Bridge Construction Method

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Prepared by:
Clinton P. Pagunuran
ENGINEER II
Part I- Introduction
Part II- Classification of Bridges
COURSE OUTLINE
Part III- Construction of Bridge Foundation
A. Accessibility
B. Construction of Bridge Foundation
1. R. C. /Prestressed Concrete Piles
2. Steel Piles
3. Cofferdam
4. Bored Piles
5. Footing/Shaft/Coping
C. Construction of Bridge Superstructure
1. Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder
2. PSC Girders
3. Steel Bridges
4. Cable Stayed Bridges
5. Ach Bridges
Part IV – Common Problems in Bridge Construction
I. INTRODUCTION
BRIDGE is a structure built over a

depression or obstacle such as rivers,
valleys or man made structure such
as another road line for use as
passageway for man and/or
vehicular traffic.
I. INTRODUCTION
Main Bridge Components
a.1) Superstructure
Horizontal portion of the bridge which
spans the obstacle.
a.2) Substructure
Supports the superstructure and
transmits the dead and live loads to
the foundation. It accommodates
adequate resistance to vertical and
lateral loads.
I. INTRODUCTION
Parts of a Substructure
oFoundation
oAbutments
oPier
oBearing
I. INTRODUCTION
b) Types of Bridge Foundation
b.1)Spread Footing
Suitable for shallow foundation. Disadvantages;
inability to withstand horizontal forces/bending
moment, danger posed by scouring & difficulty for
underwater construction
b.2) On-Pile Foundation
b.3) Caisson Foundation

A large water tight chamber within which
work is done under water, as on the bridge
pier.
I. INTRODUCTION
Parts of An Abutment
wingwall
WINGWALL, which guides the motorists and pedestrians
in and out of the bridge
backwall
BACKWALL which is that transverse part retaining the
bridge seat fill materials of the approach from going to the bridge
COPING BEAM or that horizontal part where the bearing
is situated
FOOTING which is the enlarged part of the substructure
that is in direct contact with the soil and/or pile
foundation.
footing
I. INTRODUCTION
Common Types Of Pier
SOLID SHAFT MULTI COLUMN
PILE BENT SINGLE COLUMN

II. Classification of Bridges
o Based according to usage
❖ Temporary Bridge
❖ Permanent Bridge
o Based on Type of Material Used
❖ Timber Bridge
❖ Steel Bridge
❖ Concrete Bridge
1. Cast-In Place Concrete Bridge
2. Pre-cast Concrete Bridge
o Based on System of Design or according
to the type of supporting structure used.
o Based on Location of the Roadway
Sample of Cast-in-place Sample Section Of Pre-cast
Concrete Bridges Concrete Girder Bridges
o Based on System of Design or according
to the type of supporting structure used.
• Simple span-Consisting of a separate beam for

each span, supported at one end by fixed bearing
and the other end by expansion bearing.
• Continuous span-The superstructure is

continuous over one or more support.
• Cantilever span –The end of each horizontal

member extend out past its vertical support. The
end projecting beyond the support is called
cantilever.
• Suspension Span – The horizontal members are

supported by cables passing over tower.
Types of Bridge according to
o Based on Location of the Roadway Form and Structural Stresses
o Girder Bridge – Design for flexural stresses
o Arch Bridge – Compression as its primary

stress
o Truss Bridge- Combination of compression

and tension.
o Suspension Bridge- Tension stress

III. Construction of Bridge Foundation
III-A. ACCESSIBILITY
III-A.1 Embankment Craneway III-A.2 Structural Steel Craneway
Applied if working
on a wide river bed
with low level of
water flowing
Abut. "A"
occupying a narrow
area.
III-A.4 Timber Craneway III-A.3 River Re-Channelization

III-B. CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE FOUNDATION
III-B.1 Pre-cast Concrete Piles Fabrication of R. C. / Prestressed Concrete Pile
➢ After the result of test pile is reviewed and evaluated by the

Engineer as well as the issuance of instruction on the fabrication
length of the piles, fabrication and casting of piles shall
commence.
Reinforcing steel bars shall be pre-assembled at steel fabrication
area and shall be installed using suitable lifting equipment
assisted by manpower.
➢ Concrete to be poured shall be in accordance with the
required specification. Curing of piles shall be done by
continuous watering or by continuously wet burlap covering
the exposed surface of the piles.
➢ Stockpiling of piles shall be limited to 3 layers and shall be
supported by wood block in between the piles. Only designated
lifting points shall be used in lifting the piles.
III-B.1 Pre-cast Concrete Piles
ITEM 400(2)/400(14) – PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILES (Furnished CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS :
& Driven) A. DRIVING STAGE
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS : b.1. Preparation of Square Holes

A. FABRICATION STAGE
a.1 Construction of casting yard, either concrete or on Construction of square holes to be made of cocologs, good lumber or
timber platform. structural steel to serve as guide to maintain its verticality/alignment
a.2. Placing of cellophane, then installation of side forms. during driving. Square holes are provided at two (2) levels, 1 st at near
a.3. Proper assembly and installation of rebar (number,
ground surface and 2nd at 3 meters above its level.
spacing, hook, splicing, and concrete spacer.)
a.4. Forms at but end should be perpendicular to the
vertical axis.
a.5. For segmental piles, provision of pipe sleeves for 1st b.2. Lifting/Spotting of Piles
segment and dowels for the 2nd segment.
R. C. Piles shall be lifted or moved properly supported at the points
1. Installation of pile shoe. shown on the plans. It not shown, they shall be supported at the
2. Concreting works. quarter points.
- Used of concrete mixers, vibrators, approved
construction materials, design mix and required b.3. DRIVING OF PILES
slump.
3. Sampling of concrete.
All piles shall be driven as shown on the plans or as ordered in writing
4. Concrete curing.
5. Removal of forms (after 24 hours). by the Engineer, using appropriate equipments, materials and
methodology.
IMPORTANT NOTES :
• Piles allowed to be moved - attained 80% of the design 28 day

CS., or 14 days after casting
• Piles allowed to be transported - attained 100% of the design 28

day and driven CS., or 28 days after
casting
• Minimum Pile Penetration - 3M – firm materials

- 5M – soft materials
• Allowable Variation (Plumbness) - 20mm/meter of pile length
• Allowable Variation at the - 75mm any direction

Butt end of Piles
• Theoritical Location Underneath - within 150mm

the Pile Cap
• Gravity Hammers - shall not weigh less than 60% of

the combined wt. of the pile and
driving head but not less than
2,000 kg.
• Height of Fall of Hammer - not to exceed 4.50m for Timber and

steel piles, 2.50m for concrete
piles.
• Min. Embedment for Exposed - Greater than the Exposed Length

Piles with Pile Bent Type but not less than 6 meters
Foundation
• Appropriate Formula - Modified Hiley’s Formula

In getting Bearing Values
Of Concrete/Steel Piles
When weight of ram or hammer
To weight of pile Is greater than
One fourth (1/4)
a. Photo showing the Fabrication of R.C. Piles

Coarse aggregates – 19 mm max. b. Lifting of Piles
Concrete strength – 27.6 mpa
d. Driving Equipment
o Drop Hammer
o Single Acting Hammer
o Double Acting Hammer
o Diesel Hammer
o Vibratory Hammer
c. Delivery of Fabricated Concrete Piles

III-B. CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE FOUNDATION The Importance of Test Piles
TEST PILE DATA
III-B.1 Pre-cast Concrete Piles Project: Construction of Mabolo Bridge Province: Camarines Sur
Location: Naga City Hammer Used: M-23
Pile No. & Location: Pile Bent # 20-D Weight of Ram: 22.57 KN
d. Driving Equipment Required Bearing Capacity: 344 KN
Cut-Off Elevation: (+) 1.53 m WHERE:
Date Driven: 01-15-03
Ground Elevation: (+) 0.53 m Ra. = Bearing Capacity (KN)

Computed Casting Length after Driving: 19.00 m W = Wt. Of Ram/Hammer (KN)
o Drop Hammer Pile Tip Elevation after Driving: (-) 16.47 m

Type of Test Pile: RC Pile
S = Ave. Height of Penetration (MM)
H = Height of Fall of Ram (MM)
Dimension: 0.40m. x 0.40m. x 20.00 m K = Constant: 10 mm
o Single Acting Hammer Weight of Pile: 23.357 Kn Wp = Weight of Pile (KN)

FS = Factor of Safety
o Double Acting Hammer FORMULA USED:

Ra. =
[ 2WH (W)]
[ (S+K) (W+Wp)] FS
o Diesel Hammer GROUND

PENETRATION
TIP
ELEVATION
NUMBER
OF BLOWS
AVERAGE
PENETRATION
FALL
OF RAM
BEARING
CAPACITY
(M) (M) (MM/BLOW) (MM) (KN)
o Vibratory Hammer 0.00
0.30
0.53
0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.20 -0.67 4.00 225.00 500.00 17.00
2.00 -1.47 5.00 160.00 900.00 42.31
3.00 -2.47 6.00 166.67 1,300.00 58.80
4.00 -3.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 147.21
5.00 -4.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
6.00 -5.47 23.00 43.48 1,500.00 224.14
7.00 -6.47 21.00 47.62 1,500.00 208.03
8.00 -7.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
9.00 -8.47 15.00 66.67 1,500.00 156.35
10.00 -9.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 128.46
11.00 -10.47 16.00 62.50 1,500.00 144.28
12.00 -11.47 19.00 52.63 1,500.00 167.01
13.00 -12.47 28.00 35.71 1,500.00 228.82
14.00 -13.47 32.00 31.25 1,500.00 253.58
15.00 -14.47 45.00 22.22 1,500.00 324.63
16.00 -15.47 48.00 20.83 1,500.00 339.25
17.00 -16.47 50.00 20.00 1,500.00 348.68
Disadvantages- 1) slow rate of driving
Recommended Length = from Elev 1.53 m. to Elev. -16.47 m. plus 1 meter
2)Cannot be used underwater,3)danger = 19 meters
of damaging piles,4)heavy vibration SUBMITTED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY ;
NOEL G. ZAMORA OSCAR C. VILLANUEVA CARLITO L. NACIONAL

Project Manager Project Engineer Engineer V
CIRIACO CORPORATION Project Manager I, BOC PAD-I, Bureau of Construction
o Drop Hammer
o Diesel Hammer
o Vibratory Hammer
Disadvantages-1)require more
investment
2)More complicated/high
maintenance cost
3)More time to set up/take down,
4)require large operating crew
o Drop Hammer
o Diesel Hammer
o Vibratory Hammer
e. Driving of Piles
STAKE OUT SURVEY

a. Establish the alignment of the bridge structure and the location of Abutments
and Piers based from the known reference elevation and coordinates provided
in the approved plans
b. Establish vertical and horizontal control points (benchmark) that are fixed and
non-movable near the abutment for easier and expeditious control and re
checking of the actual elevation and alignment.
c. Level the area and the location of the Bridge Abutments and Piers with adequate
working area for construction equipment and temporary stock pile of excavated
materials
d. Layout excavation location

f. Proper Sequence of Driving Each

Pile in Pile Groups
Methods of Splicing Piles
0.40 x 0.40 m. 0.40 x 0.40 m.

R.C. Piles R.C. Piles
4 meters
0.40 m.
o Splice Can
o Build-up
o Structural Epoxy
Male/Female
g. Importance of Driving Each Pile Continuously
III-B.2 Steel Piles
Types of Monotube Piles
Common Types of Steel Piles
H-Pile Monotube Piles
Typical H-Pile Section

Flange/Web Thickness = 10mm.
Unit Weight
depends on the
design and
indicated in the
Mill Certificate
STAKE OUT SURVEY
a. Establish the alignment of the bridge structure H-Pile
and the location of Abutments and Piers based
from the known reference elevation and
coordinates provided in the approved plans
b. Establish vertical and horizontal control points

(benchmark) that are fixed and non-movable near
the abutment for easier and expeditious control
and re checking of the actual elevation and
alignment.
c. Level the area and the location of the Bridge

Abutments and Piers with adequate working area
for construction equipments and temporary stock
pile of excavated materials
Monotube Piles
d. Layout excavation location
III-B.3 Cofferdam
watertight enclosure from which water is

pumped to expose the bed of a body of
water in order to permit the construction
of a pier or other hydraulic work.
Cofferdams are made by driving
sheetpiling, usually steel in modern
works, into the bed to form a watertight
fence.
III-B.3 Cofferdam
Timber Cofferdam
Steel Cofferdam
III-B.4 Bored Pile
Advantages Over Driven Piles Disadvantages
o Larger sections oRequires specialized personnel
o Can penetrate hard layers oRisk of disturbed soil around the pile
o Adapts to different depths oRisk of poor contact at the base
o Risk of false refusal is eradicated oFrequently difficult to keep site clean
o Less vibration and not noisy
o Fast execution
o More economical
III-B.4 Bored Pile
Driving of steel casing with adequate falsework.

Steel Casing for Bored Pile foundation (Calibrated)
III-B.4 Bored Pile
Drilling Rig/ Falseworks

III-B.4 Bored Pile
Assembly of Reinforcing Steel Cage Bars Installation of Reinforcing Steel Cage Bars
for Bored Piles for Bored Piles
III-B.4 Bored Pile
Desanding Installation of Tremie pipes

III-B.4 Bored Pile
Concrete Pouring of Bored Pile

III-B.4 Bored Pile
III-B. CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE FOUNDATION Second Stage
Reinforcement Cage
III-B.4 Bored Pile
First Stage
Drilling Works
III-B.4 Bored Pile
Third Stage Completed Bored Piles

Pouring of Concrete
III-B.4 Bored Pile
Methods of Testing Completed Bored Piles

o Pile Integrity Test
a. By Crosshole Logging Method
b. By Low Strain Method
o High Strain Dynamic Testing
III-B.4 Bored Pile

III-B.4 Bored Pile

High Strain Dynamic Testing Force

and Velocity Records Are
Continuously Viewed From the PDA
Monitor for Each Blow to Evaluate
Data Quality, the Maximum Hammer
Energy Delivered to the Pile, Pile
Integrity, Pile Stresses and Other
Pertinent Information.
Striking Hammer Lifted and Then
Dropped to the Top of the Pile
III-B.5 Footing/Shaft/Coping
Excavation/Shoring Installation of rebars for pile cap

Pile Hacking.
Lean Concrete.
Installation of rebars for pile cap Installation of Forms.

Installation of rebars for column/shaft
Concrete Pouring for Footing

Installation of Forms for Column/Shaft Concrete Pouring for Column/Shaft

Installation of forms and concrete

Installation of rebars for coping.
pouring for coping.
III-B.5 Footing/Shaft/Coping (COMPLETED)
III-C. CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE
III-C.1 Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder
o Girder
o Diaphragm
o Deck Slab
o Bridge Railing and Sidewalk
Bridge Cross Section
Falsework for the Construction of RCDG Bridge and

Bridge Framing Plan
Installation of bottom forms for Girder
III-C.1 Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder
Installation of rebars and Concrete Pouring for Girder Installation of RSB Deck Slab
side forms for Girder
III-C.2 Prestressed Concrete Girder (PSCG)
Preparation of Casting Bed. Cutting, Bending and Assembly of Rebars.

Installation of Forms for PSCG. Mixing and Placing of Concrete.

Base moulds/forms shall be free from dirt, rust and
concrete waste from previous pouring. Application of form
oil should be done after cleaning the moulds/forms.
III-C.2 Prestressed Concrete Girder (PSCG) Plain Neoprene Bearing Pads
Laminated Elastomeric Bearing Pad
Placing of Anchorage Assembly.

III-C.2 Prestressed Concrete Girder (PSCG) - Erection
Installation of Forms and Bracings for Deck Slab. Preparation for Deck Slab Pouring.
Concrete Pouring of Deck Slab. Concrete Pouring and Finishing.

Broom finished-not more than 3mm depth corrugation
Pouring Sequence
III-C.3 Steel Bridges
Assembly for Steel Girder Shear Studs for Composite Action

Splice Plate Used to Splice the Joints in

Transport of Steel Girder.
Steel Girders
Sample Steel Truss Bridge

Steel Girder with Reinforced Concrete Deck. Concrete Sidewalk Bridge Drain
for Steel Girder Bridge
Expansion Dam
Sliding Plate
Strip seal Finger Type

Bridge Bearings Types of Bearing
It provides an allowance in the bridge for • Neoprene bearing pads

all anticipated movements which will • Pot bearings
usually be in the longitudinal direction • Spherical bearings
• Sliding plates
• Up-lift bearings
• Rocker bearings
Classification of Bearings
• Fixed
• Expansion
Bridge Bearings
• Neoprene bearing pads
• Pot bearings
• Spherical bearings
• Sliding plates
• Rocker bearings
Bridge Bearings
• Neoprene bearing pads
• Pot bearings
• Spherical bearings
• Sliding plates
• Rocker bearings
III-C.4 Suspension Bridge/ Cable-stayed Bridge
The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges, and
shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range where cantilever bridges would
rapidly grow heavier if the span were lengthened, and suspension bridge cabling
would not be more economical if the span were shortened.
A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from

which cables support the bridge deck.
There are two major classes of cable-stayed bridges: harp and fan.
In the harp design, the cables are nearly parallel so that the height of
their attachment to the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower to their
mounting on the deck.
In the fan design, the cables all connect

to or pass over the top of the towers.
The fan design is structurally superior
with minimum moment applied to the
towers but for practical reasons the
modified fan is preferred especially CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE, FAN DESIGN
where many cables are necessary. In
the modified fan arrangement the
cables terminate near to the top of the
tower but are spaced from each other
sufficiently to allow better termination,
improved environmental protection, and
good access to individual cables for
maintenance.
CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE, HARP DESIGN

III-C.5 Arch Bridge
An arch bridge is a bridge

with abutments at each end shaped
as a curved acrh. Arch bridges work
by transferring the weight of the
bridge and its loads partially into a
horizontal thrust restrained by the
abutments at either side.
A viatduct (a long bridge) may be
made from a series of arches,
although other more economical
structures are typically used today.
IV. COMMON PROBLEMS IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
A. Plumbness of Piles Beyond Tolerance
CAUSES
1. INADEQUATE LATERAL SUPPORT
2. SQUARE HOLES NOT ALIGNED VERTICALLY
3. PILE TIP STRIKE A BOULDER
REMEDIAL MEASURE GROUND LINE
1. REMOVE AND REPLACE OR CONSULT THE

DESIGNER
A. PLUMBNESS OF PILES BEYOND TOLERANCE

B. Breaking of Pile Butt During Driving
CAUSES
1.FINISH PILE BUTT NOT PERPENDICULAR TO VERTICAL AXIS

2.INSUFFICIENTJ PILE CAP CUSHION
3.WEAK CONCRETE OR INSUFFICIENT REINFORCEMENT
GROUND LINE
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1.REPAIR THE PILE BUTT
B. BREAKING OF PILE BUT DURING DRIVING

C. Breaking/Fracturing of Piles
CAUSES
1. LACK OF LATERAL SUPPORT
2. EXCESSIVE DRIVING
3. OVERWEIGHT HAMMER
4. WEAK CONCRETE
5. IMPROPER LIFTING OF PILES
GROUND LINE
REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. REMOVE AND REPLACE
C. BREAKING / FRACTURING OF PILES

D. Failure of Pile to Penetrate the Required Penetration
CAUSES
1. PRESENCE OF HARD STRATA
2. HAMMER USED IS VERY LIGHT
3. USED OF INAPPROPRIATE TYPE OF PILES
4. USED OF INAPPROPRIATE TYPE DRIVING
EQUIPMENT
POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES

1. CHANGE THE FOUNDATION DESIGN
GROUND LINE
2. USED APPROPRIATE TYPE OF PILES AND
EQUIPMENT
HARD STRATA
D. FAILURE OF PILE TO PENETRATE THE REQUIRED PENATRATION

E. Failure to Pass the Load Test
GROUND LINE
CAUSE
1. UNDERLYING STRATA IS SOFT
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. SPLICE THE PILES
SOFT STRATA
E. FAILURE TO PASS THE LOAD TEST

F. Permanent Casing Cannot Penetrate
During Bored Pile Construction / Drilling Works VIBRO HAMMER
CRANE
CAUSE
1. PRESENCE OF OBSTRUCTION
STEEL CASING
POSSIBLE REMIDIAL MEASURE
GROUND LINE
1. PROPER USED OF DRILLING TOOLS (CHISSEL,
AUGE, GRAB & BUCKET)
OBSTRUCTION
1. PERMANENT STEEL CASING CAN NOT PENETRATE

G. Cave-in During Bored Pile Construction / Drilling Works
CAUSES
1. PRESENCE OF COLLAPSIBLE MATERIALS
SUCH AS LOOSE SOIL AND COHESSIONLESS KELLY BAR
MATERIALS
2. APPROPRIATE PROPERTIES OF STABILIZING
MUD WAS NOT USED GROUND LINE
3. HEAD PRESSURE OF STABILIZING MUD WAS
NOT MAINTAINED DURING DRILLING STEEL CASING
4. EARTH MOVEMENT DUE TO TREMOR OR

VIBRATION BY HEAVY EQUIPENTS.
REMEDIAL MEASURE
DRILLING BUCKET
1. EXTEND THE DEPTH OF PERMANENT STEEL
CASING
2. CAVE-IN DURING DRILLING

H. Drilling Bucket cannot be raised up / removed
CAUSE
1. DEFORMATION OF THE TIP OF THE
KELLY BAR
PERMANENT STEEL CASING
2. LARGE VOLUME OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS OVER
THE DRILLING BUCKET GROUND LINE
STEEL CASING
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. UNDERWATER CUTING OF STEEL CASING
2. REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS
3. ADJUST THE POSITION OF PILE
DRILLING BUCKET
3. DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED UP/REMOVED

I. Drilling Bucket cannot penetrate
CAUSE KELLY BAR
1. DEFORMATION OF STEEL CASING

2. PRESENCE OF HARD STRATA OR EXISTING
STRUCTURES
REMEDIAL MEASURES
GROUND LINE
1. REMOVAL & REINSTALLATION OF STEEL
CASING STEEL CASING
2. USE APPROPRIATE DRILLING TOOLS
DRILLING BUCKET
HARD STRATA
4. DRILLING BUCKET CAN NOT PENETRATE

J. Breaking / Cutting-off of Kelly Bar
CAUSE
1. DEFECTIVE OR OVERSTRESSED KELLY BAR
REMEDIAL MEASURE
GROUND LINE
1. OFFSETTING THE POSITION OF PILES
2. RETRIEVE THE CUT PORTION USING DIVERS STEEL CASING
DRILLING BUCKET
5. BREAKING / CUTTING-OFF OF KELLY BAR

K. Rebar Cage Installation
1. REBAR CAGE CANNOT BE LOWERED AT

GRADE ELEVATION CAUSES
2. BOREHOLE IS NOT STRAIGHT
3. REBAR CAGE ARE NOT STRAIGHT & SPLICING
OF REBAR CAGE NOT VERTICALLY STRAIGHT GROUND LINE
4. OCCURRENCE OF CAVE-IN
STEEL CASING

1. REMOVAL & REINSTALLATION OR CAGE BAR
REPLACEMENT OF REBARS
2. RESHAPING OF BOREHOLE
3. REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS
1. REBAR CAGE CANNOT BE LOWERED AT GRADE ELEVATION

L. Falling-off Rebar Cage
CAUSES
1. WEAK/ABSENCE OF STIFINING RING SUPPORT
2. INSUFFICIENT WELDING AND TIE WIRE AT
GROUND LINE
SPLICE SECTION
STEEL CASING
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT
CAGE BAR
2. FALLING OFF REBAR CAGE

M. Occurrence of Cave-in during Concrete Pouring
CAUSES
1. HEAD PRESSURE OF STABILIZING MUD NOT
GROUND LINE
MAINTAINED DURING POURING
2. STRONG EARTH VIBRATION CAUSE BY EARTH
TREMOR AND MOVEMENTS OF HEAVY STEEL CASING
EQUIPMENTS. TREMIE PIPES
POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURE

REPLACEMENT OR ADDITIONAL PILES
REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS & DIRTY
CONCRETE, PROVIDE ANCHORAGE TO THE GOOD CAGE BAR
CONCRETE
1. OCCURENCE OF CAVE-IN
N. Discontinuity of Concrete
CAUSE
1. BREAKDOWN OF BATCHING PLANT GROUND LINE
POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURE

STEEL CASING
1. REMOVAL OF DIRTY CONCRETE & PROVIDE
ANCHORAGE BEFORE CONTINUING WITH THE TREMIE PIPES
POURING
CAGE BAR
2. DISCONTINUITY OF CONCRETE
O. Clogging of Tremie Pipes
CAUSES
1. CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE NOT PROPERLY
MONITORED
2. RATE OF DISCHARGE OF CONCRETE IS VERY
FAST
3. PRESENCE OF WATER INSIDE THE TREMIE
PIPES
4. OVERSIZED AGGREGATES
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REMOVAL AND REINSTALLATION OF TREMIE
PIPES
P. Pile Integrity shows Discontinuity or Dirty Concrete
CAUSE
1. PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS DUE TO ABSENCE
OR INSUFFICIENT CLEANING OF BOREHOLE
2. CAVING OCCURS DURING CONCRETE
POURING
3. POURING INTERUPTIONS

1. ADDITIONAL PILES
2. REINFORCE THE EXISTING PILES
P. Pile Bearing Capacity shows below the Minimum Requirement
CAUSE
1. PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS AT THE BASE OF
PILE DUE TO ABSENCE OR INSUFFICIENT
CLEANING OF BOREHOLE
2. LOW SOIL BEARING CAPACITY (FAILURE TO
CONDUCT SPT TEST PRIOR TO POURING OF
CONCRETE)

1. ADDITIONAL PILES
2. REINFORCE THE EXISTING PILES
Concluding Remarks
• Bridges serve as a
primary means of linking
and bringing people
together from various
parts of the country.
Hence, Bridge means
Friendship.
• The more bridges we

build, the more we
become united in sharing
one common aspiration.

Bridge Construction Method

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Bridge Construction Method

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BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

BRIDGE is a structure built over a

b.2) On-Pile Foundation

b.3) Caisson Foundation

SOLID SHAFT MULTI COLUMN

PILE BENT SINGLE COLUMN

• Simple span-Consisting of a separate beam for

• Continuous span-The superstructure is

• Cantilever span –The end of each horizontal

• Suspension Span – The horizontal members are

o Girder Bridge – Design for flexural stresses

o Arch Bridge – Compression as its primary

o Truss Bridge- Combination of compression

o Suspension Bridge- Tension stress

III-A.1 Embankment Craneway III-A.2 Structural Steel Craneway

III-A.4 Timber Craneway III-A.3 River Re-Channelization

➢ After the result of test pile is reviewed and evaluated by the

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS : b.1. Preparation of Square Holes

• Piles allowed to be moved - attained 80% of the design 28 day

• Piles allowed to be transported - attained 100% of the design 28

• Minimum Pile Penetration - 3M – firm materials

• Allowable Variation (Plumbness) - 20mm/meter of pile length

• Allowable Variation at the - 75mm any direction

• Theoritical Location Underneath - within 150mm

• Gravity Hammers - shall not weigh less than 60% of

• Height of Fall of Hammer - not to exceed 4.50m for Timber and

• Min. Embedment for Exposed - Greater than the Exposed Length

• Appropriate Formula - Modified Hiley’s Formula

a. Photo showing the Fabrication of R.C. Piles

c. Delivery of Fabricated Concrete Piles

Ground Elevation: (+) 0.53 m Ra. = Bearing Capacity (KN)

o Drop Hammer Pile Tip Elevation after Driving: (-) 16.47 m

o Single Acting Hammer Weight of Pile: 23.357 Kn Wp = Weight of Pile (KN)

o Double Acting Hammer FORMULA USED:

o Diesel Hammer GROUND

NOEL G. ZAMORA OSCAR C. VILLANUEVA CARLITO L. NACIONAL

STAKE OUT SURVEY

d. Layout excavation location

f. Proper Sequence of Driving Each

0.40 x 0.40 m. 0.40 x 0.40 m.

H-Pile Monotube Piles

Typical H-Pile Section

b. Establish vertical and horizontal control points

c. Level the area and the location of the Bridge

watertight enclosure from which water is

Driving of steel casing with adequate falsework.

Drilling Rig/ Falseworks

Desanding Installation of Tremie pipes

Concrete Pouring of Bored Pile

Third Stage Completed Bored Piles

Methods of Testing Completed Bored Piles

Methods of Testing Completed Bored Piles

Methods of Testing Completed Bored Piles

High Strain Dynamic Testing Force

Excavation/Shoring Installation of rebars for pile cap

Installation of rebars for pile cap Installation of Forms.

Concrete Pouring for Footing

Installation of Forms for Column/Shaft Concrete Pouring for Column/Shaft

Installation of forms and concrete

Bridge Cross Section

Falsework for the Construction of RCDG Bridge and

Preparation of Casting Bed. Cutting, Bending and Assembly of Rebars.

Installation of Forms for PSCG. Mixing and Placing of Concrete.