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LESSON 1 – PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY RENE DESCARTES
• From Greek word philo and Sophia • French philosopher
• Philo means love • Father of modern philosophy
• Sophia means wisdom • Modern dualism & Methodical Doubt
• Study of knowledge or thinking about thinking • “Cogito ergo sum” = “I think therefore, I am”
• Acquiring knowledge through rational • Doubting what the body perceives and
knowledge through rational thinking • experiences will lead to better knowledge of
• Primarily done through reflection and does not our self
tend to rely on experiment
J0HN LOCKE
PHILOSOPHERS
• English philosopher
SOCRATES • Doctor
• Father of liberalism
• No published works
• “tabula rasa” = blank state
• Known from the stories or writings of his
students DAVID HUME
• Martyr of education
• Knowing oneself (if one knows oneself, one • Scottish philosopher
can achieve happiness) • Empiricism, Skepticism, and naturalism.
• Knowledge is virtue, Ignorance is depravity • “Self” is only the accumulation of different
• Socratic Method Asking questions and impressions
knowing self • No permanent “self”

PLATO IMMANUEL KANT

• Student of Socrates • German philosopher

• Father of academy
• Works about governance and societal systems
• Believed that body and soul is divided
• 3 parts of the soul
➢ Appetitive - part of the person that is
driven by desire and need to satisfy
SIGMUND FREUD
oneself. Involves physical needs and
pleasure.
➢ Spirited – to right the wrongs that they
observe
➢ Rational - driver of our lives, this is the
part that thinks and plan for the future.
“conscious mind” decides what to do.
ST. AUGUSTINE
• Empiricism and Rationalism
• Argued to hume’s work
• should be a certain sense that binds our idea
of self.
• “Transcendental Apperception”
• Austrian psychologist and physician
• Father of psychoanalysis
• Human nature and unconscious
• Division of Consciousness
➢ Conscious
➢ Pre-conscious
➢ Unconscious

• Saint and philosopher ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY

• God encompasses us all • ID
• We are patterned to the likeness of God • EGO
• Rejected the doubtfulness • SUPER EGO
• Our notion of ourselves and idea of existence
comes from higher form GILBERT RYLE

• Behavioristic approach to self

➢ Self is the behavior presented by the
person
• Does not believe on the division of mind and
body
• “ghost in the mind”

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PAUL CHURCHLAND ANTHROPOLOGY

• Canadian philosopher The Self and the Person in Contemporary

• Self is defined by the movements of our brain Anthropology
• Folk and common sense
THE SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
• Eliminative materialism
• Neurophilosophy • CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• Is the study human society and culture
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
which analyzes social and cultural
• French philosopher similarities and difference
• existentialism and phenomenology. • Ethnography – fieldwork to collect
• Body and mind is one data, specific to group
• Phenomenology of perception – gestalt notion • Ethnology – uses data collected by a
the whole is the sum of its parts series of researches
➢ The body • ARCHEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ The perceived world • Describes human behavior and
➢ The people and the world cultural patterns through material
remains
LESSON 2 – SOCIOLOGY • BIOLOGICAL, OR PHYSICAL
SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY
• Focuses on human evolution as
• Study of how human society established, its revealed by the fossil, human genetics
structure and how it works and evolution
• The people interaction with each other and the • LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
effects they have to one other • studies language in its social and
cultural context across space and over
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD time
• An American sociologist THE SELF EMBEDDED IN THE CULTURE
• Father of American pragmatism
• Pioneer in the field of social psychology • culture refers to customary behavior and belief
• He rejected the notion of biological that are passed on through enculturation
determination of one self (kottak, 2008)
• Culture in a social process that is learned and
I AND ME passed from generation to the net
ME – are the characteristics, behaviors, and or actions • Csordas (1999) elaborated that the human
done by the person that follows “generalized other” body is not essential for anthropological study
but the paradigm of embodiment can be
I – is the reaction of the individual to that attitude of explored in the understanding culture and the
others, as well as the manifestation of the individuality self
of a person • Geertz (1973) described culture as "a system
of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic
3 ROLES PLAYING STAGES OF SELF-
forms by means of which men communication
DEVELOPMENT
LESSON 4 - Psychological Perspective of the Self
PREPARATORY
PSYCHOLOGY – has various ways of understanding a
• Birth to 2 years person and the therapist way of helping people
• Simply imitates understand themselves.
• Mimicking what they observe
SELF - is a reference by an individual to the same
PLAY STAGE individual person.
• 2 – 6 years old The psychology of studying self is about either the
• Interact with other but with rules cognitive and affective representation of one's identity
• Pretend play or the subject of experience.
GAME STAGE

• 6-9 years old

• They recognized rules and identify roles

LESSON 3 – ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

OF THE SELF
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I – the person knower • According to Kenneth Gergen, proponent of
Post modern Psychology, The individual has
Me – person that is known
many potential selves
THE SELF AND IT SELVES
THE TRUE AND FAKE SELF
William James (1890) a numerous concept and
TRUE SELF
distinction of self
• called the simple being.
Me-self: is the phenomenal self, the experienced self
• The sense of self based on spontaneous
or the self as known. It is the self that has experience
authentic experience and feeling of being
the phenomena and who had known the situation.
alive, having “real self”.
I-self: the self-thought or the self-knower
FAKE SELF
3 CATEGORIES OF SELF
• is our defense facade.
1. Its constituents • Overlaying or contradicting the original sense
2. Self-feelings: the feeling and emotions they of self
arouse
3. Self-seeking and self-preservation: the actions
to which they prompt

3 SUB-CATEGORIES OF SELF

1. Material self – we are attached more into

because of our investment we give to this thing
2. Social self – our interactions with society and
the reaction of people towards us
3. Spiritual self – it is the most intimate because it
is more satisfying for the person that they have
the ability to argue one’s moral sensibility

CONCEPTION OF SELF

Carl rogers, the Person-centered therapy, it is a non-

directive intervention because it believes that people
have the potential to solve their own problems

He also believe that people must be honest with them

selves

THREE SIDE OF CONCEPT OF SELF

PERCEIVED SELF – self worth, how the person sees

self & others sees them

REAL SELF – self images – how the person really is

IDEAL SELF – how the person would like to be

CONCEPT OF UNIFIED AND MULTIPLE SELF

• As Daniel CW (2016) wrote in his article

“Psychoanalysis vs Postmodern Psychology”
he has emphasized how Freud perceived
person as a unified beings and Gergens
concept of multiple “selves”.
• Freud’s concept, he argued that mind is
divided into three connected but distinct parts
• Conscious are the thoughts that we are aware
of. And Unconscious as thoughts that we are
not aware of. (DanielCW, 2016)
• Gergen argued that having a flexible sense of
self allows for multiple “selves”

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