 b 0 tyres 17 a Z©2ne
) 7 =1
P(X > 1) = 0.12 which is the probability that more than
1 tyre will need replacing on a car being inspected.
b i ZP () =1 ii P(X =0)=e %2 ~0.819,
i P(X > 3) P(X =1)=0.2¢7%2 ~ 0.164,
~0.00115 P(X = 2)= 0.02¢7 %% ~ 0.0164
A probability EXERCISE 27C.1 I
1 a E(X)=17 b E(X) =25 ¢ E(X) =385
ol
d E(X) =30
ol
2 aa=3 b3 ¢p=22 3 & 117 points

oo
4 1.57 fish 5 aa=025 b 4books ¢ 3.13 books

w=
6 5.25 lollics 7 a £ b ~893pins

O
ANSWERS 903
8 a=01, b=04 3 mean = 17, standard deviation = 4

9 a offensive strategy: P(draw) = 0.15 4 E(Y) = 13, Var(Y) = 16
defensive strategy: P(draw) = 0.5 b E(Y) = —22, Var(Y) = 100
b offensive strategy: 1.05 points per game < E(Y)=0, Var(Y) =1
defensive strategy: 1.1 points per game
aE(X) =2 b Var(X) =1 ¢ o(X)=1
¢ defensive strategy
d Yes, an offensive strategy would then be better. d E(X+1)=3 e Var3X+1)=9 fo(5-X)=1
10 a i carparkk B ii car park A il car park B E(2X3+5):3 h Var(20
— 4X) = 16
b Zoe should choose car park A as the expected cost for car
park A is $14.80 whereas the expected cost for car park B is a=1
$15.25.
i E(X) =23, Var(X)~ 1.91, o(X) ~ 1.38
11 8390
i E(X +4) =643, Var(X +4) ~ 1.91,
EXERCISE 27€.2 NS
o(X +4)~1.38
1 fair 2 a $3.50 b —$0.50 < no
3 a =~ —$0.05 b lose ~ $5.41 4 —$0.75 il E(3X —1) =72, Var(3X — 1) ~ 17.2,
5 a 103 i 0.1 b E(X) = 2.5 tokens o(3X —1) ~ 44415
¢ No, as the player can expect to lose half a token on average i E(X)=1.85 i Var(X)~1.73 iii o(X)~ 131
per game. b Y =25X + 100
6 a Expected gain =~ —$0.67 # $0 b $30 10)=1
EXERCISE 27F I
d The organisers would lose $2.50 per game. e $4010 1 The binomial distribution applies, as tossing a coin has two
8 $4.75 possible outcomes (H or T) and each toss is independent of
cvery other toss.
EXERCISE 27D NS
The binomial distribution applies, as this is equivalent to
1 a ip=2 il 02=0.6 iii o~ 0.775 tossing one coin 100 times.
b ipu=15 il 02 =125 il o~ 1.12 The binomial distribution applies as we can draw out a red
2 a k=015 b 20 ¢ p=13 d o~6.88 or a blue marble with the same chances each time.
The binomial distribution does not apply as the result of each
3 b Michelle: o =1ace, o2 =1 ace? ¢ Amanda
draw is dependent upon the results of previous draws.
Amanda: o ~ 1.30 aces, o2 = 1.7 aces®
The binomial distribution does not apply, assuming that ten
4 a k=0.03 b p=0.74 ¢ o ~0.996 bolts are drawn without replacement. We do not have a
repetition of independent trials. However, since there is such
5 a b u=~217
a large number of bolts in the bin, the trials are approximately
¢ o~ 0.898
independent, so the distribution is approximately binomial.
6 a mode=3 b median=3 ¢ pu=25 d o=~0.671 (p+9)* = p* +4p>q + 6p*¢ + 4pg® + ¢*
8 a
i (3)'=% i 4(3)°(3) =1
b p=3, ¢ i Pp—o<z<p+o)=08
i 6(3)*(3)° - %
o~ 1.10 il P(pu—20<z<pt+20)=1 (p+ q)® = p° + 5p*q + 10p3q2 + 10p2¢® + 5pg* + ¢°
9 a i Y would have the greater mean as the possible values for
Y will be greater overall than the possible values for X.
i5(z) (3) =% i 10(3)*(4)° =%
il X would have the greater standard deviation as the i (3)'(3)=%
probabilities of obtaining each outcome are more spread
(G+1)'=(3)"+13)° () +6(3)°(3)
433+@)
P(3)=' i e(3)(R) =% g
(F+1)7=(3)"+5(3)"(3) +10(3)"(3)°
d X: p=25 oc~1.12 (
Y: p=3.125 o~ 00927 3)3(1)2 _ 135 53 47
! 10(2) (Z) 512 ) 18
10 Hint: Use 02 =) a2p; —p?
(). »* A=p)"*>0 P(z) >0
EXERCISE 27E n
1 E(aX +b) = E(aX) + E(b) = aE(X) + b Now Y P(z)=1 P(z) <1
x=0
al3 b -5 3% 0< P(z)<1 forall z=0,1,..,n
904 ANSWERS
¢ P(x) is a valid probability distribution. pn=>5, 02=25
P
EXERCISE 27G I a p=12 oc~107 b p=288, 0~ 107
W
pn=39, o~ 184
a ~0.0305 b ~0.265
2 a ~ 0476 b ~0.840 ¢ ~0.160 d ~0.996 a p=28.5, o~ 267 b ~0.740
v
3 a ~0.0280 b ~0.00246 ¢ ~0.131 d ~0.710 a px =np My =np
o
4 ~ 0.000 864 5 a ~0.998 b ~ 0.807 =100 x % =300 x %
=50 =50
6 a ~0.0388 b =~0.405 ¢ ~0.573 7 ~0.0341
b ox =5, oy ~6.45
8 a ~0.863 b ~ 0475 9 a 3_16 b =~ 0.846
¢ X is more likely to lic between 45 and 55 inclusive because
10 a ~0.0905 b ~0.622
the standard deviation of X is lower than that of Y, which
¢ Yes, the probability that Shelley is on time for work each day means there are more values of X which lie close to the
ofa 5 day week is now ~ 87.2%. mean.
a ~0.0388 b 25 solar components
d i =~0.729 ii ~ 0.606
EXERCISE 27H NS REVIEW SET 27A WS
1 a i p=3, o=~ 1.22
a discrete b continuous ¢ discrete
ii
[z [ 0 [ 1T T 2 T 3 ] a i yes ii no iii no iv yess v yes Vi yes
b the distribution in a iv
[ [ 4 [ 5 [ 6 | aa=g _5 b 34
a k=0.05 b 0.15 c 2 d E(X)=17
A probability a X has a set of distinct possible values.
0.3
b X=0,10r2 <
0.2 d 1.2 green balls
0.1 6 ~ 3.83
7 a $7 b No, she would lose 1 per game in the long run.
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 T
8 apu=3 b o2=1.1 ¢ o~ 1.05
iii The distribution is symmetric. 1 .
9 aa=-g b 4 marsupials ¢ 3
b i p=12 o~0980
10 mean = 27, standard deviation = 8
ii ke 0 1 2 3
0.2621 | 0.3932 | 0.2458 | 0.0819 1
@ (38)"= (1) +5(3)"
() + 0(3) " (3)°
[(@ [ 4 [ 5 [ 6 ]
0.0154 [ 0.0015 | 0.0001 ;64
b i 3105 _= 0.02048 o128
i 55 =0.2048
A probability
0.4 a pentagonal square b 1—(1)
spinner spinner
0.3
0.2 3 H i R
35 R <3
0.1 B R ,_\— 2 R /
12 3 15 6 %
2 % R
iii The distribution is positively skewed. 5 R/ <
3
¢ i p=48 0=0980 1 R’
[ o [ t [ 2 [ 3 | ¢ 1 X ~B(10,3
0.0001 | 0.0015
it P = 1) = (10) () (%)° ~ 0.00416
0.2621 p(x =9) = (1) (48)" (%) ~ 0.0207
It is more likely that exactly one red will occur 9 times.
iii p=5.5 o=~157
13 a i ~0.0751 il ~0.166 b & 4.97 games
REVIEW SET 27B B
o —[ ] =
a X is the number of hits that Sally has in each match.
X=0,1,2,3,4,0r5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 T
iii The distribution is negatively skewed and is the exact

b i k=023 i P(X >2)=0.79
reflection of b. i P(1< X <3)=083
ANSWERS 905
¢ mode = 3 hits, median = 3 hits 2

b3
3 a2 b 3 <
2.7
¢ i 2n2 il 2—4(In2)2 i /2 —4(In2)2
4 a i Naomi ii Rosslyn b Rosslyn
5 a i % ii 1—10 i %0 b $2.70 per game d i 4ln2+8 i 8—16(In2)%? iii 2¢/2—4(In2)2
6 a a=0.15 b=035 b Var(X) = 1.26 3 aa=-%
7 at b i ~00881 i ~0.967 b v,
8 a The probability of rolling a two is not the same for each die.
So X is not a binomial random variable.
¢ i3
il ~0.571
9 a i EX)=21 i Var(X) = 1.29

b iY=4-X il E(Y)=1.9, Var(Y) =1.29 & a
10 a The probability of spinning a 3 is the same for cach spin.
b u=4, ocx1.79
<
11 a 42 donations b i =0.334 i =0.0931
12 a coin bowling probability 5 forallOgmg% bk:%
a f(xz) 20
toss ; 1 1 1
=11 =_ £, o =5—3/13
2 strikes IX5=13
< d mean median 255
, 2 heads 5— 1 strike % x é = é .
1
i 4 a k= b mean:a b, median:a+b
41 15 0 strikes %X%:é b—a 2
2 1head3Y1 strike —a)? —
% X % = % :Var(X):(b a)’ a—b 4
12 V12
3 F > osmkes Lx2=1 )
a k~1.0524 b ~0.843
1 1 _1
7xl=17 8 a __
k=—g=4 b ~~ 3.46 ¢ 331 d 151
¢ ~$3.33 oo o)
9 a% b V2 cy:/ acf(ac)da::/ — dz
) 1 1 7
d ~ — $1.67, Suvi should not play the game many times.
10
13 a i ~0544 il =~ 0.456
. 3 \0/ 97 \n .
b oirx=0=(7)(s) (&) i n=12
= (0.97)"
EXERCISE 28A NS
1 b3 5
2 a ¢ %
¢ mean ~ 0.590, median = 0.6, mode = 0.6
d Var(X) ~ 0.0300, o~ 0.173
e =~ 0.652; the task can be performed between 18 minutes and
42 minutes about 65.2% of the time.
1 a3 1 b _
k=-2 1 ¢ 3 5 ~ 62
dz+ix1l
12 a A>0 and e * >0 forall ¢t>0.

aa= % b %
o o
i E(T) :/ tf(t) dt = / e dt
a
5 a f(z) 20 forallx b k=e ¢ In2~0.693 0 0
6 ak=—e—1 b ~0472 7 a=%, k=2 ii

k
1
e M dt = —e M (k + —) +=
1 X
) X
8 aa=gs b i 0374 il ~0126
9 a For f(z) to be a valid probability density function, we only d i Var(T):/oo 2 f(t) dt — [E(T))?
b 0
require f(z) > 0 forall a < z 1 o X
k
EXERCISE 28B N i 2k 2 2
ii M2e M dt = —e™ M <k2 +=+
b P4 02V i 22 ¢ Var(X)
=8, o= 282 0 A
)t
906 ANSWERS
d The variable is likely to be normally distributed as the lengths

of the carrots will be generally centred around the mean, but
will vary due to factors such as soil quality, different weather
conditions, harvest times, and so on.
i E(T)=2, Var(T) =4 1-e9%~0.393

iv 2In2 minutes
The variable is not likely to be normally distributed. People
15 a i2+1<y<2b+1 i Fy(y):FX(yz;l) are most likely to be served quite quickly. The distribution is
i 1) = 3x (L) likely to be negatively skewed.
iv E(Y) =2E(X)+1, Var(Y) = 4Var(X)

EXERCISE 28C.1 N
1 B,D,and F
2 a The diameters may be affected by:
e the type of lathe used
e the steadiness of the woodworker’s hand The variable is not likely to be normal as it is a discrete
e the operating speed of the lathe. variable. Each egg has the same probability of being brown,
so the distribution is binomial.
b The scores may be affected by:
e the time spent studying
e natural ability (for example, memory, learning ability)
e general knowledge.
allL e
¢ The times may be affected by:
e the distance that the students live from their school
e walking speed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 127
e physical fitness
e the terrain. The variable is not likely to be normally distributed as it is a
discrete variable. Most families will have 0 - 2 children, and
3 a The variable is not likely to be normally distributed as it is there will be much fewer families with more than 2 children.
more likely that there would be more people younger than The distribution will be positively skewed.
the mean age than there are older. The distribution may be
positively skewed. A
OHHWT»
The variable is not likely to be normally distributed as there
b The variable is likely to be normally distributed as the long will tend to be many more shorter buildings than tall buildings
jumper is likely to jump the same distance consistently, but it in a city. The distribution will be positively skewed.
will vary due to factors such as the speed at which the long
A
Jjumper runs before the jump, and the positioning of their body
before hitting the sand.
EXERCISE 28C.2
a B b D < A d C
¢ The variable is not likely to be normally distributed as each
number has the same chance of being drawn. The distribution
should be uniform.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 mL
ANSWERS 907
3 ~ 34.13% e ~0.1359
Q
2 pn=20, oc=4
o
i~ 34.13% il &~ 13.59% i~ 2.28%
O
3
o
51 59 67 75 83 91 99
examination score
i ~15.87% il ~2.28% il ~ 81.85%

& ~ 0.6826 b ~0.0228
i ~34.13% il ~47.72%
i ~0.0228 il ~0.8413
~ 68 students d k=~ 178
6 ~ 459 babies b = 446 babies
7 ~ 41 days b =~ 254 days ¢ = 213 days
8 ~ 5 competitors b = 32 competitors
~ 137 competitors
9 p=176g oc=24¢g b ~ 81.85%
10 i~ 84.13% il ~2.28%
i ~0.0215 il A~ 0.9544 ¢ ~0.0223
EXERCISE 28D.2 N
60 65 X 607 62 67 X
e
P(60 < X < 65) ~ 0.341 P(62 < X < 67) ~ 0.264
60 64 X 60 68 X
f P(X > 64) ~ 0.212 P(X < 68) ~ 0.945
-5 -2 1 4 7 10 13 x 60%61 X 57.5 00 7625 X

P(X < 61) ~ 0.579 P(57.5 < X < 62.5)
5 d i Another hint: Complete the square in the exponent
~ 0.383
of e.
2 ~ 0.334 b ~0.166 3 ~0.378
EXERCISE 28D.1 NS 4
o
~ 0.303 b ~0.968 ¢ ~0.309

o
1 a i40 ii 25 5
~ 0.0509 b ~521% © & 47 eels
b i 1 standard deviation above the mean 6
oo
i ~90.4% il ~4.78% b $4160

2 standard deviations below the mean
iii 3 standard deviations above the mean 7 i ~12.7% il ~52.0%
o
i 21.6 kL ii & 76 customers

8 i ~21.5% il ~95.2%
o
i Enrique ii Damien
9 ~ 10.3% b ~ 0.456
o
10 ~ 84.1% b ~0.880
o
908 ANSWERS
EXERCISE 28E.1 N
Emma’s z-scores:
English ~ 1.82, Mandarin ~ 2.33, Geography ~ 1.61,
Biology = 0.9, Mathematics ~ 2.27
b Mandarin, Mathematics, English, Geography, Biology
. —0.53 0 0 1.3
The scores in each of Emma’s classes are normally
distributed. P(Z< —0.53) ~ 0.298 > 1.3)~ 0.0968
2 a Sergio’s z-scores:
Physics &~ —0.463, Chemistry ~ 0.431,
Mathematics &~ 0.198, German =~ 0.521,
Biology ~ —0.769
b German, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Biology
3 a Frederick’s z-scores: -14 0
50 m freestyle ~ 1.95, 100 m backstroke ~ —1.07, _ ~ 5
200 m breaststroke ~ —0.578, 100 m butterfly ~ 0.345 P(Z 1.4)~ 0.919 P(Z > 4) ~3.17x 107
b Lower times are better as they indicate that the person swims
faster.
¢ 100 m backstroke, 200 m breaststroke, 100 m butterfly,
50 m freestyle
EXERCISE 28E.2 _ —0.500.5 —1.960 0 1.960
P(-0.5 < Z < 0.5) P(—~1.960 < Z < 1.960)

=~ 0.383 ~ 0.950
-101 -10
P(—1< Z < 1)~ 0.683 P(—l Z < 3) ~ 0.840

< —1.645 0 1.645 Z —1.645 0 1.645
P(—1.645 < Z < 1.645) P(|Z| > 1.645)

~ 0.900 ~ 0.100
-1 0 5 a ii =0.976 b i ~0910 i ~0.302
P(— 1<Z<O)~0341 P(Z<2 ~ 0.977 i ~ —0.859, z2 ~ 1.18 il ~0.687
e EXERCISE 28F.1 NS
0.9
0 0.3
P(—1 < Z) =~ 0.841 P(Z > 1) ~ 0.159 720 > 20 & =

ao b1 k~ 18.4 ko~ 23.8
3 aa=-1,b=2 ba=-05 b=0
< d
ca=0 b=3
4 a 0.5 0.2
20 X 20 k
L
0.5%1 —0.86 0™0.32 k=20
¢ kA 22.5
!
P(0.5 < Z < 1)~ 0.150 —0.86 < Z < 0.32) e t
~0.431
¢ 0.62 0.13
20 k X 20 k X
=3 0 15 013 k ~20.9 k~234
P(—2.3< Z < 1.5) P(Z < 1.2) ~ 0.885

~ 0.922
ANSWERS 909
2 a b 12 a p=29, o~10.7 b i =0.713 i =0.250

0.81 0.58 13 a i =~0.0736 il ~0.0406 b ~0.644
14 a ~0.330 b ~ 0.796
REVIEW SET 28B IS

0k Z Yk Z
1 b =0414 ¢ greater d %
k ~ 0.878 k ~0.202
2 a i ~228% il ~84.0% b ~0.3413
< d 3 aa= 71—% b
0.95
0.17
¢ i$
i £
k 0 7 k0 z i 8
k ~ —0.954 ke~ —1.64
a g
-
4 oa 1 =76.1% il ~96.0% b ~0.598

o
9
E:
¢z~ 619
o
S=
5 k~1.96 6 a ~0479 b x~0.0766 ¢ k=~55.2
7 =~ 162 scconds
_
k0 Z 0k Z 8 a a~9.05 b ax13.7 ¢ ar104 9 8.97

k~—1.28 k~0.228 10 =~ 0.0708
3 a b a=309 11 a i =~0.0362 i ~0.610 il =~ 0.566

b k744 ¢ a=~~81.0, b~ 102 d =~ 0.506
0.57 ¢ 1043
ii 0.07 12 a ~68.3% b ~ 0.0884
13 a i ~0.722 il ~0.798 b ~0.0563
30%, X 14 a k=8 b 22 ¢ E(X)~2.75, Var(X)~2.83
a > 30
d E(Y) ~5.40, Var(Y) ~ 16.3
4 a k=125 b kE~ 188 ¢ k~4.93
5 a ~0.212 b kx75.1
6 a am420 b a=x46.7 ¢ a~40.1
7 ~24.7 cm 8 ~ 75.2 mm
9 ~501.8 mL to 504.0 mL 10 =~ 31.0°C
EXERCISE 28F.2 NS
1 a Greater. Data values less than 40 make up only 20% of all
values.
b pu=45.0
2 o~ 3.90 3 ~112 4 ~0.193m
5 ~ €96.48 6 ~ 4:01:24 pm 7 p=236, o~243
8 a pu=524, o=~216 b ~54.3%
9 a p~4.00cm, o~0.00353cm b ~ 0.603
10 a p~200cm, o~ 0.0305cm b ~0.736
¢ ~0.153
REVIEW SET 28A I

165 cf 2 b 00998 ¢3i di2
3 aa=1% b L ¢ d 3%
4 a ~2.28% b =~ 68.26% ¢ ~ 95.44%
5 a ~50.2% b =~ 7 oysters
6 a Harri’s test score is 2 standard deviations below the mean.
b ~97.7% <7
7 a ~0.364 b ~0.356 ¢ k~18.2
8 a ~6.68% b ~0.854
9 a k=281 b k=265 ¢ k=250
10 a ~0.260 b =~ 29.3 weeks 11 ~0.842
910 INDEX
INDEX
differentiability 430
absolute value 156 differential equation 674
acceleration 640 differentiation 436
angle between a line and a plane 353 differentiation from first principles 427
angle between two lines 328 direction vector 324
angle between two planes 353 discrete random variable 738
antiderivative 552 discriminant 98
antidifferentiation 552 displacement 631
Argand plane 368 displacement vector 271, 290
argument 372 distance travelled 636
augmented matrix 256 divergence 404
average acceleration 640 division algorithm 120
average rate of change 419 divisor 120
average velocity 633 double angle identities 28
base unit vector 280, 285 equivalence 213
binomial 194 essential discontinuity 410
binomial coefficient 198,203 Euler’s form 386
binomial distribution 758 Euler’s method 677
binomial expansion 194,203 even function 152
binomial experiment 756 expected value 745
binomial random variable 756,763 exponential equation 47
binomial theorem 198, 202 exponential function 49
bivariate data 708 extrapolation 719
Cartesian equation of a line 325 factor formulae 37
Cartesian equation of a plane 347 Factor theorem 127
causality 710 factorial 179
chain rule 443 failure 756
change in displacement 635 fair game 748
change of base rule 81 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 128
collinear 297 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 555
combination 186 general solution 675
complementary angle formulae 23 general term 199
complex conjugate 99, 106 global maximum 489
complex number 99 global minimum 489
complex plane 368 growth 54
complex root 392 homogeneous differential equation 694
compound angle identities 32 hypothesis 210
concave down 494, 495 imaginary axis 368
concave up 494, 495 imaginary part 99
conjecture 210 implication 212
consistent system 256 implicit differentiation 466
constant of integration 562 improper integral 620
continuity 410 inconsistent system 256
convergence 404 increasing 485
coplanar 341 indefinite integral 562
correlation 709 independent variable 708
cubic function 133,134, 135 inflecting tangent 498
De Moivre’s theorem 388 instantaneous rate of change 421
decay 57 instantaneous velocity 633
decreasing 485 integrand 563
definite integral 590 integrating factor 696
degree 110 integration by parts 583
dependent variable 708 integration by substitution 578
derivative function 427 interpolation 719
difference between two squares 101 interval of convergence 203, 659
INDEX 911
invariant point 22 polynomial multiplication 112

inverse trigonometric function 21 position vector 271
kinematics 630 power of a binomial 194
I’Hopital's rule 504 probability density function 772
laws of logarithms 73 probability distribution 740
leading coefficient 110 probability mass function 742
least squares regression line 722 product principle 177
length of a vector 271, 281 product rule 445
limit 401 proof 210
limit laws 401 proof by contradiction 227, 228
line of best fit by eye 718 proof by contrapositive 225
linear equation 255 proof by deduction 213
linear factor 114 proof by equivalence 217
linearity 709 proof by exhaustion 222
local maximum 489 proof by mathematical induction 237
local minimum 489 proposition 235
logarithm 71 purely imaginary 99
logarithmic equation 80 Pythagorean identity 24
logarithmic scale 90 quadratic formula 98
logical connective 212 quantile 793
logistic growth 690 quartic function 139, 140
Maclaurin series 656 quotient 120
magnitude 281 quotient rule 447
mean point 718 random variable 738
median 741 rate 417
mode 741 rate of change 518
modulus 156, 371 real axis 368
motion diagram 632 real linear factor 114
natural logarithm 76 real part 99
negation 212 real polynomial 110, 129
negative angle formulae 23 related rates 533
non-stationary inflection 497 remainder 120
normal 346, 483 Remainder theorem 124
normal curve 779, 780 removable discontinuity 410
normal distribution 778 Riemann integral 548
nth roots 392, 394 root 114
oblique asymptote 167 row echelon form 261
odd function 153 row operations 257
optimisation 524 row reduction 259
outlier 710 scalar 270
overspecified system 256 scalar multiplication 278
parallel vectors 296 scalar product 300
parametric equation 325 second derivative 463
partial fractions 169 second derivative test 525
particular solution 675 separable differential equation 684
Pascal’s rule 202 shortest distance between two lines 343
Pearson’s product-moment sign diagram test 525
correlation coefficient 713 skew lines 341
permutation 181, 185 solid of revolution 610
plane 345 solution set 255
point of discontinuity 401 speed 644
point of inflection 497 standard normal distribution 789
polar form 379 stationary inflection 497
polynomial 110 stationary point 489
polynomial division 120 strength of correlation 709
912 INDEX
success 756
sum and product of roots 131
sum of two squares 101
sum principle 178
supplementary angle formulae 23
system of linear equations 255
tangent 476
Taylor series 655
underspecified system 256
uniform discrete random variable 741
unit vector 281,296
vector 270, 271
vector equation of a line 324
vector equation of a plane 346
vector product 309,311, 314
velocity 633
volume of revolution 611
z-score 789
Z-transformation 789
Zero 114
zero vector 274

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804 ANSWERS

secac:%, ‘30“‘:_% 8 ax:%,g,or% bxz%,%,%‘,or%’"

d smx:%, cosx:—é, tanz = ——=, lo~1.24 I~ 155

3 al b1l ¢ C,OSZI d cosz e cosz

2 a l+sina b tang —1 ¢ cos¢ —sing 54 — 25\/5

EXERCISE 1D 0= 0.5_= %, m 3£, 2, 2m, 55, U5, orn

4 a cosa=— 35 b sin2a:4495 ¢ tan2a =45

16 a cosA:1—70 b cosA:% 32 i %cos297%cos49 ii %cos5a7%cos7a

— T 11 Vv 5cos6A—5cos104 vi L10 cosdM— % cos 10M

b A% %), B(5.0). C(3.0), D 3) 34 2sin 3x cos 2z b 2cos5Acos3A ¢ —2sin2asina

2 a cosf b —sinf ¢ sinf 2sin3Bsin B h 2005(m+%)sinh

15 a cos2a b —sin3¢ ¢ cosf d —1 e tan2A 0, %, m % or2r 11 cz=21o0r3

13 3sinz — 5cosz &~ v34 cos(z + 3.68) d 72%

15 a x~3.46 b =~ 246 ¢ x~1.16 < d = 346 years

P(t) =400 x (0.92)"

8% per year. d between ~ 23.5 m and ~ 44.9 m

b ~ 4.98 years a i 22°C ii 6°C iii —2°C

a When t=0, V=c—60=0 b k=-1=-02 b T(°C)

0O 5 10 15 20 25 ¢ ~ 839 min or ~ 8 min 23 s

between y = 2% and Domain is {z | z # 0}

3p 15 i ~ 64.6 amps b T (amps)

9 a e"(e"+1) b (e +4)(e®"—4) ¢ (e*—6)(e” —2) 600 Pt) = — S0

As t increases, the population approaches a limiting value of

b Domain of f, g, and his {z |z € R}

b i xzx145 i z~—0.6 iz~ 1.1 14 a 80°C <

7 a clock: £525, vase: £428

¢ iz=%V2 i z=2 i ~90.3¢g

13 a A(t) =10 x (1.15)*

2 an b a+2 cl—-m da—-10

a ~1.88 b ~2.06 ¢ ~0.48 d ~ 2092 aptgq b 2¢g+r ¢ 2p+3q dr+%q—p

6 axz>1 bzrz=1 cl0<z<l1 dz<0 azx+z b z+2y crztz—y d2m+%y

EXERCISE 38 I 3 a ~2485 b ~4.220 ¢ ~0.336

1 a logl6 b log20 ¢ log8 d 1og(£) EXERCISE 3E I

5 log g 252 log (2 log ( 0 .

7 a Weget logg2 #0. b z=381 ¢ z=at 19 Hint: 0.1 x Iy = Iy x 27002

23 a e i Domainis {z |z >2}, Rangeis {y|y e R}

ive=8 v fY(z) =371

ii Domainis {x |z >0}, Rangeis {y|y € R}

iii vertical asymptote is = 0, x-intercept e? s

6 A vertical stretch with scale factor logs 2.

a 2, Domain is {x |z€ R}, Rangeis {y|y€ R}

13 a k=3 b g-intercepts 1+ 2v/2, y-intercept logs8

6 alogl4d b logy(d8) ¢ log,80

8 a logM =loga+ nlogb b 10gT:10g57%logl

13 ag=1% b 2~ 827 ¢ z~0.0316

19 b%ln(%) 20 :c:2,y:§ or x=064, y=4

d g’l(z) =37+t2 _9 a ~ 101-5051 b ~ 10—2-8861 ¢ A 1040475

A m 29957 b oy 80064 o o —2.5903

b i Domainis {z |z >0}, Rangeis {y|yeR}

b i & 3.58 seconds ii ~ 5.55 seconds

_ a2 —b%2—1 2ab . ¢ 323 4222 — 11z + 19 d 223

EXERCISE 4D NS ¢ 2®+622+120+8 d 4zt —42® +1322 — 6z +9

7 2=28-1; 8 a=0, b=—1 10 2=5 (y=0)

12 a P(z)=az(z+2)(x —1)(z—5), a#0 322 —8x +4, (x+1)(3z—2)(z—2)

3 quotient is x2 + 2z + 3, remainder is 7 EXERCISE 5) I

a p= -3, q=52, other zeros are 2+ 3i, —4

a=—4, b=15, other roots are 2 — i, +iy/3

a=3, P(z) = (z+3)(z+iV3)(z —iV3)