IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF RICE FARMERS IN

THE BARANGAYS IN LUMBA-BAYABAO LANAO DEL SUR

Ali, Amerkussain B.

AN UNGRDUATE THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION/EXTENSION
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE COURSE

EXD198 METHODS OF RESEARCH IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION/EXTENSION

December 2023
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Climate change poses unprecedented challenges to communities around the world,

affecting various sectors and exacerbating vulnerabilities, particularly in agricultural-dependent

regions. In the context of the Philippines, where agriculture is a crucial component of the

economy, the impacts of climate change are keenly felt. This study focuses on the municipality

of Lumba Bayabao in Lanao del Sur, delving into the intricate relationship between changing

climatic patterns and the livelihoods of rice farmers in local barangays.

Lumba Bayabao, nestled in the southern part of the Philippines within the Bangsamoro

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, represents a microcosm of the broader challenges

faced by communities grappling with the consequences of climate change. This municipality is

characterized by a rich cultural tapestry and a historical reliance on agriculture, particularly rice

farming, as a primary livelihood. As Rodriguez (2018) notes, the region's geographical features,

including its verdant plains and meandering rivers, contribute to an ideal environment for

agricultural activities.

Rice farming, in particular, has been a cornerstone of the local economy for generations.

Hernandez's (2020) research underscores the pivotal role of rice cultivation in shaping the socio-

economic fabric of Lumba Bayabao. The community's cultural practices, social cohesion, and

economic stability are intricately tied to the success of rice farming in the region. However, the

specter of climate change looms large, casting a shadow over the sustainability of this vital

agricultural practice.
 Gomez's (2018) meteorological reports reveal a discernible shift in climate patterns, with

changes in temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events becoming more pronounced.

These alterations pose a direct threat to the traditional practices of rice farmers in Lumba

Bayabao, as highlighted in Nguyen's (2017) comprehensive study on agricultural practices in

Lanao del Sur. Increased temperatures, irregular rainfall, and the heightened frequency of

extreme weather events have the potential to disrupt planting and harvesting cycles, decrease

crop yields, and jeopardize food security in the region.

The socio-economic implications of these climate-induced challenges cannot be

overstated. Santos (2019) provides critical insights into the income levels, educational access,

and healthcare provisions in Lanao del Sur, emphasizing the vulnerability of rice farmers who

rely on consistent agricultural output for their livelihoods. As climate change intensifies, the

adaptive capacity of these farmers becomes crucial in maintaining not only their economic

stability but also the overall resilience of the community.

Against this backdrop, this study seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics between climate

change and rice farming in Lumba Bayabao. By exploring the experiences of rice farmers in

local barangays, the research aims to identify specific challenges, adaptive strategies, and

potential interventions that can enhance the resilience of these communities in the face of a

changing climate. Through a nuanced understanding of the local context, this study contributes

to the broader discourse on climate change adaptation in agricultural settings, providing valuable

insights for policymakers, researchers, and the community itself.

Statement of the Problem

 Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the study and as such depicts the interplay of

the various variables of the study. Based on the diagram, the independent variables are the

respondents’ age, Gender, year level, course/college. Religion, education, type of work as

student worker. With such, these are then linked to the problems and coping strategies that they

employ in order to determine the possible remedies that might be extended to them by the MSU-

Marawi city.

This research paper intends to delve into the intricate dynamics surrounding the impact of

climate change on the livelihoods of rice farmers in the barangays of Lumba Bayabao, Lanao del

Sur. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following;

1. Age

2. Gender

4. Marital Status:

5. Household Size:

6. Occupation

7. Cultural Backgrounds

8. Length of Farming Experience

 2. How has the changing climate, including shifts in temperature and precipitation

patterns, directly affected rice cultivation in the studied barangays of Lumba Bayabao, Lanao del

Sur?

3.What specific challenges do rice farmers face in maintaining sustainable livelihoods

due to the observed impacts of climate change on the agricultural practices in the region?

4. How do the climate-induced challenges experienced by rice farmers influence

household incomes, food security, and overall economic stability within the local

communities?

5. What adaptive strategies have rice farmers employed in response to the changing

climate conditions, and how effective are these strategies in mitigating the identified

challenges to their livelihoods?

6. What recommendations can be drawn from the identified challenges and adaptive

strategies to inform effective policies and interventions aimed at supporting rice farmers

in the face of ongoing and future climate change impacts?

Theoretical Framework

Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Framework: The Climate Change

Vulnerability and Adaptation Framework, as articulated by Adger (2006), offers a

comprehensive lens to evaluate the vulnerability of rice farmers to climate change and identify

adaptive strategies. In the context of Lumba Bayabao, this framework becomes particularly

relevant as it allows for the nuanced assessment of both biophysical and socio-economic

vulnerabilities. By identifying key factors such as exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity,
we can pinpoint specific areas of vulnerability within the rice farming systems. Additionally,

Adger's framework provides a structured approach to understanding how rice farmers in Lumba

Bayabao can build adaptive capacity and resilience in the face of changing climatic conditions.

This includes not only technological adaptations but also social and institutional measures that

contribute to sustained livelihoods in the presence of climate change stressors.

Agroecological Resilience Theory: Altieri's Agroecological Resilience Theory (2002)

becomes pivotal in examining the ecological resilience of rice farming systems to climate change

in Lumba Bayabao. This theory posits that enhancing biodiversity within agricultural ecosystems

fosters resilience, allowing systems to adapt to environmental changes while maintaining

productivity. In the context of rice farming, understanding the intricate relationships between

diverse crops, beneficial insects, and soil health becomes crucial. Altieri's theory encourages a

shift towards sustainable and diversified agricultural practices that not only buffer the impacts of

climate change but also contribute to the long-term sustainability of rice farming in the region.

By embracing agroecological principles, rice farmers in Lumba Bayabao can potentially create

resilient farming systems that are less susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change,

ensuring the continuity of their livelihoods.

Crop Modeling and Climate Impact Assessments: Drawing on theories and

methodologies from crop modeling and climate impact assessments (Lobell et al., 2011;

Rosenzweig et al., 2014), we gain valuable tools to project and quantify the impact of climate

change on rice yields in Lumba Bayabao. These approaches allow us to integrate complex

interactions between climate variables, soil conditions, and agronomic practices. Crop modeling

enables the simulation of potential future scenarios, predicting how changes in temperature,

precipitation, and other climatic factors might influence rice crop outcomes. Such assessments
are essential for formulating targeted adaptation strategies, informing farmers and policymakers

about the potential challenges ahead, and exploring innovative solutions to mitigate the adverse

effects on rice farming livelihoods.

Economic Vulnerability Framework: Vincent's Economic Vulnerability Framework

(2004) serves as a critical tool for assessing the economic implications of climate change on rice

farming livelihoods. In Lumba Bayabao, where agriculture plays a central role in the local

economy, understanding the economic vulnerabilities arising from climate change is imperative.

This framework allows us to examine changes in income levels, market access, and overall

economic stability among rice farmers. By scrutinizing the economic dimensions, we can

identify how climate-induced shocks may affect not only individual farmers but also the broader

economic landscape of the community. Insights gained from this framework will inform

strategies to enhance economic resilience, potentially through diversification, improved market

access, and the creation of financial mechanisms to buffer against climate-related uncertainties.

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Theory: The Integrated Water

Resource Management (IWRM) theory (Cai et al., 2003) takes center stage in our exploration of

climate change impacts on rice farming, given the critical role of water resources in agriculture.

In Lumba Bayabao, where rice cultivation heavily relies on water availability, understanding the

intricate dynamics between climate-induced changes and water resources is crucial. IWRM

theory emphasizes a holistic and participatory approach to managing water resources,

considering the interplay between surface water and groundwater dynamics. By integrating this

theory, our research aims to unveil how alterations in precipitation patterns and temperature

might impact water availability for rice farming, and how adopting sustainable water

management practices can enhance the resilience of farmers in the region.

 Psychosocial Resilience Theory: Recognizing the psychosocial dimensions of climate

change impacts, the Psychosocial Resilience Theory (Norris et al., 2008) enriches our framework

by exploring the emotional and mental well-being of rice farmers in response to climate-related

stressors. In Lumba Bayabao, where the agrarian landscape is deeply intertwined with the

cultural fabric of the community, understanding the psychosocial dimensions is paramount. This

theory allows us to delve into how the uncertainty and variability associated with climate change

may affect the mental health of rice farmers. By acknowledging and addressing psychosocial

resilience, our research aims to provide a holistic perspective on the human dimensions of

vulnerability, ensuring that adaptation strategies not only consider ecological and economic

factors but also safeguard the well-being of the farming community.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the study and as such depicts the interplay of

the various variables of the study. Based on the diagram, the independent variables are the

respondents’ age, gender, marital status , household size., Occupation, cultural background,

length of farming experience. With such, these are then linked to the problems and challenges

that they employ in order to determine the possible remedies that might be extended to them by

the barangays in lumba-bayabao lanao del sur.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS & RECOMMENDATIONS/

PROFILE CHALLANGES CUNCLUSIONS
Significance of the study Figure 1
Schematic Diagram of the Variables and Concept of the Study

To the Local Rice Farming Communities The study directly impacts the well-being

and resilience of local rice farming communities in barangays in Lumba Bayabao. Understanding

how demographic factors interact with climate change and adaptive strategies can empower these

communities to develop targeted and effective responses, ultimately enhancing their livelihoods.

To the Policymakers and Government Agencies Policymakers at the local and regional

levels, as well as government agencies involved in agriculture, environment, and rural

development, can utilize the findings to formulate evidence-based policies. This study provides

crucial insights into the demographic dimensions of vulnerability and resilience, enabling

policymakers to design interventions that address the specific needs of rice farmers in Lumba

Bayabao.

To the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Development Agencies NGOs

and development agencies focused on agriculture, climate change, and community development

can use the study's outcomes to refine their programs and initiatives. The insights can guide the

development of targeted projects that align with the demographic realities of the rice farming

communities, ensuring greater effectiveness and sustainability.

To the General Public and Community-Based Organizations The broader public,

including local community organizations, can benefit from increased awareness about the

challenges faced by rice farmers in Lumba Bayabao. This knowledge can foster community
engagement, support networks, and local initiatives aimed at building resilience and

sustainability in the face of climate change.

To the National Government. The study holds paramount importance for the National

Government as it offers nuanced insights into the climate change-induced challenges faced by

rice farmers in barangays in Lumba Bayabao, Lanao del Sur. By uncovering the demographic

dimensions of vulnerability and resilience, the research enables informed policy formulation

tailored to the specific needs of this community. This targeted approach ensures the optimization

of resources, fostering efficient agricultural strategies that contribute to both immediate food

security and long-term sustainability. The study's findings not only empower vulnerable

populations, such as women and those with varying levels of education, but also aid in

optimizing resource allocation, budgeting, and international collaboration. Moreover, the

research underscores the government's commitment to community well-being, aligning with

broader national and international goals related to sustainable development, climate action, and

agricultural productivity. Ultimately, the study serves as a crucial tool for the National

Government to fulfill its governance responsibilities, foster community resilience, and

demonstrate dedication to the welfare of its citizens.

To the Provincial and City Government. The study holds particular significance for the

Provincial and City Government, acting as a vital tool for local governance and development in

Lanao del Sur. Firstly, the research provides a localized understanding of the climate change

challenges faced by rice farmers in barangays in Lumba Bayabao, offering specific insights into

the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities within the provincial and city jurisdiction. This

knowledge enables the Provincial and City Government to formulate policies and strategies that
are finely tuned to the unique agricultural landscape of the region, contributing to the overall

resilience of the local economy.

To Future Researchers. The study is exploratory in nature, hence, this should encourage

future researchers to venture in the same path so that they would be able to come up with

academic papers that are not only investigative but are also very relevant to the times.

Scope and limitation of the Study

This research focuses on examining the impact of climate change on the livelihood of rice

farmers in the barangays of Lumba-Bayabao, Lanao del Sur. The study encompasses a

comprehensive investigation into climate-related variables, agricultural practices, and socio-

economic factors affecting rice cultivation. It aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the

challenges faced by rice farmers in adapting to changing climatic conditions, with a particular

emphasis on the selected barangays in Lumba-Bayabao.

This study is constrained by its geographical limitation, focusing exclusively on rice

farmers in the barangays of Lumba-Bayabao, Lanao del Sur. The findings and conclusions drawn

from the research may not be extrapolated to other regions or crops, as the dynamics of climate

change impacts can vary significantly across different geographical contexts. While the targeted

barangays offer valuable insights into the local implications of climate change on rice farming,

the study does not encompass a broader national or global perspective. The outcomes are

intended to contribute primarily to the understanding of the specified community and may not be

generalizable to a wider agricultural context.

Definition of terms
 The following terms used in the study are conceptually and operationally defined so that

they can easily be understood.

Adaptation strategies are specific actions or measures taken to adjust and respond to

changing environmental conditions. In the context of your study, these strategies may include

changes in cropping patterns, water management practices, or the adoption of climate-resilient

technologies.

Adaptive strategies are proactive measures and adjustments implemented by individuals

or communities to cope with and respond effectively to changing environmental conditions, such

as those induced by climate change.

Agroecological resilience theory, as proposed by Altieri, emphasizes the importance of

biodiversity and ecological principles in fostering resilience within agricultural systems. It guides

the study in understanding how ecological factors contribute to the resilience of rice farming in

Lumba Bayabao.

Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, and

other atmospheric conditions on Earth. It encompasses both natural variations and anthropogenic

influences, such as human activities leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate change vulnerability refers to the degree to which a system or community is

susceptible to harm from climate-related stresses. It encompasses exposure, sensitivity, and

adaptive capacity to climate impacts.

Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) are local groups formed by community

members to address specific issues or promote collective well-being. In your study, CBOs could

play a role in community collaboration.

 Community collaboration refers to the cooperative efforts and joint actions undertaken

by individuals or groups within a community. In your study, it relates to how rice farmers

collaborate to address challenges posed by climate change.

Community well-being encompasses the overall health, prosperity, and satisfaction of a

community. In your study, it reflects the broader outcomes of resilience-building efforts,

considering not only economic factors but also the social and cultural dimensions of well-being.

Crop modeling involves the use of mathematical models to simulate the growth and

development of crops under different environmental conditions. In your study, it may be used to

project the impact of climate change on rice yields.

Economic diversification involves expanding the range of economic activities within a

community or sector. In the context of agriculture, diversification may include integrating

different crops or income-generating activities.

Environmental sustainability refers to the responsible use of natural resources to meet

present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In

agriculture, it includes practices that maintain ecosystem health and biodiversity.

Extension services are outreach programs that provide agricultural advice, information,

and training to farmers. In your study, they may be a component of institutional support for rice

farmers.

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to

sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. Climate change can impact food

security by affecting crop yields and availability.

Geographical and Cultural Context Geographical and cultural context refers to the

unique physical and cultural characteristics of the study area, Lumba Bayabao. It encompasses
factors such as location, topography, climate, and cultural practices that shape the context within

which the study is conducted.

Institutional support involves assistance, policies, and resources provided by

governmental and non-governmental entities to support specific activities or sectors. In your

study, it includes support mechanisms for rice farmers, such as government policies and

extension services.

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) advocates for a holistic approach to

managing water resources, considering the interdependence of surface water and groundwater. In

your study, it relates to the management of water resources critical for rice cultivation.

Land tenure refers to the rights and arrangements by which individuals or groups hold

and use land. Understanding land tenure is essential for assessing how climate change may

impact land use and ownership among rice farmers.

Livelihood security refers to the assurance that individuals or communities can maintain

a sustainable standard of living. In your study, it relates to the capacity of rice farming

livelihoods to withstand and recover from climate-induced disruptions.

Participatory research involves collaboration between researchers and community

members, incorporating local knowledge and perspectives into the research process. It promotes

a more inclusive and community-centered approach to studying climate impacts.

Psychosocial resilience involves the ability of individuals or communities to maintain

mental and emotional well-being in the face of challenges. In your study, it relates to how rice

farmers cope with climate-related stressors.

 Psychosocial resilience theory focuses on the emotional and mental well-being of

individuals or communities in response to stressors. In your study, it relates to understanding the

psychological dimensions of rice farmers' resilience in the face of climate change.

Resilience is the capacity of a system, community, or individual to withstand shocks,

recover from disturbances, and adapt in the face of adversity. In the context of your study, it

pertains to the ability of rice farming livelihoods to endure and recover from the impacts of

climate change.

Socioeconomic well-being assesses the economic and social status of individuals or

communities. In your study, it involves understanding how climate change affects the overall

welfare of rice farmers in Lumba Bayabao.

Sustainable livelihoods represent the ability of individuals or communities to secure the

basic necessities of life in a manner that preserves and enhances the well-being of present and

future generations. This includes economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

The Economic Vulnerability Framework, as proposed by Vincent, provides a

structured approach to assessing economic vulnerabilities. In your study, it involves evaluating

how climate change impacts the economic stability of rice farmers in Lumba Bayabao.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) refers to the knowledge, practices, and

beliefs held by indigenous or local communities about their environment. TEK may influence the

adaptive strategies employed by rice farmers.

Vulnerability refers to the degree to which a system, community, or individual is

susceptible to harm or adverse impacts. In the context of your study, it relates to the extent to

which rice farmers in Lumba Bayabao are exposed to and affected by climate change.
 Water scarcity occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available supply. In the

context of rice farming, water scarcity can impact irrigation practices and agricultural

productivity.
 Chapter II

Review of related literature

This chapter presents literature and studies relevant to this study which may also help the

researcher in the analysis of the data. It discusses results of studies and concepts related to

informal settlers.

Related Literature

According to Rosenzweig and Hillel (2015) on Climate Change and Agriculture, highlight the

multifaceted challenges posed by climate change to global agriculture, emphasizing temperature

fluctuations, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. This sets the stage for a

focused examination of the specific impacts of climate change on rice farming in the Philippines

by Sombilla et al. (2018), providing insights that are foundational to understanding the

contextual nuances influencing rice farming in Lumba-Bayabao.

Furthermore, According to Brooks et al. (2005) on Vulnerability and Adaptation in Agricultural

Communities, present a comprehensive vulnerability framework, delineating exposure,

sensitivity, and adaptive capacity as key components. Pulhin et al. (2010) apply this framework

to the Philippine context, exploring the vulnerabilities of rice farming communities and shedding

light on socio-economic and environmental factors that amplify or mitigate climate change
impacts. This theoretical foundation is crucial for assessing the vulnerability of rice farmers in

Lumba-Bayabao.

Moreover, As explained by Scoones (1998) Sustainable Livelihoods Approach introduces the

Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), offering a holistic perspective on how individuals and

communities secure their basic necessities. The study by Cabunagan et al. (2017) applies the

SLA to rice farming in the Philippines, emphasizing the diversification of livelihood strategies.

This approach becomes pivotal for understanding how rice farmers in Lumba-Bayabao may

adapt and diversify their livelihoods in response to climate change.

Additionally, Based from Berkes and Ross (2013) Community Collaboration and Resilience,

emphasize the role of community collaboration, local knowledge, and collective action in

building resilience to climate change impacts. Applying this perspective to the Philippines,

Pascual et al. (2020) explore the dynamics of community resilience, shedding light on the

collaborative efforts that may be crucial for rice farmers in Lumba-Bayabao.

On top of that, According to Adger et al. (2005) Institutional Support for Climate Adaptation

underscore the critical role of institutions in su, pporting climate adaptation, emphasizing

governance structures and policies. Magcale-Macandog et al. (2019) extend this inquiry to the

Philippine context, examining institutional support for climate change adaptation in agriculture.

This literature provides insights into how institutional frameworks may influence the adaptive

capacities of rice farmers in Lanao del Sur.

Related Studies
Climate Change and Agriculture in the Philippines: The vulnerability of the Philippines

to climate change, particularly its implications for agriculture, is a central theme explored by

Mendelsohn et al. (2007) and Pulhin et al. (2010). Mendelsohn et al. (2007) present a global

perspective on the distributional impacts of climate change, emphasizing the need for adaptive

strategies in both rich and poor countries. Pulhin et al. (2010) contextualize this global concern

to the Philippine setting, providing a detailed review of the vulnerabilities of the country's

agriculture sector. This sets the stage for understanding the broader challenges faced by rice

farmers in the Philippines due to changing climatic conditions.

Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Agriculture: Lobell et al. (2011) and Rejesus

et al. (2015) contribute to the literature by exploring various adaptation strategies employed in

agriculture, a critical aspect for understanding how rice farmers cope with climate change. Lobell

et al. (2011) focus on global climate trends and their impacts on crop production, highlighting

the importance of adaptive measures. Rejesus et al. (2015) bring this discussion into the

Philippine context, offering insights into the specific adaptation strategies employed by rice

farmers. This section not only highlights the challenges but also points towards potential

solutions and adaptive measures.

Socioeconomic Impacts on Rice Farming Communities: Salazar et al. (2017) and Quibod

et al. (2018) delve into the socioeconomic dimensions of climate change impacts on rice farmers.

Salazar et al. (2017) investigate farmers' perceptions and adaptation practices in Davao Oriental,

offering a nuanced understanding of how rice farmers in a specific region respond to climate

challenges. Quibod et al. (2018) extend this perspective, assessing the broader policy

implications and potential failures in the Philippine rice farming sector. This discussion goes
beyond the immediate environmental impacts, considering the social and economic dimensions

of vulnerability.

Technological Interventions and Innovation: The studies by Baltazar et al. (2014) and

Cabangon et al. (2019) bring attention to the role of technology in mitigating climate change

impacts on rice farming. Baltazar et al. (2014) employ a Ricardian analysis to evaluate the

impact of climate change on rice farming systems, offering insights into potential adaptations.

Cabangon et al. (2019) focus on the adoption and impact of rice production technologies,

providing a bridge between traditional practices and innovative solutions. This discussion

underscores the importance of integrating technological advancements into the agricultural

landscape to enhance resilience.

Policy Framework and Governance: Molina et al. (2018) and Pulhin et al. (2019) shift the

focus to the macro-level, examining policy frameworks and governance structures. Molina et al.

(2018) assess the policy and governance dimensions of climate change adaptation in the

Philippines, identifying areas for improvement. Pulhin et al. (2019) delve into the policy and

governance dimensions more broadly, emphasizing the need for effective institutional support.

This section emphasizes the importance of a supportive policy environment and robust

governance structures in facilitating climate change adaptation for rice farmers.

 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, the locale of the study, the respondents of the study,

research instrument, data gathering procedure and the statistical tools that will be used.

Research Design

This study adopts an exploratory and evaluative research design to delve into the nuanced

impact of climate change on the livelihood of rice farmers in the barangays of Lumba-Bayabao,

Lanao del Sur. The exploratory phase involves a thorough investigation of the multifaceted

interactions between climate change variables, agricultural practices, and socio-economic

factors. Through extensive fieldwork, including surveys, interviews, and observations, the study

aims to uncover hidden patterns and emergent themes, providing a comprehensive understanding

of the intricate dynamics at play.

The evaluative component of the research design involves a critical assessment of the

effectiveness of existing adaptive strategies employed by rice farmers in response to climate

change. Quantitative assessments will be conducted to evaluate the outcomes of specific

adaptation measures, such as changes in crop yields, income levels, and resource utilization,
among a sample of 100 respondents. Concurrently, qualitative methods, including in-depth

interviews and focus group discussions, will be employed to gather farmers' perspectives on the

perceived effectiveness and challenges associated with these adaptive strategies.

By merging exploratory and evaluative elements, and considering insights from a diverse sample

of 60 respondents, this research design aims to not only uncover new insights into the climate

change impacts on rice farming but also assess the practicality and success of current adaptation

measures. The combined approach allows for a holistic and nuanced exploration of the subject,

facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by rice farmers in

Lumba-Bayabao and informing future adaptive strategies in the face of changing climatic

conditions.

Locale of the Study

The study is situated in the picturesque and agriculturally rich municipality of Lumba-Bayabao,

Lanao del Sur, located in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Philippines.

Lumba-Bayabao is characterized by its lush landscapes and vibrant agricultural practices, with

rice farming serving as a cornerstone of the local economy.

The research specifically targets selected barangays within Lumba-Bayabao, chosen to represent

a diverse range of agro-ecological and socio-economic conditions. These barangays include

Bacolod I, Bacolod II, Bantayao, Barit, Baugan, Buad Lumbac, Cabasaran, Calilangan,

Carandangan-Mipaga, Cormatan Langban, Dialongana, Dilindongan-Cadayonan, Gadongan,

Galawan, Gambai, Kasula, Lalangitun, Lama, Lindongan Dialongana, Lobo Basara, Lumbac

Bacayawan, Macaguiling, Maliwanag, Mapantao, Mapoling, PagayawanMaribo (Poblacion),

Posudaragat, Rumayas (Minitepad), Sabala Bantayao, , Salaman, Salolodun Berwar, Sarigidan

Madiar, Sunggod, Taluan, Tamlang, Tongcopan, Turogan,Minaring Diladigan, encompassing

areas with varying altitudes, soil types, and proximity to water sources. This purposive selection

aims to capture the breadth of experiences among rice farmers, considering the potential impact

of climate change on farming practices across different contexts within the municipality.

Lumba-Bayabao is home to a resilient and diverse population, predominantly engaged in

agriculture. The demographic profile of the study area includes a mix of ethnic groups, each

contributing to the rich cultural tapestry of Lanao del Sur. The study focuses on engaging with

approximately 60 rice farmers, ensuring representation from different age groups, genders, and

farm sizes to capture a comprehensive understanding of the community's perspectives on climate

change.

Lanao del Sur, being situated in Mindanao, experiences a tropical climate characterized by

distinct wet and dry seasons. The region is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including

shifts in rainfall patterns, temperature variations, and the increasing frequency of extreme

weather events. Understanding the local climatic conditions is fundamental to assessing how

these changes influence the livelihoods of rice farmers in the study area.

The accessibility of the selected barangays within Lumba-Bayabao facilitates efficient data

collection. The research team will utilize established transportation networks and work closely

with local community leaders to ensure seamless access to the study sites. This approach aims to

minimize disruptions to the daily activities of rice farmers and foster a collaborative and

participatory research environment.

Respondents of the Study

 The respondents of this study are approximately 60 rice farmers actively engaged in the

cultivation of rice as their primary livelihood in selected barangays within Lumba-Bayabao,

Lanao del Sur. Purposive sampling will ensure diversity in terms of age, gender, farm size, and

experience, reflecting the spectrum of agro-ecological and socio-economic conditions prevalent

in the study area. Inclusion criteria encompass active participation in rice farming, diversity in

farm sizes, age, and gender, with the expectation of informed consent for voluntary participation.

Data collection will involve a combination of quantitative methods, including surveys, and

qualitative approaches, such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The research

team is committed to maintaining confidentiality and upholding ethical standards throughout the

study, respecting the autonomy of the respondents and ensuring that their valuable insights

contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the impact of climate change on rice farming

livelihoods.

Research Instrument

The research instruments for this study include a structured questionnaire for quantitative

data collection and in-depth interviews along with focus group discussions for qualitative

insights. The questionnaire will employ Likert scales, multiple-choice questions, and numerical

inputs to gather quantitative data on climate variables, agricultural practices, crop yields, socio-

economic indicators, and the adoption of adaptive strategies. Additionally, in-depth interviews

and focus group discussions will utilize open-ended questions to elicit qualitative information on

farmers' lived experiences, challenges faced, and the effectiveness of adaptive strategies. Both

instruments will be collaboratively designed, pre-tested for clarity and cultural appropriateness,

and validated to ensure reliability. The combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches
aims to provide a holistic understanding of the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of

rice farmers in selected barangays in Lumba-Bayabao, Lanao del Sur.

Data Gathering Procedure

This study will commence with orientation sessions to inform and obtain informed

consent from approximately 60 rice farmers in selected barangays in Lumba-Bayabao, Lanao del

Sur. A structured questionnaire will be administered through face-to-face interviews, covering

climate variables, agricultural practices, crop yields, socio-economic indicators, and adaptive

strategies. Concurrently, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions will be conducted

using semi-structured guides to delve into qualitative aspects of farmers' experiences and

perceptions. Prior to full-scale implementation, a pilot test will refine the instruments based on

participant feedback. The research team will ensure quality control throughout the data collection

process, maintaining consistency and flexibility to address emerging themes. Quantitative data

will be analyzed using statistical software, while thematic analysis will be applied to qualitative

data. The combination of both approaches aims to provide a holistic understanding of the impact

of climate change on rice farming livelihoods in the study area.

Statistical Tools

For the analysis of data, the following statistical tools were used; 1. Frequency and

Percentage This is to describe the respondents’ profile and determine the researchers’ responses

in the different categories evaluated by the respondents.

The formula for the percentage is;

P= (f/n) x 100% Where:

 P- Percentage

f- frequency 35

n- total number of respondents

100 = constant

2. Weighted Mean Formula

This is to determine the average scores of the responses which would eventually lead to the

qualitative or verbal interpretation.

Weighted Mean = ( ∑Wifi/n)

Where:

W = Weight

n = number of values

f = frequency

For the verbal interpretation of the data, the following scale was used:

Range Verbal Interpretation

1.0-1.79 Strongly Disagree

1.80-2.59 Disagree

2.60-3.39 Neutral

3.40-4.19 Agree

4.20-5.0 Strongly Agree

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