HYDRAULICS

By: ENGR. MARIA YSABELLA MOSCOSO

 4 DAMS
DAMS are built for the purpose of impounding water. Dams subjected to
water pressure on the upstream side are analyzed by considering only
one meter strip of the dam.

GRAVITY DAMS
a type of dam that uses gravity to resist the water pressure in
the dam.

USES OF DAMS

1. Irrigation
2. Storage of Water
3. Generate Electricity
4. Increase depth of waterways
5. Recreational
4 GRAVITY DAMS
FORCES ACTING ON GRAVITY DAMS

Gravity Forces (Weight)

W1, W2 and W3

Hydrostatic Force
F1 and F2

Uplift Force
U
4 GRAVITY DAMS
OVERTUNING MOMENT
RESISTING MOMENT
It is the resultant moment
It is a moment of the toe of
that may cause the rotation
the dam that counteracts
of the dam in toe.
the overturning moment.

F1 and U are the F2, W1, W2 and W3

overturning forces. are the resisting
forces.

• SOLVING FOR THE BASE

REACTION OF THE DAM
4 GRAVITY DAMS
Distance of Ry from the toe considering
the base of the dam

𝑹𝑴 −𝑶𝑴
x=
𝑹𝒚
5 DAMS
STEPS ON ANALYZING DAMS:

I Consider 1 unit (1m) length of the dam (perpendicular to the sketch)

and identify the heel and the toe.
II Determine all the forces acting:
DAM
A Vertical Forces l.s.

B Horizontal Forces
III Solve for the resultant force
A Vertical Resultant Force, Ry
B Horizontal Resultant Forces, Rx
IV Moment about the toe
A Overturning Moment, OM
B Righting Moment, RM
5 DAMS
V Factor of Safety
A Factor of Safety
against Overturning DAM

RM
F.O.=
OM
B Factor of Safety
against Sliding
υR
F.S.= y
Rx
VI Location of Ry (x̅)
RM – OM
x̅ =
Ry
5 DAMS
VII Foundation Pressure A If e ≤ B/6
Solve for the Ry 6e Ry 6e
eccentricity , e. qmin= (1 – ) qmax= (1 + )
B B B B
B
e =|x- ฬ
2

If Ry is nearer to the toe than heel, then qmax is at the toe. When Ry
is nearer at the heal than the toe, then qmax is at the heel.

B If e > B/6

2Ry
qmin= 0 qmax=
3x̅
 EXAMPLE 1

QUESTION:

A concrete dam 4m on top and 10m at the bottom

and 25m high and has water 20m deep acting on in its
vertical sides. The coefficient of friction between the soil
and the dam is 0.60m.
a. How far is the vertical resultant from the toe?
b. What is the soil pressure in the heel?
c. What is the soil pressure in the toe?
d. What is the factor of safety against sliding?
e. What is the factor of safety against overturning?
ASSIGNMENT 1

QUESTION:

A masonry dam of a trapezoidal section with one face vertical is

0.6m thick at the top and 3.0m at the bottom. It is 6.6m high and has a
horizontal base. On the inclined face water stands 4.5m deep. Assume
Gs = 2.4 for the dam and hydrostatic uplift varies from 60% at the heel zero
at the toe.
a. Find the vertical component of the foundation reaction.
b. How far from the toe will that force intersect the base?
c. What is the factor of safety against overturning?
d. What is the factor of safety against sliding assuming υ=0.51?
e. What is the intensity of the pressure at the toe?
f. Calculate the total force of water on the upstream face.
g. Calculate the total force acting on the dam.