HAZARDOUS/ SCHEDULED WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
INDUSTRIES

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

PREPARED BY:
SITI NADZIFAH BINTI GHAZALI
NORMALIA BINTI MOHAMAD
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PAHANG
 INTRODUCTION

Since early 1990’s, the industry is developed

supported by Malaysian Government and Petroliam National Berhad

(PETRONAS)

Petrochemicals:

 Chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas.

The chemicals the used to manufacture the products people use every day.

Building blocks for body armor and other high-tech materials.

 Raw materials that keep safe while driving the car,
communications and also viewing website.

Products made of: plastic, medicines and

medical services, cosmetic, furniture, appliance,
TVs, radio, computer, part used in transportation,
solar power panel and wind turbines.

 Organic chemicals derived from two feedstocks:

 Natural gas liquid (NGL): natural gas processing

 Oil refinery streams: Naphtha and light gas oil
Natural gas
liquid
Ethane, propane, butane: Cracked at
higher temperature to yield ethylene,
propylene, butylene and butadiene
Oil
Craking crude oil of higher
ratio of the ethylene co-
products propylene,
butylenes and butadiene,
aromatic products.
 Petrochemicals
Raw materials and Major end use
Primary petrochemicals intermediate and
feedstock market
derivatives

Diagram 1 The flow of petrochemical processes (Ophardt, 2003)

 Production Transportation Refining
(pipeline or
(oil well) (retails product)
boat)

Figure 1 Sectors of
petrochemical industry Marketing Petrochemicals/
(terminal and olefin
filling station)
 CATEGORY OF WASTES
The category of wastes and code in First Schedule (Regulation 2) cited
under Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulations 2005.

SW 3 Waste containing principally organic constituents who may

contain metals and inorganic materials

SW 308 Oil tanker sludges

SW 311 Waste of oil or oily sludge
SW 314 Oil or sludge from oil refinery plant maintenance operation
SW 315 Tar or tarry residues from oil refinery or petrochemical plant
SW 318 Waste, substances and articles containing or contaminated with
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) or polychlorinated triphenyls (PCT)
SW 319 Waste of phenols or phenol compounds including chlorophenol in the
form of liquids or sludges
SW 320 Waste containing formaldehyde
SW 321 Rubber or latex wastes or sludges containing organic solvents or
heavy metals
SW 325 Uncured resin waste containing organic solvents or heavy metals
including epoxy resin and phenolic resin

SW 4 Wastes which may contain either inorganic or organic constituents

SW 410 Rags, plastics, papers or filters contaminated with scheduled waste

SW 417 Waste of inks, paints, pigments, lacquer, dye or varnish

SW 425 Wastes from the production, formulation, trade or use of pesticides,

herbicides or biocides

SW 431 Waste from manufacturing or processing or use of explosives.

 ORIGIN OF THE WASTE

 Production polyvinylchloride (PVC), resin

manufacture, ethylene glycol (polyester), styrene and
also vinyl acetate

 Oil sludge during oil tank cleaning operation and also

from

 Residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC).

 The catalyst like zeolite

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties Waste
PVC Resin Ethylene glycol Styrene Vinyl acetate
manufacture
Boiling point (oC) N/A 537.778 197.6 145.2 72.2
Flash point (oC) 391 ≥ 321.11 111 31.1 -7.8
Melting point (oC) >250 N/A -13 -30.6 -93.2
Vapor density N/A Not applicable 2.14 3.59 3
Physical state Free flowing Tacky Solid Liquid (syrupy) Liquid Liquid
powder (clear viscous
liquid)
Flammability of the Non-flammable N/A May be Flammable Flammable
product combustible at
high
temperature
Solubility (in water) Insoluble in water Insoluble in water Soluble in cold Very slightly Soluble in cold
and hot water. soluble in cold water
water
 RISKS

irritating the
Eye nose and
contact throat.

irritation and
Skin Production dermatitis Resin Low oral
Ingestion especially toxicity
contact
of PVC the skin. manufacture

Irritation to
Inhalation the eyes
 inhalation Eye contact:
irritant

Inflammation
of eye cause
Eye
contact:
Ethylene ingestion
redness,
watering and
Ingestion

itching
irritant
glycol Styrene
Skin
contact: Skin contact:
irritant and irritant and Inhalation
permeator permeator
 Skin contact:
irritant

Inflammation
of skin:
Eye contact:
itching,
scaling,
reddening Vinyl irritant

acetate
Inflammation
of eyes:
Inhalation:
redness,
lung irritant
watering,
itching
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

 Control of odours

 Release of toxic chemicals

 VOC emission

 Generation of greenhouse gases

 Emission of contributors to acid rain

 Ozone depleting substances

 Land contamination

 Storage and handling minshap

 Handling of petrochemical plant
scheduled waste.
o Hazardous waste from petrochemical plant should be separated, handled
and disposed of separately from the other waste produced.

o Labeling of hazardous waste should include the content, the date- when
the container was filled and sealed and also an appropriate hazard-
warning label.

o Worker or those who in charge to handle the petrochemical scheduled

waste should wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as
heavy duty gloves, dust mask, safety glasses and overalls.

o All the oil sludge, used oil and slop oils from wastewater and other
hazardous waste from petrochemical plant must be put in a suitable
drum and containers. These containers must be leaks proof.
 Procedure in storage scheduled waste
of petrochemical plant
i. Fenced and located separately from the general waste storage
area with a clear warning sign;

ii. Accessible for authorized persons only and should be locked

when no access required.

iii. Well ventilated and well lit;

iv. Located on well-drained, impervious hard-standing.

Transportation at producer site
 LABELING
• The container that containing scheduled waste
should be labeled by using a permanent marker
or paint and the labeling symbol from the third
scheduled under Environmental Quality
(scheduled wastes) regulations, 2005/1989.

• The label must include the following information

which is the words “scheduled or hazardous
waste”, a clear waste description and the
accumulation start date which is the first date of
waste was collected into a container,
LABELING
 Recommended treatment
and recovery
The alternatives to recycling or reuses process of
petrochemical waste;
I. The fuel olis residues that are generated from
olefin plants could be reuse as a feed for carbon
black production.
II. The waste olis can be refined and reused by
further process.
III. The low quality polymer produced can be in
plastic industries.
IV. Regenerated and reused the spent adsorbent
and molecular sieve.
 RECOMMENDED TREATMENT/
RECOVERY
Dolan’s Green Solution • Eliminate the odors and VOCs
(DGS) • A cleaner, greener world

BOCs (Bioorganic • Clean up oil spills

Catalysts)
• Oil dispersant & bioremediation accelerant used
NONTOX in a cost manner directly in a water and ground.

• Reducing energy & infrastructure cost

Ecosystem PLUS

• Perform cleaning product

MC501 • Breakdown of harmful chemicals before they
reach to the drain.
 DISPOSAL OF SCHEDULED WASTES
o The scheduled waste from petrochemical plant
usually disposed at KualitiAlamSdn. Bhd.
o There are five major facilities of treatment and
disposal scheduled waste which is incineration
plant, physical and chemical treatment plant,
solidification, secure landfill and leachate
treatment plant.
o The used oils commonly undergo chemical
treatment and the other petrochemical wastes
were usually disposed at secure landfills and
incinerators.
 CONCLUSION
Suitable technique to treats and handle
hazardous waste from petrochemical plants was
required to protect public health and
environments. Thus, reduced the hazardous
waste production and handling cost.
 REFERENCES
• H.M. Freeman, (1998). Standard Handbook Of Hazardous Waste
Treatment and Disposal. McGraw Hill

• Material Safety Data Sheet, Science Lab.com.

• M.R.Sulaiman, K.M. Ariff,.(2006). Hazardous waste management

with thw references to the Enviromental Quality Act, 1974.Upena.

• Orphardt, C.E., (2003). Oil to Petrochemicals. Virtual Chembook, El

humst College.

• (2010). 10ed. Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes)

Regulations 2005. Environmental Quality Act and Regulations, MDC
Publishers Sdn.Bhd, 135-156.