In Iceland reggae band Hjálmar is well established having released six CDs in Iceland.

They were
the first reggae band in Iceland, but few Icelandic artists had written songs in the reggae style
before their arrival on the Icelandic music scene. The Icelandic reggae scene is expanding and
growing at a fast rate. RVK Soundsystem is the first Icelandic sound system, counting five DJs.
They hold reggae nights in Reykjavík every month at clubs Hemmi og Valdi and more recently in
Faktorý as the crowd has grown so much.

In Germany, the three successful Reggae Summerjam open-air festivals were crucial parts of the
renaissance of Caribbean music in Germany but in 1990, conflict broke out between the two main
German promoters who had cooperated so well during the previous seasons. With a lot of
infighting and personal quarrels, each of them pursued his own preparations for a big summer
festival. The result was that two open-air events look place on the same day.

The 1990 Reggae Summerjam was staged as usual, but for only one day. The event took place at the
Lorelei Rock amphitheater, with artists like Mad Professor's Ariwa Posse with Macka B and Kofi,
Mutabaruka, the Mighty Diamonds, the Twinkle Brothers, Manu Dibango and Fela Kuti.

The other, ex-partner of the once-united promoters succeeded in bringing the original Sunsplash
package to Germany for the first time. Close to the Main River in the little village of Gemaunden
deep in rural south-central Germany, they staged a two-day festival that drew a bigger crowd.
About 10,000 people came from all over the country as well as from neighboring states like trance
and, for the first time, East Germany to see the lineup of top reggae artists.[81]

Africa
Reggae in Africa was much boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe on Independence Day
18 April 1980. Nigerian reggae had developed in the 1970s with artists such as Majek Fashek
proving popular. In South Africa, reggae music has played a unifying role amongst cultural groups
in Cape Town. During the years of Apartheid, the music bonded people from all demographic
groups. Lucky Dube recorded 25 albums, fusing reggae with Mbaqanga. The Marcus Garvey Rasta
camp in Phillipi is regarded by many to be the reggae and Rastafari center of Cape Town. Reggae
bands play regularly at community centres such as the Zolani center in Nyanga.

In Uganda musician Papa Cidy is very popular. Arthur Lutta is also a Ugandan gospel reggae
drummer known for his reggae style drumming. In Ethiopia, Dub Colossus and Invisible System
emerged in 2008 sharing core members, and have received wide acclaim.[82][83][84] In Mali, Askia
Modibo fuses reggae with Malian music. In Malawi, Black Missionaries produced nine albums. In
Ivory Coast a country where reggae music is extremely popular, Tiken Jah Fakoly fuses reggae with
traditional music. Alpha Blondy from Ivory Coast sings reggae with religious lyrics. In Sudan,
beats, drums and bass guitar from reggae have been adopted by local music. Reggae is very popular
there among generations from young to old; some spiritual (religious) groups grow dreadlocks and
feature reggae beats in their chants.

Asia
In the Philippines, several bands and sound systems play reggae and dancehall music. Their music
is called Pinoy reggae. Japanese reggae emerged in the early 1980s. Reggae is becoming more
prevalent in Thailand as well. Reggae music is quite popular in Sri Lanka. Aside from the reggae
music and Rastafari influences seen ever more on Thailand's islands and beaches, a true reggae
sub-culture is taking root in Thailand's cities and towns. Many Thai artists, such as Job 2 Do, keep
the tradition of reggae music and ideals alive in Thailand.

Famous Indian singer Kailash Kher and music producer Clinton Cerejo created Kalapi, a rare
fusion piece of reggae and Indian music for Coke Studio India.[85] Other than this high-profile
piece, reggae is confined to a small, emerging scene in India.[86] Reggae Rajahs are a reggae and
bass music sound system crew based out of New Delhi, India.[87] They are the first Jamaican style
sound system in India and creators of Goa Sunsplash Festival.[86][88] Thaikkudam Bridge, a neo-
Indian band based in Kerala, India, is known for introducing reggae into Indian regional blues.[89]

Australia and the Pacific

Reggae in Australia originated in the 1980s. Australian reggae groups include Sticky Fingers, Blue
King Brown and Astronomy Class.

By the end of the 1980s, the local music scene in Hawaii was dominated by Jawaiian music, a local
form of reggae.

New Zealand reggae was heavily inspired by Bob Marley's 1979 tour of the country and early reggae
groups such as Herbs.[90] The genre has seen many bands like Fat Freddy's Drop, Salmonella Dub,
the Black Seeds and Katchafire emerging in more recent times, often involving fusion with
electronica.[91]

In 2017[92] the first-ever chart dedicated to reggae and dancehall music was established in
Australia by radio presenter DJ Ragz,[93] music producer DJ Wade[94] and Dancehall Reggae
Australia.[95][96]

See also
Jamaica portal

Music portal

List of dub artists

List of reggae compilation albums
Reggae festivals
Reggae genres
Cannabis
Rastafari
Skinhead
Skanking

References
1. Stephen Davis. "Reggae." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.
Web.16 Feb 2016.
2. "Frederick "Toots" Hibbert Biography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160809204903/http://ww
w.biography.com/people/frederick-toots-hibbert-10673303#acclaimed-musician).
Biography.com. Archived from the original (http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-toots-hib
bert-10673303#acclaimed-musician) on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
 3. "reggae" (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reggae?s=t). Dictionary.com. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160813063912/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/reggae?s=t) from the
original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
4. Nettleford, Rex (Spring 1994). "Rex Nettleford: A Voice From the Caribbean" (https://www.carib
bean-beat.com/issue-9/rex-nettleford-voice-caribbean#axzz8bWmj5QLA). Caribbean Beat.
p. 1.
5. "Reggae." The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. rev. Ed. Michael Kennedy. Oxford Music
Online.Oxford University Press. Web. 16 February 2016.
6. Wilton, Peter. "reggae." The Oxford Companion to Music. Ed. Alison Latham. Oxford Music
Online.Oxford University Press. Web. 16 February 2016.
7. Warner, Keith Q. (1988). "Calypso, reggae, and Rastafarianism: Authentic Caribbean voices".
Popular Music and Society. 12 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1080/03007768808591306 (https://doi.org/1
0.1080%2F03007768808591306). ISSN 0300-7766 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0300-7766).
8. Earl, Bunn, Glenn (2005). The Influence of Rastafarianism and Reggae Music on Jamaican
and International Politics (https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/intlstudies_masters/42/) (Thesis). St. John
Fisher College. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005104/https://fisherpub.sjfc.e
du/intlstudies_masters/42/) from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November
2018.
9. Campbell, Horace (1988). "Rastafari as Pan Africanism in the Caribbean and Africa". African
Journal of Political Economy. 2 (1): 75–88. JSTOR 23500303 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2350
0303).
10. Davis, Stephen (1992). Reggae bloodlines : in search of the music and culture of Jamaica (http
s://archive.org/details/reggaebloodlines00davi) (1st Da Capo Press ed.). New York: Da Capo
Press. ISBN 978-0306804960. OCLC 26014673 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26014673).
11. Stephen Davis. Reggae (second ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz.
12. Anderson, Rick. "Reggae Music: A History and Selective Discography”. Notes 61.1 (2004):
206–214.
13. May, Chris (2009-10-01). "Various Artists | Rocksteady: The Roots Of Reggae" (http://www.alla
boutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=34239). All About Jazz. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20120202181642/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=34239) from the original on
2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
14. Cooper, Carolyn J. "Reggae – music" (https://www.britannica.com/art/reggae). Britannica.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180318144350/https://www.britannica.com/art/reggae)
from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
15. "Drums and Bass Guitar: The Foundation of Reggae Music" (https://web.archive.org/web/2010
0416170447/http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/Havel.htm). debate.uvm.edu. Archived from
the original (http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/Havel.htm) on 16 April 2010. Retrieved
15 January 2022.
16. Campbell, Howard (March 16, 2012). "Jackie Jackson: Bass player extraordinaire" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20180206002617/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Jackie-Jack
son--Bass-player-extraordinaire). Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original (http://www.jam
aicaobserver.com/entertainment/Jackie-Jackson--Bass-player-extraordinaire) on 6 February
2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
17. "100 Greatest Drummers of All Time" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073510/https://ww
w.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-drummers-of-all-time-20160331/carlton-barrett-201
60328). Rolling Stone. 2016-03-31. Archived from the original (https://www.rollingstone.com/mu
sic/lists/100-greatest-drummers-of-all-time-20160331/carlton-barrett-20160328) on 6 February
2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
18. "Skatalites Bassist Lloyd Brevett Dead at 80" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/46331/s
katalites-bassist-lloyd-brevett-dead-at-80). Billboard. 3 May 2012. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20180512014128/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/46331/skatalites-bassist-ll
oyd-brevett-dead-at-80) from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.