2-MATERIALS in PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

High Strength
Concrete
fck>50 Mpa

Normal Strength
Concrete fck>=35
Mpa

1 -Concrete
Figure. Stress-Strain Relationship for
High& Normal Strength Concrete

1
Table: Mixing Ratios with Slum Test Values
28 -days Mixing Ratios Water/ Cement Super Settlement
fck(Mpa) (Kg) cement Fluid
cem./sf/sand/gravel/water
With Crushed Stone

With Gravel

2
E cj = 3250 f ckj +14000 (MPa) Modulus of Elasticity
n=0.2 Poission Ratio

Gcj=Ecj/[2(1+n)], .Gcj=0.4Ecj (TS 3233 ) Shear Modulus

2.1.2 Creep of concrete

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Figure- Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete
 II- STRUCTURAL MATERIALS for RC

Creep
Creep denotes a gradual decrease in the length of a piece of concrete
because of prolonged pressure. Under the effect of continuous
loading, the pore within the concrete composition is squeezed;
henceforth volume decreases and creep takes place.

c (%0)
Unloading
Elastic Part
Under Compression
Unit Shortening

Reversing shortening

Loading Permenant shortening

(creep)
Shrinkage

Shrinkage

Time
 fc=εcc/εel

εcc=480×10-7 1 MPa for pretension

εcc=360×10-7 1 MPa for post-tension

εcc=sc0fc/Ec28
fc=fdβ∞+ff1ff2[βf(t)-βf(t0)] , hth=2lAc/u, u=perimeter (periphery) of structure in open air
Table 2.2 creep&shirinkage coeff. depending theoretical
thickness

hth (mm)

Table 2.3 Creep& Shrinkage Coefficiants

Creep Shrinkage
Medium Humidity
ratio Coeff. Coeff λ

in Water

High
Humidity

Normal

Dry 5
 Table Depennding on Time and Theoretical Hight Creep and Shrincage
Coefficients

Creep and Shrinkage

Coefficents day day month month month year year year

6
2.1.3 Shrinkage of concrete
Table- Shrinkage Deformations
Dry Medium Normal Medium Humidity Medium
Pre-tensioned
Post-tensioned

εcs=εs1-εs2[βs(t)-βs(t0)]

2.1.4 Curing condition

Steam Cure

MoistureCure

Day (log) 7
2.2 Steel

Ls =Unstressed length of steel

Lc =Unstressed lenght of concrete

Lc’(Stressed lenght of concrete) = Ls’(Stressed lenght of steel)

Lc
= εcc + εcs
L

ΔLc=(εcs+εcc)Lc

Δfp=(εcs+εcc)Es

8
 Properties of Prestressing Steel

U.S.Customary Metric

Type
Seven-wire
Strand
(Grade 250)

Seven-wire
Strand
(Grade 270)
Prestressing
Wire
U.S.Customary Metric
Type
Prestressing
Bars 9
(Smooth)
Example 2.1
Suppose that the member is prestressed using ordinary reinforcing steel at an initial
stress fsi=120MPa. The modulus of elasticity Es for all steels is about the same will
be taken here as 2x105MPa.

10
Solution:
Strain at concrete and concrete under the given stress;

c=fc/Ec=7/28000=0.25✕10-3
s=fs/Es=120/2✕105=0.6✕10-3

Generally, creep strain in concrete 2c or 3c.

Sum of the shrinkage and creep strain in concrete more than 2c, and the length
chanage is (cs+ cc) Lc

Total steel elongation is sLs

Since Lc and Ls are nearly same, it is clear that the effects of creep and shrinkage of
the concrete is almost complete loss all the stress at steel.

In 1928, Eugene Freyssinet (French scientiest) invented high strength steel (1000-
2000MPa), and proposed the basic principials of prestress.

11
2.2.1 Cold Formed Cables

12
Alloy Steel Bars

Table_ Characteristics for Bars

Diameter Min. Breaking Min. Yielding Min. Elongation ES
(mm) Strength(Mpa) (%1Elong.on in Breaking-% (Mpa)

nut

tread

13
2.2.1.1 Steel Wires
Table- Wire Characteristics
Annual Min. Breaking Min. Yielding Breaking Es
Diameter (mm) Strength(MPa) 1%Elongation Elongation (% ) (Mpa)

Min. Breaking
Strength(MPa)

2-3 and 7 wire strand

Table- Strand Characteristics

Diameter Min. Breaking Breaking Es

Min. Yielding
Elong.
(mm) Strength(MPa) 1%Elongation (Mpa)
%

14
2.3.1 Structural Safety for Ultimate Limit State

Load Strength

Load-Stregth

Collapse

Rk _ _
 Fk  f , Rk = Rm − 1.28 s , Fk = Fm + 1.28 s
m

γm×γf =1.15×1.4=1.61 for dead load,

=1.15×1.6=1.84 for live load. 15
 Load Cases
a) Dead (G) and live (Q) load,
1) 1.4G+1.6Q

b) Wind load (W),

2) 1.0G+1.3Q+1.3W, 3) 0.9G+1.3W

c) Earthquake load (E),

2) 1.0G+1.0Q+1.0E, 3) 0.9G+1.0E

d) Earth pressure (H),

2) 1.4G+1.6Q+1.6H, 3) 0.9G+1.6Q+1.6H, 4) 0.9G+1.6H

Water pressure: 1.6H should changed with 1.4F.

f) Temperature (T), creep and shrinkage, different support settlement,

2) 0.75(1.4G+1.6Q+1.4T), 3) 1.4(G+T)

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 PRESTRESSING METHODS
Pretensioning:

Accelerated cure

17
Pre-tensioning:

Dead end Live end

a) Accelerated Cure b) Cutting After Cure

Figure- Pre-tensioning a) Straight b)Deflected Tendons

18
Freyssinet anchorage cone and cylinder

Cable

Wedge

Canel
Spiral
Cylinder 19
 anchoring double acting jack
After Prestressing
Anchorage with pin

BBRV Anchorage

20
Anchorage of Bar

Bearing
plate
Wedge
rove
Bar
Bold nut
Canel

Stressing with heating

Stressing with expanding cement (chemical stressing)
Mixed method

Steel Profile

Concrete
Element

21
 canal
tube
duct

b) Multi-Strand Tendon

a) 7-Wires
Monostrand Tendon

Prestressing Metarials- Anchor Equipments

c)Single Bar Tendon

d)Multi-Wire Tendon
22
1) Anchor Wedges and Barrels For
i) Post-Tensioning
ii) Pre-stressing

23
24
2) Anchor Plates

25
3) Anchor Heads

26
Koror-Babeldaob Bridge in Palau
A
,J

Built 1977, failed 1996. Max. girder depth 14 m, span 241 m (wo

27
Sag at the
midspan
Koror-Babeldaob Bridge in Palau Built 1977, failed 1996.
Kömürhan, 1986