Control theory (sociology) Article Talk BX us vw & Control theory in sociology is the idea that two control systems—inner controls and outer controls—work against our tendencies to deviate. Control theory can either be classified as centralized or decentralized. Decentralized control is considered market control. Centralized control is considered bureaucratic control. Some types of control such as clan control are considered to be a mixture of both decentralized and centralized control.ina business meeting and sense, a colleague is uneasy? That's your cue to pivot the conversation. At a social gathering, notice someone feeling left out, You're the one who can integrate them seamlessly into the group. Social perceptiveness is invaluable, whether in the corporate world or just hanging out with friends.For example, Max is the owner and president of a virtual reality business specializing in police training. His business comprises finance staff, tech developers, and sales staff. In the face of societal concern around police brutality, Max persuades his employees to see themselves as important contributors to solving the problem. He tells stories of how the company’s training programs have prevented harrowing police/public encounters from escalating into life-threatening conflict. These stories serve as motivation for Max's employees to be more committed to the company mission, innovative in their technological development, and driven in their sales pitches. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account « Lesson © Quiz « Course 1.7K views How to Be Persuasive in Business Persuasive people possess a skill set composed of certain personality traits and behaviors. The following are some of the most effective characteristics related to persuasion. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account Persuasion Examples in Business There are some situations in the workplace in which persuasion is a likely component. The following areFor most people, the act of reading is a reward in itself. However, studies show that reading books also has benefits that range from a longer life to career success. If you're looking for reasons to pick up a book, read on for seven science-backed reasons why reading is good for your health, relationships and happiness.Read Faces Your face is a billboard that advertises your emotions, and each emotion has a unique set of facial expressions. But how good are you at reading them? What it looks like: © Fear: Look for widened eyes and raised eyebrows. The mouth might be slightly open, signaling that someone is anxious or scared. © Anger: Narrowed eyes and a furrowed brow often signal anger. The mouth might be closed tightly, and the nostrils may flare. © Sadness: When someone pinches their eyebrows together and frowns, something has triggered their sadness response. It is tough to fake sadness, so you almost always know it is real when you see it.Persuasion Examples in Business There are some situations in the workplace in which persuasion is a likely component. The following are common occurrences where persuaders play a key role. Sales Calls Perhaps the most obvious example is sales calls. Salespeople use their talents in persuasion to tout the features of their product lines or the benefits of their services to their prospects. It is through persuasion that they win loyal customers and the profits that come with them. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account Lesson Summary The process of persuasion involves convincing other people to change their minds or behaviors in order to adopt another specific mindset or behavior. Persuasion provides the motivation or the reason why they should change. In business, leaders persuade employees to accomplish company goals, work on specific tasks, and buy into other directives. Persuasion in business is important in increasing employee productivity, getting customers and investors, and negotiating contracts.This was echoed in a study in the UK, which uncovered that on average, the higher the socio-economic group an individual belongs in, the more often they read. The link between reading and success is thought to be driven by the desire for knowledge. Reading makes us better thinkers by improving our critical thinking and problem-solving skills, boosting our general and specific knowledge and developing our social and communication skills. Tech billionaire Elon Musk learned how to build rockets by reading books and would spend more than 10 hours a day reading science fiction novels. READING DECREASES LONELINESS AND SOCIAL ISOLATION For most, the act of reading is a solitary act but this doesn't have to be the case. Reading can be turned into a social eventREADING HELPS COMBAT ALZHEIMER’S AND DEMENTIA Reading is a workout for the brain, and keeping your mind active can help preserve brain health later in life. Research shows that elderly patients who read books or play mentally challenging games are two and a half times less likely to develop Alzheimer’s. Reading is also associated with lower risk of developing dementia. The study found that it didn’t matter if people began reading or other mentally engaging activities early or late in life, there was a slower rate of decline either way, so it’s never too late to pick up a book.What it sounds like: © Increased volume usually indicates increased emotions. These can be positive or negative. When people are excited or passionate, they increase their volume. When someone is angry, they yell. Pay attention to sudden volume changes to clue you into an intense emotion. © Wobbly voices typically indicate nervousness or anxiety. If you hear someone use it, try to put them at ease or note what makes them uncomfortable. © When someone's tone rises at the end of a statement, causing the statement to sound like a question, it could indicate uncertainty or even dishonesty. This is called the inflection question, and socially perceptive people are excellent at answering it.Employ a Tone Radar According to Harvard Business Review!, our voices significantly impact our impressions and can awaken the senses and lead others to act, close deals, or land us successful job interviews. Listening intently to voice changes can reveal what words might not. What it sounds like: © Increased volume usually indicates increased emotions. These can be positive or negative. When people are excited or passionate, they increase their volume. When someone is angry, they yell. Pay attention to sudden volume changes to clue you into an intense emotion. © Wobbly voices typically indicate nervousness or anxiety. If you hear someone use it, try to put them at ease or note what makes them ea _ a = aDecode Positive vs Negative Cues Socially perceptive people are adept at spotting cues and sorting them into categories. The easiest way to do this is to always look for positive and negative cues. Negative Cues show disengagement, disagreement, hesitation, nervousness, or deception. They are cues you where you should take mental notes and research further. Here are the top 5 negative cues to watch out for: © Lip Purse: When someone presses their lips into a hardline or Presses their lips together, it usually means they are withholding something or suppressing an emotion.In the case of mild to severe depression, reading self-help books or being read to can assist in recovery. While books cannot replace the role of psychologists and therapists, in the case of mild depression, bibliotherapy can be as effective as standard medical care. In fact, UK organisation Reading Well has a selection of book titles and evidence-backed booklists endorsed by medical experts to promote health and wellbeing. READING HELPS COMBAT ALZHEIMER’S AND DEMENTIA Reading is a workout for the brain, and keeping your mind active can help preserve brain health later in life. Research shows that elderly patients who read books or play mentally challenging games are two and a half times less likely to develop Alzheimer's. Reading is also associated with lower risk of developingStress is a common hazard of our modern lives. A study by the University of Sussex demonstrated that six minutes of silent reading can reduce stress levels by 68 per cent. In fact, reading works better and faster than other methods such as listening to music, going for a walk or sitting down for a relaxing cuppa. There are many reasons for the profound stress relieving effect of reading. First, reading allows the mind to focus and concentrate on the words, which pulls the reader away from anxious thoughts. Reading also has the effect of suspending reality. When we read, we escape into another world or another person and enter into an altered state of consciousness, which alleviates tension in the muscles and heart. The relaxing effect produced by books is not determined by the type or genre of book you are reading, as long as you can lose yourself in the narrative.READING PROMOTES WELLNESS While an apple an day can keep the doctor away, a book a week can keep the grim reaper at bay. Reading has an unexpected bonus of increasing your lifespan. A 2016 study published in Social Science & Medicine journal found that reading for at least 30 minutes a day extended the lifespan of participants by an average two years, with book readers who read more than three hours every week at an advantage over their peers who read magazines and newspapers, Booktrust, the UK's largest reading charity, conducted a survey of 1500 adult in the UK and found that people who read books regularly are on average more satisfied with life, happier, and more likely to feel that the things they do in life are worthwhile. In the case of mild to severe depression, reading self-help books or being read toNature of end product Strategy formulation Goals, strategies, and policies Management control Implementation of strategies Efficient and effective performance of individual tasks© Lip Purse: When someone presses their lips into a hardline or presses their lips together, it usually means they are withholding something or suppressing an emotion. © Rapid Blink Rate: If someone suddenly starts to blink rapidly, it usually makes them anxious. Liars often also blink quickly as they try to process the lie in their heads and deliver it with false confidence. Watch out for sudden eye blinks! © Shame Cue: When someone touches the sides of their forehead, it is a subtle form of shame. We do this to block out something embarrassing or that we do not want to talk about.a.org/wikipedi Learn More d.wikimedi uploa subject te copyright. images May be <2 Share fo saveAnger Sad Fear ~ ) & @ Source Why It Matters: If you spot these facial cues, you might be better at telling if someone shows genuine emotions. These skills are invaluable, whether de-escalating a heated debate or recognizing real happiness. For a deeper dive, check out our article: The Definitive Guide to Reading Facial Microexpressions.READING INSPIRES SUCCESS Have you heard of the saying ‘not all readers are leaders, but all leaders are readers’? Well, there's a lot of truth in that. Many historical leaders were known to be avid readers, and some of the most successful business leaders such as Bill Gates, Oprah Winfrey and Elon Musk have associated reading with their career success. Studies in the US show that active readers are likely to earn up to five times than those who spend little or no time reading. A study of the world's wealthiest people found that the only trait in common was the fact that they read. This was echoed in a study In the UK,For most, the act of reading is a solitary act but this doesn't have to be the case. Reading can be turned into a social event by finding a like-minded group of friends or members of your community and joining a book group. The benefits of book groups is transforming an isolated practice into a social ritual and being able to discover a group of individuals that share the same passions. Reading and discussing books have the effect of getting a deeper understanding of the story through listening and debating different points of view. There are different options for book groups, from online and social media book clubs to face-to-face book groups. If you ecide which style of book are trying to d check out our Traditional groups suits you, ys Online Book Clubs article.Nose Crinkles: When someone wrinkles their nose, it is a subtle disgust expression. We do this when we smell something terrible, but we also do this when we hear or see something we do not like that makes us uncomfortable. Horizontal Nodding: In cultures except for India, Bulgaria, and Pakistan, the vertical nod means agreement and interest, while a horizontal nod means disagreement and disinterest. Watch out for subtle head nods showing true feelings. Positive Cues show engagement, curiosity, and agreement. They are cues you should mimic and encourage. Here are the top 5 positive cues to watch out for: Head tilting: This is the universal sign of engagement. Postural Expansion: When someone takes up space, they feel confidence or pride. Leaning: When we want to engage with something — hear it, see it, touch it, taste it, we rely closer. We do this whenDecentralized control or market control is typically maintained through factors such as price, competition, or market share. Centralized control such as bureaucratic control is typically maintained through administrative or hierarchical techniques such as creating standards or policies. An example of mixed control is clan control which has characteristics of both centralized and decentralized control. Mixed control or clan control is typically maintained by keeping a set of values and beliefs or norms and traditions. Containment theory, as developed by Walter Reckless in 1973, states that behavior is caused not by outside stimuli, but by what a person wants most at any given time. According to the control theory, weaker containing social systems result in more deviant behavior. Control theory stresses how weak bonds between the individuals and society free people to deviate or go against the norms, or the people who have weak ties would engage in crimes so they could benefit, or gain something that is to their own interest. This is where strong bonds make deviance more costly. Deviant acts appear attractive to individuals but social bonds stop most people from committing the acts. Deviance is a result of extensive exposure to certain socialAnother reason is that the habitual ritual allows your mind to associate bed and reading with sleep. To do this, It is important not to mix up your habits. Make sure you switch your smartphone or tablet with a paperback book or eReader as backlit screen devices can disrupt the production of melatonin, and browsing the internet or scrolling through email and social media on your phone can keep your mind alert and in an active state. READING IMPROVES RELATIONSHIPS Reading has an indirect effect of improving our relationships through increased empathy, a vital tralt for successful and rewarding relationships. Despite the solitary bookworm stereotypes, studies have proven a link between reading literary fiction and an increased ability to understand the emotions and thoughts of others, better social skills and relating to others whoseREADING HELPS WITH SLEEP Reading before bed helps with sleep, especially if your transform your reading into a night-time ritual. There are a few reasons why reading before bed is good for your sleeping habits. The main reason is the decrease in stress, anxiety and muscular tension associated with reading. Helping you relax and unwind before sleep can make a difference in being able to push aside anxious thoughts and allow your consciousness to drift off. Another reason is that the habitual ritualWhat is Social Perceptiveness? Social perceptiveness is the ability to accurately perceive and understand the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others in social Settings. You can think of it like your built-in radar for human interactions. Social perceptiveness is essential for understanding moods, motives, and even those slight twitches of the eyebrow that Say more than a mouthful. Watch our video below to learn how to master social perceptiveness:Persuasion in Business: An Overview Persuasion is a method of communication by which speakers or writers try to convince other people to agree to a certain viewpoint or to act in a certain way. The result of persuasion is motivation, the reason why listeners or readers think or do things differently. Sometimes the use of persuasion may be easy to spot, but at other times it may be less perceptible. Furthermore, sometimes persuasion may be used for very honorable and well-intended reasons, but at other times it may be used to further a corrupt, even sinister, agenda. In a business environment, persuasion is used to motivate employees to buy into and work toward organizational goals, to take on specific tasks or projects, or comply with any number of thoughts or directives that leaders believe will lead to business success. Co-workers may also persuade their peers to adopt certain opinions or be responsible for certain duties of their shared workloads. Persuasion is a common practice used among customers and other stakeholders as well. Businesses use persuasion to earn favor from their target markets and the general public, in the hope of influencing customers to purchase their goods or services. For example, Max is the owner and president of a virtual reality business specializing in police training. His business comprises finance staff, tech developers, and sales staff. In the face of societal concern around police brutality, Max persuades his employees to see themselves as important contributors to solving the problem. He tells stories of how the company's training programs have prevented harrowing police/public encounters from escalating into life-threatening conflict. These stories serve as motivation for Max's® Leaning: When we want to engage with something — hear it, see it, touch it, taste it, we rely closer. We do this when we like someone or something or hear something we agree with. © Purposeful Gestures: Our hands often show true intention and competence. When someone has gestures that align or explain their words, they genuinely believe in and know what they are talking about. © Smiling: A genuine smile activates the eyes—look for “crow's feet” wrinkles at the eye corners. A fake smile usually involves just the mouth. Our Science of People founder, Vanessa Van Edwards, has cataloged 97 cues. The ten above are just the start! Be sure to get her book on Amazon or Audible.Despite the solitary bookworm stereotypes, studies have proven a link between reading literary fiction and an Increased ability to understand the emotions and thoughts of others, better social skills and relating to others whose lives are different from ours. The brain doesn’t distinguish reading about an experience and living it — the same regions are activated. Reading literary fiction produces a simulation of reality, which allows us to experience the emotions and thoughts of characters. In this regard, literary fiction acts as a bridge to better understand other people and points of view that are vastly different from ours. Although participants in the study were tested on their reactions after reading non- fiction, genre (popular) fiction and literary fiction, the results specifically identifies literary fiction as having an effect on empathy. This is thought to be because literary fiction explores the psychology and relationships of the characters in more depth than genre fiction and non-fiction books.they could benefit, or gain something that is to their own interest. This is where strong bonds make deviance more costly. Deviant acts appear attractive to individuals but social bonds stop most people from committing the acts. Deviance is a result of extensive exposure to certain social situations where individuals develop behaviors that attract them to avoid conforming to social norms. Social bonds are used in control theory to help individuals from pursuing these attractive deviations. According to Travis Hirschi, humans are selfish beings, who make decisions based on which choice will give the greatest benefit. A good example of control theory would be that people go to work. Most people do not want to go to work, but they do, because they get paid, to obtain food, water, shelter, and clothing. Hirschi (1969) identifies four elements of social bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.|2!Spot Cues of Nervousness Being socially perceptive means recognizing when someone is uncomfortable and helping to put them at ease. What it looks like: © Fidgeting: Constantly adjusting seating or attire often shows unease. Averted Eye Contact: Frequent looking ° away can suggest a lack of confidence or nervousness. © Shaking Legs or Tapping Feet: This is a standard indicator of nervous energy. © Stuttering or Fumbling Words: When people are nervous, they may have a more challenging time articulating their thoughts and could start stuttering or mispronouncing words. » Playing with Hair or Touching Face: When people are nervous, they often engage in self-soothing behaviors like playing with their hair or touching their face.PROBLEM SOLVING People face problems every day—usu- ally, multiple problems throughout the day. Sometimes these problems are straightforward: To double a recipe for pizza dough, for example, all that is re- quired is that each ingredient in the re- cipe be doubled. Sometimes, however, the problems we encounter are more complex. For example, say you have a work deadline, and you must mail a printed copy of a report to your super- visor by the end of the business day. The report is time-sensitive and must be sent overnight. You finished the report last night, but your printer will not work today. What should you do? First, you need to identify the type of problem and then apply a strategy for solving the problem.Finally, a problem of transformation requires performing a series of steps that allow one to move from an initial state to a final goal state. However, the specific transformations and their order need to be determined: I. Imagine that you have been given a 5 gallon jug and a 3 gallon jug and have been instructed to obtain pre- cisely 4 gallons. You have an unlimited supply of water and you may pour water into or out of either jug. How should you proceed? J. A famous example of a problem of transformation involves the well- known Tower of Hanoi problem. Click on the following link to at- tempt to solve this problem using just 3 discs. If you increase the num- ber of discs to 4 or 5 you will notice that the problem becomes signific- antly more challenging (and re- quires significangyere moves to solve).Pea == SKIMMING & SCANNING Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to move quickly through text for slightly different purposes. Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts. While skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a particular fact. Skimming /s like snorkeling, and scanning is more like pearl diving. Use skimming in previewing (reading before you read), reviewing (reading after you read), determining the main idea from a long selection you don't wish to read, or when trying to find source material for a research paper. Use scanning in research to find particular facts, to study fact-heavy topics, and to answer questions requiring factual support. Skimming to save time Skimming can save you hours of laborious reading. However, it is not always the most appropriate way to read. It is very useful as a preview to a more detailed reading or when reviewing a selection heavy in content. But when you skim, you may miss important points or overlook the finer shadings of meaning, for which rapid reading or perhaps even study reading may be necessary. Use skimming to overview your textbook chapters or to review for a test. Use skimming to decide if you need to read something at all, for example during the preliminary research for a paper. Skimming can tell you enough about the general idea and tone of the material, as well as its gross similarity or difference from other sources, to know if you need to read it at all. To skim, prepare yourself to move rapidly through the pages. You will not read every word; you will pay special attention to typographical cues-headings, boldface and italic type, indenting, bulleted and numbered lists. You will be alert for key words and* When you skim introductory and concluding paragraphs * When you skim topic sentences » When you find an unfamiliar word » When the material is very complicated Scanning for research and study Scanning, too, uses keywords and organizational cues. But while the goal of skimming is a bird's-eye view of the material, the goal of scanning is to locate and swoop down on particular facts, Facts may be buried within long text passages that have relatively little else to do with your topic or claim. Skim this material first to decide if it is likely to contain the facts you need. Don't forget to scan tables of contents, summaries, indexes, headings, and typographical cues. To make sense of lists and tables, skim them first to understand how they are organized: alphabetical, chronological, or most-to-least, for example. If after skimming you decide the material will be useful, go ahead and scan: 1. Know what you're looking for. Decide on a few key words or phrases—search terms, if you will. You will be a flesh-and-blood search engine. 2. Look for only one keyword at a time. If you use multiple Keywords, do multiple scans. 3. Let your eyes float rapidly down the page until you find the word or phrase you want. 4, When your eye catches one of your keywords, read the surrounding material carefully. Scanning to answer questions If you are scanning for facts to answer a specific question, one step is already done for you: the question itself supplies the keywords. Follow these steps: 1. Read each question completely before starting to scan. Choose your keywords from the question itself. 2. Look for answers to only one question at a time. Scan separately for each question. 3. When you locate a keyword, read the surrounding text carefully to see if it is relevant.To skim, prepare yourself to move rapidly through the pages. You will not read every word; you will pay special attention to typographical cues-headings, boldface and italic type, indenting, bulleted and numbered lists. You will be alert for key words and phrases, the names of people and places, dates, nouns, and unfamiliar words. In general follaw these steps: 1, Read the table of contents or chapter overview to learn the main divisions of ideas. 2. Glance through the main headings in each chapter just to see a word or two. Read the headings of charts and tables. 3. Read the entire introductory paragraph and then the first and last sentence only of each following Paragraph. For each paragraph, read only the first few words of each sentence or to locate the main idea. 4. Stop and quickly read the sentences containing keywords indicated in boldface or italics. 5. When you think you have found something significant, stop to read the entire sentence to make sure. Then go on the same way. Resist the temptation to stop to read details you don't need. 6. Read chapter summaries when provided. If you cannot complete all the steps above, compromise: read only the chapter overviews and summaries, for example, or the summaries and all the boldfaced keywords. When you skim, you take a calculated risk that you may miss something. For instance, the main ideas of paragraphs are not always found in the first or last sentences (although in many textbooks they are). Ideas you miss you may pick up in a chapter overview or summary. Good skimmers do not skim everything at the same rate or give equal attention to everything. While skimming is always faster than your normal reading speed, you should slow down in the following situations: * When you skim introductory and concluding Paragraphs « Whan vai chim tanie cantenrecHow is persuasion used in business? Persuasion is used in countless business situations. Persuaders are often in action during sales calls, meetings, presentations, and casual interactions to change the mindsets or behaviors of their co-workers. What is an example of persuasion? Persuasion is a communication process with the aim to change other people's mindsets or behaviors. For example, a salesperson for a large paper company persuades a longtime client to purchase more reams of paper per month to experience deeper shipping and handling discounts, Since the salesperson is known for his trustworthiness and being knowledgeable, the client agrees to the deal. What are persuasive techniques in business? People in business use persuasion to motivate employees, increase sales, gain investors, and negotiate purchasing deals. Persuaders are known for being knowledgeable, trustworthy, succinct, eloquent, and having other positive qualities.Even well-defined problems can be dis- tinguished between those might be solved by methodically working through a series of steps (as with example A above) and those that require a realiza- tion or insight before they can be solved. Consider the following two examples: C. Amy is standing behind Tina, and Tina is standing behind Amy. How is this possible? D. A murderer is condemned to death. He has to choose between three rooms. The first is full of ra- ging fires, the second is full of assas- sins with loaded guns, and the third is full of lions that haven’t eaten in 3 years. Which room is safest for him?Mee ume sr ote erg + Abstraction: solving the prob- lem in a model of the system before applying it to the real system. ¢ Analogy: using a solution for a similar problem. « Brainstorming: suggesting a large number of solutions and developing them until the best is found. ¢ Divide and conquer: breaking down a large, complex prob- lem into smaller, solvable problems. * Hypothesis testing: assuming a possible explanation to the problem and trying to prove (or, in some contexts, dis- prove) the assumption. e Means-ends analysis: choosing an action at gach step to move closer to n> 1.awe ee ek VS ee successfully solving a problem? Albert Einstein once said, “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and ex- pecting a different result.” Imagine a person in a room that has four door- ways. One doorway that has always been open in the past is now locked. The person, accustomed to exiting the room by that particular doorway, keeps trying to get out through the same doorway even though the other three doorways are open. The person is stuck—but she just needs to go to another doorway, in- stead of trying to get out through the locked doorway. A mental set is where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now. Functional fixedness is a type of men- tal set where you cannot perceive an ob- ject being used for something other than what it was designed for.ql ULE WEULLLILE SEL VILE Dy 4:4) FM, ALLL takes 1 hour to get to Abbotsford without traffic, what time should you leave your house? You use the working backwards heuristic to plan the events of your day on a regular basis, probably without even thinking about it. Another useful heuristic is the practice of accomplishing a large goal or task by breaking it into a series of smaller steps. Students often use this common method to complete a large research project or long essay for school. For example, stu- dents typically brainstorm, develop a thesis or main topic, research the chosen topic, organize their information into an outline, write a rough draft, revise and edit the rough draft, develop a final draft, organize the references list, and proofread their work before turning in the project. The large task becomes less overwhelming when it is broken down into a series of small steps.Types of Problems A problem that has clear starting point and a correct solution is referred to as well-defined problem. On the other hand, a problem that does not have have a single, correct answer is referred to as ill-defined problem. Consider the difference between these two examples: A. The day after the day after tomor- row is four days before Tuesday. What day is it today? B. Avi had his heart set on becoming an architect but he failed the en- trance exam. What should he do? Even well-defined problems can be dis- tinguished between those might be solved by methodically working through a series of steps (as jagith example A above) and those t quire a realiza-