CHAPTER – 1

VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES

QUES/ANS NOTES
VERY SHORT ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS

1 What do you understand by individual differences?

Ans Individual vary in terms of physical characteristics and psychological dimensions.
According to the psychologists, individual difference refers to distinctiveness and variations among
people's characteristics and behavioral patterns.

2 What are the physical characteristics that vary between individuals?

Ans Some physical characteristics that vary between individuals are height, weight, strength, hair.

3 Define the term situationism.

Ans Some psychologists’ states that situations and circumstances in which one is placed to influence one's
behaviour. Psychologist believed that our behaviours are influenced more by situational factors which is
known as situationism.

4 What is psychological assessment?

Ans Psychological assessment is a systematic testing procedure to evaluate abilities, behaviours and
personal qualities of individuals.

5 When we say, Aditya is dominant, we are referring to the degree of dominance in Aditya. Explain
the types of assessment involved here.
Ans Here our assessment may be informal or formal
Formal assessment is objective, standardized and organized. On the other hand, informal assessment varies
from case to case and from one assessor to another. Thus it is open to subjective interpretations.

6 Mention some psychological assessment methods.

Ans Some psychological assessment methods are psychological test, interview, case study, observation and
self-report.

7 What is observation?
Ans It involves employing systematic, organized and objective procedures to record behavioural
phenomena occurring naturally in real time.
Certain phenomena such as mother-child interactions can be easily studied through observation.

8 Define intelligence. CBSE 2016, All India 2016

Ans Intelligence is a key construct employed to know how individuals differ from one another.
Psychological notion of intelligence is different from the common sensical notion of intelligence.

9 Define the one-factor theory of intelligence.

Ans Alfred Binet conceptualized intelligence as consisting of one similar sets of abilities which can be used
for solving any or every problem in an individual's environment. This theory is known as uni or one-factor
theory of intelligence.
 10 Explain linguistic intelligence. All India 2012
Ans It is the capacity to use language fluently and flexibly to express one's thinking and understand others.
Persons included in this type of intelligence are 'word-smart i.e. they are sensitive to different shades of
word meanings, can articulate and can create linguistic images in their mind.

11 Explain naturalistic intelligence.

Ans This involves complete awareness of our relationship with the natural world. It is useful in recognizing
the beauty of different species of flora and fauna, and making subtle discriminations in the natural world.

12 Explain contextual intelligence. CBSE 2008

Ans It is the ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis. It may be called
'street smartness' or 'business sense'.

13 What is simultaneous and successive processing in intellectual functioning?

CBSE 2014, All India 2013
Ans Simultaneous processing takes place when you perceive the relations among various concepts and
integrate them into a meaningful pattern for comprehension.
Successive processing takes place when you remember all the information serially so that the recall of one
leads to the recall of another.

14 How are IQ scores distributed in a population?

or
Classify people on the basis of IQ. All India 2015
Ans The distribution of IQ scores is as follows:
IQs Range Descriptive Label
Above 130 Very superior
120-130 Superior
110-119 High average
90-109 Average
80-89 Low average
70-79 Borderline
Below 70 Mentally challenged

15 Define the term mental retardation.

Ans The American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) views mental retardation as significantly
sub-average general intellectual functioning which exists with deficits in adaptive behaviour and presented
during the developmental period.

16 What is Intellectual giftedness? All India 2016

Ans The study of intellectually gifted individuals was started in 1925 by Levis Terman to examine the
relationship of intelligence to occupational success and life adjustment. Giftedness is exceptional general
ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas.

17 What is psychological test? CBSE 2008

Ans It is an objective and standardized measure of an individual's mental and behavioural characteristics.
These tests are widely used for the purpose of clinical diagnosis, guidance, personal selection, placement
and training.

18 Define the term buddhi.

 Ans Sanskrit word buddhi includes skills such as mental effort, determined action, feelings and opinions
along with cognitive competence 28 such as knowledge, discrimination and understanding.

19 Define emotional intelligence. All India 2012

Ans Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression and regulation
of emotions.

20 Define the term aptitude.

Ans Aptitude refers to special abilities in a particular field of activity. It is a combination of characteristics
that indicates an individual's capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training.

21 What is situationist perspective of human behaviour?

Ans The situationist perspective views human behaviour as resulting from interaction of external and
internal factors. It is product of traits and environmental factors. This approach believes that external
factors play more important role to determine individual differences.

22 What do you mean by psychological assessment?

Ans Psychological assessment uses systematic testing procedure to evaluate abilities, behaviours and
personal qualities of individuals. Our assessment may be formal or informal. Formal assessment is
objective, standardized and organized. Informal assessment varies from case to case and from one
assessment to another and therefore is open to subjective interpretations.

23 What is Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)?

Ans. JP Das and Naglieri have developed a battery of tests, which is known as Cognitive Assessment
System (CAS). It consists of verbal as well as non-verbal tasks that measures basic cognitive functions.
These are independent of schooling. This battery of test is meant for individual between 5 and 18 years of
age. It is used to measure intelligence of normal as well as of retarded children.

24 How Sternberg's concept of intelligence is different from other concepts?

Ans According to Sternberg, intelligence is not only adaptation, directional ability, comprehensive an self-
evaluation. It also improve activity like shopping and selecting the environment. Sternberg emphasized that
intelligence does not simply mean possessing certain abilities but also the use of these abilities in real life
situations.

25 Mention main characteristics of a bell-shaper curve.

Ans The main characteristics of a bell-shaped curve are:
(i) Bell-shaped curve involves symmetrical distribution ie., the left half of the curve is a mirror image of the
right half.
(ii) It is uni model distribution.
(iii) The value of mean, median and mode all coincide and the curve never touches the x-axis.
(iv) It is symbiotic.

26 "No two individuals are alike". Explain.

Ans Human beings distinctly differ in size, shape, appearance, reaction time and innumerable other aspects
of our personality and behaviour. Individuals differences stand for the variations and distinctiveness among
individuals. It also stands for those differences which, in their totality, distinguish one individual to another.

27 Differentiate between psychometric and information processing approaches to intelligence.

CBSE 2016
 Ans Psychometric Approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It expresses the individuals
performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.
Information Processing Approach describes the processes that people use in intellectual reasoning and
problem solving. The major focus of this approach is on how an intelligent person acts.

28 What are the psychological dimensions of individual differences?

Ans Individual vary along psychological dimensions which may be intelligent or dull, dominant or
submissive, creative or not so creative.

29 How individual differences are useful for the society?

Ans Individual differences are useful in following manner:
(i) Individual differences make the words beautiful, purposeful and goal oriented or directed
(ii) Different people have different needs and to satisfy the different needs different types of skills are
required. That is why variability is a fact of nature which helps in adaption.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1 What is case study?

Ans It is an in-depth study of the individual in terms of her/his psychological attributes and psychological
history in the context of her/his psychological and physical environment. Case studies are widely used by
clinical psychologists. Case analyses of the lives of great people can also be highly illuminating for those
willing to learn from their life experiences. Case studies are based on data generated by different methods.
For example, interviews, observation, questionnaire, psychological tests, etc.

2 State Gardner's eight types of intelligences. Describe any one with the help of examples.
CBSE 2011, All India 2016
or
Mention multiple intelligence as suggested by Gardner. Explain logical mathematical Is intelligence.
Ans Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences. In his theory, he described eight types
of intelligence which are as follows:
(i) Linguistic
(ii) Logical-Mathematical
(iii) Spatial
(iv) Musical
(v) Bodily-Kinesthetic
(vi) Interpersonal
(vii) Intrapersonal
(viii) Naturalistic

Logical-Mathematical It involves skills in scientific thinking and problem solving. Persons included in
this type of intelligence can think logically and critically. They engage in abstract reasoning, and can
manipulate symbols to solve mathematical problems. Scientists and Nobel Prize winners are likely to be
strong in this component.

3 Explain the hierarchical model of intelligence.

Ans This model was proposed by Arthur Jensen. It consists of abilities operating at two levels i.e.
Level I and Level II:
(i) Level I is the associative learning in which output is more or less similar to the input (e.g. rote learning
and memory).
 (ii) Level II, called cognitive competence involves higher-order skills, as they transform the input to
produce an effective output.

4 Briefly describe about two-factor theory.

Ans In 1927, Charles Spearman proposed this theory employing a statistical method called factor analysis.
He showed that intelligence consisted of a general factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). G-
factors include mental operations which are primary and common to all performances.
S-factors include some specific abilities which are present in some people in addition to wo g-factor. These
specific abilities allow them to excel in their respective domains.

5 Discuss about the structure intellectual model of intelligence.

Ans JP Guilford proposed this model which classifies intellectual traits among three dimensions:
(i) Operations These include cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production,
convergent production and evaluation.
(ii) Contents These refer to the nature of materials or information on which intellectual operations are
performed. These include visual, auditory, symbolic (e.g. letters, numbers), semantic (e.g. words) and
behavioural (e.g. information about people's behaviour, attitudes, needs, etc.)
(iii) Products These refer to the form in which information is processed by the respondent.
Products are classified into units, classes, relations, systems, transformations and implications.

6 What are the different levels of intellectual deficiency?

Ans The different levels of intellectual deficiency are:
Mild (Is 55 to 70) The development of people with mild retardation is typically slower than that of their
peers but they can function quite independently, hold jobs and families.
As the level of retardation increases, the j| difficulties are strongly marked.
Moderate (IQs 35-40 to 50-55) The people with moderate retardation lag behind their peers in language
and motor skills. They can be trained in self-care skills and simple social and communication skills.
Severe (IQs 20-25 to 35-40) and Profound (IQs below 20 to 25) Individuals with severe and profound
retardation are incapable of managing life and need constant care for their entire lives.

7 Distinguish between verbal, non-verbal and performance tests.

Ans Differences between verbal, non-verbal and performance tests are as follows:
Verbal It requires verbal responses in either oral or written form. It can only be administered
to literate people.
Non-Verbal It uses pictures or illustrations as test items e.g. RPM. (Raven's Progressive Matrices Test). In
this test, the subject examines an incomplete pattern and chooses a figure from the alternatives that will
complete the pattern.
Performance It requires subjects to manipulate objects to perform a task. In this test, written language is
not necessary for answering the items. It can be easily administered to persons from different cultures.

8 Differentiate between individual and group test.

Ans Individual Intelligence Test
(i) An individual test is one which can be administered to one person at a time.
(ii) Individual tests require the test administrator to establish a rapport with the subject and be sensitive to
her/his feelings, moods and expressions during the testing session.
(iii) Individual tests allow people to answer orally or in a written form or manipulate objects as per the
tester's instructions.

Group Intelligence Tests

 (i) A group intelligence test can be administered to several persons simultaneously. Group tests however,
do not allow an opportunity to be familiar with the subjects' feelings.
(ii) Group tests generally seek written answer usually in a multiple-choice format.

9 Differentiate between interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.

Ans Interpersonal Intelligence
(i) Sensitive to understand others' behaviour
(ii) It is understanding the motives, feelings and the behaviour of others."
(iii) For example, psychologists, politicians, social workers, etc.
Intrapersonal Intelligence
(i) Awareness of one's own feeling motives and desires.
(ii) This refers to the knowledge of one's internal strengths and limitations.
(iii) For example, philosophers, spiritual leaders.

10 Hitakshi is a gifted child. She is good at her study, music and painting. What is the difference
between talent and giftedness?
Ans Giftedness is an exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas.
Hitakshi performs very well her study and other extracurricular activities like music and paintings. She
shows excellence or. performance in various fields. Thus, she is considered as a gifted child. Gifted
children show early signs of intellectual superiority.
Giftedness from the teachers' point of view depends on a combination of high ability, his creativity and
high commitment.
It differs from 'Talent'. Talent is a narrower term and refers to remarkable ability in a specific field like
spiritual social, aesthetic el The highly talented children are sometimes called 'prodigies'

11 How is creativity related to intelligence?

Ans A certain level of intelligence is required for creativity but beyond that intelligence does not correlate
with creativity. Creativity tests involve divergent thinking and assess such abilities such as ability to
produce a variety of ideas i.e. ideas which have ability to see new relationships. It involves expression of
spontaneous originality and imagination.
Creativity tests are open-ended. There are no specified answers to questions or problems in creativity tests.
Individuals have freedom to use one's imagination and express it in original ways.
On the other hand, intelligence tests are closed-ended. There are fixed answers to questions.

12 "Individuals who are categorized as having mental retardation show significant variation in their
abilities, ranging from those who can be taught to work and function with special attention, to those
who cannot be trained and require institutional care throughout their lives." What are the values
which can help to these mentally retarded children?
Ans Following values should be kept in mind while dealing with mentally retarded children:
• Compassion toward children.
• Caring.
• Development of self-care skills.
• Social acceptance.

13 "No two individuals are alike". Elucidate the statement in context of the individual differences.
Ans Variability is the fact of nature and individuals are not its exception. Individual variations are
common. The individual differences are in terms of physical characteristics and psychological dimensions.
Physically, they are distinct in size, shape appearance and in many other aspects.
Psychologically, they vary in various dimensions like intelligence and dull dominant or submissive creative
 or not creative, outgoing or withdrawn, etc. Thus, we can say that no two individuals are alike.

14 You may find many people who are academically talented, but are unsuccessful in their own life.
Find out the difficulty in their success. Also suggest the possible measures to improve intelligence of
the person.
Ans Some people are talented in their academics but they experience problems in family, workplace and
interpersonal relationships.
According to psychologists the source of their difficulty may be a lack of emotional intelligence. Emotional
intelligence is the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them and to use
the information to guide one's 1 thinking and actions. There are various programme being run by educators
which are aimed at improving student's emotional intelligence.
These programmes encourage cooperative behaviour and reduce their anti-social activities. They are useful
in preparing students to face the challenges of life outside the classrooms.

15 "Creativity is not just limited to a selected few, an ordinary person can also be bre creative".
Illustrate this statement with air suitable examples.
Ans Creativity is generally thought in terms of creative persons like Einstein, CV Raman, Ramanujan, etc
who have made outstanding contributions in different spheres. But in recent years, our understanding of
creativity has broaden. Creativity is not just limited to a selected personalities like the artist, the scientist,
the poet or the inventor. An ordinary person who is engaged in simple occupation like pottery, carpentry,
cooking, etc can also be creative.

16 Raghu and Rajiv are twins. They have been separated early in childhood. However, they both
shows a considerable similarity when it comes to intelligence level. How can you explain the
similarities in their intelligence?
Ans The similarities in between the twins namely Raghu and Rajiv can be explained through interplay of
nature and nurture. The hereditary influences among twins show that there is considerable similarity in
intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics with respect to their intelligence level even though
they are separated early in the childhood. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different
environments correlate to 0.72.

17 Kirti is of average intelligence but is high on ability to appraise, express and regulate her
emotions. Identify the intelligence that she exhibits and why it is receiving so much attention these
days. Suggest some ways to enhance this kind of intelligence of students in schools.
CBSE SOP 2022-23
Ans The intelligence that Kriti exhibits is emotional intelligence. It is believed that the notion of emotional
intelligence broadens the concept of intelligence beyond the intellectual sphere/domain and considers that
intelligence includes emotions. It builds on the concept of intelligence in the Indian tradition. The
characteristics of emotionally intelligent persons are that it relates your emotions to your thoughts so that
you take them into account while solving problems and taking decisions.
Receiving attention as it helps students to deal with the stresses and challenges of the outside world.
benefits their academic achievements and reduces anti-social activities. Programmes that involve
cooperative behaviour should be promoted in school.

18 Describe the theory of primary mental abilities.

Ans The theory of primary mental abilities was developed by Louis Thurston. It states that intelligence
consists of seven primary abilities, each of which is relatively independent of the others.
These primary abilities are:
• Verbal Comprehension It comprises grasping meaning of words, concepts, and ideas.
 • Numerical Abilities It includes speed and accuracy in numerical and computational skills.
• Spatial Relations It shows visualizing patterns and forms.
• Perceptual Speed It is the speed in perceiving details.
• Word Fluency It means using words fluently and flexibly.
• Memory It means accuracy in recalling information.
• Inductive Reasoning It means deriving general rules from presented facts.

19. Ryan and Shireen are siblings brought up in the same environment. Ryan knows all the formulae
in mathematics and can recall them as they are but cannot solve problem, based on those formulae,
whereas Shireen can use formulae to solve any kind of problem that are based on them. CBSE 2023
Explain the intelligence they both exhibit, Which approach is this theory based on?
Ans. Ryan exhibits the knowledge acquisition component, which is responsible for learning and acquisition
of the ways of doing things.
Shireen exhibits the performance component, which involves actually doing things.
The theory here is based on Triarchic Theory Intelligence. It views intelligence as the ability to adapt, to
shape and select environment to accomplish one's goals and those of one's society and culture.
According to this theory, there are three basic types of intelligence i.e. Componential, Experiential and
Contextual. Componential or Analytical Intelligence is the Analysis of Information to solve problems.
Persons high o this ability think analytically and critically and succeed in schools. This intelligence has
three components i.e. Knowledge acquisition component, Meta higher order component and Performance
component.

20 What is Mental retardation?

Ans The children who show intellectual deficiency are termed as mentally challenged or mentally retarded.
As a group, there is wide variation among the mentally deficient or retarded.
The American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) views mental retardation as "significantly sub-
average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and
manifested during the developmental period.
This definition points to three basic features:
(i) First, in order to be judged as mentally retarded, a person must show significantly sub-average
intellectual functioning.
Persons having IQ below 70 are judged " have sub-average intelligence.
(ii) The second relates to deficits in adaptive behaviour. Adaptive behaviour refers. to a person's capacity to
be independent and deal effectively with one's environment.
(iii) The third feature is that the deficits must be observed during the developmental period, that is between
0 and 18 years of age.

21 Mention some characteristics of emotionally intelligent person.

Ans Following are some characteristics of emotionally intelligent persons:
• Perceive and be sensitive to your feelings and emotions.
• Perceive and be sensitive to various types of emotions in others by noting their body language, voice and
tone, and facial expressions.
• Relate your emotions to your thoughts so that you take them into account while solving problems and
taking decisions.
• Understand the powerful influence of the nature and intensity of your emotions.
• Control and regulate your emotions and their expressions while dealing with self and others to achieve
harmony and peace.

22 Define Giftedness. What are the characteristics of gifted children.

 Ans Giftedness is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas.
Gifted children show early signs of intellectual superiority.
Even during infancy and early childhood, they show larger attention span, good recognition memory,
preference for novelty, sensitivity to environmental changes, and early appearance of language skills.
Some important characteristics of gifted children are:
• Advanced logical thinking, questioning and problem-solving behaviour.
• High speed in processing information.
• Superior generalization and discrimination ability.
• Advanced level of original and creative thinking.
• High level of intrinsic motivation and self-esteem.
• Independent and non-conformist thinking.
• Preference for solitary academic activities for long periods.

23 What are the ill-effects of intelligence testing by naive testers?

Ans Some of the ill-effects of intelligence testing by naive testers are as follows:
• Poor performance on a test may attach a stigma to children and thereby adversely affect their performance
and self-respect.
• The tests may invite discriminating practices from parents, teachers and elders in the society.
• Administering a test biased in favor of the middle class and higher class populations may underestimate
the IQ of children coming from disadvantaged sections of the society.
• Intelligence tests do not capture creative potentialities and practical side of intelligence, and they also do
not relate much to success in life. Intelligence can be a potential factor for achievement in various spheres
of life.

24 Discuss how interplay of nature and nurture influence intelligence. CBSE 2012
Ans Effect of Nature Psychologist did studies of adopted children, which show that children's intelligence
is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents.
Effect of Nurture/Environment With respect to the role of environment, studies have reported that as
children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children
from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase
in their intelligence scores.
There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence, while rich nutrition, good family
background, and quality schooling increases intelligence.
There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of
heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range
within which an individual's development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the
environment.

25 Explain how PASS model helps us to understand intelligence. CBSE 2016, 2015
Ans The PASS model has been developed by JP Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby (1994). According to this
model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three
neurological systems, called the functional units of brain.
These units are responsible for
• Planning
• Arousal/Attention
• Simultaneous and Successive Processing
Planning It is an essential feature of intelligence. After the information is processed, planning is activated.
It allows us to think of the possible courses of action, implement them to reach a target, and evaluate their
effectiveness.
 Arousal/Attention State of arousal is basic to any behaviour, as it helps us in attending to stimuli. It
enables a person to process information. Optimal level of arousal focuses our attention to the relevant
aspects of a problem. Too much or too little arousal would interfere with attention.
Simultaneous and Successive Processing
Simultaneous processing takes place when you perceive the relations among various concepts and integrate
them into a meaningful pattern for comprehension. For example, in Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM)
Test, a design is presented from which a part has been removed.
You are required to choose one of the six options that best completes the design.

26. Urmi is an excellent painter. She draws amazing pictures. What are the different factors that
stimulate the development of creativity? Delhi 2017
Ans Urmi is a creative person. Her creativity is determined both by heredity and environment
Limits of her creative potential are set by heredity. Environmental factors stimulate the development of
creativity further.
How much of the creative potential can be realized and its specific form and direction is largely determined
by environmental factors like motivation, commitment family support, peer influences, training
opportunities etc.
Every individual can raise his level of creative potential beyond its present level. But there is limit, no
amount of training can transform an average creative person to the level of masters in that field. A certain
level of intelligence is required for creativity but beyond that intelligence does not correlate well with
creativity. A high level of intelligence does not ensure that a person would certainly creative.

27 Differentiate between culture-fair and culture-biased test. CBSE 2014

Ans Differences between culture-fair and culture-biased tests are as follows:
Culture-fair Psychologist have tried to develop tests that are culture-fair or culturally appropriate, ie. one
that does not discriminate against individuals belonging to different cultures.
In such tests, items are constructed in a manner that they assess experiences common to all cultures or have
questions in which language usage is not required. Non-verbal and performance tests help to reduce the
cultural bias usually associated with verbal tests.
Culture-biased Many intelligence tests show a bias to the culture in which they are developed. Tests
developed in America and Europe represent the urban and middle-class cultural ethos.
Hence, educated middle class white subjects generally perform well on those tests. The items do not respect
the cultural perspectives of Asia and Africa. The norms for these tests are also drawn from Western cultural
groups

28 Differentiate between technological intelligence and integral intelligence. Elaborate the concept of
intelligence in Indian tradition.
or
Explain the competence of Indian notion of intelligence. All India 2015
Ans Technological Intelligence It is found in technologically advanced societies. Skills of generalization
and abstraction, speed, minimal moves, and mental manipulation are promoted among children.
These societies promote a type of behaviour, which can be called technological intelligence. In these
societies, persons are well-versed in skills of attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed, and
achievement orientation.
Integral Intelligence Technological intelligence is not so valued in many Asian and African societies. The
qualities and skills regarded as intelligent actions in non-Western cultures are sharply different.
Concept of Intelligence in Indian Tradition
Contrary to technological intelligence, intelligence in the Indian tradition can be termed as integral
intelligence. It gives emphasis on connectivity with the social and world environment. Indian thinkers view
intelligence from a holistic perspective where equal attention is paid to cognitive and non-cognitive
processes as well as their integration.

29 Differentiate between psychological test and observation.

Ans Differences between psychological test and observation are as follows:
Psychological Test It is an objective and standardized measure of an individual's mental and/or
behavioural characteristics. Objective tests have been developed to measure all the dimensions of
psychological attributes i.e. intelligence, aptitude etc. These tests are guidance, personnel selection,
placement and training. Personality is also assessed by certain projective tests.
Observation It involves employing systematic, organized and objective procedures to record behavioural
phenomena occurring naturally in real time. For example, mother-child interactions can be easily studied
through observation. However, in this method observer has little control over the situation and the reports
may suffer from subjective interpretations of the observer.

30 Angad has been a topper in class. He went to the topmost college, where he was neither sensitive to
his own self or to others. This led to problems in interpersonal relationships with reference to his
condition. Explain the importance of emotional intelligence in his life. CBSE 2020
Ans A good IQ and scholastic record is not enough to be successful in life. Angad is academically talented
but is unsuccessful to build interpersonal relationship with his friends in college. Psychologists believe that
the source of his difficulty is his lack of emotional intelligence.
Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression and regulations of
emotions. Psychologist Salovey and Meyer consider emotional intelligence as the ability to monitor one's
own and other's emotions, to discriminate among them and to use the information to guide one's thinking
and actions.
Emotional Quotient (EQ) is used to express emotional intelligence in the same way as IQ is used to express
intelligence.
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to process emotional information accurately and efficiently. But
Angad lacks this intelligence which leads to his problems in interpersonal relationships.

31 We can see that Srikanth has the ability to adopt, shape and select the environment.
Identify the theory of intelligence that would best support our understanding of Srikanth's
intelligence.
CBSE 2023
Ans Triarchic theory of Intellectual would be the best to support our understanding of Srikanth's
intelligence. Robert Sternberg (1985) proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. Sternberg Sos views
intelligence as "the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one's goals and those of
one's society and culture". According to this theory, there are three basic types of intelligence:
Componential, Experiential and Contextual.

32 "Srikanth is standing tall living by his conviction that if the "world looks at me and says,
'Srikanth, you can do nothing, 'I look back at the world and say, I can do anything".
According to Gardner's multiple theory of intelligences, which kind of intelligence explains this?
Discuss this intelligence in brief. CBSE 2023
Ans According to Gardner's multiple theory of intelligences, intrapersonal intelligence explain this
situation. It refers to the knowledge of one's internal strengths and limitations and using that knowledge to
effectively relate to others. Persons high on this ability have finer sensibilities regarding their identity,
human existence, and meaning of life.
 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1 Briefly explain the intelligence in Indian tradition. Explain the competencies of Indian notion of
Intelligence.
Ans Contrary to technological intelligence, intelligence in the Indian tradition can be termed as integral
intelligence. It gives emphasis on connectivity with the social and world environment. Indian thinkers view
intelligence from a holistic perspective where equal attention is paid to cognitive and non-cognitive
processes as well as their integration. The Sanskrit word buddhi which often used to represent intelligence
is far more pervasive in scope than the Western concept of intelligence.
According to JP Das, buddhi, includes skills such as mental effort, determined action, feelings, and
opinions along with cognitive competence such as knowledge, discrimination, and understanding. Among
other things, buddhi is the knowledge of one's own self based on conscience, will and desire Thus, the
notion of buddhi has affective and motivational components besides a strong cognitive component unlike
the Western views, which primarily focus on cognitive parameters.
Following competencies are identified as facets of intelligence in the Indian tradition:
• Cognitive Competence It includes sensitivity to context, understanding, discrimination, problem solving,
and effective communication.
• Social Competence It includes respect for social order, commitment to elders, the young and the needy,
concern about others, and recognizing others' perspectives.
• Emotional Competence It includes self-regulation and self-monitoring of emotions, honesty, politeness,
good conduct and self-evaluation.
• Entrepreneurial Competence It includes commitment, persistence, patience, hard work, vigilance, and
goal-directed behaviours.

2 Sachin is in his infancy. Even during his infancy and early childhood, he is shown characters like
larger attention span, goo recognition memory, preference for novelty, sensitivity to environmental
changes, and early appearance of language skills. How can you explain such child?
Does it mean that he possesses superior psychomotor ability as well? How will you identify such
child?
Ans The children like Sachin who exhibit characters like larger attention span, good recognition memory,
preference for novelty, sensitivity to environmental changes, and early appearance of language skills in
their infancy or early childhood are Gifted children. Gifted children show early signs of intellectual
superiority.
The mere presence of brilliant academic qualities does not mean that a child will also possess superior
psychomotor ability. Each gifted student possesses different strengths, personalities and characteristics.
Athletes who show superior psychomotor ability are also gifted. Some important characteristics of gifted
children are:
• Advanced logical thinking, questioning and problem-solving behaviour.
• High speed in processing information.
• Superior generalization and discrimination ability.
• Advanced level of original and creative thinking.
• High level of intrinsic motivation and self-esteem.
• Independent and non-conformist thinking.
• Preference for solitary academic activities for long periods.
Performance on intelligence tests is not the only measure for identifying the gifted child. Many other sources
of information, such as teachers' judgement, school achievement record, parents' interviews, peer and self-
ratings, etc. can be used in combination with intellectual assessment for identifying the gifted children.