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Water and Wastewater Production in Riyadh: Riyadh's water consumption increased by

70% from 2007 to 2018, reaching 3,360 million cubic meters. The city treats 2,884 million
cubic meters of wastewater and uses it for landscaping. Future projections show a rise in
wastewater to 5,090 million cubic meters by 2050, emphasizing the need for sustainable
management.

Sulfur Emissions from Worldwide Coal Burning in 1980: In 1980, 75 million tons of sulfur
were released globally from coal burning. The calculation involved coal energy consumption
and sulfur content, highlighting environmental impact.

Food Consumption and Human Impact on Plant Growth: Humans consume 8.79% of Earth's
annual plant growth. This percentage represents the portion of plant growth harvested for
human use, indicating our impact on nature.

Polluter Pays Principle in the Water Framework Directive: The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)
in the Water Framework Directive ensures polluters bear pollution costs. PPP covers
prevention, control measures, and environmental damage. Challenges include diffuse
pollution and legacy issues, but PPP is crucial for sustainable water management.
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World Population Trends 2022:

1. Earth's population reached 8 billion in 2022, projected to grow to 9.7 billion by 2050
and possibly 10.4 billion by 2100.

2. Longer life expectancy and fewer births contribute to population growth.

3. Regional disparities: Africa's population is growing rapidly, while Europe and North
America see slower growth.

4. More women than men globally, a trend expected to continue.

5. Implications: Aging populations require increased healthcare and support. High birth
rates challenge education and quality of life.

6. COVID-19's impact: Pandemic influenced birth rates, life expectancy, and migration
patterns.

7. Future changes: Some regions may see population decline due to lower birth rates
and migration. Need for compassion toward refugees.

8. Importance of data: Accurate data crucial for informed planning.

World Population Projections 2022:

1. Global population reached 8 billion in 2022, projected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030,
9.7 billion by 2050, and potentially 10.4 billion by 2100.

2. Longer life expectancy contributes to population growth.

3. Expectation of more women than men in older age groups.

4. Declining birth rates: From 5 children per woman in 1950 to 2.3 in 2021.

5. Factors driving growth: Historical trends play a significant role. Education,

healthcare, and equal opportunities can help manage growth.

6. Regional disparities: Some areas more densely populated than others.

7. Challenges for sustainable development: Population growth can hinder poverty
reduction and access to education, exacerbated by COVID-19.

8. Taking control: Reducing birth rates and investing in education, healthcare, and jobs
can lead to demographic dividends.

9. Migration: Movement between countries should be safe and fair.

10. COVID-19 impact: Pandemic influenced birth rates and life expectancy.

11. Data importance: Reliable data crucial for achieving Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).
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1. Population Growth:

• Higher GDP correlates with lower fertility rates; technological innovation aids in
reducing fertility rates.

• Climate change increases mortality rates and negatively impacts health, influencing
birth rates.

• Urbanization, providing better healthcare and education, leads to lower fertility

rates.

2. Economic Growth:

• Delay in demographic opportunity window hampers economic growth.

• Innovation boosts GDP growth, but costs related to climate change limit economic
expansion.

• Urbanization strongly correlates with higher economic output.

3. Technological Change:
• Population growth drives technological innovation to meet demands, but can strain
savings due to dependency.

• Economic growth leads to increased investment and technological innovation.

• Climate change pressures foster adaptive technological innovation.

• Urbanization intensifies technology use due to higher population density.

4. Climate Change:

• Population growth and economic output increase environmental pressure and

contribute to climate change.

• Green technological innovation reduces pressure per unit of output.

• Urbanization is associated with higher emissions, though causation is unclear.

5. Urbanization:

• Urban areas face increased pressure due to migration and population growth.

• Technological advancements influence urbanization, either promoting it or

mitigating migration through improved access to technology and communication.

• Climate change in rural areas drives migration towards urban centers.

Water, food, and energy are crucial for sustainable development, with agriculture being the
major user of freshwater and energy. Increasing global demand, driven by population
growth and changing diets, poses challenges. Governments must manage these resources
sustainably, focusing on renewable energy like hydropower, efficient agriculture practices,
and valuing ecosystems' services. Cooperation among decision-makers is vital to achieve
Sustainable Development Goals.

An Environmental Management System (EMS) helps organizations monitor, control, and

improve their environmental performance. It follows the standard and principle of plan, do,
check and act. Continuous improvement methodology. Implementing an environmental
management system enhances reputation, reduces costs, increases employee morale, and is
consistent with sustainability goals. An environmental management system is vital for
organizations aiming at environmental responsibility.
The UN's Global Environment Outlook warns of unsustainable resource extraction and waste
production globally. India aims to reduce emissions and increase renewable energy, but
global cooperation is vital to limit temperature rise. The report suggests adopting less meat-
intensive diets and reducing food waste. India should prioritize water protection, enforce
emission norms, and focus on renewable energy sources to combat environmental
challenges.
Countries in the pre-dividend and early demographic dividend stages have a smaller carbon
footprint per capita and GDP. In contrast, late dividend and post-demographic dividend
countries have a larger carbon footprint per capita and GDP.

The Global Environment Outlook 6 (GEO-6) reveals unequal distribution of consumption and
environmental pressures across nations. It categorizes countries into top 10 percent, middle
40 percent, and bottom 50 percent CO2 emitters. The top 10 percent of emitters contribute
45 percent of the world's CO2 emissions, emphasizing the disproportionate impact of a few
on global environmental challenges. These findings highlight the need for international
cooperation and sustainable practices to address these disparities.
Population growth varies globally and within nations due to disparities in fertility patterns
and migration trends. Countries with high fertility rates and young populations will grow
faster, with Africa projected to grow the fastest in the coming decades, followed by Asia,
Latin America, North America, Oceania, and Europe. Uneven distribution of population
growth emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies to address the challenges
associated with varying demographic trends.

Empowering women with control over reproductive choices significantly influences the
timing and number of children they bear. Access to education and employment plays a
crucial role in this context. High fertility rates are often linked to limited access to education
and employment opportunities for women. In least developed countries, where fertility
rates are highest, girls' access to education tends to be the lowest. The relationship between
gender equality, education, and fertility rates is interconnected and influences each other in
multiple ways.
Economic development has significantly reduced poverty and enhanced access to health and
education globally. Despite income disparities between developing and developed countries,
growth rates in developing nations now surpass those in the developed world, leading to
overall improvement in the well-being of a substantial population.

The Elephant Curve, or the Lakner-Milanovic graph, depicts the uneven distribution of
income growth among various income groups globally.
Global Environment Outlook 6 (GEO-6) highlights economic disparities:

- The bottom 50% income bracket experienced a significant 94% income growth from 1980
to 2016.

- The middle 40% had a lower growth rate of 43% during the same period.

- In contrast, the top 10% income bracket saw a 70% income growth, mainly from sources
like profits and dividends.

- The top 1% income bracket had a staggering 101% income growth, and the top 0.001
percent saw an extraordinary 235% growth from 1980 to 2016.

- Predictions suggest the global top 1% will increase their income share by 25% in the next
30 years, while the bottom 50% will only see a 9% increase.

Most urban people live in smaller cities, not megacities. Emerging economies have more
people in smaller cities. Megacities grow slower than smaller urban areas. This trend
continues in emerging economies.
Small and medium-sized cities will contribute significantly to global urban population growth
by 2025, surpassing developed world and emerging market megacities combined. These
smaller cities are more susceptible to natural hazards compared to large cities. Cities with
medium to high vulnerability are experiencing rapid growth.

The built-up area globally has expanded faster than the population, but the extent of
expansion varies by region. Studies indicate that cities are growing in size more than in
population, with territorial expansion double the rate of population growth in the absence
of sustainable urban management. Between 1975 and 2015, built-up areas increased 2.5
times, while the total population increased by a factor of 1.8.
Urban growth is most concentrated in India, China, and African countries.

Climate change is a significant driver of environmental change, gaining momentum

regardless of future human activities. The increase in CO2 concentration over the industrial
period, as shown in the figure, highlights the impact of these changes. Climate change is now
a major force that cannot be ignored, having become an independent and powerful factor
shaping our environment.
 Emission trends
in selected countries show that over half of total emissions since the Industrial Revolution
occurred in the last four decades. Cumulative CO2 emissions from 1970-2010 (40 years)
were approximately 1,090 gigatons, surpassing the 910 gigatons emitted in the 220-year
period from 1750-1970. This indicates a significant acceleration in emissions in recent
years.

Emission trends from 1990-2015 reveal that the wealthiest 10% of the global population is
responsible for 45% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while the poorest 50%
contributes only 13%. Natural disasters, primarily earthquakes and tsunamis, account for
87% of disasters, with the top 10 columns in the figure illustrating the economic damage
caused by events like the Honshu tsunami in 2011, hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Wenchuan
earthquake in 2008, and the Kobe earthquake in 1995. These statistics highlight the
disproportionate impact of disasters on various countries and economies.
 The upper figure displays the extensive
damage, the number of affected people, and casualties caused by natural disasters. 87%
of these disasters are natural, predominantly earthquakes and tsunamis. The lower figure
illustrates the top 10 countries affected by disasters, with blue circles indicating the
damage magnitude. Notably, the graph showcases the economic impact in billions
caused by significant events like the 2011 Honshu tsunami, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the
2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and the 1995 Kobe earthquake, emphasizing the scale of
these disasters.

The graph illustrates the economic damage caused by significant natural disasters. It begins
with the Honshu tsunami in 2011, followed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Wenchuan
earthquake in 2008, and the Kobe earthquake in 1995. These events serve as benchmarks to
comprehend the scale of economic impact resulting from such disasters.