2023-24 | Geography Test 3 | Geography

ANSWER KEY
Question Number Answer
1 C
2 A
3 B
4 B
5 B
6 D
7 B
8 B
9 D
10 A
11 A
12 D
13 C
14 B
15 C
16 D
17 C
18 B
19 C
20 B
21 B
22 A
23 C
24 A
25 B
26 A
27 B
28 C
29 C
30 C
31 D
32 A
33 C
34 A

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35 B
36 C
37 C
38 B
39 C
40 C
41 C
42 A
43 C
44 B
45 A
46 A
47 C
48 D
49 D
50 A

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Solution
Q 1) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:

1.Correct. The Martand Sun Temple is one of the most significant historical sites in the
Kashmir valley. It was constructed during the 8th century CE under the reign of the Karkota
dynasty, specifically by King Lalitaditya Muktapida. The temple is dedicated to the Sun God
and showcases a blend of Kashmiri and Greek architectural styles. Its ruins, which are spread
over a vast area, are a testament to the grandeur and architectural prowess of the time. The
temple's location in Anantnag district makes it a significant archaeological and tourist site in
the region.

2.Incorrect. Anantnag District is situated in the southern sector of the Jehlum Valley. The
Jehlum Valley is a part of the Kashmir Valley and stretches from the city of Srinagar to the
town of Baramulla. Anantnag, being in the southern part, is closer to the Pir Panjal mountain
range, which acts as a barrier between the Kashmir valley and the outer Himalayas.

3.Correct. The Peer Panchal Range, which is located to the south and southeast of Anantnag,
plays a significant role in the district's climate. Due to its proximity to this mountain range,
Anantnag experiences a temperate climate during the summer months. The mountains act as a
barrier, preventing the hot summer winds from entering the valley, thus ensuring that the
temperatures remain moderate. This temperate climate is in contrast to the more extreme
temperatures that might be expected in such a northern region.

4.Correct. Anantnag district is often referred to as the "land of countless springs" due to its
abundant water sources. The district boasts a large number of streams or 'nallas' such as
Sandran, Brengi, Arpath, and the most significant one, Lidder. These streams originate from
the glaciers and high-altitude lakes in the region. The Lidder River, in particular, originates
from the Sheshnag lake and irrigates a vast area of the district. These water bodies not only
provide essential water for irrigation and daily use but also enhance the district's scenic
beauty, making it a popular destination for tourists.

Target shots
Anantnag District: A Jewel of Jehlum Valley
Geographical Overview:
Anantnag District graces the southern sector of Jehlum Valley, renowned for its rejuvenating
climate, majestic landscapes, and the melodious flow of its springs and streams. The district's
geographical coordinates lie between 33o-20' to 34o-15' north latitude and 74o-30' to 75o-35'
east longitude. It boasts thick forests and mountains, especially in its southern and eastern
sectors, which share borders with tehsils of Jammu province and Ladakh division, respectively.

Boundaries and Water Bodies:

The district's northern and western perimeters are flanked by Pulwama district, while Kulgam
district lies to its west. Anantnag is home to numerous streams, with Lidder, originating from
Sheshnag lake, being the most prominent, irrigating vast expanses of the district.
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Demographics and Administrative Structure:
Post the formation of Kulgam district in 2007, Anantnag spans an area of 2917 Sq. Kms,
accounting for about 1.31% of Jammu & Kashmir's total area. The 2011 Census records a
population of 10.70 lac, comprising 5.52 lac males and 5.17 lac females. The district
encompasses 605 villages, governed by 01 Municipal Council and 10 Municipal Committees.
It's divided into six tehsils, further segmented into 16 Nayabats and 96 Patwar halqas.
Additionally, seven Community Development Blocks have been established. For maintaining
law and order, the district is equipped with 09 Police Stations and 06 Police Posts.

Climate and Topography:

The district enjoys a temperate climate during summers, attributed to its proximity to the Peer
Panchal Range. Winters witness heavier snowfall and relatively lower temperatures. Due to
the surrounding mountains, monsoons typically bypass the district, resulting in varied rainfall
patterns across seasons.

Historical Significance:
The district's name, Anantnag, is believed to be derived from the great spring Ananta Naga.
This theory is supported by renowned archaeologist, Sir A.Stein, and local historians like
Kalhana. The spring, a symbol of the district's rich history, is revered in the Neelmat Purana
and is a significant Hindu pilgrimage site.

Nomenclature and Historical Divisions:

While the district and its headquarters are officially named Anantnag, the alternative name,
Islamabad, remains popular among locals. This name was temporarily assigned during the
Mughal rule in 1663 A.D. by Governor Islam Khan. Prior to the onset of Muslim rule in 1320
A.D., Kashmir was trifurcated into Maraz, Yamraj, and Kamraj. Anantnag, situated between Pir
Panjal and Srinagar, was then known as Maraj. This divisional structure underwent several
changes over the centuries, as documented by Lawrence in "The Valley of Kashmir".

Q 2) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation
1.Correct : The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers do form large deltas when they reach the Bay
of Bengal. One of the most notable is the Sundarbans Delta, which is one of the largest deltas
in the world. Deltas are landforms created from the deposition of sediment carried by rivers as
they enter slower-moving or standing water like an ocean, sea, or lake.

2.Correct : The Himalayan rivers, including the Ganges and Brahmaputra, carry a high
sediment load. This is primarily due to the erosion of the lofty and young Himalayan ranges.
The fast-flowing water erodes the rocks and soil, carrying a large amount of sediment
downstream.

Relationship between the Statements: Statement II serves as an explanation for Statement I

because the high sediment load from erosion in the Himalayan region directly contributes to
the formation of large deltas like the Sundarbans. When the rivers carrying these sediments
reach the relatively calmer waters of the sea, the sediments are deposited, leading to the
formation of large deltas.

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Q 3) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation
Correct: The catchment area of a river is the area from which it collects runoff. Peninsular
Rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri have catchment areas that are geographically
limited, often confined to specific states in India. In contrast, Himalayan Rivers like the
Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra have vast catchment areas that extend across multiple states
and even countries. This is due to the Himalayan Rivers originating from high-altitude glaciers
and flowing through diverse terrains, including mountains, valleys, and plains.

Incorrect: Himalayan Rivers actually flow through deep V-shaped valleys, often referred to as
gorges. These gorges are formed due to the erosive action of the river on the young and rising
Himalayan mountain ranges. On the other hand, Peninsular Rivers generally flow through
shallower valleys formed in the Deccan plateau, which is one of the oldest plateaus in the
world. These rivers have less erosional work to perform compared to their Himalayan
counterparts.

Correct: The term "youthful" in geomorphology refers to rivers that have a steep gradient and
exhibit features like rapids and waterfalls. Himalayan Rivers fit this description as they flow
through the young and rising Himalayan mountain ranges. Peninsular Rivers, on the other
hand, flow through the Deccan plateau, which is geologically much older. These rivers have a
gentler gradient and exhibit features like meanders, signifying that they are in a more mature
stage.

Q 4) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation
1.Correct. Deltas usually form in areas where tidal activity is low, allowing sediment to
accumulate at the mouth of the river. Estuaries, on the other hand, are often found in regions
with higher tidal activity, where the mixing of saltwater and freshwater occurs.

2.Correct. Deltas are often rich in nutrients due to the sediment carried by rivers, making
them fertile grounds for agriculture. Estuaries are also nutrient-rich but are generally not used
for agriculture due to the brackish water and tidal influences.

3.Incorrect. Both deltas and estuaries are in constant interaction with oceanic waters. In
deltas, the river water carrying sediment flows into the ocean, leading to sediment deposition.
In estuaries, there is a mixing of freshwater from rivers and saltwater from the ocean, creating
a unique brackish water environment.

Target shots
Difference between Estuaries and Deltas
1.Definition
Estuary: An estuary is a transitional area where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater
from the sea.
Delta: A delta is a landform created by the deposition of sediment at the mouth of a river,
usually where it flows into a larger body of water.
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2.Types
Estuary: Types of estuaries include coastal plain estuaries, tectonic estuaries, bar-built
estuaries, and fjord estuaries.
Delta: Deltas can be categorized into arcuate or fan-shaped, cuspate, and bird's foot deltas.
3.Formation Mechanism
Estuary: Estuaries are formed by tidal bores that erode the riverbed and carry silt out to sea.
Delta: Deltas form when rivers deposit sediment at their mouths, usually because the sediment
is not carried away by waves and tides, leading to the buildup of layers.
4.Geographical Location
Estuary: Typically found in regions with high tides and rift valleys.
Delta: Commonly located in regions with low tides and the presence of coastal plants.
5.Fertility and Land Use
Estuary: Generally not fertile lands and are more suited for wildlife habitats rather than
agriculture.
Delta: Known for their fertility due to the rich sediments deposited by rivers, making them
suitable for agriculture. However, they are also flood-prone regions.

Q 5) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: The Brahmaputra, one of the largest rivers of the world, has its origin
in the Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range near the Mansarovar lake. From here, it
traverses eastward longitudinally for a distance of nearly 1,200 km in a dry and flat region of
southern Tibet, where it is known as the Tsangpo, which means 'the purifier.'

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Rango Tsangpo is the major right bank tributary of this river in
Tibet. It emerges as a turbulent and dynamic river after carving out a deep gorge in the
Central Himalayas near Namcha Barwa (7,755 m).

Statement 3 is correct: The river emerges from the foothills under the name of Siang or
Dihang. It enters India west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh.

Statement 4 is incorrect: Flowing southwest, it receives its main left bank tributaries, viz.,
Dibang or Sikang and Lohit; thereafter, it is known as the Brahmaputra.

Target Shots: Brahmaputra River System

The Brahmaputra (meaning the son of Brahma).
The Brahmaputra's source is the Chemayungdung glacier in southwestern Tibet. It's source is
very close to the sources of Indus and Satluj.
Mariam La separates the source of the Brahmaputra from the Manasarovar Lake.
In Tibet, it passes through the depression formed by the Indus-Tsangpo Structure Zone
between the Great Himalayas in the south and the Kailas Range in the north.
Inspite of the exceptionally high altitude, the Tsangpo has a gentle slope. The river is sluggish
and has a wide navigable channel for about 640 km.
It receives a large number of tributaries in Tibet. The first major tributary is the Raga Tsangpo
meeting the Tsangpo near Lhatse Dzong.
It flows as the Yarlung Tsangpo River across southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in

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great gorges and into Arunachal Pradesh where it is known as Dihang.
Just west of the town of Sadiya, the Dihang turns to the southwest and is joined by two
mountain streams, the Lohit and the Dibang.
Below the confluence, the river is known as the Brahmaputra.
It flows through Bangladesh as the Jamuna where it merges with the Ganga to form a vast
delta, the Sunderbans.
The biggest and the smallest river islands in the world, Majuli, and Umananda respectively,
are in the river in the state of Assam.
Dibrugarh, Pasighat, Neamati, Tezpur, and Guwahati are the important urban centers on the
river.
Region :: Name
Tibet :: Tsangpo (meaning 'The Purifier')
China :: Yarlung Zangbo Jiangin
Assam Valley :: Dihang or Siong,
South of Sadiya: Brahmaputra
Bangladesh:: Jamuna River
Bangladesh :: Padma River: Combined Waters of Ganga and Brahmaputra
Bangladesh :: Meghana: From the confluence of Padma and Meghna

Major Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River

Left bank - Dhansiri, Lohit, Dibang
Right Bank - Subansiri, Kameng, Manas, Sankosh

Q 6) :
Ans ) [D] : 4
Exp ) Explanation
1.The Bum La Pass is located about near Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, at the Indo-China
border above 15,200 ft above sea level. It connects Arunachal and Tibet.

2.The Jelep La pass (Sikkim - Bhutan border), passes through the Chumbi Valley. It connects
Sikkim with Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.

3.The Bom Di La pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Bhutan. It is situated at an altitude of
4331 m. It is located near the western boundary of Arunachal Pradesh in the Greater
Himalayas.

4.Shipki La Connects Himachal Pradesh and Tibet at an Elevation: 6000 m. It is located

through Sutlej Gorge and one of the border trade post between India and China. It Remains
closed in winter season due to heavy rainfall.

Target shots
1.The Nathu La Pass is located in Sikkim. It forms a part of an offshoot of the ancient silk
route. It is one of the trading border posts between India and China.
2.Dihang Pass Connects Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar. At elevation of more than 4000 m it
provides passage.

Q 7) :
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Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Incorrect. The Indian Peninsula does divide the coastline into the western and eastern
sections. However, the dividing point is not Rameswaram, as mentioned in the statement.
Instead, Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland, serves as the dividing
point between the western and eastern coasts.

2.Correct. The eastern coast of India is characterized by the deltas of major rivers like the
Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Cauvery. These river deltas lead to the
emergence of the coast, which is marked by the absence of estuaries. Estuaries are typically
favourable for the formation of natural harbours due to their sheltered nature. The emergent
nature of the eastern coast, combined with the absence of estuaries, makes it less suitable for
natural harbours.

3.Correct. The western coast of India exhibits varied geographical features. In its northern
parts, specifically the Konkan and Karnataka coasts, there are numerous coves and creeks. A
creek is a narrow, sheltered waterway, which can be an inlet in a shoreline or a channel in a
marsh. These coves and creeks provide sheltered areas suitable for harbours. Additionally,
there are a few estuaries along this coast. Moving further south, the Kerala coast, also known
as the Malabar Coast, is home to several lakes, lagoons, and backwaters. The Vembanad Lake
is the largest among these. Furthermore, the Gujarat Coast in the northwest is known for its
salt marshes, notably the Rann of Kutch.

Q 8) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation
1.Correct. By using the ratooning technique, farmers can obtain a subsequent crop without the
need for replanting. This means they can save on the costs of seeds, labor, and other inputs
associated with planting a new crop.

2.Correct. Ratoon crops mature faster than newly planted crops because they utilize the
established root system of the previous crop. This allows farmers to harvest the crop earlier,
leading to quicker returns.

3.Incorrect. One of the primary disadvantages of ratooning is that the yields are generally
lower than those of plant crops. Moreover, with each successive ratoon crop, the yield tends to
decrease.

Target shots
What is Ratooning?
Ratooning is an agricultural practice where a crop is harvested by cutting most of its above-
ground parts, but the roots and the growing shoot apices are left intact. This allows the plants
to regenerate and produce a fresh crop in the subsequent season. This method is commonly
employed in the cultivation of crops like rice, sugarcane, banana, and pineapple.

Why is Ratooning Popular Among Indian farmers?

Advantages of ratooning
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Cost Efficiency: One of the primary advantages of ratooning is the significant reduction in the
cost of production. This saving arises from multiple factors:
Seed Savings: There's no need to purchase new seeds for the subsequent crop.
Land Preparation: The already established root system eliminates the need for extensive land
preparation.
Labor Costs: With no need for replanting, labor costs are considerably reduced.
Organic Matter Enrichment: The remnants left in the field, such as fallen leaves and trash,
decompose over time. This decomposition contributes to the enrichment of the soil as these
remnants transform into organic matter, enhancing soil fertility.
Faster Maturity: Ratoon crops have a head start compared to freshly seeded crops. With an
already established root system, the shoots of the plant grow faster. As a result, ratoon crops
generally mature at least a month earlier than their freshly seeded counterparts.
Disadvantages:
Decreased Yields: One of the primary disadvantages of ratooning is that the yields are
generally lower than those of plant crops. Moreover, with each successive ratoon crop, the
yield tends to decrease. This decline in yield can be attributed to the aging of roots and shoots,
making the plant more vulnerable to pests.
Increased Fertiliser Requirement: Ratoon crops demand more nitrogenous fertilizers. This is
because the land isn't adequately prepared or mulched in ratooning, leading to a higher
nutrient requirement to sustain the crop.

Q 9) :
Ans ) [D] : 4
Exp ) Explanation:

1.Incorrect. The Dharwar system of rock does not contribute to the generation of India's fertile
alluvial soils. Instead, the Tertiary rock system is responsible for producing most of the fertile
alluvial soil in India, especially in regions like the Gangetic plains. The Tertiary period is
significant in India's geological history as it marked the birth of the Himalayas, which in turn
influenced the formation and deposition of alluvial soils in the plains below.

2.Incorrect. The Dharwar system is not associated with petroleum reserves in India. The rich
petroleum reserves of India are linked with the Tertiary rock system. During the Tertiary
period, conditions, especially in the lower and middle Tertiary, were conducive for oil
formation. The abundance of aquatic life, particularly the minor microscopic forms of flora and
fauna, played a crucial role in the formation of these reserves.

3.Incorrect. The Dharwar system is not the source of India's coal reserves. Instead, the
Gondwana rocks hold this distinction, containing nearly 98 per cent of India’s coal reserves.
Coal, derived from Gondwana rocks, is a primary energy source for India and plays a pivotal
role in its industrial and energy sectors.

4.Correct. The Dharwar system stands out for its richness in metalliferous minerals. These
rocks, which range in formation from 4 billion years ago to about 1 billion years ago, are
highly metamorphosed sedimentary systems. They were formed due to the metamorphosis of
sediments of Archaean gneisses and schists, which are among the oldest igneous rocks. Found
predominantly in the Dharwar district of Karnataka, these rocks are economically vital. They

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are rich in valuable minerals like high-grade iron ore, manganese, copper, lead, gold, and
other precious minerals. The presence of these minerals has made the Dharwar system a hub
for mining activities, significantly contributing to India's mineral wealth and overall economy.

Q 10) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. The northern plains are formed by alluvial deposits brought by the rivers – the
Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra. The depth of these alluvial deposits varies, with the
minimum depth recorded near the Delhi Ridge and Meerut being around 1,000 meters. In
contrast, the depth around Siliguri is approximately 5,000 meters. The lower Ganga plains,
influenced by the Ganga and its Himalayan tributaries like Kosi, Gandak, and Ghagra, are
dominated by depositional features. This information confirms that as one moves eastward
from the Delhi ridge, the depth of alluvium deposits in the Gangetic plains increases.
Therefore, statement 1 is correct.

2.Incorrect. The Gangetic plains, due to their fertile alluvial soils, flat terrain, perennial rivers,
and favorable climate, are conducive to intensive agricultural activities. The introduction of
the Green Revolution and the extensive use of irrigation have transformed regions like Punjab,
Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh into the "Granary of India." However, it's the prairies
(grasslands) that are referred to as the "granaries of the world." Thus, statement 2 is not
correct.

3.Incorrect. The average elevation of the Gangetic plains is about 200 meters above mean sea
level. The highest elevation is around 291 meters above mean sea level near Ambala. This
elevation serves as the drainage divide between the Indus and Ganga river systems. The
average gradient from Saharanpur to Kolkata is only 20 cm per km, decreasing to 15 cm per
km from Varanasi to the Ganga delta. These details confirm that the Gangetic plains are above
mean sea level. Therefore, statement 3 is not correct.

Q 11) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Incorrect. Ladakh Range:
The vegetation in the Ladakh range falls under the categories of dry temperate to alpine and
high alpine zones. Due to the region's high aridity, vegetation is sparse. However, there are
occasional patches of grasses and shrubs that serve as grazing areas for animals. In the
summer months, fruit trees such as apples, apricots, and walnuts flourish.

2.Incorrect. Andaman and Nicobar Islands:

The vegetation in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is diverse. It can be broadly categorized
into:
Beach forests
Mangrove forests
Wet evergreen forests
Semi-evergreen forests
Moist deciduous forests
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Grasslands

3.Correct. Purvanchal Himalaya:

The Himalayan ranges, including the Purvanchal Himalaya, exhibit a succession of vegetation
that transitions from tropical to tundra as one moves higher in altitude. The foothills of the
Himalayas are characterized by deciduous forests. These are succeeded by wet temperate
forests between altitudes of 1,000-2,000 m. This type of vegetational succession is evident in
regions like Uttarakhand, Arunachal Himalaya, and the Purvanchal Hills in North East India.

4.Correct. Nilgiri Hills:

Located in the Western Ghats, the Nilgiri Hills showcase a unique vegetational transition. Due
to their proximity to the tropics, temperate vegetation is found at altitudes above 1,500 m. The
lower regions of the Western Ghats, especially in states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and
Karnataka, are home to tropical evergreen and moist deciduous forests.

Q 12) :
Ans ) [D] : 4
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Incorrect. The Tarai belt is located to the south of the Bhabar region. The Bhabar is a
separate belt, characterized by rocky and gravelly terrain made up of coarse alluvial deposits.
These deposits are brought down by the streams flowing from the Himalayas. The Tarai belt,
on the other hand, lies to the south of the Bhabar and is composed of newer alluvial soil, which
is often referred to as Khadar. The Tarai region is marshy and swampy, with the re-emergence
of the underground streams of the Bhabar region.

2.Incorrect. The Tarai belt is not typically characterized by the mature stage of fluvial
erosional and depositional landforms. Instead, the Tarai region is marshy and swampy due to
the re-emergence of rivers and streams that go underground in the Bhabar region. The mature
stage of fluvial landforms would involve features like meanders, oxbow lakes, and floodplains,
which are more characteristic of the middle and lower Gangetic plains.

Target shots
Tarai region :
The Tarai is a narrow, ill-drained, damp, and thickly forested tract that runs parallel to the
Bhabar region. It spans about 15-30 km in width. This region is particularly thickly forested
and provides shelter to a variety of wildlife, with notable national parks like Jim Corbett in
Uttarakhand and Kaziranga in Assam situated here. The eastern part of the Tarai is more
pronounced due to receiving a comparatively higher amount of rainfall. Over time, significant
portions of the Tarai, especially in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, have been
converted into agricultural land, yielding crops like sugarcane, rice, and wheat.

Q 13) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. Kalbaisakhi, also known as Nor'westers, are indeed dreaded evening thunderstorms
that primarily affect the eastern regions of India, especially Bengal and Assam. They typically
occur during the months of April and May, ahead of the monsoon season. These storms are
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characterized by dark clouds, strong winds, heavy rainfall, and occasionally hail. In Assam,
these storms are specifically referred to as "Bardoli Chheerha".

2.Correct. While Kalbaisakhi storms can be intense and cause damage such as uprooting trees
and waterlogging roads due to heavy rainfall, they are not entirely detrimental to agriculture.
In fact, they can be beneficial for certain crops. The heavy showers associated with
Kalbaisakhi are useful for Kharif crops like jute and paddy (rice). The rainfall provides much-
needed moisture to the dry soils, aiding in the development and growth of these crops.

Target shots.
Local winds in India

1.Kalbaisakhi: The Calamity of Baisakh

Description:
KalBaisakhi is a season-specific to West Bengal, characterized by localized thunderstorms,
violent winds, and torrential downpours. These storms can also be accompanied by hail.
Also known as Nor Westers:
In Assam, these storms are referred to as "Bardoli Chheerha".
Timing:
Predominantly in April until the onset of the monsoon, with a strong presence over North-East
India.
Effects:
Waterlogged roads due to heavy rainfall.
Gale winds causing uprooted trees and destruction.
Beneficial for Kharif crops like jute and paddy.
Provides necessary rainfall for dry soils, aiding crop development.

2.Mango Shower:
Region:
Common in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka.
Description:
Pre-monsoon showers towards the end of summer.
Significance:
Locally termed "mango showers" as they aid in the early ripening of mangoes.

3.Blossom Shower:
Region:
Predominant in Kerala and neighboring areas.
Description:
Showers leading to the blossoming of coffee flowers.

Q 14) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation:
Karewa is found between the Great Himalayas and Pir Panjal.

Target shots

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Karewa Formations
Karewas are lacustrine deposits, meaning they are associated with lakes.
They are specifically known for their presence in the Kashmir Valley, lying between the Pir
Panjal Range and the Great Himalayan Range in Northwest India.
Origin and Geographical Distribution
The Kashmir valley became a vast lake due to the upliftment of the Pir Panjal ranges, which
obstructed river flow.
Over time, glacial deposits accumulated in this lake, forming a large lacustrine plain.
Eventually, the water drained, leaving behind the unconsolidated deposits known as Karewa
formations.
Some theories suggest that the water accumulation was from the Tethys Sea, which drained
due to earthquakes creating faults in the Baramulla range.
The depth of these deposits reaches about 1400 meters, with most areas located to the west of
the River Jhelum.
Composition and Characteristics
Karewa deposits comprise various materials including sand, silt, clay, shale, mud, lignite,
gravel, and loessic sediments.
In the Kashmiri dialect, "Karewa" translates to "elevated table land." The term was first used
by Godwin Austin in 1859 and later by Lydekker in 1878.
Locally, these formations are also referred to as "Vudr."
Economic and Agricultural Significance
The diverse soil and sediment composition of Karewas makes them invaluable for agricultural
and horticultural activities in the Kashmir Valley.
The world-renowned variety of saffron, locally known as "Zafran," thrives on these deposits.
Additionally, the Karewa formations support the cultivation of various fruits and nuts,
including almonds, walnuts, apples, and orchards.

Q 15) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation
1.Correct: Black soils, also known as Regur soils in India, are primarily clayey in nature, which
means they have a high proportion of clay particles. This makes them deep and impermeable,
meaning they don't allow water to pass through easily. This characteristic is beneficial for
crops that require a lot of water, as the soil retains moisture well.

2.Incorrect: One of the key features of black soil is its high moisture retention capacity. The
clayey nature of the soil allows it to hold water for extended periods, which is advantageous in
regions with low rainfall. This property makes black soil suitable for a variety of crops,
including cotton, soybean, and various pulses.

3.Correct: The term "chernozem" is often used to describe black soils, especially those found
in Russia and other parts of Eastern Europe. Chernozem soils are known for their fertility and
are rich in humus. In India, they are commonly referred to as Regur soils.

4.Correct: Black soils are nutrient-rich and contain a good amount of lime, iron, magnesia, and
alumina. These elements contribute to the fertility of the soil, making it suitable for
agriculture. The presence of these nutrients also means that black soil is less dependent on

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fertilizers compared to other soil types.

Target shots
Black Soils: An Overview
Origin and Formation

Black soils, also known as Regur soils, are primarily formed through the weathering and
erosion of basaltic rocks present in the Deccan traps.

Geographical Distribution

Regions: Predominantly found in the Deccan plateau and the Rajmahal hills.
States: These soils are extensively distributed across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
Special Case in Tamil Nadu: Here, the black soils result from the weathering of gneisses and
schists but are generally not as deep as those in the Deccan plateau.
Climatic Conditions - Black soils are characteristic of hot and dry regions like the peninsular
plateau, which experiences high temperatures and low rainfall.

Physical Characteristics

Texture: These are clayey soils with high moisture retention capabilities.
Seasonal Behavior: The soil swells during the rainy season, making it challenging to cultivate.
In contrast, it dries up and cracks in the summer, allowing the lower layers to be oxygenated.
Fertility: Due to their moisture retention and oxygenation features, these soils are highly
fertile.
Color Variants: The color can range from deep black to medium black and sometimes even a
mix of red and black, depending on the parent rock and its chemical composition.
Chemical Composition

Primary Components: Iron oxides, alumina, lime, and magnesium carbonate.

Nutrient Content: Rich in potash but the amounts can vary.
Deficiencies: Low in nitrogen, phosphates, and humus.
Unique Element: The presence of titanium oxide gives the soil its distinctive black color.

Q 16) :
Ans ) [D] : 4
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Statement 1 is correct Kamet is located in the Zaskar Mountain Range.

2.Statement 2 is correct Nanda Devi is situated in the Garhwal Himalaya. Statement 4 is

correctRimo Muztagh is located in the Karakoram Range.

3.Statement 3 is incorrect: Kanchenjunga is located at the border of India and Nepal in

Greater Himalayas.

4.Statement 4 is Correct. Rimo Muztagh is located in the Karakoram Range

Page 14
Target Shots
Himalayan Ranges:
- Kanchenjunga is located at the border of India and Nepal in Greater Himalayas. It is located
in Sikkim. It has been inscribed as India's fi rst "Mixed World Heritage Site" on UNESCO
World Heritage List, by fulfi lling the nomination criteria under both natural and cultural
heritage.
- Nanda Devi is the second-highest mountain in India, It is the 23rd-highest peak in the world.
It was also the highest mountain in India before 1971 when Sikkim, the state in which
Kangchenjunga is located, joined the Republic of India. This mountain is part of the Garhwal
Himalayas of Uttarakhand, between the Rishiganga valley on the west and the Goriganga
valley on the east. The surrounding Nanda Devi National Park was declared a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1988.
- The Kamet is the highest summit in the Zaskar mountain Range of Garhwal region in the
Chamoli District of Uttarakhand. Kamet is second highest mountain summit of Garhwal
Himalayas and third highest mountain peak of India with an elevation of 7,756 m (25,446 ft).
Kamet mountain peak is surrounded by three major neighboring peaks and lies very close to
the Tibet.
- The Rimo Muztagh is one of the most remote subranges of the Karakoram range. The
southern part of Rimo Muztagh is in the Kashmir portion of far northwestern India, also
claimed by Pakistan. The northern half, including the Rimo massif, is in the Siachen area
(territory controlled by India).

Q 17) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation
1.Statement 1 is correct. Subsidence of the western flank of the Peninsula leading to its
submergence below the sea

2.Statement 2 is correct Upheaval of the Himalayas when the northern flank of the Peninsular
block was subjected to subsidence and the consequent trough faulting

3.Statement 3 is correct. Slight tilting of the Peninsular block from northwest to the
southeastern direction.

Target shots
The Evolution of the Peninsular Drainage System:
Key Geological Events

Three pivotal geological events have significantly influenced the current drainage systems of
Peninsular India:
Submergence of Western Flank: During the early tertiary period, the western part of the
Peninsula sank below sea level, disrupting the symmetrical river plans.
Rise of the Himalayas: This led to subsidence and trough faulting in the northern flank of the
Peninsula. Rivers like Narmada and Tapi flow through these trough faults.
Peninsular Tilt: A slight southeastward tilt of the Peninsular block oriented the entire drainage
system towards the Bay of Bengal.

Page 15
Theories and Hypotheses
Geologists propose that the Sahyadri-Aravali axis was the primary water divide in ancient
times.
The existing Peninsula is believed to be the remnant of a larger landmass, with the Western
Ghats at its center.
The western part of the Peninsula is thought to have cracked and submerged in the Arabian
Sea during the early Tertiary period.

Characteristics of West-Flowing Rivers

Rivers like Narmada and Tapi flow through rifts created during the geological upheavals.
These rivers do not flow in valleys formed by themselves but occupy fault rifts parallel to the
Vindhyas.
Drainage Orientation
The Peninsular block tilted eastwards, directing the entire drainage system towards the Bay of
Bengal.
Most major rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery flow eastwards and form
deltas, while west-flowing rivers form estuaries.
Maturity and Features of Peninsular Rivers
These rivers are older than their Himalayan counterparts and are mainly concordant.
They are non-perennial and have reached a mature stage, characterized by broad and shallow
valleys.
The rivers have gentle slopes, except where faulting has led to steep sides.
Water Divide and Flow Velocity
The Western Ghats serve as the main water divide for peninsular rivers.
Due to the low gradient, the rivers have low velocity and load-carrying capacity.
Delta and Estuary Formation
East-flowing rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery form deltas at their
mouths.
In contrast, west-flowing rivers like Narmada and Tapi form estuaries instead of deltas.
Notable Waterfalls
Examples include Jog on the Sharvati, Yenna of Mahabaleshwar, Sivasamundram on the
Cauvery, and Kapildhara and Dhuandar on the Narmada.
Drainage into Seas
Rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal include Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery.
Rivers draining into the Arabian Sea include Narmada, Tapi, and Mahi.

Q 18) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation
1.Statement 1 is correct: Himalayan Frontal Fault/Thrust (HFF/T): It is a series of reverse
faults that demarcates the boundary of the Shivalik of the Himalayan province from the
alluvial expanse of the Indo-Gangetic plains.

2.Statement 2 is incorrect: Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Zone: It is a reverse fault of great
dimensions which extends all the way from Assam to Punjab and serves to separate the outer
Himalayas from the lesser Himalayas.

Page 16
3.Statement 3 is incorrect: Main Central Thrust (MCT) Zone: This separates the Higher
Himalayas in the north from lesser Himalayas in the south. It has played an important role in
the tectonic history of these mountains.

Target shots
Faults
- When the earth's crust bends folding occurs, but when it cracks, faulting takes place.
- A fault is a planar fracture (crack) in a volume of earth's crust, across which there has been
significant displacement of a block/blocks of crust.
- The faulted edges are usually very steep, e.g. the Vosges and the Black Forest of the
Rhineland.
- Faults occur due to tensile and compressive forces acting on the parts of the crust. - Large
faults within the Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces, such as
subduction zones or transform faults.
- Energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most
earthquakes.
- In an active fault, the pieces of the Earth's crust along a fault move over time.
- Inactive faults had movement along them at one time, but no longer move.
- The type of motion along a fault depends on the type of fault.
Types of faults
1. Strike-slip fault
- In a strike-slip fault (also known transcurrent fault), the plane of the fault is usually near
vertical, and the blocks move laterally either left or right with very little vertical motion (the
displacement of the block is horizontal).

2. Transform fault
- A special class of strike-slip fault is the transform fault or transform boundary when it forms
a plate boundary.
- A transform fault is the only type of strike-slip fault that is classified as a plate boundary.
- Most of these faults are hidden in the deep ocean, where they offset divergent boundaries in
short zigzags resulting from seafloor spreading.
- They are less common within the continental lithosphere. The best example is the Dead Sea
transform fault.
- The transform boundary ends abruptly and is connected to another transform, a spreading
ridge, or a subduction zone.

3. Dip-slip faults
- Dip-slip faults can be either normal or reverse.
- In a normal fault, the hanging wall (displaced block of crust) moves downward, relative to the
footwall (stationary block). In a reverse fault (thrust fault) the hanging wall moves upwards.
- Reverse faults occur due to compressive forces whereas normal faults occur due to tensile
forces.
- A downthrown block between two normal faults is a graben.
- An upthrown block between two normal faults is a horst.
- Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent
boundary.
- Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent

Page 17
boundary.
a. Rift Valley system
- Tension causes the central portion to be let down between two adjacent fault blocks forming
a graben or rift valley, which will have steep walls.
- The East African Rift Valley system is the best example.
- In general, large-scale block mountains and rift valleys are due to tension rather than
compression.
b. Block Mountains
- Block mountains may originate when the middle block moves downward and becomes a rift
valley while the surrounding blocks stand higher as block mountains.
c. Plateaus
- Sometimes, the surrounding blocks subside leaving the middle block stationary. Such cases
are found in high plateau regions.
4. Oblique-slip faults
- A fault which has a component of dip-slip and a component of strike-slip is termed an oblique-
slip fault.
- Nearly all faults have some component of both dip-slip and strike-slip.
- Many disastrous earthquakes are caused along the oblique slip.

Q 19) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Statement 1 is correct Laterite soils develop in the areas with high temperature and high
rainfall.

2.Statement 2 is incorrect These soils are poor in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and
calcium, while iron oxide and potash are in excess.

3.Statement 3 is correct Laterite soils are commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
and Madhya Pradesh.

Target shots
Laterite Soils:

Derived from the Latin word 'Later,' which means brick, Laterite soils are typically found in
regions with high rainfall and high temperatures. These soils undergo intense leaching due to
tropical rains, leaving behind a composition rich in iron oxide and aluminum compounds.

Formation Process
The formation of Laterite soils is primarily influenced by:
High Rainfall: Intense leaching occurs due to heavy rains, removing lime and silica from the
soil.
High Temperature: The warm climate aids in the rapid decomposition of humus by bacteria.

Chemical Composition
Deficiencies: These soils are low in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate, and calcium.
Excess Elements: Iron oxide and potash are found in abundance.

Page 18
Fertility and Agricultural Use
General Fertility: Laterite soils are generally not suitable for cultivation due to their nutrient
deficiencies.
Soil Management: The application of manures and fertilizers can make these soils arable.
Specialized Crops: In states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala, red laterite soils are
more conducive for tree crops like cashew nuts.

Geographical Distribution
Peninsular Plateau: These soils are mainly found in the higher regions of the peninsular
plateau.
States: Commonly seen in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas
of Odisha and Assam.
Industrial Use
Construction Material: Due to their brick-like nature, laterite soils are often cut and used as
bricks in house construction.

Q 20) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. Intense Rainfall: The Western Ghats experience substantial rainfall, especially
during the monsoon months. This heavy precipitation can saturate the ground, making it
heavier and reducing its cohesion. When the soil becomes oversaturated and loses its grip, it
can slide, especially on sloped terrains.

2.Incorrect. Rock Type: The dominant rock type in the Western Ghats is not sedimentary but
basalt, which is of volcanic origin. This basaltic formation resulted from fissure type volcanic
activity when the Indian plate moved over the Reunion hotspot around 70 million years ago.
Basalt, being a hard and compact rock, provides structural integrity to the region. However,
the weathering of these rocks over time, combined with other factors, can contribute to
landslides.

3.Correct. Pronounced Slope Gradient: The Western Ghats have areas with steep slopes. The
steeper the slope, the higher the gravitational force pulling downwards. This makes these
areas more susceptible to landslides, especially when combined with other factors like heavy
rainfall.

Target shots
Landslides : Zones of Vulnerability: Very High Vulnerability Zone

Geographical Features:
Located in young and unstable mountainous regions, specifically in the Himalayas and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Regions in the Western Ghats and Nilgiris that receive heavy rainfall and have steep slopes.
Areas in the north-eastern parts of the country.

Seismic Activities:
Regions that frequently experience ground tremors due to earthquakes.

Page 19
Human Activities:
Areas with intense human interventions, especially those related to:
Road construction
Dam building
Other infrastructural developments

Q 21) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. The Shiwalik range, also known as the Outer Himalayas, is the southernmost range
of the Himalayan system. It is primarily composed of unconsolidated sediments like sands,
gravels, and conglomerates. These materials have been deposited by rivers flowing from the
higher Himalayan ranges. This statement is accurate.

2.Correct. The Trans-Himalayan Range is a series of mountain ranges located to the north of
the Great Himalayan Range. It includes the Zanskar, Ladakh, and Karakoram ranges.
Therefore, this statement is correct.

3.Incorrect. The Duns (like Dehradun) are valley formations primarily found in the Shiwaliks.
The Duars, on the other hand, are the gateways to the northeastern states and Bhutan and are
located between the Shiwalik hills and the plains.

Q 22) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Incorrect. Beas River
Another tributary of the Indus, the Beas, emerges from Beas Kund. Located near the Rohtang
Pass, Himachal Pradesh. This river's source stands at an altitude of 4,000 meters above sea
level.

2.Incorrect. Ravi River

The Ravi, another crucial tributary of the Indus, springs to life west of the Rohtang pass in the
Kullu hills of Himachal Pradesh. It then courses its way through the Chamba valley of the
state.

3.Correct. Jhelum River

Originating from a spring in Verinag at the base of the Pir Panjal, the Jhelum is a significant
branch of the Indus River. It winds its way through Srinagar, flows past the Wular lake, and
enters Pakistan via a deep, narrow gorge. Its journey culminates when it merges with the
Chenab near Jhang in Pakistan.
4.Incorrect. Chenab River
Holding the title of the most voluminous tributary of the Indus, the Chenab is birthed from the
confluence of two rivers: the Chandra and the Bhaga. These rivers meet at Tandi, near
Keylong in Himachal Pradesh.

Q 23) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Page 20
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. Alluvial soils are indeed formed by the deposition of sediments carried by rivers and
streams. These sediments are usually rich in nutrients, making the soil fertile.

2.Correct. In the Peninsular region of India, alluvial soils are commonly found in the deltas
along the eastern coast (such as the deltas of the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers) and in
river valleys. These areas often have the right conditions for the deposition of sediments.

3.Correct. The texture of alluvial soils can vary widely, ranging from sandy loam to clay. This
variation is due to the different types of sediments that get deposited, which can include
everything from fine clay particles to coarser sand and silt.

4.Incorrect Alluvial soils are generally rich in phosphorous but are deficient in potash.
Phosphorous is essential for root development and overall plant health, while potash is
important for disease resistance, water retention, and protein synthesis.

Target shots
Alluvial Soil
Alluvial soils are widespread in the northern plains and river valleys.
It covers about 40% of the total land area of the country.
These soils are mainly derived from the debris brought down from the Himalayas.
In the Peninsular region, they are found in deltas of the east coast and in the river valleys.
The colour of the alluvial soil varies from light grey to ash grey.
The alluvial soil varies in nature from sandy loam to clay.
They are rich in potash but poor in phosphorus.
Two different types of alluvial soils have developed in the Upper and Middle Ganga plains –
Khadar and Bhangar.
Khadar is the new alluvium and occupies the flood plains of the rivers. Khadar is enriched with
fresh silt deposits every year.
Bhangar is the old alluvium, deposited away from the flood plains.
Both Khadar and Bhangar soils contain concretion (kankars) of impure calcium carbonate.
These soils are more loamy and clayey in the lower and middle Ganga plains and the
Brahmaputra valley.
Alluvial soils are intensely cultivated – wheat, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oilseed, etc. are
mainly cultivated.

Q 24) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation
The soil with the highest salt content among the options provided would be "Arid soil." Arid
soils are typically found in desert regions where the rate of evaporation exceeds precipitation.
This leads to the accumulation of salts in the soil, as water evaporates and leaves behind
dissolved minerals.
Peaty soils are generally acidic and rich in organic matter but are not particularly high in salt
content. Red soils and laterite soils are not characterized by high salt content; they are more
known for their iron and aluminum content, respectively.

Page 21
Target shots
Desert or Arid Soil: Characteristics and Distribution
Arid soils, predominantly found in western Rajasthan, are characterized by their sandy texture
and saline nature. These soils are formed in regions with arid climates, where the rate of
evaporation significantly exceeds precipitation.

Formation Factors
Climate: Developed in arid zones with high evaporation rates and significant diurnal
temperature variations.
Capillary Action: The high rate of evaporation leads to capillary action, bringing salts from the
lower soil layers to the surface.
Thermal Weathering: Large temperature differences cause rocks to disintegrate, and the
weathered particles are transported by air.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Color: Ranges from red to brown.

Texture: Generally sandy.
Salt Content: High salt concentration in the upper layers due to capillary action.
Calcium and 'Kankar': These are more concentrated in the lower layers, restricting water
infiltration.
Nutrient Content: Normal levels of phosphorus but poor in nitrogen, humus, and organic
matter.

Agricultural Implications

Water Retention: The 'Kankar' layer in the lower horizons helps in retaining soil moisture,
making it available for sustainable plant growth when irrigated.
Fertility: These soils are generally infertile and require proper treatment, irrigation, and
fertilization for agricultural use.

Q 25) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation
1.Statement 1 is correct All sedimentary rocks do not contain oil.

2.Statement 2 is correct An oil reservoir must have three prerequisite conditions: Porosity,
Permeability & Porous Sandstone Beds

3.Statement 3 is incorrect: Mumbai offshore, then Krishan Godavari Basin has the highest
commercial production rate.

Target Shots
- Petroleum (Petra means rock; Oleum means oil) is obtained from sedimentary rocks of the
earth.
- Constituents of Petroleum include 90 to 95 per cent hydrocarbons and 5 - 10% organic com-
pounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and traces of organometallic compounds.

Page 22
Formation of Petroleum & Mineral Oil
- Tiny sea plants and animals died and were bur- ied on the ocean floor.
- Over time, they were covered by layers of sedi- ment and rock.
- Over millions of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper.
- The enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas.
- Today, we drill down through the layers of sed- imentary rock to reach the rock formations
that contain oil and gas deposits.
Conditions for Formation of Petroleum and Mineral Oil
- All sedimentary rocks do not contain oil.
- An oil reservoir must have three prerequisite conditions.
1. Porosity (tiny gaps in soil) so as to ac- commodate sufficiently large amounts of oil;
2. Permeability (allowing liquids or gases to pass through) to discharge oil and/or gas when
well has been drilled;
3. Porous sandstone beds or fissured lime- stone containing oil should be capped below by
impervious beds (not allowing fluid to pass through).

Basin Name :: Estimate (2017) (MMTOE)

1. Mumbai Offshore :: 9646
2. Krishna-Godavari (KG) :: 9555
3. Assam Shelf :: 6001
4. Rajasthan :: 4126
5. Cambay (Khambhat Gulf) :: 2586 6. Cauvery :: 1964
7. Assam-Arakan Fold Belt :: 1633

Q 26) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) 1.Statement 1 is correct: Pitti Island is uninhabited coral islet in Lakshadweep. It has
been declared a bird sanctuary and is even one of the most famous bird watching sites in India
owing to the fact that nearly 75 sea birds species can be found here.

2.Statement 2 is incorrect: Saddle Peak is located on North Andaman Islands. At 731 m it is

the highest point of the archipelago in the Bay of Bengal.

3.Statement 3 is incorrect: The Ten Degree Channel separates the Andaman Islands and
Nicobar Islands from each other in the Bay of Bengal.

Q 27) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation
1.Correct. Dryland farming is practiced in areas where the rainfall is low and erratic. The
statement that it is confined to regions having annual rainfall less than 75 cm is generally
correct. In these areas, irrigation is not typically used, and crops are dependent on rainfall.
Therefore, statement 1 is correct.

2.Correct. Wetland farming is practiced in areas where there is an abundance of water, either
from rainfall or from irrigation. The statement that rainfall is in excess of the soil moisture
requirement of plants during the rainy season is accurate for wetland farming. Crops in these
Page 23
areas are not stressed for water during their growth. Therefore, statement 2 is correct.

3.Incorrect.While measures of soil moisture conservation and rainwater harvesting are

essential, they are more characteristic of dryland or rainfed farming where water is a limiting
factor. In wetland farming, due to the abundance of water, the primary concern might be
drainage rather than conservation. Therefore, statement 3 is not correct.

Target shots
On the basis of main source of moisture for crops, the farming can be classified as irrigated
and rainfed (barani).
- Rainfed farming is further classified on the basis of adequacy of soil moisture during
cropping season into dryland and wetland farming.
- India, the dryland farming is largely confined to the regions having annual rainfall less than
75 cm. These regions grow hardy and drought resistant crops such as ragi, bajra, moong, gram
and guar (fodder crops) and practise various measures of soil moisture conservation and rain
water harvesting.
- In wetland farming, the rainfall is in excess of soil moisture requirement of plants during
rainy season. Such regions may face flood and soil erosion hazards. These areas grow various
water intensive crops such as rice, jute and sugarcane and practise aquaculture in the fresh
water bodies.

Q 28) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation
1.Statement 1 is correct: Most of the metallic minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau
region in the old crystalline rocks.

2.Statement 2 is correct: Over 95 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar,
Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari.

Target shots
Over 97 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and
Godavari. Petroleum reserves are located in the sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and
Mumbai High i.e. off-shore region in the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located in the
Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins. Most of the major mineral resources occur to the east of a
line linking Mangaluru and Kanpur.

Q 29) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation
1.Tapi:
The Tapi River flows through a rift valley, which is a geological depression formed due to the
subsidence of a block of the Earth's crust between two faults. The Tapi River flows between
the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India, which is a classic example of a rift valley.

2.Mahanadi:
The Mahanadi, in its initial course, flows through a rift valley. It originates in the highlands of
Page 24
Chhattisgarh and flows through a rift valley, separating the Eastern Ghats from the Central
India Plateau, before entering the plains of Odisha.

3.Damodar:
The Damodar River valley is often referred to as the "Ruhr of India" due to its rich coal
reserves. The river flows through a region that has experienced tectonic activities, leading to
the formation of rift valleys in some parts.

Target shots
Other rivers flowing through rift valley
Narmada River
Mahi River

Q 30) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. Abundant Soil Depth:
Tea plants require deep soil to allow their roots to spread and absorb essential nutrients. The
Duars region of the Himalayas provides this abundant soil depth, making it ideal for tea
cultivation.

2.Correct. Rich Organic Matter in the Soil:

Tea plants thrive in soil rich in organic matter, which provides essential nutrients for growth.
The Duars region has soil that is rich in organic matter, further enhancing its suitability for tea
cultivation.

3.Correct. Moderate Winter Temperatures:

Tea plants are sensitive to extreme temperatures. The Duars region experiences moderate
winter temperatures, which are conducive for the growth of tea plants. Extreme cold can
damage the tea leaves and affect yield, making moderate temperatures a crucial factor for
successful cultivation.

Target shots
Utilising the advantageous natural conditions of the Duars area in the Himalayas, the British
initiated tea cultivation in the region. These beneficial factors encompass a moderate incline,
soil that is both deep and rich in organic content, consistent rainfall throughout all seasons,
and mild winter temperatures.

Q 31) :
Ans ) [D] : 4
Exp ) Explanation:
Mizoram: The Land of Rolling Mountains and Diverse Tribes
Tribal Population
Mizoram boasts a unique demographic landscape, with about 95% of its residents belonging to
various tribal communities. This is the highest concentration of tribal populations among all
Indian states. These communities are recognized as Scheduled Tribes under the Indian
Constitution, offering them certain protections and privileges.
Page 25
Geological Features: The Molasses Basin
Mizoram is often referred to as the 'Molasses Basin' due to its geological composition. The
state is characterized by soft, unconsolidated sedimentary deposits that fill its valleys and
depressions.

Mountainous Terrain
Known as the 'Land of Rolling Mountains,' Mizoram is replete with numerous mountain
ranges. The formation of these mountains is often accompanied by the creation of foreland
basins—valley-like depressions running parallel to the mountain ranges. These basins
accumulate unconsolidated deposits, contributing to Mizoram's reputation as the Molasses
Basin.

Q 32) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation:
Damodar River: Not a Transboundary or Himalayan-Origin River
The Damodar River neither originates in the Himalayas nor does it cross international borders.
It is primarily a domestic river flowing within India.
Tista River: A Himalayan River, but Not a Ganga Tributary
While the Tista River does originate in the Himalayas, it is not a tributary of the Ganga.
Instead, it joins the Jamuna (Brahmaputra) in Bangladesh.
Kosi River: A Significant Himalayan River, but Not the Easternmost Ganga Tributary

Target shots
Mahananda River: The Easternmost Tributary of the Ganga
Origin and Course
The Mahananda River takes its birth in the Himalayas, specifically at Paglajhora Falls on
Mahaldiram Hill near Chimli, east of Kurseong in Darjeeling district. It flows at an elevation of
2,100 meters and makes its way through the Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary before descending
to the plains near Siliguri.
Transboundary Nature
The river serves as a transboundary waterway between India and Bangladesh. It enters
Bangladesh near Tentulia in the Panchagarh District, flows for a short distance, and then re-
enters India. It traverses through Uttar Dinajpur district in West Bengal and Kishanganj and
Katihar districts in Bihar before re-entering Malda district in West Bengal.
Confluence with the Ganges
The Mahananda ultimately joins the Ganges River at Godagiri in Nawabganj district in
Bangladesh, making it the easternmost tributary of the Ganga.

Tista River
Origin and Course
The Tista River originates from the Himalayas and flows through the Indian states of West
Bengal and Sikkim before entering Bangladesh. It flows through cities like Rangpo, Jalpaiguri,
and Kalimpong.
Final Destination
The Tista River joins the Jamuna (Brahmaputra) in Bangladesh, rather than being a tributary
of the Ganga.

Page 26
Kosi River: The Antecedent Himalayan River
Origin and Tributaries
The Kosi River originates to the north of Mount Everest in Tibet. Its main stream, the Arun,
crosses the Central Himalayas in Nepal and is joined by the Son Kosi and the Tamur Kosi.
Sapt Kosi and Course
After these confluences, it is known as the Sapt Kosi. Although it is a significant Himalayan
river, it is not the easternmost tributary of the Ganga.

Q 33) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
The South-West Monsoon typically arrives in India around early June, starting from the
southwestern coast of Kerala. It then progresses northwards and eastwards across the
subcontinent. Agartala, being in the northeastern part of India, is closer to the Bay of Bengal
and receives the South-West Monsoon earlier compared to the other cities listed.
Nagpur, Hyderabad, and Lucknow are situated more inland and to the west, so they receive
the monsoon rains later compared to Agartala.

Q 34) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanations
Western Disturbances are weather phenomena that bring winter rains to northwestern parts
of the Indian subcontinent. They are extratropical storms that originate in the Mediterranean
region and move eastwards, crossing the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan before
entering India.

1.Mediterranean Sea: This is the primary source of moisture for Western Disturbances. The
disturbances originate here and pick up moisture as they travel eastwards.

2.Persian Gulf: While the disturbances primarily originate from the Mediterranean, they can
also pick up additional moisture from the Persian Gulf as they pass over or near it. This is
especially true when the disturbances take a more southerly route.

3.Caspian Sea: Similar to the Persian Gulf, the disturbances can also pick up moisture from
the Caspian Sea, especially when they take a more northerly route.

4.Baikal Lake: This is not a source of moisture for Western Disturbances. The lake is situated
too far to the northeast and is not on the path of these disturbances.

Q 35) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. During the winter season, the Gangetic Plain is influenced by westerly winds, which
are part of the Western Disturbances that affect the weather in northern India.

2.Incorrect. Dust storm are not typically a characteristic feature of the winter season in the
Gangetic Plain. Dust storms are more common during summer season.
Page 27
3.Correct. The winter season does bring light rainfall, which is generally beneficial for the
wheat crop. This rainfall is often due to the Western Disturbances.

Target shots
Winter Climate Characteristics of India's Gangetic Plain
Wind Patterns and Their Influence
As the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) moves away from India by the end of December,
light winds with speeds between 3-5 km/h begin to flow. The direction of these winds varies,
being westerly or northwesterly in the Ganga Valley and turning northerly in the Ganga-
Brahmaputra Delta. Over the Bay of Bengal, the winds are predominantly northeasterly.
Impact of External Cyclonic Systems
The generally pleasant winter weather is occasionally disturbed by shallow cyclonic
depressions. These originate in the eastern Mediterranean and travel through West Asia, Iran,
Afghanistan, and Pakistan before reaching northwestern India. Along the way, they gather
moisture from both the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Rainfall Anomalies and Agricultural Benefits
Winter monsoons usually don't bring rainfall due to their low humidity and the anticyclonic
conditions over the land. However, there are exceptions, particularly in northwestern India.
Here, weak temperate cyclones from the Mediterranean can cause light rainfall in regions like
Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and western Uttar Pradesh. Although minimal, this rainfall is
beneficial for rabi crops. In the lower Himalayas, this moisture results in snowfall.

Q 36) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
Third pair is incorrect.

Black Soil
Moisture Retention:
Black soil has a unique characteristic of slow moisture absorption and retention. This property
ensures that crops, especially those dependent on rainfall, can thrive even during dry spells.

Red Laterite Soil

Location and Suitability:
Predominantly found in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala, red laterite soils are
particularly conducive for tree crops, with cashew nut being a prime example.

Saline Soil
Formation and Solution:
Saline soils often emerge in areas with excessive irrigation combined with dry climatic
conditions. This combination promotes capillary action, leading to salt deposition on the soil's
surface. To combat soil salinity, especially in regions like Punjab and Haryana, the addition of
gypsum is recommended to farmers.

Peaty Soil
Characteristics and Distribution:
Recognised for their high rainfall and humidity locations, peaty soils are rich in dead organic

Page 28
matter, resulting in a high humus content. In some areas, the organic content can constitute
up to 40-50% of the soil. These soils are typically dense, black, and occasionally alkaline.
Notable regions with peaty soil include northern Bihar, southern parts of Uttaranchal, and
coastal areas in West Bengal, Orissa, and Tamil Nadu.

Q 37) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation :
The kharif season largely coincides with Southwest Monsoon.

1.Correct. Soybean: This is primarily sown during the onset of the monsoon and harvested at
the end of the monsoon. Thus, it is correctly associated with the monsoon season.

2.Correct. Rice: Rice is a major kharif crop in India, which means it is sown with the onset of
the monsoon and harvested at its conclusion. Therefore, rice is also correctly associated with
the monsoon season.

3.Incorrect. Barley: Barley is a rabi crop, which means it is sown in winter and harvested in
the spring. Hence, it is not associated with the monsoon season.

4.Correct. Millet: Particularly pearl millet (bajra), is a kharif crop sown during the monsoon
and harvested at its end.

Target shots
Kharif Crops (Monsoon Crops)
Sowing Season:
Kharif crops are planted at the onset of the southwest monsoon, typically from the end of May
to early June.
Harvesting Time:
Harvesting for these crops begins post-monsoon, around October.
Climate Requirements:
These crops thrive in hot weather and require a significant amount of water.
Rainfall Dependency:
The growth of kharif crops is heavily dependent on the monsoon rainfall patterns.
Major Crops:
Key kharif crops include rice, maize, pulses (like urad and moong dal), and millets.

Rabi Crops (Winter Crops)

Sowing Season:
Rabi crops are planted during the Retreating Monsoon and Northeast monsoon season,
typically starting in October.
Harvesting Time:
The crops are usually harvested in the summer months, between April and May.
Climate Requirements:
These crops necessitate a warm climate for seed germination and a colder environment for
growth.
Rainfall Dependency:

Page 29
Rabi crops are less influenced by rainfall patterns.
Major Crops:
Some of the primary rabi crops include wheat, gram, peas, and barley.

Zaid Crops (Intermediate Crops)

Sowing and Harvesting:
Zaid crops are cultivated and harvested between March and July, filling the gap between the
rabi and kharif seasons.
Major Crops:
This category primarily consists of seasonal fruits, vegetables, and fodder crops.

Q 38) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Incorrect. Tropical Thorn Forests are generally found in areas where the annual rainfall is
less than 75 cm, not more. Therefore, the first statement is incorrect.

2.Correct. Due to the scarcity of water, the plants in these forests have adapted to conserve
water. One such adaptation is shedding leaves to reduce water loss through transpiration. As a
result, the vegetation remains leafless for most parts of the year.

Target shots
Tropical Thorn Forests: An Overview
Climatic Conditions
Rainfall: Annual precipitation is less than 75 cm.
Humidity: Below 50%.
Temperature: Average temperatures range between 25°-30°C.

Key Characteristics
Tree Height: The forests predominantly consist of trees that are short, typically ranging from 6
to 10 meters.
Dominant Flora: Acacias and Euphorbias stand out as the most prominent species.
Additional Flora: The Indian wild date is a common sight, and certain grasses sprout during
the rainy season.
Distribution
Northern Regions:
These forests are prevalent in Rajasthan, south-western Punjab, western Haryana, and parts of
Kachchh and Saurashtra. In areas like the Thar desert, they transition into desert-type
vegetation.
Southern Regions:
On the leeward side of the Western Ghats, these forests span across Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

Notable Species:
The regions are home to species like neem, babul, and various cactii.

Q 39) :
Page 30
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:

1. Correct. Sholas Forests in Annamalai and Palani Hills:

Sholas are patches of stunted tropical montane forests that are nestled in valleys amid the
expansive rolling grasslands found in the higher montane regions of South India. These forests
are unique to the Western Ghats and are characterized by their dense canopy of small trees
and a rich undergrowth of shrubs and grasses. The term "Sholas" is a local name
predominantly used in the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, and Palani hills to describe these temperate
forests. The presence of Sholas in the Annamalai and Palani Hills is a testament to the diverse
ecological zones of the Western Ghats.

2. Correct. Nilgiri Tahr and Shola Forests:

The Western Ghats, where Sholas forests are found, is one of the globally recognized
biodiversity hotspots. This means that the region is teeming with diverse species, many of
which are not found anywhere else in the world. Among the myriad of species, the Nilgiri Tahr
stands out as an endangered species that is endemic to the Shola-grassland ecosystem. Being
endemic implies that the Nilgiri Tahr's natural habitat is restricted to this particular region
and is not found elsewhere. Currently, the range of the Nilgiri Tahr is limited to a 400-km
stretch of shola-grassland mosaic, extending from the Nilgiri Hills to the Agasthyamalai Hills.
This habitat is crucial for the survival of the Nilgiri Tahr, and any disturbances to this
ecosystem could further threaten this already endangered species.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/five-member-research-team-appointed-for
-project-nilgiri-tahr/article66942422.ece
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/project-to-protect-nilgiri-tahr-tamil-nadu-anim
al-launched/articleshow/96758902.cms

Target shots
Project Nilgiri Tahr
Overview:
The government of Tamil Nadu has recently rolled out a dedicated initiative aimed at the
conservation of the Nilgiri Tahr, a species endemic to the Western Ghats.

Key Features of the Project:

Population Study:
The initiative seeks to gain a deeper insight into the Nilgiri Tahr population by conducting
comprehensive surveys and employing radio telemetry studies.
Reintroduction:
A significant aspect of the project is to reintroduce the Nilgiri Tahr to areas that were
historically their habitats.
Threat Mitigation:
The project aims to identify and address immediate threats to the species to ensure their
survival.
Public Awareness:
Raising awareness about the Nilgiri Tahr among the general public is also a primary objective.

Page 31
Budget Allocation:
The conservation project is set with a budget of Rs.25.14 crore.

Timeline:
The implementation phase of the project is slated to span from 2022 to 2027.

Special Recognition - Niligiri Tahr Day:

In recognition of the contributions of E.R.C. Davidar, who spearheaded one of the initial
studies on the Nilgiri Tahr back in 1975, October 7th will be commemorated as the ‘Niligiri
Tahr Day’.

Q 40) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. Statement I: Loamy soils indeed have a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay. This
balance provides them with good water retention capabilities, which ensures that plants get
enough moisture. At the same time, the soil structure allows for proper aeration, ensuring that
plant roots receive adequate oxygen.

2.Incorrect. Statement II: This statement is incorrect on two fronts. Firstly, loamy soils are not
inherently acidic due to organic matter; their pH can vary. Secondly, loamy soils are not
typically associated with desert regions. Deserts are more commonly associated with sandy
soils.

Considering the above explanations:

Statement I is correct as it accurately describes the properties and benefits of loamy soils for
farming.
Statement II is incorrect due to its misrepresentation of the pH and location of loamy soils.

Target shots
Loamy Soil
Characteristics:
Loamy soil is a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay particles.
It has good water retention and drainage properties.
It is well-aerated and allows for proper root growth.
Loamy soil is rich in nutrients and is considered ideal for gardening and agricultural purposes.
It is dark in color, indicating a high organic content.
The soil is soft to touch and crumbly, making it easy to work with.
Advantages:
Supports a wide variety of crops due to its balanced nature.
Retains moisture but doesn't become waterlogged.
Provides good aeration for plant roots.
Has a neutral pH, which is suitable for most plants.
Requires less irrigation compared to sandy soils.
Distribution:
Loamy soils are commonly found in river valleys and plains where sedimentary deposits
accumulate.

Page 32
Q 41) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Statement 1 is correct India has sufficient reserves of beryllium.

2.Statement 2 is correct Plutonium is formed in nuclear power reactors from uranium-238 by

neutron capture.

3.Statement 3 is correct All uranium isotopes are radioactive and fissionable.

Target Shots
- Uranium, Plutonium and Thorium are the main atomic minerals.
- Other atomic minerals are beryllium, lithium and zirconium.
- Zirconium is found along the Kerala coast & in alluvial rocks of Ranchi & Hazaribagh
districts of Jharkhand.
- India has sufficient reserves of beryllium to meet her requirement of atomic power
generation.
- Plutonium has occurred naturally, but except for trace quantities it is now not found in the
Earth's crust.
- Plutonium is formed in nuclear power reactors from uranium-238 by neutron capture.
- The most common plutonium isotope formed in a typical nuclear reactor is the fissile Pu-239.
- Pu-239 is the principal fuel in a fast neutron reactor.

Q 42) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Statement 1 is correct: In India, more than 96% resources of chromite are located in Odisha.

2.Statement 2 is incorrect: Imports of chrome ore were mainly from South Africa (99%).

Target Shots

Chromite:
• Chromite is an oxide of iron and chromium = Combination of chromium, iron and oxygen.
• It is the only economic ore of chromium.
• The chromium extracted from chromite is used in chrome plating and alloying for production
of corrosion resistant super alloys, nichrome, and stainless steel.
• Used in many other metallurgical, refractories and chemical industries.
Chromite Ore Distribution In India
• Reserves of chromite in India is estimated at 203 MT.
• 93 per cent of the resources are in ODISHA [Sukinda valley in Cuttack and Jajapur]
• Minor deposits are spread over Manipur, Nagaland, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, TN
& AP.

Chromite in Odisha:
• Odisha is the sole producer [99 per cent] of chromite ore.
• Over 85 per cent of the ore is of high grade [Keonjhar, Cuttack and Dhenkanal].
Page 33
Chromite in Other States
• Karnataka is the second largest producer.
• The main production comes from Mysore and Hassan districts.
• Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, Tamenglong and Ukhrul districts of Manipur are other
producers.

Q 43) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Statement 1 is correct: Gandak project is a joint venture between Governments of Bihar and
Uttar Pradesh.

2.Statement 2 is incorrect: Kosi project: The Kosi River, because of its frequent- floods, is
called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'. The Kosi project is an outcome of the joint agreement between the
Government of India and Nepal reached in 1954.

3.Statement 3 is correct: Hirakud project is the world's longest mainstream project across
Mahanadi in Odisha.

4.Statement 4 is correct: Bhakra and Nangal project is one of the highest gravity dam projects
in the world.

Target shots
River Projects in India
- Kosi project: The Kosi River, because of its frequent floods, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'.
The Kosi project is an outcome of the joint agreement between the Government of India and
Nepal reached in 1954. Its main objective is to construct a barrage near Hanuman nagar in
Nepal, to build embankments (length 270 km) along both the banks of the river to control
floods, to lay down canals for irrigation, and to generate cheap hydel power.

- Gandak project: This is a joint venture of the Governments of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nepal
will also derive some benefit as per 1959 agreement. The project aims at constructing a
barrage across the Gandak River at Valmiki nagar below the Triveni Canal head regulator in
Bihar, four canals, two each in India and Nepal

- Hirakud project: Hirakud project is a major multi-purpose river valley project in India.
Hirakud dam has been constructed over the river Mahanadi. The length of the main section is
4.8 km long. The entire Hirakud dam is 25.8 km long and one of the highest in the world. The
construction of Hirakud Dam began in 1948. The dam was started in 1957. The Hirakud dam
irrigates more than 2.5 lakh hectares of land, mainly in Baragarh area. The water released
from Hirakud is utilized in the delta of Mahanadi, by remodelling weirs and Mundali and
Birupa Rivers. The dam also support power station and helps to control flood control.

- Bhakra Nangal project: It is the largest and the most important multipurpose project named
after the two dams built at Bhakra and Nangal on the Satluj River. It is a joint venture of the
Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan states designed to harness the precious water of the Satluj for
the benefit of the concerned states. The Bhakra Dam is one of the highest straight gravity

Page 34
dams in the world. It has been constructed on the Satluj at the site of Bhakra gorge near
Rupnagar (Ropar). The dam is 226 metre high and 518 metres long with its maximum width at
the base as 362 metres.
- The dam has created a huge reservoir of water which is 88 km long and 8 km wide with a
storage capacity of 986.8 crore cubic metres. This reservoir is named as Gobindsagar Lake
after Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth guru of the Sikh community.

Q 44) :
Ans ) [B] : 2
Exp ) Explanation:

1.Statement 1 is correct: A river drains the water collected from a specific area, which is
called its catchment area.

2.Statement 2 is incorrect: An area drained by a river and its tributaries is called a drainage
basin.

3.Statement 3 is correct: The boundary line separating one drainage basin from the other is
known as the watershed.

4.Statement 4 is incorrect: The catchments of large rivers are called river basins.

Target Shots
- Drainage System: A river drains the water collected from a specific area, which is called its
‘catchment area’.
- An area drained by a river and its tributaries is called a drainage basin.
- The boundary line separating one drainage basin from the other is known as the watershed.
- The catchments of large rivers are called river basins while those of small rivulets and rills
are often referred to as watersheds.
- There is, however, a slight difference between a river basin and a watershed. Watersheds are
small in the area while the basins cover larger areas.

Q 45) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Option 1 is correct: Ken-Betwa project is the first river interlinking project.
2.Option 2 is incorrect: It aims to provide irrigation benefits to the water scarce Mahananda
basin region.

https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/create-a-development-body-link-kosi-and-mechi-ri
vers-hc-to-centre-state-8439498/

Target Shots
· Union Government has approved Rs 4,900 crore Kosi-Mechi Interlinking pr oject for
interlinking of Kosi and Mechi rivers of Bihar. This is the second major river interlinking pr
oject in the country to be approved by Central Government after the Ken-Betwa pr oject in
Madhya Pradesh.
Page 35
· His Majesty's Government of Nepal and The Government of India signed an agr eement on
25th April 1954 for implementation of 'Kosi project' to overcome the acute problem of shifting
of course of Kosi river, heavy sediment load, flooding etc. and to alleviate the severe suffering
of the pe ople of Bihar.
· The Kosi-Mechi Interlinking project is an extension of Eastern Kosi Main Canal (EKMC)
system up to river Mechi, a tribu tary of river Mahanadi.
· The aim of extension of EKMC up to Mechi river is mainly to provide irrigation benefits to the
water scarce Mahananda basin command in the districts of Araria, Kishanganj, Purnea and
Katihar during kharif season depending upo n the pondage available in Hanuman Nagar

Q 46) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Exp ) Explanation:
1.Correct. The AERB was constituted on November 15, 1983, by the President of India by
exercising the powers conferred by the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 to carry out certain
regulatory and safety functions under the Act.
The regulatory authority of AERB is derived from the rules and notifications promulgated
under the Atomic Energy Act and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
The Mission of the AERB is to ensure the use of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy in India
does not cause undue risk to the health of people and the environment.
2.Incorrect. The total number of members including the Chairman and Member-Secretary shall
not exceed five. The Board shall be responsible to the Atomic Energy Commission.
The Board shall consist of full time and part time members. The Board shall have a full time
Chairman and a full time Member-Secretary.
The AERB shall have authority to administer the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948, the
industrial safety for the units of Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) as per Section 23 of the
Atomic Energy Act,1962.
The executive functions of the AERB shall be vested in Chairman, AERB.
The DAE will provide the necessary administrative support to the AERB in this regard to its
budget, parliamentary work and establishment and accounts matters.

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1887773

Q 47) :
Ans ) [C] : 3
Exp ) Explanation:
These birds represent the second-largest species of penguins.
Where they Live: Their primary habitats include islands in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions.
Notable locations of their colonies are Crozet, Kerguelen Island, Prince Edward Island, South
Georgia, Heard Island, and Macquarie Island.
Nesting Habits: Unlike other birds, king penguins do not build nests. They constantly carry
their eggs on their feet, with parents alternating roles.
Current Conservation Status: As per the IUCN, they are currently classified under the 'Least
Concern' category.
Main Risks: Their major threats include shifts in their habitat due to climate change, as well as
a movement toward the southern regions of the Antarctic.

Page 36
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/they-survived-the-hunters-now-kin
g-penguins-face-climate-change/article66316630.ece

Q 48) :
Ans ) [D] : 4
Exp ) Explanation
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) lauded India’s Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Scheme
as a “logistical marvel” that has reached hundreds of millions of people and specifically
benefitted women, the elderly and farmers.

David Malpass, President of the World Bank Group, had also urged other nations to adopt
India’s move of targeted cash transfer instead of broad subsidies noting that “India managed
to provide food or cash support to a remarkable 85 per cent of rural households and 69 per
cent of urban households”.

In rural India, DBT has enabled the government to deliver financial support to farmers more
effectively and openly, whether for fertiliser or any of the other programmes such as the PM
Kisan Samman Nidhi, PM Fasal Bima Yojana, and PM Krishi Sinchayi Yojana.

The PM Awas Yojana and LPG Pahal schemes in urban India successfully employ DBT to
deliver cash to qualified participants. The DBT architecture is used to offer social security
through several scholarship programmes and the National Social Assistance Programme. DBT
in rehabilitation programmes such as the Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of
Manual Scavengers provides new doors to social mobility for people from all walks of life.

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1959461

Q 49) :
Ans ) [D] : 4
Exp ) Explanation:
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Limited
NTPC Ltd. is a central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power.
NTPC REL is a 100% subsidiary of NTPC.
It is India’s largest energy conglomerate with roots planted way back in 1975 to accelerate
power development in India.
It aims to provide reliable power and related solutions in an economical, efficient and
environment-friendly manner, driven by innovation and agility.
NTPC has also been promoting usage of green hydrogen based solutions in sectors like
mobility, energy, chemical, fertilizer, steel etc.
It became a Maharatna company in May 2010.
It is located in New Delhi.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ntpc-told-to-defer-implementation-of-sche
me-to-pool-older-power-plants/article67112861.ece

Q 50) :
Ans ) [A] : 1
Page 37
Exp ) World Economic Outlook (WEO)

It is a survey released by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Hence, statement 1 is

correct.
It is usually published twice a year in the months of April and October. Hence, statement 2 is
not correct.
It analyzes and predicts global economic developments during the near and medium term.
In response to the growing demand for more frequent forecast updates, the WEO Update is
published in January and July, between the two main WEO publications released usually in
April and October.

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-on-imf-forecast-global-growth
-is-looking-up-8862085/

Page 38