NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2F2b%2Fd5%2F13%2F2bd5136ecf91f8f079093

Human Health & Diseases

Typhoid Pneumonia Common cold Amoebiasis Ascariasis Elephantiasis or filariasis
Caused by Salmonella typhi Streptococcus Rhino viruses Entamoeba histolytica Helminth Round Helminth Wuchereria (W.
pneumoniae and worm - Ascaris bancrofti and W. malayi)
Haemophilus influenza
Route Contaminated food droplets/aerosols Droplets from cough or Houseflies – infected contaminated bite by the female mosquito
and water released by an infected sneezes of infected faeces. Contaminated food water, vegetables, vectors
person person water
Site Small intestine (ileum) Alveoli of lungs nose and respiratory Large intestine ( amoebic Intestine lymphatic vessels of the
passage (lungs) dysentery) lower limbs
Symptoms high fever, weakness, fever, chills, cough and Nasal congestion , sore Constipation, abdominal Internal bleeding, Swollen genital organ, lower
stomach pain, headache throat, hoarseness, pain and cramps, stools muscular pain, limbs
constipation, cough, headache, with mucous and blood fever, anaemia and
Complication Intestinal perforation lips and finger nails ------ blockage of the
may turn grey to bluish intestinal passage
Investigation Widal test ---------- ----------

Introduction • Cause of recurrent high fever : rupture of RBC – releasing

haemozin
• Discovery of blood circulation  by William Harvey • Asexual reproduction : take place in human liver
• Definition of Health: Health does not simply mean ‘absence of • Formation of male and female gametocyte: takes place in rbc
disease’ or ‘physical fitness’. It could be defined as a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being Stages in Mosquito
• Diseases can be broadly grouped into • Infective stage for mosquito: gametocytes
 Infectious disease : transmitted from one person to • Fertilization and development takes place in :
another e.g. HIV Mosquito gut
 Non-infectious disease : Not transmitted from one person • Sporozoites are stored in: Salivary gland of
to another e.g. cancer mosquito

Common diseases in humans Female Anopheles mosquito is the host and

vector (transmitting agent) too.
Ringworm
• Caused by fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum,
Immunity
Trichophyton and Epidermophyton
Ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms,
• Site : groin or between the toes
conferred by the immune system is called immunity.
• dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails
and scalp, itching Innate Immunity
• acquired from soil or by using towels, clothes of infected • non-specific , present at the time of birth
individual • This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to
➢ Diseases transmitted through food and water: Typhoid, the entry of the foreign agents into our body
Amoebiasis and Ascariasis.  Physical barriers : Skin, Mucus coating of the epithelium
➢ Air-borne diseases : pneumonia and common cold lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts
➢ Diseases transmitted through insect vectors :  Physiological barriers: Acid in the stomach, saliva in the
 Anopheles mosquito - malaria mouth, tears from eyes.
 Aedes mosquito - dengue and chikungunya  Cellular barriers : PMNL- neutrophils, Monocytes, natural
 Culex Mosquito - filariasis killer cell (a type of lymphocyte), macrophages destroy
➢ Bacterial diseases: Typhoid, Pneumonia, Dysentery, plague, microbes by phagocytosis
diphtheria etc.  Cytokine barriers: Virus-infected cells secrete proteins
➢ Disease completely eradicated with the use of vaccine : called interferon which protect non-infected cells from
Smallpox further viral infection.

Gambusia fish in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae and thus used Acquired Immunity
to control mosquito borne diseases. • Pathogen specific, characterised by memory

Malaria • Primary response of acquired immunity

• Caused by : Protozoan, plasmodium  When body encounters a pathogen for the first time it
• Types of Plasmodium: P. vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum produces a response called primary response
• Malignant / fatal malaria caused by : Plasmodium falciparum  This is a low intensity response
• Malarial parasite requires two hosts – human and mosquitoes –
to complete its life cycle • Secondary / anamnestic response of acquired immunity
Stages in Human  This is intensified response because of memory of first
• Infectious form: Plasmodium sporozoites encounter
• Vector: female Anopheles mosquito
• Target site: RBC

Biology BOMB
 NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2F2b%2Fd5%2F13%2F2bd5136ecf91f8f079093
Cells involved in acquired immunity
T Lymphocyte and B Lymphocyte
B Lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight with pathogen
• Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is
also called as humoral immune response.
T lymphocytes
• T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells
produce them
• This is called as cell-mediated immune response or cell-
mediated immunity (CMI)
• Cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft
rejection in organ transplanted patient
Antibodies
• Antibodies are globular proteins
• Secreted by B lymphocytes
• Antibodies are found in blood ( humoral immune response)
• Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small
called light chains and two longer called heavy chains (H2L2)
• Two chains are held by sulphide bridge
• Types : IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG
Vaccination and Immunisation
Vaccination
In vaccination, inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) are
introduced into the body  this generates memory B cell and T
cell  Quick response is generated on subsequent exposure
But this is a slow response
Passive immunization
In cases when quick response is needed as in tetanus or snake bite,
ready-made antibodies are injected, this type of immunisation is
called passive immunisation.
Allergies
Auto Immunity
• In this body attacks self cells
• e.g., Rheumatoid arthritis, Myasthenia gravis etc
Immune System in the Body
Types of Lymphoid organs:
Primary lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid organ
Biology BOMB
Primary lymphoid organs
• These are the organs where lymphocyte originate and/or mature
• Primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus
• Bone marrow
 Lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow
• Thymus gland
 Maturation of T lymphocytes occurs in thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs
• These are the organs where lymphocytes interact with the
antigen and mature
• Secondary lymphoid organs are spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils,
Peyer’s patches of small intestine and appendix.
• Spleen
 filter the blood by trapping blood-borne micro-organisms.
 Act as a large reservoir of erythrocytes.
• Lymph nodes
 trap the micro-organisms → activates of lymphocytes present
there and cause the immune response.
• Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
 It is located within the lining of the major tracts (respiratory,
digestive and urogenital tracts)
 It constitutes ~50 per cent of lymphoid tissue in human body.
AIDS
• AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
• ‘Syndrome’ means a group of symptoms.
• Caused by : Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV)
• HIV Virus
 belong to retrovirus group, RNA Virus, Enveloped Virus
 Have enzyme reverse transcriptase (RNA → DNA)
• Transmission of HIV-infection generally occurs by body fluids
 Sexual contact , transfusion of contaminated blood, multiple
sexual partners, intravenous drug addicts , Children born to
an HIV infected mother
• HIV/AIDS is not spread by mere touch or physical contact
• The time-lag between the infection and appearance of AIDS
symptoms is usually 5-10 years
• Replication of virus inside host
 HIV virus targets: Macrophages and Helper T cells
 HIV virus enters macrophages and helper T cell → replicates
to form viral DNA with the help of the enzyme reverse
transcriptase.  this viral DNA gets incorporated into host
cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus
particles  Infected cell can survive while viruses are being
replicated and released (AIDS has no cure)
Targets
Cancer
• Normal cells show a property called contact inhibition by virtue
of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled
growth.
• Cancer cells appear to have lost contact inhibition. As a result of
this, cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses
of cells called tumors.
Benign tumours Malignant tumors (Neoplastic Tumor)
Benign tumors normally remain grow very rapidly, invade surrounding
confined to their original location normal tissues.
do not spread to other parts of the Can spread to distant sites through blood:
body→ cause little damage Metastasis → cause more damage
 NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2F2b%2Fd5%2F13%2F2bd5136ecf91f8f079093
Causes of cancer Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse
Agents that cause cancer are called carcinogens • Adolescence period: It is a period between 12-18 years
Physical Carcinogen Ionising radiations like X-ray and Gamma rays • Drug abuse: When drugs are taken in amounts/frequency that
Non-ionizing radiations like UV rays impairs one’s physical, physiological or psychological functions
Damages DNA → CANCER • Addiction: Psychological attachment to certain effects –such as
Chemical carcinogens Tobacco smoke : Lung cancer euphoria and a temporary feeling of well-being
Oncogenic viruses Certain viruses possess Viral oncogenes which • Dependence: It is the tendency of the body to manifest nausea,
can activate (c-onc) or proto oncogene in normal vomiting, anxiety etc (withdrawal syndrome) if regular dose of
cell  causes cancer
drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued.
Note: UV B rays also causes snow blindness and skin cancer
Diagnosis of cancer Note :
Early detection essential to successfully treat the disease • Intravenous drug abuser prone for infections like AIDS and
Histopathological study Hepatitis B.
Biopsy a piece of the suspected tissue is studied under microscope • Chronic use of Alcohol → Liver cirrhosis
Radiological study • Drugs abuse by sport person: narcotic analgesics, anabolic
CT Scan (Computed CT Scan uses X-rays to generate a three-dimensional image steroids, diuretics
Tomography) of internals of an object (e.g., bone)
MRI (magnetic MRI uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations
resonance imaging) To detect changes in tissue
The side-effects of the use of anabolic steroids
X ray Done to study internal objects ( e.g. Bone) • In females
Molecular Biology  masculinisation (features like males), aggressiveness,
Antibody detection Antibodies against cancer -specific antigens are used for abnormal menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth on the face
detection of certain cancers. and deepening of voice.
Test positive individuals are advised to avoid exposure to • In males
particular carcinogens
 Acne, depression, reduction of size of the testicles, breast
Treatment of cancer enlargement, premature baldness, stunted growth

Radiotherapy Tumor cells are irradiated lethally, -----------------------------------END---------------------------------

Chemotherapeutic Chemotherapeutic drugs kills cancerous cells.
drugs Side effects :hair loss, anaemia, etc
Immunotherapy α-interferon activates immune system → attack tumour cells

Best approach is to use combination of surgery, radiotherapy and

chemotherapy
Drugs and alcohol abuse

Abused by sportspersons
Targets GIT, CNS Cardiovascular system CNS

• Morphine
 sedative and painkiller→ useful in patients undergone surgery
• Heroin (smack)
 Heroin is chemically diacetylmorphine
 It is a white, odourless, bitter powder
 taken by snorting and injection

• Cocaine (Coke /crack)

 It interferes with neuro-transmitter dopamine
 usually snorted
 act on CNS → euphoria and increased energy, hallucination

Hallucinogenic property: Atropa belladonna, Datura, crocacin

Tobacco
• It is smoked, chewed and snuff
• Nicotine in tobacco → act on adrenal gland → release adrenalin
and nor adrenalin → raises blood pressure
• Causes cancers of lung, urinary bladder and throat
• Tobacco also causes bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart
disease, gastric ulcer, oxygen deficiency in body etc
• Tobacco chewing → cancer of the oral cavity.

Biology BOMB