Karunakaran Astro Book - 4

rl;gyk;;
ghFjp ? 05 nr&;l gyk;;
jiyth; :
jpU/ S.M. rjhrptk;

<nuh; jpU/ T.V.A. ehuhazd;
ehfh;
jp U/ bfshpr’;fh;
R. fUzhfud;. MA, DTA, DPCS
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_ FUnt Jiz
vy;yhk; ty;y bja;tkJ! mtdpy;jhd; eP. cd;dpy; mtd;;!
Kd;Diu
md;ghd cyf mwpthspfns! tzf;fk;

,iwtd; cyifg; gilj;jhd;/ gw;gy el;rj;jpu’;fisa[k;. fpuf’;fisa[k;. mit xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU tpjkhd rf;jpia cilajhft[k;.
mit midj;Jk; xd;Wf;bfhd;W bjhlh;g[ila jhft[k;. xnu epajpg;go rpwpJk; jtwhky; RHyr; bra;jhd;/ gpd; kdpj caph;fisg;
gilj;jhd;. kdpjDila brhy;Yf;Fk;. braYf;Fk;. thH;tf
[ ;Fk; fpuf’;fs; bjhlh;t[ cilajhf bra;jhd;/
g{h;t b$d;k tpjpapd;go mtd; gpwf;Fk; neuj;jpnyna tpz;zpy; cs;s fpuf r”;rhu’;fisg; bghWj;J mtdJ thH;tk
[ ; vjph;fhyKk;
eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ/ mtdJ tpjpg;gaid khw;w ahuhYk; KoahJ/
xUtd; gpwe;j neuj;jpy; cr;rj;jpypUf;Fk; fpuf’;fshy; mtdJ thH;t[ vt;tpjk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ekJ Kd;ndhh;fs; jkJ
mDgt’;fspdhYk; jkJ nguwpthYk; Muha;e;J TwpapUg;gJ jhd; n$hjplf; fiyahFk;/ "Maf;fiyfs; mWgj;jp ehd;F" vd;gh;/
mtw;wpy; n$hjplf; fiya[k; xd;W vd;gjhy; ,r; n$hjplf;fiy kdpj thH;tpy; Kf;fpa m’;fk; vd;gJ bjhpatUk;/
"fw;wJ ifkz;zst[. fy;yhjJ cyfst[" Mfnt gw;gy E}y;fisf; fw;W. rpe;jpj;J jdJ mDgt’;fisf; bfhz;L Muha;r;rp bra;J
,f;fiyia bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ gog;gjdhy; kl;Lk; xUth; n$hjpluhfptpl KoahJ/ cyf mDgt’;fSlDk; $hjf’;fisg; ghh;j;J
mtw;iwg; gw;wp rpe;jpj;jhy;jhd; gy cz;ikfs; bjhpa tUk;/ mjdhy; mwpit mgptpUj;jp bra;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
n$hjplk; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; vjph;fhyj;ija[k;. thH;f;ifiaa[k;. Mnuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,d;g. Jd;g’;fisa[k; TWtjhFk;/ ,jw;Fnky;
kdpjdpd; jiybaGj;Jk;. tpjp vd;gJk; ,Uf;fpwJ/ mtdJ g{h;t b$d;k gyhgyd;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,it ,iwtdhy;
bfhLf;fg;gl;lit/ ,jpy; mnef bja;t ,ufrpa’;fSk; cz;L/ xUtUila tpjpia kw;wth; brhy;y ,ayhJ/ Mfnt ekf;F ,iwtdpd;
nky; ek;gpf;ifa[k;. gf;jpa[k; ntz;Lk;/
bghJthf itj;jpah; xUth; xUtUila tpahjpiaf; fz;Lgpof;f nehahspia mUfpy; itj;J mtiu gytpjkhf ghPl;irak; bra;J.
tpahjpahy; mtd; Jd;gg;gLtijg; ghh;j;Jk;. czh;j;Jk; mtDf;F vd;d tpahjp. ve;j ghfj;jpy; tpahjp njhd;wpaJ. mjw;F vd;d
epth;j;J vd;W fhz;Lgpof;f Koahky; lhf;lh;fs; tpHpf;fpd;wdh;/
Mdhy; xUtDila thH;f;ifiaa[k;. vjph;fhyj;ija[k;. ehk; epidj;Jg; ghh;f;fKoahj mstpy; mtuJ tpjpiaa[k;. jiybaGj;ija[k;
vt;thW Tw Koa[k;> ,e;j b$d;kj;ij gw;wpna ekf;F bjhpahjpUf;f. g{h;tb$d;k ufrpa’;fs; vt;thW bjhpa[k;> ,tw;wpw;fhf ek; Kd;ndhh;fs;
j’;fs; mDgt’;fshYk; ekJ Muha;r;rpapd; gadhft[k; rpy bghJthd tpjpKiwfis ekf;F je;jUspa[s;sdh;. mJjhd; n$hjplk;
vd;gjhFk;/
$hjf gyd; eph;zapg;gjw;F gytpjkhd Kiwfs; filgpof;fg;gLfpwJ/ mtw;wpy; $hjfj;jpy; nfhs;fs; bgw;Ws;s gyj;ijf; fzf;fpl
ntz;Lk;/ nfhz;fspd; typikia eph;zapf;f rl;gy fzpjk; cjt[fpwJ/ mtw;wpy; nfhs;fs; tf;uk; bgWtjhy; gyk; mjpfk; bgWfpd;wd/
N:hpad;. re;jpud; kw;Wk; epHy; nfhs;fshd ,uhF. nfJ jtpu ,ju nfhs;fshd brt;tha;. g[jd;. FU. Rf;fpud;. rdp Mfpa nfhs;fs; tf;fpuk;
bgWfpd;wd/ N:hpad; nfhr;rhuj;jpy; r”;rhpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fwpg;gpl;l ,l’;fspy; F$hjp ItUk; tf;fpu fjpia milfpd;wd/ tf;fpu
fjpia bgWk; nfhs;fs; bgWk; gyj;ijna ehk; nr&;lhgyk; vd;fpnwhk;/ nr&;lh gyk; fzf;fpl;L gyd; mwpa[k; Kiwapid ,g;gFjpapd;
thapyhf bjspt[bgw;W. gpd; j’;fsplk; n$hjpl gyh gyd;fs; nfl;ftUthplj;J rhpahd gyid bjspt[gLj;j ntz;Lkha;
nfl;Lf;bfhs;fpnwd;/
R. fUzhfud;. MA DTA DPCS

n$hjpl rpnuhd;kzp & mwptpay; n$hjpl khkzp/
bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

rl;gyk;;
ghFjp ? 05 nr&;l gyk;;
bghUslf;fk;
nehf;fk; ..........................................................................................................................................4
Kd;Diu.......................................................................................................................................4
nr&;lh gyk;; .................................................................................................................................4
kj;jpa jPh;f;fnuif (Mean Longitude) .........................................................................................4
nr&;lgyk; fzf;fpLk; Kiw .....................................................................................................5
N:hpadpd; kj;jpk !;g[lk; ...........................................................................................................6
re;jpud;?g[jd;?Rf;fpud; kj;jpk !;g[lk;;......................................................................................7
brt;thapd; kj;jpa !;g[lk; .........................................................................................................7
FUtpd;; kj;jpa !;g[lk; ..............................................................................................................7
rdpapd;; kj;jpa !;g[lk; ..............................................................................................................8
g[jd; rPf;fpnuhr;r ml;ltiz .....................................................................................................8
Rf;fpudpd; rPf;fpnuhr;r ml;ltiz ...........................................................................................9
n$&;l nfe;jpuk; fzpj;jy; ........................................................................................................10
nfhs;fspd; n$&;lgyk;; .............................................................................................................11
tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs;fs; jUk; gyd;fs;; ...................................................................................12
nr&;lhgyk; bgw;w nfhs;fs; jUk; gyd;fs; (N:hpadpd; madgynk n$&;lhgyk; ...........13
Koa[iu.......................................................................................................................................14
tpdhf;fs; ....................................................................................................................................14
ghh;it E}y;fs; ...........................................................................................................................14
fiyr; brhw;fs;............................................................................................................................14
Prepared By R.Karunakaran, MA DTA DPCS

JothidaChironmani & Ariviyal Jothida Mamanii

nr&;l gyk;;
nehf;fk;
xU $hjfj;jpy; nfhs;fSf;F MW tpjkhd gyk;fisg; bgWfpd;wd/ MW gyk;fspy; xd;whd nr&;l gyk; fzf;fpl;L. gyk; fhqk;
Kiwiaf; fw;Wf; bfhs;tnj ,e;j gFjpapd; nehf;fkhFk;/
Kd;Diu
nr&;lhgyk; vd;why; nfhs;fspd; r”;rhu gyk; vd;W bghUs;/ nfhs;fs; tf;uk; bgWtjhy; gyk; mjpfk; bgWfpd;wd/ N:hpad;. re;jpud; kw;Wk;
epHy; nfhs;fshd ,uhF. nfJ jtpu ,ju nfhs;fshd brt;tha;. g[jd;. FU. Rf;fpud;. rdp Mfpa nfhs;fs; tf;fpuk; bgWfpd;wd/ N:hpad;
nfhr;rhuj;jpy; r”;rhpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fwpg;gpl;l ,l’;fspy; F$hjp ItUk; tf;fpu fjpia milfpd;wd/ tf;fpu fjpia bgWk;
nfhs;fs; bgWk; gyj;ijna ehk; nr&;lhgyk; vd;fpnwhk;/
nr&;lh gyk;;
g{kp N:hpaid Rw;wp tUfpwJ/ Mdhy;. ekJ ghh;itf;F N:hpad; g{kpiar; Rw;wp tUtJ nghy; bjhpfpwJ/ g{kj;jpa jPh;f;f nuifapypUe;J
N:hpad; g{kpiar; Rw;wp tUtJ nghy; bjhpfpwJ/ g{kj;jpa jPh;f;f nuifapypUe;J N:hpad; vg;bghGJk; Kd;ndhf;fpa (Clockwise) r”;rhuk;
bra;fpwJ/ vg;bghGJk; tf;fpu (gpd;ndhf;fpa) fjpapy; bry;tjpy;iy/ re;jpud; g{kpiar; Rw;wp tUfpwJ/ vdnt re;jpud; neh; jpirapny
r”;rhuk; bra;fpwJ/ vdnt re;jpuDf;Fk; tf;fpu fjpapy;iy/
xU nfhs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jPh;f;f njifapd; J}uj;Jf;F nky; bry;Yk;nghJ me;jf; nfhs; g{kpapypUe;J ghh;f;fFk; nghJ gpd;nehf;fp bry;tJ
nghy; njhw;wk; jUfpd;wJ/ nky; Fwpg;gpl;l epfH;r;rpna n$hjpltpaypy; tf;fufjp vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ bghJthf. xU nfhs;
tf;fpufjpiag; bgw;why; mf;nfhs; g{kpf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ vd;W Twyhk;/
g[jd; kw;Wk; Rf;fpud; Rw;Wtl;lg;ghij (Orbit) N:hpaDf;Fk;. g{kpf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ug;gjhy; g[jDk;. Rf;fpuDk; cs;tl;lf; nfhs;fs; vd;W
miHf;fg;gLk;/
g[jd;. N:hpad; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;F Kd;ngh my;yJ gpd;ngh 28 :ghiff;F nky; bry;tjpy;iy/ vdnt g[jd;; = (N:hpad; ± 28 :)
Rf;fpud;. N:hpad; r”;rhpf;Fk; !;jhdj;jpw;F Kd;g[ (m) gpd;g[ 47 :ghiff;F nky; bry;yhJ/ vdnt Rf;fpud; = (N:hpad; ± 47 )
:
nkw;fz;l g[jd;. Rf;fpuDk; N:hpad; kiwa[k; neuj;jpy; nkw;F mothdj;jpy; bjhpa[k; vd;gjhy; khiy (Evening Stars) neu el;rj;jpu’;fs; vd;W
miHf;fg;gLk;/ g[jDk;. Rf;fpuDk; N:hpaidtpl;L Kd;ngh. gpd;ngh mjdjd; jPh;f;fnuf;F nky; bry;Yk; nghJ epiyahfnth (!;jk;gdk;).
my;yJ tf;fpu fjpahfnth (gpd;ndhf;fpnah) g{kpapy; ,Ue;J ghh;f;Fk;nghJ ekf;Fj; bjhpa[k;/ nkw;fz;l nfhs;fs; N:HpaDf;Fk;. g{kpf;Fk;
eLtpy; r”;rhpf;Fk;nghJ mjid ehk; g{kpf;F mUfpy; nrh;f;if vd;fpnwhk;/ ,f;nfhs;fs; N:hpaDf;F gpd;gw [ k; r”;rhuk; bra;a[k; fhyk; mit
ek; fz;fSf;F bjhptjpy;iy/ Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fs; brd;w gpd;g[ g[jDk;. Rf;fpuDk; fpHf;F mothdj;jpy; (Estern Horizon) bjhptjhy;
mitfis ehk; fhiyneu el;rj;jpu’;fs; vd;fpnwhk;/ g[jDk;. Rf;fpuDk; g{kpf;F mUfpy; (Perigee) tUk; nghJ mit tf;fpufjp
bgWfpd;wd/
Fwpg;g:[ g[jDk;. Rf;fpuDk;. N:hpaida[k;. N:hpad;. g[jida[k;. Rf;fpuida[k; ghh;g;gjpy;iy/ Vbddpy; g[jDk;. Rf;fpuDk; N:hpaDf;F vjph;
jpirapy; r”;rhuk; bra;tjpy;iy/
btsptl;l nfhs;fspd; tf;fpu fjp:

1) brt;tha;. FU. rdp ,itfspd; Rw;Wtl;lg;ghij g{kpf;F btspg;g[wkhf mike;Js;sd/ vdnt. brt;tha;. FU. rdp Mfpait
btwptl;lf; nfhs;fs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/
2) btsptl;lf; nfhs;fs; N:hpaDf;F gpd;g[wkhf bry;Yk;nghJ mit g{kpf;F btFbjhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk;/ vdnt mf;nfhs;fs;
N:hpadpd; jPh;f;f nuiff;F rkkhd jPh;f;f nuirapy; r”;rhpf;Fk;/ mg;bghGJ. mf;nfhs;fs; N:hpaDld; nrh;f;if bgw;W ,Uf;Fk;/
3) btsptl;lf; nfhs;fs; g{kpf;F mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; bghGJ. g{kp mf;nfhs;fSf;Fk; N:hpaDf;Fk; eLtpy; ,Uf;Fk;/ Mifahy;
g{kpf;F xUg[wk; nfhs;fs;. kWg[wk; Nhpad; ,Uf;Fk;/ mjhtJ N:hpaDf;F vjph;gw
[ k; btsptl;lf; nfhs;fs; ,Uf;Fk;/ N:hpaDf;F
Kd;dhy; vjph;g[wk; btsptl;lf; nfhs; r”;rhpf;Fk; bghGJ tf;fpu fjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;/ vdnt nfhs;fs; N:hpaDf;F 6?7?8 Mk;
,l’;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;/
kj;jpa jPh;f;fnuif (Mean Longitude)

1) N:hpaid Rw;wpr; bry;Yk; nfhsj;jpd; Rw;Wtl;lg;ghij (Orbit) ePs;tl;l totpy; cs;sJ/ mJ tl;ltotkhdjy;y/ xU nfhSf;Fk;
kj;jpk jPh;f;fnuiff;Fk; cs;s mst[ mtw;wpw;F ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; nfhz msnt MFk;/

2) ntbwhU Kiwapy; tpsf;f ntz;Lk; vd;why;. N:hpaidr; Rw;wpr; bry;Yk; nfhsj;jpd; Rw;Wtl;lg;ghijapy; kj;jpkg[s;spna kj;jpa
jPh;f;fnuif (Mean Longitude) vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ fzf;fpLk; mst[Kiwapy; xnu mst[ efUk; ntfk; (nfhz ntfk;?
Uniform rate of motion)/ N:hpadpd; Rw;Wtl;lg;gij nfhstotk; ,y;iy/ ,J ePs;tl;l totk; bfhz;lJ/ mjd; efUk; ntfKk;
xnu KiwapyhdJ my;y/ rpy neu’;fspy; neh;fjpapYk;. ngW rpy neu’;fspy; tf;fpu fjpapYk; ,Uf;Fk;/ vdnt rpy jpUj;j’;fs;
filg;gpoj;J jPh;f;f nuifapypUe;J. rhpahd jPh;f;fnuifia fhz ntz;Lk;/
nr&;lgyk; fzf;fpLk; Kiw

xU nfhspd; kj;jpk !;g[lj;ija[k;. Rj;j !;g[lj;ija[k; Tl;o ,uz;lhy; tFj;J tUk; ghif?fiyfis me;jf; nfhspd; rPf;fpnuhr;rj;jpypUe;J
fHpf;f tUtJ “nr&;lh nfe;jpuk;” MFk;/ ,jw;F rPf;fpunfe;jpuk; vd;W bgaUk; cz;L/ ,e;j n4&lhnfe;jpuk; 180 :ghiff;F nkw;gl;oUe;jhy;
mjid 360 ghifapypUe;J fHpj;Jf; bfhz;L tUk; ghif fiyfis. fiyfshf khw;wpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ gpd;dh; mjid 10800?my;
fpilg;gJ nr&;lhgykhFk;/
nkny Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s rPf;fpnuhr;rk; vd;gJ. g{kpapypUe;J ghh;f;Fk; nghJ N:hpaDld;. xU nfhs; nrh;e;J mt;tpuz;Lk; xnu ghif?fiyapy;?xnu
,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gijf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;/ brt;tha;?FU?rdp MfpnahuJ rPf;fpnuhr;rkhdJ N:hpadpd; kj;jpa !;g[lj;jpw;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;/
,g;bghGJ. ehk; nr&;lhgyk; fzpf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; gpd;tUgit ekf;Fj; njitahf ,Uf;Fk;/
1) nfhs;fspd; kj;jpa !;g[lk;
2) nfhs;fspd; Rj;j !;g[lk;
3) rPf;fpnuhr;rk;
4) n$&;lnfe;jpuk; Mfpait MFk;/ ,tw;wpy; nfhs;fspd; Rj;j !;g[lk; g”;rh’;fk; my;yJ vgpbkhp!; K:yk; fzpj;J itj;Jf;
bfhs;syhk;/ me;j !;g[lj;ij ,Jtiu kw;w gy’;fisf; fzpf;f gad;gLj;jpa[s;nshk;/ ijna ,’;Fk; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;syhk;/
,dp nfhs;fs; kj;jpk !;g[lj;ijf; fzpf;Fk; Kiwapida[k;. mjw;Fj; njitahd ml;ltizfisa[k; ghh;f;fyhk;/
1) ehk; fzpf;f ntz;oa tUlj;jpypUe;J 1900?If; fHpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ tUk; tpilia 365?My; bgUf;fp bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
2) ehk; fzpf;f ntz;oa tUlj;jpypUe;J 1900?If; fHpj;j kPjpia ehd;fhy; tFj;jhy; tUk; <ita[k; mj;Jld; Tl;of; bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;/
3) ,j;Jld; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizg;go gpwe;j khjj;jpw;Fhpa ehisf; Tl;of; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
,Jnt 01/01/1990 Kjy; ehk; fzpf;f vLj;Jf; bfhz;l njjp tiu bry;yhd ehl;fshFk;/
vLj;Jf;fhl;L $hjfj;jpw;F 01/01/1990 Kjy; bry;yhd ehl;fisf; fzpg;nghk;/
1) vLj;Jf;fhl;L $hjfh; gpwe;j njjp. tUlk; : 08/11/1969 ,ut[ 09/30 kzp rdpf;fpHik
1969?ypUe;J 1900?If; fHpf;f : 1900 ? 1969 = 69 tUl’;fs;
69 tUl’;fis 365 ?My; bgUf;f : 69 x 365 = 25185
2) 69?I 4?My; tFf;f : 69 ÷4 = <t[ 17 kpjp 1
3) ml;ltizapd;go $dthp Kjy; : 304 ehl;fs;

mf;nlhgh; khjk; tiu
4) gpwe;j njjpapy; ,Ue;J 1?If; fHpf;f : 8?1=7
nkny Fwpg;gpl;l ehd;F tpiliaa[k; Tl;l = 25185 + 17 + 304 + 7 = 35513 ehl;fs;/
25513 bry;yhd ehl;fs; rhpah vd;gijr; nrhjpf;f ,jid 7?My; tFj;J <t[ nghf tUk; kPjp vz;iz brt;thf;fpHik Kjy;
vz;zpdhy; gpwe;j fpHik tu ntz;Lk;/ mg;nghJjhd; ,J rhpbad;gij ehk; mwpa Koa[k;/
fzpj;J te;j bkhj;j ehl;fs; 25513

,ij 7?My tFf;f 25513 ÷ 7 = 3664 <t[. kPjp 5
kPjp vz; 5 ,jid brt;tha; fpHik Kjy; vz;z brt;tha; 1. g[jd; 2. tpahHd; 3. bts;sp 4. rdp 5 ? vdnt ekJ fzpjk; rhpna/
$dthp 1?Mk; njjp Kjy; khjk; Koa[k; tiu cs;s ehl;fs;:
$dthp 31 $^iy 31
gpg;uthp 28 Mf!;l; 31
khh;r; 31 brg;lk;gh; 30
Vg;uy; 30 mf;nlhgh; 31
nk 31 etk;gh; 30
$^d; 30 ork;gh; 31
yPg; tUlj;jpw;F gpg;uthp khjj;jpw;F 29 ehl;fs;
kPjp vz; thu ehl;fspy;
brt;tha; 1 g[jd; 2
tpahHd; 3 “hapW 6
bts;sp 4 jp’;fs; 7
rdp 5
,dp ,j;Jld; njitahd neuj;ijf; fzpg;nghk;/ nfhs;fspd; kj;jpk !;g[l’;fSk; g[jd;. Rf;fpud; MfpnahuJ rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[l’;fSk;
c$;$apdp kj;jpa !;jyj;jpw;F ml;ltizapy; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ vdnt. ehk; fzpf;f vLj;Jf; bfhz;l ,lj;jpd; Rnjrkzp
neuj;ij c$;$apdp Rnjrkzp nekhf khw;wpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ ehk; bghJthf IST vd;Dk; ,e;jpag; bghJkzpia
cgnahfg;gLj;Jtjhy; mjid c$;i$apdp Rnjrkzp neukhf khw;wpf; bfhz;lhy; nghJkhdjhFk;/ ekJ ,e;jpag; bghJ kzp (IST)
ahdJ 82 :30’ E nufhk;rj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;/ c$;i$apdpapd; nufhk;rk; 76 :00’ E MFk;/ ,uz;ow;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk;
06 :30' E MFk;/ ,ij ghiff;F 4 epkplk; tPjKk;/ 1 fhiyf;F 4 tpehoahf (Seconds)t[k; fzf;fpl
6 x 4 = 24 epkplk;
30 x 4 = 120 epkplk;
tpj;jpahr neuk; = 26 epkplk;
IST nufhk;rj;ij tpl c$;i$apdp nufhk;rk; Fiwthf cs;sjhy; ,ij IST apypUe;J fHpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ ,e;jpah KGtJk;
IST iana cgnahfg;gLj;Jtjhy; ,e;j 26 epkplj;ij vg;nghJk; IST ?apypUe;J fHpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ ,J ,e;jpah KGtjw;Fk;
vg;nghJk; bghUe;JtjhFk;/
,g;nghJ ekj vLj;Jf;fhl;L $hjfj;jpw;F c$;i$apdp Rnjr neuk; fzpg;nghk;/

k/ ep/ tp/
FHe;ij gpwe;j neuk; ,ut[ 09/30 21 30 00
c$;i$apdp Rnjrneuj;Jf;fhf fHpf;f n tz;oaJ 00 26 00 (?)
21 04 00
,ij ehs; fzf;fhf khw;w ntz;Lk;/ ,e;j kzp epkplj;ij 24?My; tFj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
21/04 = 21 x 60 + 04 = 1264 = 0.8777
24 24 x 60 + 00 1440
,jid Vw;fdnt fzpj;J itj;Js;s ehl;fSld; Tl;l ntz;Lk;/
Kd;gf;fj;jpy; 08/11/1969 ?f;F chpa ehl;fs; 25513 ? 000

nkny fzpj;jJ 0/8777
bkhj;jk; 25513/877
,Jnt 08/11/1969 ,ut[ 09/30 kzpf;F eL,ut[ 12 kzp Kjy; bry;yhd ehl;fs; 25513/9 ehl;fs; vd;W itj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/
N:hpadpd; kj;jpk !;g[lk;

(1 $dthp 1900 A + 0 kzp 76 :E) 257 : 4568
vz; myF 100 ehl;fs; Mapuk; ehl;fs; gj;J Mapuk; ehl;fs;
ghif fiy ghif/ fiy ghif fiy ghif fiy
1 0.9856 98.5602 265.6026 136.0265
2 1.9712 197.1205 171.2053 272.0531
3 2.9568 295.6808 76.8080 48.0796
4 3.9424 34.2411 342.4106 184.1327
5 4.9280 132.8013 248.0133 320.1327
6 5.9136 231.3616 153.6159 96.1593
7 6.8992 329.9218 59.2186 232.1868
8 7.8848 68.4821 324.8212 8.2124
9 8.8704 167.0424 230.4239 144.2389
1?1?1900 Mk; njjp (12/00) 0 kzp Kjy; 08/11/1969 ,ut[ 09/30 kzp tiu bry;yhd bkhj;j ehl;fs; 25513/9
ghif/ fiy
ml;ltizapd;go 20.000 ehl;fSf;F 272/0531
ml;ltizapd;go 500 ehl;fSf;F 132/8013
ml;ltizapd;go 0/9 ehl;fSf;F 0/8800
bkhj;jk; 666/5605
01/01/1900?Mk; Mz;L 0 kzpf;F 257/0173
Mf bkhj;jk; 924/0173
2 ,uhrp kz;lyk; fHpf;f 720/0000
,Jnt FHe;ij gpwe;j ehs; md;W N:hpadpd; kj;jpk !;g[lk; 204/0173

re;jpud;?g[jd;?Rf;fpud; kj;jpk !;g[lk;;

re;jpudpd; kj;jpk !;g[lk; fzpf;f njapy;iy/ Vbdd;why; re;jpudpd; gl;rgyj;jpd; msnt (2 My; bgUf;Ftjw;F Kd; cs;sJ)/
re;jpudpd; n$!;lhgyk; MFk;/ N:Hpadpd; madgyj;jpd; msnt (2 My; bgUf;Ftjw;F Kd; cs;sJ)/
N:hpadpd; n$!;lhgykhFk;/
vdnt. N:hpad;. re;jpud; nghf kPjKs;s nfhs;fspy; g[jd;. Rf;fpud; MfpnahuJ kj;jpa !;g[lk; N:hpadpd; kj;jpa !;g[lj;jpd; msnt
vd;gjhy; mh;fis tpLj;J brt;tha;. FU. rdp MfpnahuJ kj;jpk !;g[lj;ijf; fzf;fpl ntz;Lk;/
brt;thapd; kj;jpa !;g[lk;

(01/01/1990 Mz;L 0 kzpf;F brt;thapd; epiy 270 :22'
vz; myF 100 ehl;fs; Mapuk; ehl;fs; gj;J Mapuk; ehl;fs;
ghif fiy ghif/ fiy ghif fiy ghif fiy
1 0.524 52.40 164.02 200.19
2 1.048 104.80 328.04 40.39
3 1.572 157.21 132.06 240.58
4 2.096 209.61 296.08 80.78
5 2.620 262.01 100.10 280.97
6 3.144 314.41 264.12 121.16
7 3.688 6.81 68.14 321.36
8 4.192 59.22 232.15 161.55
9 4.716 111.62 36.17 1.74
1?1?1900 Kjy; 8/11/1969 ,ut[ 09/30 kzp tiu bry;yhd ehl;fs; 25513/9
ghif/ fiy
bkhj;jk; 409/783
01/01/1900?Mk; Mz;L 0 kzpf;F 270/220
Mf bkhj;jk; 680/003
1 ,uhrp kz;lyk; fHpf;f 360/000
,Jnt FHe;ij gpwe;j ehs; md;W brt;tha;; kj;jpk !;g[lk; 320/33
FUtpd;; kj;jpa !;g[lk;

01/01/1990 Mz;L 0 kzpf;F FUtpd;; epiy 220 :04'
vz; myF 10 ehl;fs; 100 ehl;fs; Mapuk; ehl;fs; gj;J Mapuk; ehl;fs;
ghif fiy ghif/ fiy ghif/ fiy ghif fiy ghif fiy
1 0.03 0.83 8.31 83.1 110.96
2 0.17 1.66 16.62 166.19 221.93
3 0.25 2.49 24.93 249.29 332.89
4 0.33 3.32 33.24 332.39 83.85
5 0.41 4.15 41.55 55.48 194.82
6 0.50 4.99 49.86 138.58 305.78
7 0.58 5.82 58.17 221.67 56.74
8 0.66 6.65 66.48 304.77 167.71
9 0.75 7.48 74.79 27.87 278.67
jpUj;jk;: (3/33 + 0/00671) (t1?1?1900 Mz;Lf;F gpd;g[ brd;w tUlk;)
10?01/1990 Kjy; 8/11/1969 ,ut[ 09/30 kzp tiu bry;yhd ehl;fs;
ghif/ fiy
bkhj;jk; 320/115
01/01/1900?Mk; Mz;L FUtpd; epiy 220/04

bkhj;jk; 540/115
jpUj;jk; 0/0067 x 69 = 0.4623 (3/33 ? 0/4623) 3/7923
Mf bkhj;jk; 536/3627
,uhrp kz;lyk; 360/0000
FUtpd; kj;jpa !;g[lk; 176/3627
rdpapd;; kj;jpa !;g[lk;

01/01/1990 Mz;L 0 kzpf;F rdpapd;; epiy 236 74'
1 0.03 0.33 3.34 33.44 334.39
2 0.07 0.67 6.69 66.88 308.79
3 0.10 1.00 10.03 100.32 283.18
4 0.13 1.34 13.38 133.76 257.57
5 0.17 1.67 16.72 167.20 231.97
6 0.20 2.01 20.06 200.64 206.36
7 0.23 2.34 23.41 234.08 180.75
8 0.27 2.68 26.75 267.51 155.14
9 0.30 3.01 30.10 300.95 129.54
jpUj;jk;: Tl;L (5 : + 0/001 t) (t vd;gJ 1900 Kjy; brd;w tUlk;)
rdpapd; kj;jpk !;g[lk;
ghif/ fiy
bkhj;jk; 493/17
01/01/1900?Mk; Mz;L rdp epiy 236/74
jpUj;jk; Tl;Lf (5 :+ 0/001t) (0/001 x 69) 5/069
bkhj;jk; 734/979
2 ,uhrp kz;lyk; 2 x 360 720/000
rdpapd;; kj;jpa !;g[lk; 014/979
N:hpadpd; kj;pk !;g[lnk g[jd;. Rf;fpud; Mfpnahhpd; kj;jpk !;g[lkhFk;/ N:hpadpd; kj;jpa !;g[lnk brt;tha;. FU. rdp Mfpnahhpd;
rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[lk; MFk;/ ,g;nghJ ,d;Dk; fzpf;f ntz;oaJ g[jd;. Rf;fpud; Mfpnahhpd; rPf;fpunuhr;r !;g[l’;fs; MFk;/
g[jd; rPf;fpnuhr;r ml;ltiz

01/01/1990 Mz;L 0 kzpf;F g[jd; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[lk; 164 :00’. ,ij vg;nghJk; Tl;of; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ mj;Jld; fPH;f;fz;l
jpUj;jj;ija[k; bra;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
jpUj;jk;: Tl;Lf (6/67 ? 0/00133t) (t vd;gJ 1900 Kjy; bry;yhd tUlk; MFk;/ ,J N:hpadpd; kj;jpk !;g[lj;Jf;F rkkhdJ)/
1 4.09 40.92 49.23 132.32 243.18
2 8.18 81.84 98.46 264.64 126.36
3 12.28 122.77 147.70 36.95 9.54
4 16.37 163.69 196.93 169.27 252.72
5 20.46 204.62 246.16 301.59 135.90
6 24.55 245.54 295.39 73.91 19.08
7 28.65 286.46 344.62 206.23 262.26
8 32.74 327.38 33.85 338.54 145.44
9 36.83 8.31 83.09 110.86 28.63

cjhuz $hjfj;Jf;F g[jd; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[l fzpjk;

ghif/ fiy
bkhj;jk; 727/67
01/01/1900?Mk; Mz;L g[jdpd; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[lk; 164/00
bkhj;jk; 891/67
jpUj;jk; (Tl;Lf 6/67 ? 0/000133 x 69) 6.578
Mf bkhj;jk; 898/248
2 ,uhrp kz;lyk; 2 x 360 720/000
g[jdpd; rPfpnuhf;f !;g[lk;; 178/248
Rf;fpudpd; rPf;fpnuhr;r ml;ltiz

01/01/1990 Mz;L 0 kzpf;F Rf;fpudpd; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[lk; 328 :51’. ,ij vg;nghJk; Tl;of; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ mj;Jld; fPH;f;fz;l
jpUj;jj;ija[k; bra;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
jpUj;jk;: fHpf;f - Fiwf;f (/5 :00' ? 0/001 t)
1 1.60 16.02 160.21 162.15 81.46
2 3.20 32.04 320.43 324.29 2.93
3 4.81 48.06 10.64 126.44 184.39
4 6.41 64.09 280.64 288.59 5.86
5 8.01 80.11 81.07 90.73 187.32
6 9.61 96.13 241.29 252.88 8.78
7 11.21 112.15 41.50 55.02 190.25
8 12.82 128.17 201.72 217.17 11.17
9 14.42 144.19 1.93 19.32 193.18
cjhuz $hjfj;Jf;F Rf;fpud; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[l fzpjk;

ghif/ fiy
bkhj;jk; 197/00
01/01/1990?Mk; Mz;L Rf;fpudpd; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[lk; 328/51
bkhj;jk; 525/51
jpUj;jk; (fHpf;f ntz;oaJ) 5.069
Mf bkhj;jk; 520/441
1 ,uhrp kz;lyk; 360/00
Rf;fpudpd;; rPfpnuhf;f !;g[lk;; 160/441
cjhuz $hjfj;jpw;Fhpa kj;jpk !;g[lk; kw;Wk; rPf;fpnuhr;rk;:

kj;jpk !;g[lk; rPf;fpnuhr;rk;
nfhs;
ghif fiy ghif fiy
brt;tha; 320.003 204.0173
g[jd; 204.0173 178.248
FU 176.3627 204.0173
Rf;fpud; 204.0173 160.441
rdp 014.979 204.0173
,dp ,tw;wpypUe;J n$&;lnfe;jpuk; (rPf;fpu nfe;jpuk;) fzpf;f ntz;Lk;/

n$&;l nfe;jpuk; fzpj;jy;

xU nfhspd; kj;jpk !;g[lj;ija[k;. Rj;j !;g[lj;ija[k; Tl;of; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ mij 2?My; tFj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ mt;thW tFj;J
tUk; ghif fiyfis me;jf; nfhspd; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[lj;jpy; ,Ue;J fHpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ ,Jnt. n$&;lnfe;jpuk; MFk;/
cjhuz rhjfj;jpd; Rj;j !;g[lk;:

ghif fiy
brt;tha; 279/37
g[jd; 198/00
FU 179/37 N:hpad;. re;jpud; MfpnahuJ n$&;lh gy’;fis Kiwna madgyj;jpYk;. gl;rgyj;jpYk; 2?My;
Rf;fpud; 184/03 bgUf;fp nrh;j;J tpl;lgoahy; mtw;iw m’;nf fzpf;fj; njitapy;iy/
rdp 11/17
brt;thapd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

ghif fiy
brt;thapd; Rj;j !;g[lk; 279/370
brt;thapd; kj;jpk !;g[lk; 320/003 (+)
bkhj;jk; 599/373
,jid 2?My; tFf;f 599/372 ÷ 2 = 299/6865
brt;thapd; rPf;fpnuhr;rk; (?) = 204/0173
brt;thapd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk; = 95/6602
g[jdpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

ghif fiy
g[jdpd;; Rj;j !;g[lk; 198/000
g[jdpd; kj;jpk !;g[lk; 204/0173 (+)
bkhj;jk; 402/017
,jid 2?My; tFf;f 402/017 ÷ 2 = 201/088
g[jdpd;; rPf;fpnuhr;rk; (?) = 179/248
g[jdpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk; = 22/760
FUtpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

ghif fiy
FUtpd;; Rj;j !;g[lk; 179/37
FUtpd; kj;jpk !;g[lk; 176/3627 (+)
bkhj;jk; 355/7327
,jid 2?My; tFf;f 355/7327 ÷ 2 = 177/866
FUtpd; rPf;fpnuhr;rk; (?) = 204/0173
(?) = 177/8660
FUtpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk; = 26/1513
Rf;fpudpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

ghif fiy
Rf;fpudpd; Rj;j !;g[lk; 184/03
Rf;fpudpd; kj;jpk !;g[lk; 204/0173 (+)
bkhj;jk; 388/0473
,jid 2?My; tFf;f 388/0473 ÷ 2 = 194/0236
Rf;fpudpd; rPf;fpnuhr;rk; (?) = 160/441
Rf;fpudpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk; = 33/582
rdpapd;; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

ghif fiy
rdpapd;; Rj;j !;g[lk; 11/17
rdpapd;; kj;jpk !;g[lk; 14/979 (+)
bkhj;jk; 26/149
,jid 2?My; tFf;f 26/149 ÷ 2 = 13/074
Rf;fpudpd; rPf;fpnuhr;rk; = 204/0173
(?) = 13/0740
Rf;fpudpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk; = 190/9433
180 :ghiff;F nky; rdpapd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk; ,Ug;gjhy; mjid 360 : fHpf;f rdpapd; n$&;lhnfe;jpuk; = 169/06

nfhs;fspd; n$&;lgyk;;
ruhrhp kjpg;g[ n$&;lhnfe;jpuk; n$&;lhgyk;
rPf;fpnuhr;rk; kj;jpk!;g[lk; Rj;j!;g[lk;
nfhs; (3 + 4) ÷ 2 (2 ? 5) 6÷ 3
ghif/fiy ghif/fiy ghif/fiy
ghif/fiy ghif/fiy r&;oahk;rk;
brt;tha; 204/017 320/003 279/37 299/68 95/66 31/88
g[jd; 178/248 204/17 198/00 201/08 22/76 7/586
FU 204/017 176/362 179/37 177/86 26/15 8/716
Rf;fpud; 160/441 204/017 184/03 194/02 33/58 11/19
rdp 204/017 14/979 11/17 13/07 169/06 56/35
Fwpg;g:[
1) N:hpadpd; kj;jpk !;g[lnk brt;tha;. FU. rdp Mfpnahhpd; rPf;fpnuhr;rk; MFk;/
2) N:hpadpd; kj;jpk !;g[lnk g[jd;. Rf;fpudpd; kj;jpk !;g[l’;fs; MFk;
3) n4&;lnfe;jpuk; fhz. thpir vz; 2?ypUe;J. 5?If; fHpf;f ntz;Lk;/ nr&;lnfe;jpuk; 180 ghiff;F rkkhfnth my;yJ
Fiwthfnth ,Uf;Fk;/
4) nr&;lgyk;. nr&;l nfe;jpuj;jpy; K:d;wpy; xU gFjp/
tpjp:
1) nr&;l nfe;jpuk; = ((xU nfhspd; rPf;fpnuhr;rk; ? (xU nfhspd; kj;pk !;g[lk; +mnj nfhspd; Rj;j !;g[lk;) ÷ 2))
2) nr&;lnfe;jpujjpd; kjpg;g[ 180 :ghiff;F nky; nghdhy; 360 ghifapy; ,Ue;J fHpj;Jf; bfhz;L cz;ikahd kjpg;g[ fhz
ntz;Lk;/ ,J 180 ghif my;yJ 180 ghiff;F Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;/
3) nr&;lgyk; = nr&;lhnfe;jpuk; ÷ 3/
N:hpad; kw;Wk; re;jpudpd; n$&;lhgyk;:
1) nfhs;fs; tf;fpu gyk; bgWtjhy; fpilf;Fk; gyk; n$&;lh gyk; MFk;/ Mdhy; N:hpaDk;. re;jpuDk; neh;fjpapy; bry;yf;Toa
nfhs; MFk;/ vdnt mit tf;fpu fjpapy; bry;yhJ vg;bghGJk; N:hpaDf;Fk;. re;jpuDf;Fk; n$&;lhgyk; 0 g{$;$pak; MFk;/
2) guhru Kdpthpd; fUj;Jg;go N:hpaDf;F madgyj;ij nr&;lgykhf vLj;J bfhs;syhk;/ mnjnghy; re;jpuDf;F gl;rgyj;ij
nr&;lgykhf vLj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/
Fiwe;j gl;rk; nfhs;fs; bgwntz;oa nr&;lgyk;:

1) N:hpad;. g[jd;. fU ? 50 r&;oahk;rk;
2) re;jpud;. Rf;fpud; ? 30 r&;oahk;rk;
3) brt;tha;. rdp ? 40 r&;oahk;rk;
cjhuz $hjfj;jpd; n$&;lhgyk;:

nfhs;fs; r&;oahk;r’;fspy;
nfhs;fs; tpfpjhr;rhuk; = bgw;wgyk; + njitahd gyk;
bgw;w gyk; njitahd gyk;
N:hpad; 17.55 50 17.55 ÷ 50 = 0.351 = 35.1%
re;jpud; 10.82 30 10.82 ÷ 30 = 0.360 = 36.06%
brt;tha; 31.88 40 31.88 ÷ 40 = 0.797 = 79.7%
g[jd; 7.59 50 7.59 ÷ 50 = 0.151 = 15.18%
FU 8.72 50 8.72 ÷ 50 = 0.174 = 17.44%
Rf;fpud; 11.19 30 11.19 ÷ 30 = 0.373 = 36.3%
rdp 56.35 40 56.35 ÷ 40 = 1.408 = 140.87%
1) cjhuz $hjfj;jpy; FUt[k;. g[jDk; gyk; Fiwe;J njitahd gyj;jpd; msit tpl 20% Fiwe;Js;sdh;/
2) N:hpad;. re;jpud;. Rf;fpud; 20% rjtPjj;Jf;F nkyhft[k;. Mdhy; 40% rjtPjj;Jf;F Fiwthf gyk; bgw;W gytPdk;
mile;Js;sdh;/
3) brt;tha; 79/7% rjtPjk; gyk; bgw;Ws;shh;/ mjdpYk; rdp njitahd gyj;jpw;F mjpfk; bgw;W nr&;lhgyj;jpd; mjpf typik
bgw;w nfhs; Mfpwhh;/
4) nr&;lhgyk; bgw;w nfhs; mjpfkhd rf;jpiag; bgw;W gytpjkhd fhhpa’;fisa[k; btw;wpfukhf Koj;J itf;Fk; ty;yik
bgw;wJ/ nr&;lhgyk; bgw;w nfhs; jilfs;. jhkjk; ,tw;iw jfh;j;J jPh;khdk; bra;ag;gl;l ntiyfis btw;wpfukhf epiwntw;Wk
rf;jpa[k;. Mw;wYk; epiwe;jJ/
$hjf ghhp$hjk; vd;Dk; gHikahd n$hjplE}y; n$&;lgyk; bgw;w nfhs; $hjfUf;F. mjpfhugjtp. kjpg;g[. khpahijfs;. bry;tk;.
ngUk;. g[fGk; bgw;Wj; jUk;/ nkYk; $hjfh; midj;Jtpjkhd trjp tha;g;g[f;fisa[k;. re;njhrj;ija[k; mf;nfhspd; jprhg[j;jp
fhy’;fspy; mdgtpg;ghh; vd;W TWfpwJ/

tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs;fs; jUk; gyd;fs;;

tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs; gyk; bgw;why; $hjfUf;F mjpfhu gjtp. bry;tk; kw;Wk; mwpthw;wiyj; jUk;/ Rgnfhs; tf;fpu gyk; bgw;why;
$hjfh; midj;J tpjkhd trjp tha;g;g[f;fs;. Rfnghf’;fs;. muR mjpfhuk; jUk;. ghtf;nfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; Fw;wr; bray;fspy;
ehl;lk;. kdf;ftiy. Jd;gk;. Jauk;. gadw;w gazk; jUk;/
ghgnfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; nkd;ikahd ew;gyd; jUk; (ghth;j;juj;dhfuh)
Rgnfhnsh my;yJ ght nfhnsh tf;fpu fjpapy; gyk; bgw;why; cr;rk; bgw;w nfhspd; gyidj; jUk; ($hjf ghhp$hjk;)
tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhspd; fjph;fs; KGikahft[k;. g[uzkhft[k; (ePrk; bgw;w ,uhrpapy; ,Ue;jhYk; my;yJ ethk;rj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;)
fpilf;Fk; vd;gjhy; $hjfh; vg;bghGJk; kfpH;r;rpaha; ,Ug;ghh;/
ePrk; bgw;w ,uhrpapy; nfhs;fs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; $hjfh; neh;ikaw;w bray;fis bra;gth;/ cwtpdh;fshYk;. ez;gh;fshYk; xJf;fg;gl;L
gpwe;j Ciu tpl;L btF bjhiytpy; trpg;gth;/ jPapdhy; Jd;gk; milgth;/
a) tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs; gyk; bgw;W cr;rk; bgw;w nfhs; juf;Toa ghyidj; jUk;/
b) tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhSld; nrh;f;if bgw;W xnu ,uhrpapy; ,Uf;Fk; nfhs; 30 r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;
c) xU nfhs; cr;rk; bgw;W tf;fpu fjpapy; ,Ue;jhy; ePr;rk bgw;w nfhs; jUk; gyidj; jUk;/
d) ePrk; bgw;w xU nfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; cr;rk; bgw;w nfhspd; gyidj; jUk;
e) cr;rk; bgw;w nfhSld; tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs; nrh;f;if bgw;why; 30 r&;oahk;rk; gyk; jUk;
f) tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs;. ePr;rk; bgw;w nfhSld; ,ize;jhy; jdJ gyk; midj;ija[k; ,He;J. ePrf;nfhspd; ghgjd;ikiaa[k; nrh;j;J
jUk;/
g) tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs; ghg nfhs; nrh;f;if bgw;W. mg;ghgnfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhSf;F el;g[ nfhshdhy; Rgj;jd;ik jUk;/
h) tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs; vjphpahd Rgf; nfhSld; nrh;f;if bgw;why; 30 r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;
a) cr;rk; bgw;w Rgnfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;W gyk; bgw;why; mjpf Rgj;jd;ik jUk;/
b) ghgnfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; mjpf ghtj;jd;ikia ey;Fk;
c) ntfkhf bry;Yk; Rgnfhs; gyk; bgw;why; Rgj;jd;ik jUk;
d) ntfkhf bry;Yk; ghg nfhs; gytPdk; bgw;why; mRgj;jd;ik tH’;f ,ayhJ
a) FU:u nfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; nkYk; ghgj;jd;ik jUk;

b) Rgnfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; ey;y Rgj;jd;ikfis tH’;Fk;
c) tf;fpufjp cr;rj;Jf;F rkkhd gyd; jUk;
d) tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhSld; ,ize;j nfhs; ½ U:gk; gyk; jUk;
e) ruhrhp gyk; bgw;w nfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhSld; ,ize;jhy; cr;rnfhspd; gyidj; jUk;/
f) ePrk; bgw;w nfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; cr;rk bgw;w nfhs; juf;Toa gyd; jUk;/
n$&;lhgyk; bgWk; nfhs;fs; : N:hpad; cj;jpuhazj;jpy; (kfu ,uhrpapy; gpuntrpj;J kpJdk; ,uhrp tiuapYk;) r”;rhpf;Fk; ghyk;
N:hpaDk;. re;jpuDk; n$&;lhgyk; bgWfpd;wd/ kw;Wk; Ie;J nfhs;fshf brt;tha;. g[jd;. FU. Rf;fpud;. rdp Mfpa tf;fpuk; bgWk; bghGJk;
my;yJ re;jpuDld; xnu ,uhrpapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJk; n4&;lhgyk; bgWfpd;wd/
tf;fpufjp kw;Wk; ntfkhd r”;rhu epiy

1) N:hpaDf;F 2?kplj;jpy; brt;tha; Kjy; rdp tiuapyhf 5 nfhs;fSk; mjpf ntfkhf r”;rhpf;fpd;wd/ vdnt ,f;nfhs;fs; 45
r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;/
2) N:hpaDf;F 3?kplj;jpy; F$hjp ItUk; vg;bghGJk; nghy; ruhrhp ntfj;jpy; br;tjhy; mit 30 r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;/
3) N:hpaDf;F 4?kplj;jpy; g”;rknfhs;fs; ke;jfpjp (ruhrhp ntfj;jpw;F Fiwthf)apy; r”;rhpg;gjhy; 15 r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;/
4) N::hpaDf;F 5?kplk; my;yJ 6?kpl’;fspy; ,e;j Ie;J nfhs;fSk; tf;fpu fjpia bgWfpd;wd/
5) xU nfhs; N:hpaDf;F 7?kplk; (m) 8?kplk; mjptf;u fjpiag; bgWtjhy; 60 r&;oahk;rk; my;yJ 1 U:gk; gyk; bgWk;/
6) N:hpaDf;F 9 my;yJ 10?kplj;jpy; xU nfhs; tf;fpu epth;j;jp (neh;fjp)apy; r”;rhpf;Fk;nghJ 30 r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;/
7) N:hpaDf;F 11?kplk; my;yJ 12?kplj;jpy; nfhs; ruhrhp ntfj;ij tpl mjpf ntfkh fr”;rhpf;Fk;nghJ 30 r&;oahk;rk gyk; bgWk;/
8) xU nfhs; jd;Dila ruhrhp ntfj;ij tpl bkJthf r”;rhpg;gij “ke;jfjp” vd;fpnwhk;/ vdnt ke;jfjp bgWk; nfhs; 15
r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;/ mjp ke;jfjpapy; ,a’;Fk; nfhs; 7/5 r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;/ nfhs; nkw;bfhz;L r”;rhpf;fhky; mnj
jPh;f;f nuifapy; 2 my;yJ 3 ehl;fSf;F xnu ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; epiyia ehk; “m!;jkdk;” vd;fpnwhk;/ vdnt m!;jkdk;
bgWk; nfhs; 15 r&;oahk;rk; gyk; bgWk;/

9) d; cj;jpuhazj;jpy; (kfu ,uhrpapy; gpuntrpj;J kpJdk; ,uhrp tiuapYk;) r”;rhpf;Fk; ghyk; N:hpaDk;. re;jpuDk; n$&;lhgyk;
bgWfpd;wd/ kw;Wk; Ie;J nfhs;fshf brt;tha;. g[jd;. FU. Rf;fpud;. rdp Mfpa tf;fpuk; bgWk; bghGJk; my;yJ re;jpuDld;
xnu ,uhrpapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJk; n4&;lhgyk; bgWfpd;wd/
nfhs;fspd; ruhrhp ,a’;Fk; ntfk;:

,a’;Fk; ntfk;
ruhrhp ntfk;
nfhs;fs; mjpf gl;rk; Fiwe;j gl;rk;
ghif/fiy
ghif/fiy ghif/fiy
N:hpad; 1 :02’ 0 :57' 0 :59'
re;jpud; 15 :12’ 11 :06' 13 :05'
brt;tha; 0 :47’ 0 35' 0 :40'
g[jd; (+) 2 :18’ (?) 1 :23' 1 :03'
FU 0 :14’ (?) 0 :08' 1 :05'
Rf;fpud; 1 :23’ (?) 1 :01' 1 :16'
rdp 0 :08’ (?) 0 :05' 0 :02'
,uhF 0 :03'
nr&;lhgyk; bgw;w nfhs;fs; jUk; gyd;fs; (N:hpadpd; madgynk n$&;lhgyk;

$hjfUf;F cah;Fokf;fspd; el;g[k;. cwtpdh;fspd; md;g[k;. Mjut[k; cjtpa[k; fpilf;Fk;/ gifth;fs; Tl $hjfhpd; ez;guhf khwptpLth;/
kfpH;r;rp. ftiyfspy;yhik kw;Wk; kdj;jpUg;jp cilath;/ $hjfh; cahpa ew;Fog;gpwg;ghsh;. g[dpj bray;fs; bra;gth;/ gpwUf;F cjt[k;
jd;ik. ey;y fhhpa’;fisr; bra;gth;/ rhad N:hpad; 90 ghifapy; ,Ue;jhy; $hjfh; kjg;gw;W. Md;kPf ehl;lk;. gpwUf;F cjtp bra;gth;.
ey;byhGf;fk; cila elj;ij cilath;/ N:hpad; n$&;lhgyk; kpf;f nfhshdhy; kidtp. FHe;ijfspd; K:yk; kfpH;r;rp bgWgth;/ $hjfh;
bry;te;jh;/ midj;J Rfnghf bghUl;fSk; cilath;. muR K:yk; kjpg;g[ khpahij bgWgth;. thfd’;fs; kw;Wk; tptrha tpisbghUl;fs;
cilath;/ n$&;lhgyk; Fiwe;j N:hpad; nkw;fz;l ew;gyd;fsis $hjfUf;F fpilf;f bra;a khl;lhh;/
2) re;jpud;: bgsh;zkp re;jpud; n$&;lhgyk; bgWthh;/ $hjfh; ey;byhGf;fk;. ed;dlj;ij cilath;. ehfhpfkhdth;.
Mnuhf;fpakhdth;. bry;te;jh;. rf CHpah;fspd; khpahijfisg; bgWgth;/ bja;t’;fisa[k;. gpuhkzh;fisa[k; gf;jpa[ld;
tz’;Fgth;/ kd;ndw;wfukhd thH;f;if kw;Wk; midj;J trjp tha;g;g[f;fisa[k; mDgtpg;ghh;/
3) brt;tha;;: tf;fpuk; bgw;w brt;tha;. my;yJ re;jpuDld; ,ize;j brt;tha; n$&;lhgyk; bgWk;/ $hjfh; g[j;jprhyp. ez;gh;fshYk;.
cah;e;j kdpjh;fshYk; md;g[ ghuhl;lg; bgWgth;/ jpwikahsh;/ cyf thH;tpy; gy;ntW tpjkhd JiwfspYk; epg[zj;Jtk;
bgw;wth;/ Mdhy; gHpth’;Fk; kndhghtk; cs;sth;/ gifikia kwf;fhky;. kd;dpf;Fk; jd;ik ,y;yhky; jdJ gifth;fis
jz;of;Fk; ,ay;g[ cilath;/ tf;fpuk; bgw;w brt;tha; jpUlh;fs;. beUg;g[. ghk;g[ (tp&k; my;yJ ,d;bgf;rd;) nghd;witfspd;
K:yk; $hjfUf;F Jd;gk; jUk;/ ez;gh;fsplKk;. cwtpdh;fsplKk; ,Ue;J jdpahfg; gphpe;J fhLfspy; thH ntz;oa Jd;gkhd
N:Hiy Vw;gLj;Jk;/
4) g[jd;;: (tf;fpuk; bgw;w g[jd;) $hjfh; mwpthsp. rl;lk; kw;Wk; eilKiw tHf;f’;fspy; epg[zj;Jtk; cs;sth;/ flikna
fz;bzdg; nghw;Wgth;/ vspik. ey;y ngr;Rj;jpwik. murhpd; md;g[f;F ghj;jpukhdth;/ Fwpf;nfhs; kw;Wk; Rakhpahij
cilath;/ tf;fpuk; bgw;w g[jd; jprhg[j;jpfspy; $hjfh; brhj;Jf;fs;. bry;tr; nrh;f;if. kidtp kw;Wk; FHe;ijfspd; K:yk;
kfpH;r;rpa[ilath;/ g[uhz’;fis nfl;gth;/ flypy; g[dpj ePuhLgth;/ jh;k!;jhgd bjhz;Lfs;. kjr;rl’;Ffs; kw;Wk; g[dpj
bray;fis bra;gth;/
5) FU: (FU tf;fpufjp bgw;why;) $hjfh; jhuhz gdg;ghd;ik. bry;tk;. xspkakhd thH;f;if. fy;tpa[ilath;. ijhpakhdth;.
cahpa ew;rpe;jidfis cilath;. epiyahd kzk;. bghWik. fy;tpa[ilath;. ijhpakhdth;. cahpa ew;rpe;jidfis
cilatuhf ,Ug;gjw;F ntz;oa mwpthw;wy;. Md;kPf czh;t[ cs;sth;/ tf;fpuk; bgw;w FU jpir g[j;jp fhy’;fspy;
bgUk;bry;tk;. kidtp kw;Wk; FHe;ijfspd; K:yk; kfpH;r;rp cilath;/ nghl;o. jil. jhkjk;. tHf;Ffis bty;gth;/ muR
mjpfhhpfspd; el;g[. eWkzg;bghUl;fis mDgtpj;jy;. eifr;Ritahft[k;. ntof;ifahft[k; ngRgth;/
6) Rf;fpud;: $hjfh; kfpH;r;rp. RWRWg;g[. gakpd;ik. bry;tk;. ghpRfSk;. ghuhl;Lk; bgWgth;. Mrhd;. FU. bja;tgf;jp cilath;/
vspik. ey;y cah;e;j Fz’;fisg; bgw;w kf;fis bgWgth;/ tf;fpuk; bgw;w Rf;fpud; jprh g[j;jp fhy’;fspy; $hjfh; kjpg;g[.
khpahij. mjpfhuk;. bry;tk;. murh’;f m’;fPfhuk; bgWgth;/ midj;Jtpj Rfnghf bghUl;fs;. ,irf;fUtpfs; bghUj;jg;gl;l
thfd’;fs; cilath;/ cahpa Milfs;. mzpfyd;fs;. Mlk;gu bghUl;fs; cilath;/
7) rdp: Mdhy; $hjfh; neh;ikf;Fzk; cilath;/ cz;ikahdth;/ ePjpiaa[k; rkj;Jtj;ija[k; epiyehl;Lgth;/ cahpa
ew;rpe;jidfs;. g[dpj !;jy ahj;jpiu. FU bjwa;tgf;jp cilth;/ ,thpd; je;ij ,tUila ew;Fz’;fSf;F neh;vjpuhd
bfhs;iffisa[ilatuhjyhy;. $hjfh; jdJ je;ijaplk;. md;g[ kw;Wk; khpahij brYj;j khl;lhh;/ tf;fpuk; bgw;w rdp jprh g[j;jp
fhy’;fspy;. $hjfh; jdJ Kaw;rpfspy; jilfs;. jhkjk;. beUf;fofis re;jpg;ghh;. gzp,wf;fk;. mjpfhkpd;ik. rnfhjuh;fs;.
epjpepiyikfspy; $hjfh; kdf;ftiya[k;. Jf;fKk; fye;J mDgtpf;f neUk;/

Koa[iu
nfhs;ffs; bgWk; MWtpjkhd gyk;fspy; xd;whd nr&;lh gyk; fzf;fpl;L gyd; mwpa[k; tHpKiwfis; ,e;jg; gFjpapd; thapyhff;
fw;Ws;sPh;fs;/
thH;f ,e;jpa n$hjplk;
thH;f ,e;jpa hp&pfs;!
tzf;fj;Jld;.
R. fUzhfud;
$hjpl rpnuhd;kzp &
mwptpay; n$hjpl khkzp.
tpdhf;fs;
 nr&;lh gyk; vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff
 nr&;lh gyk; fzf;fpLk; Kiwia tpsf;Ff
 nr&;lh gyk; bgw;w nfhs;fs; jUk; gyd;fis tpthp
ghh;it E}y;fs;
guhruh;?ciu: fphp!; re;j; rh;kh/ gpUfj; guhruh n\huh rh!;jpuk;. rhfh; gg;spnf&d;;!;. g[J jpy;yp
ke;jpnu!;tuh;. ciuahrphpah; ? R/V/ Fkhu Rthkp Mr;rhhpahh;. ghy jPgpif. Mde;j epiyak;. brd;id/
fy;ahzth;kh;. ciuahrphpah; ? R/V/ Fkhu Rthkp Mr;rhhpahh;. rhuhtsp. Mde;j epiyak;. brd;id/
gP/tp/uhkd;. fpuf kw;Wk; ght gyk;. a[/gp/v/gp/o gg;spnfrd;;. g[J jpy;yp
tp/gp/b$apd;. rl; gyh & ght gyh. u”;rd; gg;spnfrd;!;. g[J jp;y;yp/
v!;/vk;/ rjhrptk;. rl;gyk;. ,e;J gg;spnfrd;. brd;id/
gy tifahd n$hjpl ,iza js’;fs;
fiyr; brhw;fs;
nrlh gyk;; ? nfhs;fspd; r”;rhu gyk;; tf;fpuk; ? gpd;ndhf;fp bry;Yjy;

Karunakaran Astro Book - 4

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Karunakaran Astro Book - 4

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rl;gyk;;

ghFjp ? 05 nr&;l gyk;;

jpU/ S.M. rjhrptk;

md;ghd cyf mwpthspfns! tzf;fk;

R. fUzhfud;. MA DTA DPCS

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

ghFjp ? 05 nr&;l gyk;;

Prepared By R.Karunakaran, MA DTA DPCS

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

btsptl;l nfhs;fspd; tf;fpu fjp:

kj;jpa jPh;f;fnuif (Mean Longitude)

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

nr&;lgyk; fzf;fpLk; Kiw

,g;bghGJ. ehk; nr&;lhgyk; fzpf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; gpd;tUgit ekf;Fj; njitahf ,Uf;Fk;/

1) nfhs;fspd; kj;jpa !;g[lk;

2) nfhs;fspd; Rj;j !;g[lk;

3) ,j;Jld; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizg;go gpwe;j khjj;jpw;Fhpa ehisf; Tl;of; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/

vLj;Jf;fhl;L $hjfj;jpw;F 01/01/1990 Kjy; bry;yhd ehl;fisf; fzpg;nghk;/

2) 69?I 4?My; tFf;f : 69 ÷4 = <t[ 17 kpjp 1

3) ml;ltizapd;go $dthp Kjy; : 304 ehl;fs;

4) gpwe;j njjpapy; ,Ue;J 1?If; fHpf;f : 8?1=7

nkny Fwpg;gpl;l ehd;F tpiliaa[k; Tl;l = 25185 + 17 + 304 + 7 = 35513 ehl;fs;/

fzpj;J te;j bkhj;j ehl;fs; 25513

$dthp 1?Mk; njjp Kjy; khjk; Koa[k; tiu cs;s ehl;fs;:

,g;nghJ ekj vLj;Jf;fhl;L $hjfj;jpw;F c$;i$apdp Rnjr neuk; fzpg;nghk;/

,jid Vw;fdnt fzpj;J itj;Js;s ehl;fSld; Tl;l ntz;Lk;/

Kd;gf;fj;jpy; 08/11/1969 ?f;F chpa ehl;fs; 25513 ? 000

N:hpadpd; kj;jpk !;g[lk;

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

re;jpud;?g[jd;?Rf;fpud; kj;jpk !;g[lk;;

brt;thapd; kj;jpa !;g[lk;

FUtpd;; kj;jpa !;g[lk;

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

rdpapd;; kj;jpa !;g[lk;

g[jd; rPf;fpnuhr;r ml;ltiz

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

cjhuz $hjfj;Jf;F g[jd; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[l fzpjk;

Rf;fpudpd; rPf;fpnuhr;r ml;ltiz

jpUj;jk;: fHpf;f - Fiwf;f (/5 :00' ? 0/001 t)

cjhuz $hjfj;Jf;F Rf;fpud; rPf;fpnuhr;r !;g[l fzpjk;

cjhuz $hjfj;jpw;Fhpa kj;jpk !;g[lk; kw;Wk; rPf;fpnuhr;rk;:

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

n$&;l nfe;jpuk; fzpj;jy;

cjhuz rhjfj;jpd; Rj;j !;g[lk;:

brt;thapd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

g[jdpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

FUtpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

Rf;fpudpd; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

rdpapd;; n$&;lh nfe;jpuk;:

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

Fiwe;j gl;rk; nfhs;fs; bgwntz;oa nr&;lgyk;:

cjhuz $hjfj;jpd; n$&;lhgyk;:

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

tf;fpuk; bgw;w nfhs;fs; jUk; gyd;fs;;

ghgnfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; nkd;ikahd ew;gyd; jUk; (ghth;j;juj;dhfuh)

a) FU:u nfhs; tf;fpuk; bgw;why; nkYk; ghgj;jd;ik jUk;

tf;fpufjp kw;Wk; ntfkhd r”;rhu epiy

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

nfhs;fspd; ruhrhp ,a’;Fk; ntfk;:

nr&;lhgyk; bgw;w nfhs;fs; jUk; gyd;fs; (N:hpadpd; madgynk n$&;lhgyk;

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

bgWnthk;; n$hjpl rh!;jpu “hdk;;

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